Ph.D.

ollege

ion H Q O S ex elvyv rr| v -& eav.

TH O R

N PR I N TI N GC o.

.
 TO PR O C L US

O F PR O C L US

65
31

s . . . 139

.145

. 151

nd

165

s . . . 171

natures in general

. 18 3

C A N C E O F PR O C L US

3
ubtitle of this book —

er is probably familiar

reek philosophy and

us philosophical tra-

nturies of the ancient

e historical develop-

y Plotinus (died 270

efore responsible for the

(died about 330 A .D.),

menian Schools, de^

ons; how the many

h as Simplicius, and

o the richness of its

t or A thenian School

s belonged, devoted

rands, the theoretical,

d comprehensive

lus' predecessors in

e almost all been lost,

her biographical in

roclus (died 48 5A .D.)

thenian School of

ic philosopher in the

losophy, apart from

add, the writer

r significance and

so to the historian

ill not fail to be fas-

e of ancient thought.

to the F aculty of

atin at C olumbia

dman, H orace L .

s H adas, John H . R andall

given me much kind

ert H ennion, who went

graphy; and especially

constant adviser from

o supp' r-mented many

me led and to all

I ex press my deep
ightful to call Thee? )

hings most ex alted?

ords cannot name or

e of all speaking.

mind cannot grasp or

of all knowing.

s together, proclaim Thee.

gether, adore Thee.

earnings

r; to Thee all,

lence.

endent on nothing.

ges upon Thee.

rt O ne Thing, and

t-N amed, how then

aven-born Mind then

pray Thee, be gracious!

tful to call Thee?

US
n number when

re have been some

uld be valuable to

g to the subj ect of

e secondary litera-

oclus' general phi-

o certain aspects of

clus which are found in

spect of Proclus' thought

cal. O f course,

cularly cannot claim

er which fall those

sopher but rather

l be mentioned in the

ith whatever com-

whenever these are

e (Paris, 18 40; 113 pp.).

e philosophy of

h, as B erger himself

erger' s method is es-

mply repeats the doc-

rounds for these

o volumes, pages, etc., of all

wo parts, theology and

, Definiteness and

econd including the

Soul, N ature and the

me entities twice,

e unity of Proclus'

ach. F urther, B erger' s

smology of Proclus;

thics and no apparent

neral principles. O n

ought of Proclus alone,

y of his writings, and

by Pico della Mirandola

t is possible that

dissertation written un-

ical edition of several

ris, 18 20-7; 6 vols.).

ca (B erlin, 18 42;

the metaphysics of

of the book, the first

n the other hand,

he general principles of

philosophy is almost

This merit of

by its brevity, its almost

and its rather arbitrary

s as C onstructive

marizes certain metaphysical

with special emphasis

eral later philosophers

rticle (L e Systeme de

f Proclus' whole system under

angement, creation

and immortality. B ut

t the reality of the

gB eing, so that he con-

discusses which is

ndon; 19 18 ; 36 pp.).

nterpreter. F or not

metaphysical doc-

se of later philoso-

eoplatonist. H e finds
 -I I 5

nadism of L eibnitz

o the truth than either

in Taylor' s article is

pravvento delta F ilo-

is is an especially interesting

of the dialectical method

izes that dialectic is

rough the general prin-

ty as being too

er, that there is an

of the knowable world

the O ne is infinite and

ally the O ne is itself

. Similarly, his asser-

ture of evil with its

n a mistranslation of this term

azzari concludes that

latonic because it makes

ourse, in Proclus' E thics

he human soul is per-

rts. A t the end of this

and a short biblio-

s of Proclus.

d' un Manuscrit con-

1768 ; 24 pp.). The manu-

Proclus that were

d de B urigny gives a

ut he remarks, " A sen-

ngs are a chaos of

e philosopher which,

dition of unsympa-

mee de Platan

e study in which the author

ommentary on the

votes half of the book

which are contained

of all those previous

ether with the latter' s

those q uotations

us which he had sub-

 I

rC ommentary on the

ry itself in a very de-

in errors of inter-

Simon' s other and

ook is the best ex ist-

s.

eB edeutung (H eidel-

ned with Proclus' C ommen-

red manuscript that

ough this conclusion

not already found

phasize Proclus' method

the opportunity to dis-

menides as a source of pro-

onsiderable influence

pon Plato and as an

eral appendices on

impression. F inally,

e unpublished conclu-

euplatonikers Proklos

Proclus' literary criticism, like

imately bound up

arate field of his

titude toward H omer,

e gods who are the sub-

uires him to state those

ology upon which the

ed, even though he is

tions and subtle divi-

he ideas contained in

tries to defend H omer •

suo cultore (il neoplato-

e title implies, this article is

pt that it does not limit

ne but discusses in addi-

the C hrestomathy

mns.

gy (O x ford; 19 33;

o and C ommentary upon the

tant of all the secon-

duction contains a

ts place among the

 I -I I I 7

of Proclus among

influence during the

nt of the ex isting

ons, and then of its

ary is an historical

ropositions contained

ces on certain special

O n the other hand,

ce his own philosophi-

). This article is an inter-

the occult H ieratic A rt.

oroastrianism in

s, and he recognizes in

nimate obj ects definite

ore inclusive sur-

g; 1718 ; 9 8 pp.). This

any other persons with

of his biographer

Marinus." Then

to, followed by a precis

tiam and the De

even H ymns in Greek

ous other writings of

hat time edited, those

lost, with several

a lengthy I ndex of

by Proclus in his

n the Timaeus and

andrie (Paris; 18 45; 200 pp.).

hilosophy. A fter a

graphy of Marinus,

theology, but here

the theology of Proclus

Proclus posits the same

at Simon sees Proclus

us, even though I Te

ss of the later phi-

of the W orld, his

nists. B ut he becomes
 I I I

nd Divisions of the

n fact, Simon' s

rger' s description five

ed on the same

eneral principles of

is based.

' E cole d' A lex andrie (Paris;

work which appeared only

n, ex cept that

ation. H e divides the

ne, the unities,

d effect, the triadic

al causation, the

and Psychology (theory

this division recalls

ct to the same criticism

should also be noticed

principles of O ntology

herot to include general

ct, and the triadic

gical descriptions of

a section on the my-

to his metaphysical

he philosophical, a

of Proclus' own in-

l identical. F inally,

erences between Proclus

rmer represents a

sed by the latter.

hrer Geschichtlichen

about 50 pp.). Z eller' s atti-

pproach to Proclus.

s and philosophical the-

aterial, he is anta-

t practically all that

en Plotinus departed from

his ' F irst C ause,'

tirely creations of abstraction

ns of these concepts are

ddie der classischen A lter-

). This article is very gen-

life, his works and

uite unsympathetic
 I I -I V 9

the advantage only of

ginal Greek.

r Philosophie (1st

Ueberweg, contrary to some of

merits and of his role

description, although all

s scope, consisting of

tively fair in attitude.

n the latest editions of

e book, on much

nL itteratur (1st ed.

his unsympathetic account of

he footsteps of Z eller,

of Proclus' works

e der Philosophie (1st

.). This famous historian of phi-

clus, whom he men-

dge; 19 18 ; 30 & 8 4

onism towards the

roclus' life and then

heology in the order

than translate them

he book there is a

es of Proclus' C om-

irst A lcibiades, C om-

he Timaeus, as well as

ntary on E uclid' sE lements.

s found in more inclusive

18 8 4; 4 pp.). This

rding to problems,

ns of ancient psychol-

d with those of the

laton, A ristoteles

he title indicates, the author

in addition to sum-

E uclid' sE lements,

pothesis" employed by
 V

d some of the meta-

relates to the pre-

eschichte der Theodizee

omparison of Proclus' j usti-

cem Dubitationibus

e latter' s De Sera

orna-L eipzig; 19 16; 8 pp.).

on the nature of evil

e title implies, their

19 18 ; 36 pp.).

cal order since

pupil. Miiller gives

h were translated

cial attention to this

bout Proclus. I f

bears to its prede-

ect or indirect

e subj ect of Proclus

philosophy of

y to analyze and

which the author feels are

ife of Proclus is

uccessor Marinus.2

elf in Proclus' own

iography of I sidorus

but all the later

nus for their

s biography seems

s, not only because

th his life, but also

death, it conveys

s spirituality, better

efinite plan which

pon virtue. Marinus

because he possessed

ble for a human being.

istinguished from several other

L ex icon, there were two Proclus

s or Procleius, to whom Suidas

by the N eoplatonist; there was

name. The C atalogue of the

of C onstantinople, who is often

an monk and a F rench writer, both of

clus' s is found in J. A .F abricius'

pher from these other writers of

or the (Platonic) " Successor" ;

ead of the Platonic A cademy

own as N eapolis, previously

amaritan by training. H e is said

ose but also in verse, as well as

naTa $ iX oaocpwv) and notes on Plato' s

ommentary on Plato' s Philebus,

hat Proclus' commentary on the

poftE copia to E uclid is also possibly

).
s now customarily

virtues

family and education

es and anecdotes

life are as fol-

r 412 A .D. (see N ote 27

ho were L ycians,

fX anthus in L ycia

e Proclus received

e then traveled to A lex andria,

the sophist (of whom noth-

marian O rion (see be-

s who taught him the

o become an attorney

r with his teacher

ght call a " conversion,"

s previous studies in

H e first studied A ristotle

distinguished from

erably later); and he

ng else is known ex -

s H eron of A lex an-

did not satisfy

y years old, he departed

der Plutarch of A thens

us Plutarch of C hae-

eoplatonism, and es-

ccessor, who was very

he death of Syrianus,

ntroduction, pp. x x iii-x x v. A lso see

ncyclopddie dcr C lassischen A lter-

-1775. A ll the previously mentioned

edia, ex cept L eonas the I saurian.

 C L US, I 13

thenian School went

n (see Pauly-W issowa,

roclus assumed the

7th, 48 5A .D.

self.4

E SS"

the other virtues of our

aration and literary

of ability as a

and not, as the saying

that I run in writing. B ut

took into account

gs offerings of eq ual

emselves for com-

s or other fine offer-

e, while others have

ncense and make only

t as graciously as the

words of I bycus, I might

gods, as he said, but

ve been right that

hould not, on the con-

in spite of the fact

n to speak out openly.

s esteem, because they

undertake this task

F or all these rea-

th at least some of the

her Proclus and some

m.

of J. F .B oissonade, originally

ppendix to C obet' s edition of Diogenes

ition of Proclus. (F or details of these and

y at the end of this book). I have

nton R . N oe (Die Proklos-

on.

ne by Thomas Taylor in 179 2

ntary on E uclid; the other is by

of Proclus, circa 19 25. B oth are

 O C L US, I I -I I I

viding up the subj ect into

f this blessed man as

at of all those who have

A nd I speak not

sure, he especially pos-

s virtue was sufficient

od fortune that other

well-provided, if any-

th all the so-called ex -

rfect and in every way

hese.

o types: the physical

toA itix ai) ; and the higher

oQ Tvruiai) and, as they are

s. (W e shall not say anything

y would be super-

ch inhere in those

very one of these was

rth, and their traces

r-like shell of his (i.e.,

h is often called " wis-

nd hearing, those noblest

his well-being and as

aired throughout

s not affected by

by the constant

ying, ex pounding

and he did each of

y concern. This truly

s to temperance,

sical beauty. F or

t of all faculties of the

e body. N ow Proclus

outward symmetry,

his body and, like

e way. H e was so

ent, none of the paint-

 C L TJS, I I I -I V 15

all remained far

gous to the j ustice

body as the other is

of the soul in good

which creates order out of

em agree with one

pius (physicians). A nd

, that he was able

mes in a long life

his, to which I

ze in his last illness

ad he ex perienced

they might be called fore-

or it is astonish-

e had spontaneously

to considered to be

y was strong; he learned

was friendly to and natu-

temperance. H e never

rove always for truth-

th about R eality

ruth is the source of

sired only tem-

nest pursuit of knowl-

hich did not allow

start, but instilled

escribe how much he

d he neglected his

ut of his great love for

servility and petti-

was whole and uni-

nking he developed

fe as unimportant,

n general, nothing that

his natural virtue

om this it should be

odenwaldt (Griechische Portrdts

o. 2), which is possibly that of Proclus.

d nose. This identification is, how-

 O C L US, I V -V I I

ainted with his ex cel-

ds; for he was j ust,

th or in any way

modest and without

ness.

e of learning and his

eard him knows how

self produced and

ed never to have

e he had a powerful

rom forgetfulness;

over all branches of

ne. H e was far re-

was naturally in-

gathering or religious

showed himself urbane

influenced all those

spirit than before.

and other physical virtues

awful wedlock with

f high birth and ex cep-

yzantium, who was

city, delivered him

on, when he had be-

being and, appearing

ause of this he be-

s greatly devoted to

ometime after his

anthus, which was

choice, became his

ntended to be master

d under the protection

ay he acq uired his moral

d and by becoming

be done and to avoid

arly how much he was in-

cken by disease and

ere appeared above

C h. X X X below, where " the

ed with calling Proclus to philosophy.

 L US, V I I -I X 17

nized as Telesphorus

e. N evertheless, he

nex t, touching Proclus'

mediate recovery

ch a manner did this

e youth.

nded a grammar school in L y-

he pleased his teachers by

dy possessed. F irst,

and with a high reputation

ly imparted to Proclus

family, allowing him

he were his own

wer in E gypt and they

cellence of the lad, be-

nded the classes of

n priestly caste) and

ote little treatises

er him. Thirdly, he

d in a short time made

originally intended to

very famous as an

his youth had not

ed toward rhetoric

his fellow students

his ease of learning,

rather than a

, the latter arranged for

ere he was going at

beral and philosophi-

andria). Proclus, al-

to interrupt his stu-

hich brought him

a); for it was on his

phy and advised him

to O rion; the tex t seems to

m never left him is proved

The E pistolary Style, his C om-

 O C L US, I X -X

urned to A lex andria

hich he had previously

there. H e learned

o was very famous;

possessed all the re-

these men admire the

daughter knew some-

o him; while H eron

and allowed him free

er, but because of

ew of his hearers

of Gaza (who was a

al man himself),

class, repeated to

memorized down

the logical writings

hose who read them,

ngle reading.

andrian teachers and

s one day felt that

y were ex plaining in

he began to look

e divine vision which

ed to A thens, accom-

ds who watch over

m onward to the

nic tradition might

tely proved by what

ke a sign from the

eq uest of his father

rding the (Platonic)

us, and those in the

me famous as a soph-

na) went down to the

m as a fellow-citizen

k him to the city. A long

r the Socrateion, al-

e was sacred to

him for a little while

ny at that place, since

adly went and brought

d place itself, the

 C L US, X -X I I 19

e-by; and while

mbolic act and told

nd that it was its

thens, whereupon

rriving upon the

sj ust about ready to

s, to q uote his ex act

have closed them! " W hat

which does not re-

understand its

nian rhetoricians, al-

e for this purpose;

of Philox enus; also

bsorbed in philosophical

d as much admired

ow it was about the

ther, when, j ust as the

st time since the con-

dL achares wished to

hat they could pay

us himself, as he walked

e of the moon; and,

nd worshipped the

ce of the youth and re-

ement of Plato' s about

e a great blessing or

various signs from the gods

arrived at A thens.

son of N estorius. W hen

ars old and never-

he was overj oyed,

otherwise prevented

died A ristotle' s De

at man even urged him

ambition by saying

be a commentary on

so pleased in noticing

onic tradition would have been

 O C L US, X I I -X I V

tiful, that he con-

mber of the house-

voiding eating any

his body might

e also told Syrianus

as Proclus himself

paringly; then afterwards,

ows how concerned his

er his arrival, Plutarch

dson A rchiadas to the

Syrianus not only

ted him as one who

because he regarded

son he had wanted

s knowledge and

s read with him all the writ-

nd even theology.

ey were preparatory

and not, as the

up to the greater myste-

to the untainted

d Proclus, on his own

nd night, and by

f a summary with

, that by the age of

he Timaeus as well

ll of learning. Such

ecause he added

s from the writings of

eR epublic of Plato. So

d with words alone

gher things prevented

persuaded the pious

virtues and the politi-

d urge onward a

nd to treat each in-

ucceeded in stimulating

of indifference to material

tive, citizen or non-

or to the possession of
 C L US, X I V -X V 21

the public welfare;

A rchiadas but also

iadas, from both his

ed himself to be

only as the " most

e an interest in public

meetings that concerned

uestions of j ustice

sometimes, in the phi-

g them to treat every-

nd of life that the stu-

them practice tem-

g an ex ample through-

ce to the others.12

urage even in

est and an overwhelm-

inst his upright life,

ner, although in

ant vultures, tried to

ively), he left A thens

of the whole), and

st, for his guardian

ex t for the j ourney

hat were still pre-

e people, and be-

y these divine matters,

the long course of

shion, he passed

rmly obeyed that

atie picoaag). B ut he

ns by the Providence

ained his cour-

nd by reasoning

ideas could be put

and he helped many

such as the A thenians,

er peoples, can testify.

ame of H ilarius, came to Proclus

re and debauchery, Proclus re-

orus, Par. 266).

 O C L US, X V I -X V I I

ry pursuits. H e aided

ve scholarships and

nor did he do this

person to attend to

t and testing their

very field. A nd whenever

k seriously, he se-

ppear very q uick-

and was able to j udge

hough not mastered

mulous only in re-

reat among human be-

also admit that

mild at the same time, for

soft as wax within a

eone and the nex t min-

helping him and

ature of his has come to my

aid to have been as

ife or children, al-

om noble and wealthy

ng his own family, but

uaintances, their

and cause of the

e was concerned with

me ill, he would first

rifices and hymns, and

ringing along with him

y could without de-

mself by which means

ow humanitarian

ay learn from the

as the most, and all

relationship with the

gorean friendship

he fellow-student and

ndship, which were

(op. cit., Par. 155) that Proclus

ed himself rude, proud or insolent

other people. c
 C L US, X V I I -X I X 23

he more sincere; for

and vice versa.14

of friendship be a fitting con-

hough we have not

ome to his purifying vir-

F or the purpose of

e as freely as possible

to God, which is

separates the soul

ore and some less.

purifying, since on a lower

d finer by keeping

mit and by removing

virtues are superior

m the truly leaden

dered flight from this

rtues through-

ses j ust what they

s life by them. H e

the soul, and whether

t evil demons (dj ro-

iov), and use other methods of puri-

mersing himself in the

times a month. A nd

ven in his later

ions.

lged in the

illness; for he par-

o eat anything that

which imperatively

ke of the rite. E very

Mother (C ybele),

by the Phrygians; and

eE gyptians them-

ween teacher and pupil and

ould be primarily the latter. W e

sidorus " whom he would embrace

0 and 278 -9 ); and also for Z enodo-

rs. 147, 154).

by the doctor to eat mallows

ary to the Pythagorean rule. (Damas-

 O C L US, X I X -X X I

use of the appearance

the new-moon) he

celebrated the day

n general, he observed

ation in the way

cuse, as others do, for

y sleepless (prayer)

is proved by the

not only of the Greek

us L eontuchus of

by the A rabs, I sis who

k gods. F or, as this

losopher not to ob-

ns, but to be the

ieooq pavtr| g ToC oiov x o-

roclus constantly

, he bore it lightly,

est self to be af-

s sufficiently proved

its pangs and suffering

way by asking us to

ains would cease and

radox ical was that,

almost all of human

ng sung; no sooner

hymns and with the

e present we some-

pain, but even

ex traordinary. W hen-

s the way things are;

O UT' eati, tavta elcodota

im that deserved to be memor-

the philosopher' s soul.

could; so that either

affected and his

nger. A nd I think

present in him only

ich was sensitive.

an separated itself from

aving the body even

 C L US, X X I -X X I I 25

a prudence, not of the

uation well or other-

nks purely by itself,

on to the body. I t

ociated with what was

absolutely passion-

ar its separation from

guides, therefore, and

fe was enhanced by

rough these purifying virtues

ed at the higher

ure and intelligent

the world of change,

hex " and became one

saw those truly blessed

dge by reasoning or

d immediate per-

iaig TTJS voeoa? eveQ yE ' ag)i

s means he reached

e in the human sense

or even some more reverent

with ease all of

which had been

hese in a very enthu-

nderstand, and

the writings of pre-

ful he would select

al he would discard

good doctrine he

ectures he was able to

l of them in his writ-

times he would teach

out seven hundred

n in the evening give

ddition to all this he would

The narthex -carriers are many- but

 O C L US, X X I I -X X I V

n prayer to the sun

r of many previously un-

ore divine subj ects.

f souls who were able

upied a middle position

at once and in one

n only one I dea at a

ny other innovations

ow, since it would pro-

m. B ut whoever

ust said is true.

eard him ex plain or

im at the yearly

would agree. H e did

words came from his

d to flash with some

radiance. O ne day

t official by the name

d saw a light encircl-

us rose, bowed to him and

en Proclus, after his

me R ufinus offered

or to this and did not

n, and, since his theoretical

ably not sufficiently,

to this type of virtue.

g (physical, moral,

thing with another,

toayia), by itself and

hing else is proper

plan des N euplatonikers Proklos)

r" readings"

ns of philosophical
 C L US, X X I V -X X V I 27

n this Proclus en-

mewhat after a day' s

as probably still

ckly shake off, consider-

night had not far

ould compose hymns

ver new ideas by

arose at day-break.

which follows and cor-

the turning of the

ed and undistracted

ncomitant courage by

e of that to which

iving the life of the

bes, but by leaving this

ished to become similar,

es.

s even while still a pupil

hilosophers. B ut he

ds of the O rphic and

did not manage to

ad promised Proclus

mninus, to ex plain

ritings or the (C hal-

ut the two pupils were

, but Domninus chose

s and the death of the

ery much from be-

ns from his teacher.

ommentary on the

yry and lambichus

ings.

roclus reached those

d lamblichus has

g the interpretations of pre-

ment by a great deal of

he rest of the C hal-

mentaries on these

the following wonder-

foretold that he

ge sheets in his work

nd found that there were

 O C L US, X X V I -X X V I I I

ed by the close of

re, for seventy-five

rong; for by his hard

athing and his other

was tired out and

his efficiency was im-

d, even in this con-

ed with his friends,

ned condition so

m and constantly

s."

egias made him

er showed clear signs

ncestors and of be-

started with Solon; the

Plato and the other

y, and was greatly

to each subj ect.)

work on the C haldean

the O rphic writings with him

ianus on these and

asked the philosopher

ned but to annotate

ad freq uently intended

dreams in which he

a warning. W here-

t least to write down

; this good man al-

tes on the margin of

ction of all this material,

writings, although

hole mythical col-

ult of this work he obtained the

onger remained on

e he did not live

istics, but both: by

was higher, and by

l attention (j toovoia)

ent to C haldaic gath-

nt tops for stropha-

 C L US, X X V I I I -X X I X 29

gs of this kind. H e

nia, the daughter of

grandfather) N estorius,

wledge of the (reli-

ut the philosopher

nsed by the C haldean

f mentions in one of

e which he conj ured

moving the wryneck-

ns from a severe drought. H e

ested the divinatory power

wn destiny. F or at the

erses in a dream:

stened,

20

med to have cried aloud

e of fire;

vens;

o the H ermetic tradi-

nce had, that he

icomachus.

out the theurgic activities

ther ex ample out of

a, the daughter of

efactor Theagenes,

r| : divination. A top was rotated and events

attached to a turning wheel

am, see below, p. 55.

indsay (Proclus as C onstruc-

s night,
 O C L US, X X I X -X X X

ts, fell dangerously

adas had pinned all

r alone, and, as was

physicians gave her up

tters as a last resort

opher Proclus and

. Proclus took with

opher himself, and

e god on behalf of

nate in having this

een destroyed). W hile

change appeared in

rA sclepius, since

y finished the ceremonies,

hen freed from the pains

s avoided noto-

shed to plot against

this. This house,

sant for him, not

forefather," as he called

the neighborhood of

de famous, and was

and it could be seen

hena.22

osophical goddess

hoice of the philosophic

self proved it clearly

g in the Parthenon

who move things that

opher that a beautiful

ed him to prepare his

s wishes to come to live

y by the above-

pearance of this god

awake, when he saw

ere his illness had

ed relief from his illness;

essary, I am sure

side of the A cropolis, evidently

from the Parthenon. I t was here

d (see above, N ote 5).

 C L US, X X X -X X X I I 31

but he was pre-

death.

y of recollection, and, be-

e had been afraid

s of his father might

ally passes from

n that he feared this,

deed suffering pain of

ed to him; for after

on the foot that hurt

suddenly flew down

uly a divine sign of

m confident of the

o fear the disease and

ndication; — at this

very daring, neverthe-

nging the truth to

ed that he saw Some-

mbs and out of kind-

m kissing his knees.

he was free from all

thout feeling any more

) also plainly showed his friend-

the temple, the god

us was in doubt,

honored in this place,

ves themselves were in

le of A sclepius for

ve been really heard

e god; and the re-

so that those who

azing manner. O thers,

ace: several people

eautiful lads, seated

drotta, who said

ese people thought that

selves arrived at the

hat it was a divine

ndants denied having

invisible.) I t was, as

ain, although he could

 O C L US, X X X I I -X X X I V

of that place to reveal

which it seemed that

:" W ell now! did you

he praised Machaon

e god thought this happy

s, and j ust as the

hed Proclus and, with

to repeat his very

hat could be a greater

ppy person? W hen-

saw or the praise

ght to tears, so great

erything about him, such as his

reat kindness and aid

fI related^ the good for-

to whom he always

uld probably seem to some

aying the incredible.

for him and said to

to be written about,

ut if anyone wishes to

im read his book on

eveals the whole

ex plains philosophi-

her and of A ttis

turbed by hearing

at are secretly said

e actions and the events that

virtue; and now that

n found throughout

p to all his virtues,

beginning was not

mself; in one of his rare remarks

rselves claim to have been specta-

apiwv fteandTW v, c5> v aux oi x al SeaTod yevE -

after speaking of the union with the

s able to discuss this subj ect be-

ra UE V in TTJg eu.fj gj rep' i Ta x oiaSe ounna-

on Proclus, but without ac-

 C L US, X X X I V -X X X V I 33

overb, the half of the

th the happiness of

we return to it at

ssings that were given

general, the service,

ed him, and those

native land, his

and all his other re-

erson by their great-

hose merits that re-

wn voluntary choice;

ed virtues of his soul.

his soul were in ac-

l other divine and

terested in the finer things

uration of the

f his destiny occurred

e very beginning.

s birth:

fter the accession of Julian

ounger was the A rchon

ychion or the 17th day

ording to the custom of

one did, the knowl-

those who had passed

sion on which he was

ertain definite days he

the monuments of the

ntances, and performed

ox y. A nd after each
 O C L US, X X X V I -X X X V I I

rtain definite place he

kindred souls separa-

a libation to the souls

ble person, selecting

ad.

to his own presciption,

he easterly suburbs of

his teacher Syrianus

ath had req uested him

s in one tomb; and

considering whether

red to him in a dream

se. There was in-

hich Proclus himself

mmon;

25

re were various omens. There

as to turn day into

ars to become visible;

icorn. A nd the al-

after the first year.26

pen in the heavens

so that these eclipses

it were of the light

5.

less than a year after Proclus'

en a subj ect of much contro-

roclus died at the age of 75. C hap.

t to give F ebruary 18 th, 412 A .D.,

clipse ex actly one year earlier

s case he would have lived for only 73

take. F reudenthal (V ber die

at length and the solutions offered by

cope as most likely to be wrong,

in his opinion. J. Stein (L e date

) prefers the astronomical data

th, 412 A .D., died on A pril 17th,

mon (L ' E cole d' A lex andrie, vol. I I ,

have lived for 75 lunar years. <

 C L US, X X X V I 11 35

sufficiently related the life of the phi-

ho wishes, to write a

ame from all over

ak, or else to be-

more industrious person

ecause I conceived it my

nd to his good

will say this much

d his C ommentary

his C ommentary on

had the power, I would

O racles and the

would conceal from

em carelessly or

with the aid of God.28

epigram, which, however, is not

ographic nach ihrer litterarischcn

indeed (basically) the form of a

had worked; nevertheless, be-

mployed the techniq ue of the

these as well as he could."

fe, death and writings of the

d his virtues; it is clear how both

though the latter predominates

ccurrences mentioned in

evious biographies, like Philo-

t, * down to the miracles, the symbolic

pressions are found in Marinus which

of Plotinus.
 but a survey

of Proclus, both those

t we do not possess.1

osed are: a classi-

ach class; the edition

st and completest (and

brief description of

e by their subj ect

K S

oyix r| ).R evised tex t with

. Dodds. O x -

t is consciously

id, and consists of 211

well as the secondary litera-

e book.
 S 37

pported by its follow-

very well have been

stant cross-references

ons; but since there

more on independent

ystem, as in Spinoza

mewhere in our

apter I V on O ntology,

s kind it is natural

largely by how many

of them, so that the

. 113-165 deal with

oncerned with minds or

covog O eoX oyiav). E d. with

ndios, 1618 . 413 p.

undoubtedly

resents almost his

d logical manner.

only general principles,

special subj ects, or

acter because they

ent; only the Platonic

t is grand yet simple

proceeds step by step

rts to be the Theology of

thenian School.

nts of this volume

amply discussed, es-

present form it is divided

nd discusses what the

duction) calls it " the one genuinely

ic which has come down to us" (p.

y regard it, in fact, as an attempt to

rated by Plato in the seventh

ay, all forms of true B eing as neces-

rtain general laws from a single

upply the deficiency of another

us, but since lost." I t is most

which Taylor saw was a biblio-

hapter was part of Proclus'

 for its study, and its

of the gods. The second

g; the fourth, with Power;

ature.

n Doubts concern-

ra I nedita, ed.

ns 76-145.

and it is preserved

illiam of Moerbeke.

ten q uestions concerning

things? 2. Does it

rovidence subj ect to

erned by Providence?

eral? 6. W hy is there

. Does Providence in-

mmediately? 9 . W hy is it

Providences or only one?

neral discussion of this

d Theodorum Mechani-

ill, to Theodore the

ol. 146-19 5.

tiam, this work

ts subj ect is the distinc-

m that man has to

doras,4 who denied this

o its belief. Three

dence from F ate,

edge from sensation.

al knowledge, can

ous proofs. There is a

asure is the only

defined as the power

he F oreknowledge of

ll be said about

e of E vil), in C ousin' s edi-

atin translation

plains how evil is pos-

th an " engineer" by profession and

 S 39

a recognition of the

evil ex ists only in-

vil located? I n the

than itself, and in

room for another.

s itself evil, which

vil, its many causes,

taaig) and its interrela-

inally there is a

on of G/od' s good-

s good.

):

in two books.

e the preceding, but

MI C S

I l^ uTcovog I I aQ neviSr| v),

largely determined by

whatever other interest-

rough the pages,

mentary on the

the first deals with the

s of Theology, I ntroduction, p. x iv)

tice.

have been written by

A nopiai x al X W TE I ; nepl dpx uiv,

Principles (I lE o! TO W TQ UO V novd-

ntary on the R epublic, (ed. W . K roll,

is translation of Damascius (Problemes

entifies the Monobiblon with

t these three principles were

of the one other reference to

eology, p. 151, line 31. B ut

concerning these things, we have

vE vi x cov Movof5ipX wv), where

osopher, beauty with the

hus it is most probable that the

commentaries of Proclus, and

to that commentary, perhaps

s identification is made.
 nd the second deals with the

2 b of Plato' s Par-

even this, however, is not

ined. B ut R .K libansky

overed a manuscript of

also (sec above,

F ltaraovoc; Tiumov).! have

mentarii, ed.

d also The C om-

e books. Tr.

. 2 vol.

rce for Proclus' views

other details of natu-

losophy because of

ophers and their doc-

, Section J, and in C hap-

lg TO V H Q C O TO V ' A X x ipidSr| v),

2.

cerned with the eternal

me, this commentary

ethics. H ere we can

wledge and love

o note that Proclus obviously

ogue of Plato.

y to the " six th syl-

ining four syllogisms may

ry on the same dialogue,

V TO V Q A oaocpov I loox kru

x ^ oyal X o^ oi^ ai). E d. G.

sents the selection

the original com-

he work is more mis-

tinuity of a tex t, being

e general subj ect

below, C hapter V I ,
 S 41

I oX iteia? I Dahcovog TJI O -

9 9 -19 01. 2 vol.

mmentary on the

s, each taking up a cer-

heterogeneous, and it is even

ds in Proclus' life.6

against Plato; according to

o because H omer

y, whereas Plato obj ected

ry is Suidas' story

he Philebus, because

ote 2 above).

hy that Proclus

d to in the C om-

, p. 212.

4, this book is men-

is the C ommentary

, Plutarch urged Proclus to

y have his own com-

y is that he did this.7

el C ommenti di Proclo alia R c-

several periods of composition.

.8 , p. 531), also mentions a lost

Plato' s Symposium, on the

he R epublic; but Z eller (Die Phi-

twicklung, p. 78 0, N ote 1) argues

abricius lists lost commentaries on

thenticity of which later authors

ppositions are based are highly

ary on the Gorgias, although he

ements of Theology, I ntroduction,

223, N ote 7.
 lg tag I I X amvov ' E vve-

eaux . Paris:

t is a paragraph

ysteriis A egypto-

rnity of the W orld and

a' E mx E to/i^ ata j teoi ' A ' iSio-

oumavcov), in John Philoponus' De

e. L eipzig: Teub-

in the polemic

Proclus. Seventeen

onus before he pro-

s partly lost. The

ng and without end,

n time. These argu-

p. 18 8 , N ote 34 below.

trines ( I I paynateia K adao-

) : lost.

s, Proclus' im-

L ex icon, under

" E X X nvag ' lE O cmx fj g TE /V TI S— the

and tr. into

atalogue des MSS

139 -151.

el Psellus found

site L ibre, I nstitut de

nuaire, 19 36, Tome

rt and the Psellus q uota-

clus entitled O rpheus,

, now otherwise lost.

ons from Psellus mention

s, whereas their subj ect

d, it is possible that

l Symbols (I leQ i Mv-

 lements of Theology,

Proclus.

heurgy consists in

giving several ex -

y this means and

uotations supplement

gods to human be-

The whole subj ect will

below.

ifMog) : lost.

biography.

O gq pE cog GeoX oyiav) : lost.

clus' notes to this work

dits both philosophers.

X cdScux fj g ^ doooq piag). E d.

. 1-5.

mmentary on the

pressions were taken and

nguage by means of in-

s themselves, so that

commentary but

matter is the rise of

and the O ne, but

d several q uotations

14-7 below.

hagoras and Plato concern-

viav ' O pq pecog, I ludayo-

) : lost.

fragment from this

ten books; the title

e been. I t is attributed

nag' ' O nf| ocp Q E W V ) : lost.

s but also to

was that Syrianus be-

work; (cf. Marinus,

 K S

TO V E ux taiSov STO I X E I O O V B i(M.ov).

2. 2 vol., and

brum commen-

507 p.

ems may not

evoted primarily to

er descriptions of

er who wishes to be

s introduced by a very

mathematics in gen-

aterial things and

as in the Mind because

obj ects in the world

ex cellence of the I deas

ow mathematics, like

bination of definite-

s of similarity, analy-

but C h. 4 points out

atically by itself be-

geometry. C h. 5:

mages of obj ects are to

stulates while the I deas

mathematics: it is not

but it is found by the

ul is not a tabula

thin itself inherently;

elf, and the

h. 7 ex plains how

are combined in

athematics not only as an

s but also as a basis

ce and, in general,

measurement. C h.

o practical value is over-

the highest virtue,

leads to this higher

matics in the R epublic.

ematician are set forth: he

ses, give good demon-

ics. C h. 12 divides
5

h" (j toaoc; ) which in-

nd music or one num-

(j tT)W x og) including geo-

omy the subj ect of

mathematics is that

arithmetic and geo-

diytov) branches

, practical arithmetic

s to knowledge in gen-

includes all its

gher science of dia-

s is to awaken the

ne. H ere C h. 1 is

geometry deal? N ot

ose which are posterior

hings themselves.

terial things, but in

nce of universal forms

scussion of this point

h. 2: Geometry is concerned

rts with the point and

thmetic, since a point

brief history of geo-

ur knowledge about

uclid. C h. 6-7 give the

important because Proclus

at which is basic to

m which it is derived

ce. C h. 8 : O ne must start

ioms, definitions or

which are either theo-

e plan of the F irst B ook

68 propositions of

y of Geometry by E udemus of

by Sir Thomas H eath, vol. I I , p.

Geschichtlichen E ntwicklung, p.

tled Tdg an' eX ax Tovcov f| 8 uo 6p-

That lines proj ected from less than two right

n by Philoponus in his C ommen-

olia to A ristotle, ed. A cademia R egia

bable that Proclus would have writ-

that it really refers to a section of

 metic of N icomachus.

al TO A eikeoov) TTJ? N ix o^ dx ov ' A gifr-

eipzig: Teubner, 18 64.

either to John

Suidas (see C hap-

e Manuel d ' I ntroduction

rissa, pp. 362-3' ) claims

o other MSS, and

icomachus (Ma-

have been interested in commen-

matician.

we must agree with

mentary on E uclid,

at mathematics is inter-

ds, so that it is the

higher knowledge.

cause it is the simplest

ore arithmetic is the

ts of the Timaeus

h| [ K mx ci> v © E coO T| nuTc0v) : lost.

mmentary on the

of the Diehl edition of

it was ever written

eph Gutenaecker. W iirz-

nomy. This is

ace (pp. i-ii) : " That

was not actually wri-

irst B ook of Gemi-

) eig ta $ aiv6neva). F or he

ord for word from

s way (there follows

Shall we accuse

ording to my opinion,

ok and wrote down

This summary was

follows A x iom 5 on p. 19 1 of
47

as published under

I ntroduction." The

erable during the R e-

ons, to my knowl-

and 1611, or on the

es the ax is and the

rallel circles of this sphere:

nd the polar circles.10

r astronomy; C h. 4,

eir size; C h. 6, their order;

8 , their distances from

s which pass through the

es, the other at the solstices.

orizon; C h. 12, meridians in

he five zones of the earth; and

' A atgovonix cov ' Tj tafreaecov). Tr.

eipzig: Teubner,

ronomical theories

maj or problems of their

position: Plato has

th the appearance of

eality which gives rise

asked him to write

t his " accustomed criti-

conclusion. There fol-

ent disorder among

l move at the same rates

m the other. 3: They

ll. 4: Some planets

enus and Mercury,

to change their size.

ervable than when farther

e planets. 8 : The

g the ex act point of

very slowly about another

s about eclipses of

angent to the horizon no mat-

it will change its size as he

mplest in accounting

centric theories.

well as combined.

plain appearances;

e earth but also has

h, but that this path

ook Three deals with

he angle of its incli-

sting conclusions. B ook F our

the planets. B ook Six is

n and use of the

roblems and answers

centric theory. B ut

ed stars around a pole

d by this theory, its

ave been made of the

ich is the cause of this

ned precisely with the

ntricity of the orbit of

s agree, says Proclus,

e only, even though this

ism: either these

eR eality would be

divide up the heaven

s unity. B oth hypo-

e facts. N evertheless,

eavenly bodies and

ain them.

roll in the C atalogus C o-

mertin, vol. V I

ms to have been a

like the Sphaera in

q ppaaig eig TTI V TO V H TO -

reek tex t by L eon

call astrology than

of Ptolemy in Proclus'

sance under the title De

 49

ook O ne, 1: Pro-

gy; 3: its useful-

things; 5: good and

es; 7: day and night ones. 8 :

the sun; 9 : powers

odiac; 11: of those south

wers of the four points

5: " Male" and " female"

7: " masters" and " servants"

: unconnected signs. 20: The

of stars; 22: their ascension;

y' s view of these; 25:

27: their conj unctions and

of every zone on

nd the stars; 4: correla-

lipses on the earth; 6:

uence; 8 : the genus of

10: color of the eclipse.

diac; 13: resultant di-

ors.

hat the horoscope

oroscope; 4: how nati-

ope tells about parents;

wins; 9 : monsters; 10: illness;

of chance in the horoscope;

oroscope tells about

18 :q uality of the soul;

e tells about posses-

: marriage; 6: children;

kind of death. 10: General re-

ig TTI V TetQ dpipX ov

vx iuog). Gr. and L atin. B asel:

been traditionally

s is the same as that

book above, the con-

he Paraphrase, how-

ary q uotes the words

ase was not by Proclus because

ote).
ks were dedicated to

bility that Proclus

Paraphrase.

psibus ex Proclo" in J. de

lso " Tractatus de

n' sE cUpsium om-

620 supputatio.

t is probably the

short, is neverthe-

ex tract from any other

clipses for human and

he Z odiac. Then

f lunar eclipses is set

ai> tf| ). E d. and tr. into German

1. 59 p.

that it is written

ofs, ex cept that it is

d by several defini-

not an original work,

I of A ristotle' s Physics and

erything on these pages

r. A sR itzenfeld con-

e he wrote neither a

but he composed

ns a single motion is

he thought sufficient."

s its brevity; Justus

med that " it is a means

se would take many

ngement is determined

ains such things as the in-

on, the present

omie, ed. H ouzeau and L ancaster, vol.

slation, but also a " Scholium A strono-

ch may possibly be the original.

omie, ed. H ouzeau and ' L ancaster, vol.

ertain Tabulae under the name of

a work of Proclus at all.

ond book deals with the

acteristics.

otle to Plato' s Timaeus

X cmovog Tiumov { 13i6 ' A Q iaToteX owg

main of the lost writ-

L ondon:

the C ommen-

, p. 278 , lines 27 ff.) as

hole, but the fragments

presumably q uota-

urther, these fragments

bj ects of physical science

om the sun is an im-

om earthly fire is a

totle to the Platonic

to the ex istence of the

maeus and in Proclus'

uage that Plato uses

the " generation" (ye-

ependence upon a higher

he stars is fire and

ns of A ristotle the

ivisible atoms which

n (see below, C hapter

place or space (TO JI O ? ),

n. F or Proclus space

te, and coex tensive

, pp. 18 9 -19 0)."

n from John Philoponus' De

ex to R abe' s edition of this work

references made by Philoponus

on A ristotle' s De C aelo (ed.

from Proclus' work against A ristotle).

on A ristotle' s Physics (ed. H .

cius obtained the passage from a

v) mentioned by certain tex ts, if

inst A ristotle.
g' A Q ioTox X ea): lost.

ry on A ristotle' s

ned a discussion of the

n (see N o. 3), col. 1316-1323.

ns by Proclus

ymn I V , making six altogether).

Proclus' writings, but

al allusions. They are

oclus must have

is power over earthly

nd asks him to absolve

means of his

e not only for the earthly

contemplation, and

oly desires."

n soul by returning

s Proclus can discover

t.

ommon, and in subj ect

nI I I .

ve land L ycia. She is

ires.

hrem V erhiiltnis zu N onnos

m N onnus, " he reveals by his

ith and even copied that poet."

H ymne aux Muses, p. 127) says

a poet, " his hymns possess a

e in the collections of Greek

ion (as q uoted by C ount de

rnes, p. 139 ) ex claimed, " Proclus

F ifth C entury, for his hymns

greatest fervor." B ut perhaps

y Mario Meunier (A ristote,

47): " I n him Greek literature had the

me something of the soul of

 uested to lead Proclus

C h. X X V I I I ).

etis. The first part men-

or the arts, but the

general outlook.19

an tr. by A lbert Jahn, in

ove). H alle:

ty, pp. 62-77.

azianzus and

own that it must

ternal evidence, such

f Proclus, and so

f of the internal evi-

ogy of henads or uni-

, and which agrees,

cases, with the

I not know how many

have been able to trouble

est human beings, and do

harsh ex piations of this

pride in being under Thy

riving health, and

ness that sting my

eve by Thy hand all the

ing contentment: chil-

n amiable disposition in the

btlety, victory over my

to Thee I come, doubling my

ously in my distressing

second half of H ymn V I I is

riod in Proclus' life or else as-

her person, for the following

n Marinus' biography at least for

since we understood Proclus to

agraph implies that Proclus

citly denied by Marinus (C hap.

y, which is saying the least; and the

e province of our study and

ortion of H ymn V I I to the atten-

s only 18 lines long,

nslation on p. ix

Q fiE ng aX X o oe

TE iQ O X O V

ycp o• uSevl Q iyrog,

x sg oaaa

voc o otiSevl

E g oooa voE itai.

O V ta

O vta

g aj tavtcov

tQ O O E iJX E tai- e1g O E SE

a\ iE vov i5(J.vov.

- a\ ) S' ovSE V og E ivix a| ioij vog

tdvta dod^ ei-

al elg x al redvTa uj ta

oyE , Jtco? O E

pavE ag SE x

og

y^ Q de[ j .ig aX X oO E

pondences be-

an Philosophy, I V

des, 108 0 f.

vta Platonic Theology, p. 132

l productions of

may as well be
 lated above in C hap-

Tm aupooTog atyX r|

^ iaQ dyov diaoE ir| ? .

ely following:

V O ?

j toX irrE ioE ax wda.

atina (ed. by E dw.

p- iii, N o. 166, in the A ppen-

iowaov

ooog cuncX ti

pix O E nfj ^ a^ Sa-

O ^ E SsSogx ag,

of Marinus' biography

og yevog, ov

iata Se| atO

annatix d). E d. A lbert Severyns,

(L iege: F aculte de

vol. (N o. 78 & 79 ).

9 .

was written by

we actually possess is

by Photius in his

and poetry and their

llchre aus A nlass von Proklos'

oclus the N eoplatonist wrote the

rary theories of H ermogenes,

shows that the author must

Similarly, R . H enry (Proclos et

 imitative or lyric

egiac and iambic poetry

mix ed varieties. F or

n and several ex amples

iaiov X aQ ax tfJQ O g). E d. A nton

p.

ship of this work also

also been traditionally

tted from a list of

mmunion (o[ uX ia)

; and it continues by

y and conciseness.

th a definition and

ys (2x 6X ux 61g TTI V ' H aioSou

sford, in Poetae Minores

23 et passim.

ethical intent of

ect matter of H esiod' s

cter of the former poem

626) claims that because Photius re-

y, certain peculiarities of vo-

, making it improbable that it

pic C ycle was not widely read in

s. O n the other hand, O . I mmisch

ur Poetik des A ltertums (19 02), pp.

the N eoplatonist Proclus by q uo-

mentary on the R epublic, showing

. Severyns, the latest editor, (see

the whole matter. N evertheless we

us wrote " little treatises" of his own

nterpretation be correct, see

stomathy may have been one of these.

crioX inaiou X apax x fj oog, pp. 117-8 ) assumes that

us on the basis of H . R abe' s

09 ), p. 29 4 f). R abe argues from

hristian flavor; but at the same

s which have a pagan flavor. I n-

within Proclus (compare C hapter

sC hapter), so that this alone is not

own writer.
TI O N S 57

selves are to individual

terspersed with similar

ia eig " O X ov TO V " O | iT| oov) : lost.

cribes such a com-

h will be used

er to the more im-

b.

m. E uclid

m.

omm. Tim., Diehl

m Dub.

.F ato

he general im-

riter, who could in-

th which Marinus

the number of ex tant works,

ompare it to the total num-

hree-fifths of the Proclean

ol. 8 , p. 532, also mentions a lost

nterpretatione on the basis of a

ntary on the same. B ut Z ellcr (Die

ntioicklung, p. 78 0, N ote 1)

a separate work.

s' ) various works truly constituted the

would be willing to define Proclus, with

standing and coordination, as

(C ousin' s edition of Proclus, I ntro-

rks of Proclus in

ally agreed that the

ercise while Proclus was

e had come to Plato.

ed by Marinus to have

rs feel that the E le-

e Platonic Theology

dited his writings after

hat it is unsafe to as-

use it is mentioned in

iously had a chronology,

of thought. O n the

nic Theology which

old age of his life

ct, although the latter

chronology of Proclus'

s also of no vital im-

hat it differs for every

lements of Theology

tonic Theology, nor is

the same as the deeply

n Philosophy.25 A s

n de sa doctrine), in the F irst

hronology: 1: Decem Dub. 2:

6: C omm. Parm. 7: P. T.

odor, p. 214 f) has this arrange-

F ato. 5: Mai. Sub. 6:-C omm.

omm. A lcib. 10: C omm. C rat. 11:

lements of Theology, p. x v, says,

conclusions by a circumstance to

stence of cross-references from the

g that Proclus was in the habit

had already been made public

This fact seems to render fu-

s we have them."

ation of the C ommentary on the

s not a first-class writer ... he is

e has kept up the tradition of

ally correct, clear and even lucid,

e and charm, but without lively

ts or strong and energetic im-

y the C ommentary on the Parme-

dean Philosophy. See also the special

d to Proclus' style (vol. V I , pp. 68 -9 ).

w to speak both phi-

nd myth.26 B ut the

als with the most

and the transcendence

altation of the words.

tion of myths, see the C ommen-

.F riedl, H omer-I nterpretation des

C L US
to three chapters:

gy" shall refer to the study of

ue for all its parts;

niverse itself; and " E thics"

bout the relationship

the field of C osmology,

gardless of what was

gy; and a q uestion about

of being" ; but, because Proclus speaks

re " below being" and " above

the best that can be found.

eneral, I believe that a clear

uivalent are the best. B ut Proclus

terms, so that one must follow the

upon their strict usage. F or in-

very plurality in some way pos-

ne is absolutely " unpossessed" (see

ing paragraph of this note

hod of dealing with source q uota-

almost all cases, the E nglish

use to follow them immediately

ber these notes, I have thought

ppendix near the end of the

the original tex t of every sentence

e which are really significant for

lements of Theology has been

n particularly sparing in giving

tions from this source. W her-

here will appear immediately after

t the original passage may be

e that, in giving the Greek

always to follow the spirit of

th inconsistency regarding my use

er to use the masculine, feminine

ould obviously take all three. I n

rmine the gender, I will employ

rmity.
 be a problem in

hat in which the

universe is an ex pression

ral principles first

rtunately, Proclus has

that is, everything he

ntermix ed with every-

The most that we can

ves and discuss them

what Proclus has actually

f the general principles

echnically, we may

osmology and found

hese principles first

them the system of

o three parts repre-

maj or ontological prob-

es it mean for something

to this q uestion involves a

abstract problem:

to something else? " This

of all: " W hat does it

cessary when presenting an

ple to the complex ,

in the reverse order,

clus' philosophy.

ptions and the same

mply that there are many

ways. I t is neces-

ryone will agree with

ctually ex ist. F or he

" sensible" things which

s which cannot be per-

knowable" things.

known by its correspond-

sist that these things

might be, but we

s accept this assumption

ng, dialectic, intuition and

discuss most of these, but there is no single

hapter V I , pp.. 19 1, 19 8 -202.

know what we cannot know"

h" is known to be.

 65

founded; if we agree

agree, we can at least

that the human mind

C TI O N : the I ndividual Thing, or what

s of being, there

s them all. F or in-

er, both of which are

y alone has its own ex istence,

ave " being" ; it does not

sense! 4 This " being-in-

no matter what other char-

principle of Proclus'

e at all, must be-in-

nsidered by itself,

thing else. Suppose it

p^ ig or ex istence of its own.5

hing else for its concep-

not ex ist simply because

ceive it is because it

he same; to say that it ex ists

or instance, we may speak

ects of mind, but when

we speak of its own

O ntology that affects

perhaps it is so basic that it

erstand his thought, we must un-

o speak of what " Proclus could

ar that he did not actually say it.

ught; not only should we ex pose them,

most general term for ex istence.

lsewhere an vnooTaaig means an

d. Sometimes TO x aft' at' TO is used

but here it is distinguished from TO

ng else" ; both of these, however,

nnot be eq uivalent to " essence" be-

as " you cannot separate a thing

oj -ig." (C omm. Parm. col. 1106). N or

rom E l. 115. for ex ample, where

nE l. 120, each unity has its own

 ual thing, it must

e and can not be con-

lse. Then it cannot

use of that to which it is

ar, but what kind of

Siwx | iig, and power

power which does not itself

f that which possesses it.

ngs in Proclus' uni-

things that are-in-some-

pt than ex istence.

s thing is different from the

re themselves different.

very other power; insofar

over, power can be

without any loss of its

cated by one person to

A nd, conseq uently,

power has more of it

ws knowledge has more

er full efficiency of

th the giver that the

ve more power than

will be weaker; and

o hierarchy of ex is-

else; but things possess

has several alternate names,

nity," £ wri or " life," etc. (See below,

is terminology). That power does

rstood more clearly when it is

or even " potentiality," depending

se of all things transcends both actual

pp. 123^ 1). F urther, some powers have

ed by themselves, such as Power

distinguished from the ex istence

ar as it is an ex istence, it has its

with power from the F ather, who is

om her; by this means he be-

e abundance which he possesses

ther, R hea." (P.T. pp. 265-6).

se, be given later.

 07

uishes them one from

ex isting, as it were,

e retaining their

creasingly weaker, as

ar in nature to the

distinguished into

ower which is prior to

must have in order to

ses within itself and which

e; and the ex ternal

g.10 O f the three, the

self, because it de-

mentioned. The other

ctively, and relate it

ese other powers leads

because we are faced

and no longer with

hat has been said so

tology concerns the in-

mething to be? The an-

ome-sense, if it is

ence, if it is to be something

ed or infinite in amount, but all limited

1).

guished by Proclus, which is

ntial power is the basis for the

a), and, in another sense, for the

g possessed potential power ex cept

octrines of transcendence and re-

ception. The ex ternal power is

n, and is possessed by every-

ncomplete (obeW ig)." (E l. 78 ). This

y; internal power might be called

6), " power" is usually contrasted with

ity." F or Plotinus (e.g., E nneads, I I , v,

ty," so that it means " ability to act."

ngible character, particularly ex ternal

power," while potential power cor-

rnal power corresponds to neither and

 t have its own power,

elated to something else.12

A C TI O N :R elationship, or what it

se.

mething else. I f

d ex ist by itself

ds of E picurus, and

be known is to be re-

of Proclus is a closed

and bounded on all

elated to everything else

ectly.13 W hat makes

thing has its own

t relates it to what is prior

nd, the ex ternal power

emselves, but it

4 This is not surpris-

f power from one

efore it can know rela-

lationship that can

s and in terms of which

were to call it " formal

we would not be far from

an by " relationship" or

ology, C ommentary, p. 245) prob-

substance," i.e., ex istence) is depen-

potency," i.e., power) which is

" O n the contrary, ex istence

nly to something which is more

being-in-some-sense."

ndamental than, the A risto-

(C ategoriae, C h. 5).

ach." (E l. 103). This will be

iotvoio) is denned as that which deals

onships are one of the many kinds

room for the other three tra-

e material cause and the final

e formal cause and effect relation-

ut, since " formal causation" has its

in order to clarify the fact that

nd not of causation within

causation" or " relationship."

 whole of Proclus' phi-

may be ex pressed by a

ossessed-by-a-soul implies

he mind-possessed-by-a-

a-mind, which in turn will

ul-possessing-a-mind also

tion alone cannot be

clus. B ut if we add

ives power to the soul-

from it in return, we

ere only a logical mat-

ause from its effect,

e implied by it in the

inciple — the transmis-

ablish an irreversible

d above. F or what-

powerful will be the

e the effect.

and has the power

tal kind of relation-

r from one thing to

lication. K eeping this

ask: what does it

e; that is, what are the

of power and the

elationship?

e ano> the effect, the

eing that which re-

ween these two, namely,

irst there is the

e and the effect, and

se, this relationship

s a cause. F or sup-

then there would be

but no actual causation.

of the cause, or the

he mind (voij g) can be

the activity of know-

f (E l. 7). The Greek terms literally

s caused." " F or there must be three

the power to make" (Prov.

roduces by means of its power which is in

3).
 int of view of the effect,

s a sort of anticipa-

were in the relationship, or

f the effect did not

to ex ist actually? B efore

hem, so that they pre-

ow if this relationship

by the mind, since, as

in general, it also

elationship has an ex is-

well.19 B ut this

ship for Proclus there

intermediate between

effect.

very relationship;

se has its own power,

cause; its activity

logical terms, the ex -

and the power of the

the ex istence of the

ce through its power.

d may even be said

he power that it possesses.

se, its power and its

sation Proclus sometimes calls

the knowing by the mind of the ob-

ore-knowing" when on a higher level

dicates, is an activity prior to

n a lower level than the mind is

" activity," and this will be the general term

a" fore-knowing," since by its

its effect before the actual ex is-

even called Y vdkng or " knowledge"

povoia of God or H is " F ore-knowledge"

nd to everything else, which it does

arily of eternal things in which

ause it is really already an eternal

prevented from acting by

voia. This triad, or its eq uivalents,

leitmotif, because it is the char-

g else. F or ex ample, " E very

er and a hidden activity" (E l. 121).

ame as the poten-

he activity of its cause.

al power to ex ist which

this potential power

cause. F or the actual

esides ex istence that

son that the effect is

wa^ ei or, literally, " in

ntial power of the

onship. B ut this poten-

ex ist; if this were all,

vity of its cause.

f its cause, being an

which is its own, or

ity of the cause can

o so. B ut this is only

ower to ex ist. L ogi-

y implies its own

mediately implies the

er of the effect to

the effect by means

elf and the potential

ower to the effect

ex ist, so that the

wer of the activity of

ct.23 The final steps, there-

e, its ex ternal power

t.

at does it mean

else? F or every re-

he cause, its power,

power of the effect,

e an ex ample used by

a fix ed length, I can

tating the line

e line and the end-

e nex t note.

into actual ex istence from that

and " E very effect results from both com-

, every effect results from the com-

e and its own incomplete or poten-

similar position is found in

which E l. 77 is derived.

tions this ex ample and does not

 ircle can result from this

ed only from a line of

the circle implies the

e and not vice versa.

ne can rotate, it must

he cause to act. L et

o rotate it actually ro-

line is able to produce

duce this effect, which

also be possible to pro-

ld be produced; this

, for as soon as

s the circle is poten-

power of the circle

nd since the circle has

r to produce it, the re-

the six members of

of the cause, the

potential power of

y relationship which

the nex t problem. F or

hich can be ex pressed

values as well. F or

above" its effect and

onsidered a cause is

thereby change in

rbed and unaffected, and

e it was not itself that

y and the power of

also greater than the

hierarchy of power

er, since it is this that

ain within itself, un-

so greater; the cause is

ce it can imply more

ssion of this must wait

ry cause produces its effects by remain-

e, causes produce their effects while

s." (E l. 26, C orollary). O n its

cpeaig) from the rank of its cause.

all the virtues that it pos-

hing is simply its internal power; see

nternal as well as

ause has superiority as

place not only in the

parallel to and

ionship is the

its effect.28 This is dependent

the difference of values

s it possible for the

gh the similarity that

t is never identical with

etween the two; but

f something could be

n its supposed effect,

the cause and the

use, while the other

erefore req uire the

they can really form

tionship this principle

r to its activity, and

ontains potentially

lar to the effect. Since

the cause gives rise to its ef-

nal power: " E verything that is

25), and " E very cause produces its

power." (E l. 27). B ut this only

will also have correspondingly

ternal power that can really produce

ates.

two propositions is not " ob-

as Dodds (E lements of The-

ause two parents cannot be onto-

inds of similarity: similarity be-

ause and effect) and similarity

ssed here. F or the latter, see below,

he former kind of similarity is

TI S), identity (x avx oTT)g) and similarity

ds only upon cosmological differences in rank,

ical principle.

milarity of the effect to its cause."

s similar to itself before it can

F or there is no gap between any two

which relate them to each other"

ll causation req uires intermediary terms."

hips discussed by

ything necessary;

will consist of many

a single relationship

hilosophy. I t may be

veo-y^ a x tndmr| .sl The

tential power to ex ist

e the effect must

s remains in the ac-

or remaining of the effect

ity of its cause, the

lf, so that it is the

be; it is higher in

more powerful and

ause than when it

ct, by the means we

ed from its cause,

s perfect. This is

ct from the similarity

hing rather strange hap-

ts cause, it imme-

s known as its em-

h. F or the effect started by

parted to become

circle.34

al connection between

te direction. F or if

d, the effect will j ust

over the other was

e to the effect and not

cal implication; it was

the power by which the

y the internal power

effect is able

. This is then the

-which see N ete 34 below.

y of eternal relationships in

in time but is simply a logical

d frozen realm.

both remains in it and departs

departs from it and finally re-

eparts from its cause and then returns,

ffect implies its cause

said to return to the

sting thing upon which to

on of an actual pas-'

no real motion

what happens when

teps removed from the

s in the activity of

therefore more power-

ause where it once

s even therefore said to

he cause was the source of

effect' s departure as

now becomes the goal of

t returns to become

R emaining, de-

depends upon this

of ex istence and the

and the final cause.38

e effect toward its

Proclus to one aspect

which we have been

se where it always was po-

t since the activity of the cause

to the cause also. Thus every

ing step in the return (see below,

of the return is most important,

on itself, it is really able to

imilarity of that which returns to

T. every imarQ E mix cx ; or return-

og or perfecting principle.

ill return to that from which it

turns will return to the cause of its

34). F or, " that which gives ex istence

fore it is desired primarily, and

the proof).

s' principles of individuation

he return depends upon internal power

sesses varies with its position

o their causes more readily than

ng from another. The other

haracteristic (see below, p. 8 1).

goal toward which it

e of its perfection;

e the cause of its ex is-

al with the cause of its

he q uestion concerning

term not only gives

turns to the first.

stics of any single

of the straight line ro-

cle. The straight

and is therefore

vertheless, there is a

for the straight line

otation of the straight

e produced; there-

with the circle, has

ion of its rotation

potentially present in

as an actual circle,

e mu' ch more dissimi-

g its own production

toward its cause

perfects the circle

related to some-

be the elements of such

power of its activity,

operating in a trans-

tion. F rom this imme-

but also the simi-

ffect travels, re-

om it as the source

ts perfection. These

ship, and now we are

us' O ntology.

e said to depend on this identi-

ologically ex pressed by the

osmology itself may be said to repre-

ce, while E thics represents the re-

ormal with final causation was,

us applies it with logical rigor to

 I PS 77

C TI O N : Predication, or what it means

neral principles

nseq uence of those

d in every single re-

l involve more than

of relationships for

al decrease of power

of three kinds: internal,

hese three kinds of power

ffects?

thing has the higher

o in the hierarchy

ng things which are related

of the second and

will also be the cause

he second, it will be

d, the third will also be

ond, will be inferior

this section the illus-

es and effects ar-

chy will have more

erms will be related

se is related to its

nship to any other mem-

and inferior.41 The

al power; the lowest

must have at least

uperior to that which has power

E very effect that is produced by

former and higher causes which

e value relationships that are gene-

eriority" (I O TE Q O X TI ), " inferiority"

; the former two have both been discussed;

rnal power to be transcendent,

, or j ust enough internal power

scendence of the cause and

wer discussed above leads to the

eries, the highest members are more

hem than these are in turn over

e more closely related (through

ir own effects are to them." (E l.

holds in general for all series.

ause was also greater

ample, any four ex ist-

he first will have the

ond so that the second

h; the second, third

the second thing will

e only enough to pass to

it on to the fourth;

e fourth will not be

of the second, the

se of the third only.43

on one hand, the second

of the first, and the third

but, on the other

nd not of the first,

ogy were carried through-

the effect of everything

e hierarchy of power,

will become to its

og) it will become, since

d class of effects, how-

recedes it, but its real

e lower it is in the hierar-

ce it is the product

certain sense, more simi-

e, this distinction be-

ny four members of

y there is only one point

des the two classes;

irst class, and every-

d class.45 The highest

ex ternal power; the

is the cause of even more effects

will be more complex than that

and see E l. 59 in the nex t note.

of cosmology. I n some sense

e it does not occur until the

erever it occurs, the ex istences

and, to this ex tent, more like

by nature is either superior or in-

ecause either it is simpler as a cause and

t is simpler as a member of the

 I PS 79

ce there is nothing

ed by Proclus,

g ex ample: take any

e first and second will be

econd and third will

y of the first cause,

and in the activity

sent similarly; so

aid. B ut Proclus adds

will be potentially

that the first cause is

des more effects: this

ctrine that the first

to its greater ex ternal

term is present poten-

auses, whereas the

therefore will have

ential power occurs

er occurs only once. I n

will have less poten-

understandable, since

uickly by the trans-

ch must therefore re-

er a thing possesses

unt of its internal or

ternal or ex ternal)

the lower in this hierar-

ave. Thus the highest

class pass on their own ex ternal

he ex ternal power of their

ere is no ex ternal power left, since

barely receives the power of the O ne

cause to pass on.

hichtlichen E ntwicklung, p.

with Proclus, but that it is also

otinus that the lowest realities

rmediary of those in between.

ts in the Mind (N oO g); and

eing (vou; V O TI TO g) ; and every-

eing, etc.

218 ) is therefore mistaken when

nce, b both proceeds from a and remains

ly in b," as he himself showa

ponsible not only for the ex istence

activity of these effects."

ot need any potential

ember has the most po-

.48

t the circular path

. Since every cause

have in their po-

l its effects insofar

be perfected by all its

of all its causes, al-

rtional to the ability

will depart all its ef-

and those effects

est in the hierarchy

effects that have de-

his cause; while

h it has departed.52

y of power and which

e first to return, since

so that the highest

will be conversely

rinciples that apply to

f what we already know

swering the q uestion

e because the solution

lationships. N ever-

order to handle this

op this doctrine of potential

ne is Pure A ctuality (or even

ow, C hap. V , pp. 107, 19 2). The

ntire series of potential powers

edge of the O ne contains everything

e for the welfare of everything.

y Mind will be perfected by the

an by the former.

ses, the first to depart are more

urn, are more perfect than what

al causes will return through as

turn will always be through the

urn are less perfect than those

t than those which follow them.

).
e really mean that

es which can be predi-

ther than the thing

ated of something else

een them. This is

y, and one to which, in a

g, namely, what does

what kind of relation-

own characteristics? 54

esses the charac-

vidual characteristic which is pos-

V — the possessor and the possessed char-

thing makes it what

thing itself as a par-

rue as far as logical

ssessed characteristic,

or power and does not

d by a certain soul

and gives the latter

we have then all the

amply described

and its possessor is the

e the famous Greek

pate." B ut this translation is im-

TSX O V does not share the H E TE X O H E -

E TE X O H E V U cannot be said to

are many and it is single, because it is

pared to Plato' s Parmenides where

nus (E nn. V I , ix , 2) where, al-

well as of the I deas, it still refers to

that each possessed char-

ot possible for two things to pos-

of Proclus' principles of indivi-

s its own and distinguishes it

ation is its return, see above,

rm and matter that individuate one

haracteristic of a thing and its

characteristic." (E l. 24). This ter-

e effect in the active voice; but

and calls the possessed charac-

es itself to that which possesses it,

O uJI E V O V or " that to which the characteristic

more suitable to the respective positions

t is the one that Proclus usually

nd effects which we

y to all possessed char-

causes and effects;

d possessors, or special

es are needed to de-

r the cause is what it is

iv); that is, it is a characteristic of a

sor of this characteristic

iv). A sq uare, for instance,

eristic of rectangu-

n" ; but the characteristic

ex istence." 57 Since

ve its own power to

ts possessor or the

to act will be its activity,

to its possessor;

is its own possession

activity itself will have

r it is and which is

teristic by the pos-

cteristic.60 F inally,

that it is the possessed charac-

sess it.

as a cause, by its ex istence or by

ll be discussed below). F or x ad' { kap-

rieo8 wg— " by its very being" ; and for x cmi

mJiiv— " as a spark" or six ovix oig — " as a copy."

marily what it is, whereas its

hing which by its ex istence gives a

teristic which it gives to the

haracteristic to be possessed is found

see below, C hapter V , pp. 18 4-5).

activity of a possessed charac-

g of the minds, and the activi-

e relationship between the

merely the activity of possession.

S even more broadly than this to apply to

essor and the unpossessed, but

pts.

parable from that which possesses

e power which it gives to it."

the triad: possessed characteristic,

tual; its potential

its cause, that is,

ompleted relationship,

, its power to be pos-

s activity or the power

ntial power of the

f.62

can know only

ch is possessed by a

e to know. The mind

r to be possessed by

g itself to the soul,

, which in turn has

on of a mind has to

ty that the soul must

sessing a mind.

know and actually re-

t will know because

p between a pos-

oes not differ very

n general, the pos-

nvolve one new fac-

by itself? I t is not

ther than itself; it is

d not " by its own ex is-

stic makes its possessor

for the possessor to

e possessor, apart from

vov or an " underlying

acteristics.64 B ut this

possession, but becomes perfected

of).

g because it puts what is active

once again, that this confusion

the fact that whereas we usually

Proclus places the characteristic

tion possessed by body when it

he unity that is possessed by every-

niversal characteristics are said to act

aracteristics; or in the 18 argu-

V is distinguished from C X T) as being more abstract. C om-

the word used, and A ristotle' s De

e anything that is

e is still subj ect to

sor; but it is precisely

that we cannot make

nite regression.

wer; it must be the

that is, the power to

ential power because

ossessor could not

which we discussed

e cause, that is, in the

become what it was

e soul to know by

tial power which is now

ossessor because it is said

he power of the possessor

as the power of the

of a characteristic

residing in the activity

what it is and to be

it or its " underlying

relationship with its

ts cause in the first

possessor can be this

ntial power ex plains

at all. Thus the pos-

power which is prior

the combination of

ntial power to possess

ationship that

possessor; like any rela-

power, its activity,

effect and the effect,

erlying receiver, that

eive its possessed

stion of what it means

been speaking so far

sessor, whereas ac-

e substratum that underlies the

iv: O n Matter. F ur further discussion of

ow, C hapter V , pp. 127-8 .

 ch may be similar to

ssesses its own parti-

ossess their own

ferent possessed char-

I n other words,

eristic, yet many pos-

er so as to form a

ossessed characteristics

one another and it is

may be said to form a

at how all the pos-

d. F or they are all

minds, souls, or

ot mean that each unity,

of that class. N ot

but some are more

a difference in the

c as compared to

the difference in the

acteristic has.67 A ll

e, must be arranged in

f power discussed

rchy of power dis-

s and effects, this

s (or aeiQ d) because

ample, are in general su-

tion than souls in

mong minds themselves

zontal series of de-

uls. W e obtain the

cteristics, one of which

mbers are arranged in

power and therefore

mon or binding element, some identity,

class, while others are said to

s illustrates both the use of the

or 8 iax 6anTiaig see E l. 144. There are

ere the same terms may have a more

n though they may be in the same

wer." (E l. 110 in the proof).

l. 21, in the proof), but it has

hierarchy."
 asses are divided

acteristics (j I Q C O TO :,

al division. Much more impor-

sessed characteristics

d those which are merely

sparks" or dependent characteristics

hings, so that they

rs; both the dependent

he world of time, so

nd the underlying re-

ssors therefore must receive

t return to any single

d they must always

f themselves.70 O n

possessed by things

indeed possessed char-

will be ex plained later.

t characteristics are

ors, since two im-

nected. O n the other

or clearly receives one

nges this for another;

hat is, its single pos-

outside of itself, in-

rnal and independent

Q O S eavTo

roups, those which are independent

isting in other things." f (E l. 64).

two groups of possessed characteristics,

which are always possessed."

ch is independent either in its being or

not independent." (E l. 9 ).

auTO TE X rig or " self-sufficient" and

X ^ dnipE ig are also called eiScoX a or " images," and

mbination of things or else is

e latter refers to every dependent

such a characteristic. The other

y reasoning backwards from those

ex t note.

within itself, and everything that

3). " E verything that returns to

s follows: " E verything that is inde-

. 47). F urther, " E verything that is

follows: " E verything that is indepen-

. 45-6).
 ependent char-

hin the horizontal series

ut whatever the ar-

one class may be, this

he amount of their

milar to one another

m. This identity is in-

and to the class as a

the " immanent uni-

teristics may be said to be

t universals but each

he possessed charac-

e characteristics

possessors, and, in ad-

hy this immanent uni-

milarity found in

of all the possessed

the ex planation of

why all the possessed

n this manner. I n

is other than the

he possessed char-

aracteristics them-

elf, since the class is

Such a cause must

essed characteristics

ssessed characteristic,

eristics within one

racteristic, it is called

73

of all the possessed

s doctrine, reality as-

agining the vertical

nded from top to bot-

th the nex t link;

shaped arrangement,

to a single effect but

point, of course, is

ssessed characteristics

c of any class of beings is present

f (E l. 19 ).

e to all the possessed character-

racteristics return to their un-

nciple that every

priate single cause or novdg

aracteristic is ob-

d transcends the whole

stic is what it is only

what it is " by its own

haracteristics in any one

); the Unpossessed Mind, for

e only its effects are

ex tent that it is

haracteristic can be

s what it is only as

, the unpossessed charac-

activity which con-

potentially, and the

possessed charac-

addition, all the pos-

er which pre-ex ists in

racteristics in any

en individually starting

and then those fol-

fection. E ach pos-

h class is one in number and not

nd, " E very class starts from a

rality, and the plurality of every

d, " E very series of whole (character-

00).

o its unpossessed cause." (E l. 24,

e of its effects transcends them." t

c is the cause of its class, it is

sed cause, insofar as it is unpossessed,

, but it itself is the first principle

principle of every class is without

ery unpossessed characteristic

racteristic, ex cept the O ne itself.

a cause, by its own ex istence or by

Dodds (E lements of Theology, C ommen-

val " eminenter" and " formaliter"

y references to the power of an

ia. The power that is given to

ssessed. (E l. 23, in the proof).

portion of the total

hose higher in the

those lower.78 F or

ses from cause to

hat occur along the

to the division of

ts possessed effects.

nd more unified the

r, the weaker and more

aracteristic and its

ms involved: the unpos-

s activity, the poten-

possessed characteristic

s many such possessed

gle class, all the mem-

her by virtue of which

they come from the

r hand, due to the dif-

e amount of their

l hierarchy even

gher members are

ers are only depen-

hat does it mean for

uired is a single character-

nships: one between the

from their unpossessed cause, while

74). (W hat is said here regarding pos-

ed characteristics.)

n that which is divided" (E l. 61),

e infinite than that which is di-

ds (E lements of Theology, C ommen-

f a characteristic represent its

intension, and the possessed charac-

tension to intension. B ut since the

as a cause" and is unknown in

signed to the immanent uni-

within the possessed characteristics

which transcends them.

ept of the whole relationship

nedE lig, although sometimes used,

efore I have selected " characteristic-

relationships taken together.

acteristic, and one be-

or. N o less than twelve

unpossessed cause

er of its activity, the

the possessed char-

characteristic, its

er of the possessor,

the possessor itself.

wn mind, there must first

nd, which gives rise

ndividual minds may be

have described above.

acteristic-system

d characteristic can be

aitiov) of the possessor, since not only

ssed, possessed, pos-

ng the possessed char-

c, on the other hand,

aitiov) of its possessor,

na) of the whole character-

ts effects, the unpossessed

c is primarily unitary

v), since it is associated with that

marily plural and only

composite in nature, con-

r, but it is unified

ally, the three maj or mem-

d with different kinds

cteristic is supposed to be a

end-result transcends it" (E l. 75);

ent in the end-result is a cooperating

proof).

the many, the possessed character-

s the possessor is always not one

-system; actually the only

which is the F irst C ause of the

everything else compared to it is

nct and separable notions. " E very

ke up its definition, so that it

se it possesses unity, but it is

one." f (C omm. Parm. col. 1105).

nity." t (E l. 1). B ut " E verything

l. 2). A nd, " E verything that is uni-

f." (E l. 4).
 C O V ), the possessed characteristic

x tcov neotov), while

-is-a-part of the whole

sessed character-

lthough these two con-

n the way, so to

elationships of the

n that the class of

en the unpossessed

similarly, the class

of possessed character-

parture (and there-

asses: for either the

d the cause of the class

idual possessors, or

ered the cause of the

rn the causes of their

bstraction in

is necessary before

n short, not only the

but also the universal

sessed characteristics

e Platonic and A risto-

ng ourselves to a

cls (E lements of Theology, C om-

ole is either prior to its parts, made

relation: " E very whole which

ade up of parts." (E l. 68 ). B ut

that every possessor was a part

true. F urther, " E very whole

ch is prior to its parts." (E l. 69 ).

c possessed (JI E TE JC E I ) the un-

e" wholeness made up of parts"

hich is a whole; each part of this

while the " wholeness prior to its

elf and its possessed characteristics of

lass" such as raj -ig, 8 iax oanTiaig, apift-

, 108 , 112-3, 136, etc. A s to the two-fold path

to the nex t chapter on

errelations between

verse consists indeed

related.

ome are more uni-

e universal characteristic

tic, and ex ists higher

e is only one way in

er, and that is for

ery more universal

s universal one. The

stic includes the less

possesses the lower

also. I n fact, not only

their possessed char-

tself of the whole lower

ssessors of the higher

possessors, possessed

essors in relationship to

own higher possessed

ed characteristics will

er characteristic-system.

all the souls that possess

ual minds themselves

refore for each of these

g, and prior to all these

e Unpossessed B eing.

each unpossessed cause

within the enclosure

tension" of the characteristic

ample, everything that possesses the

nite C haracteristic (N oO ^ ) and vice-

nevertheless, the Power of B eing

haracteristic on the basis of its

, 111).

er in the hierarchy of power and

:" W hatever has more effects

l. 60, in the proof).

re universal characteristic is

than the less universal one, which

es, which are on a more universal

nd of basis for the less universal char-

effects which are more universal

e said to ' sit upon' them." f

 N S9 3

ssors. B ut some of

d causes standing outside

enclosures, each con-

smaller and less in-

ng may possess several char-

aracteristic is con-

9 A nd, j ust as in the

he class of possessors

n are made possible

d characteristic may

s to its own higher

r unpossessed cause,

irectly to its own

to the higher unpos-

of return is taken, a pos-

teristics from which

ot omit any until it

r of possessed char-

ossessed characteristics

e that each higher level

possessed character-

1 O n the other hand,

only the Unpossessed B eing, but

and their possessors has in addi-

Power but also each of the pos-

s has in addition its own being

e to their possessors prior to the less

afterwards." (E l. 70). (This re-

The converse of this is " E very

sessor comes from more perfect

val one of the " plurality of

ss the single principle in the nex t

gle principle or else through the

l. 108 ). This may also refer to the

course, for the departure. W e

sessed characteristics" mentioned

series of the higher characteristic-

ssessed cause so that it is among the

possessed by merely another pos-

verse must possess unity, the

be the largest of all. O r, for lower

her one goes in the

e.9 2B ut I believe

of the distinction

characteristics. W hen

ss of a higher level

really independent

re significant in the

teristics of a higher

e the total number of

r on a more universal

teristic-system and

m is the cause of every

members of the lat-

or the unpossessed

thus, although the num-

higher one goes in

sessed characteristics

tic happens to be.

although separate

s ontological ones and

g to C osmology.

covog) and eter-

principle of Proclus'

uses, the Good also causes, but not

Mind also causes, but not

e." (E l. 57, C orollary).

r members it has than the one far-

icit, he continues, " Therefore there are

ore minds than divine unities,

2, C orollary).

ember of a lower level can

he members arranged in any class,

sed cause are able to possess the

r analogy to them, but the lower

d cause are not able to enj oy

ample, " O f all the members in

they possess divine unities, while

.B ut even the ordinary minds have

or independent unities, but

hapter V , pp. 141-2, and time on

function of dividing the universe

 I PL E S9 5

separate realms

aracterized by dif-

mple, causation is a con-

usality has had no be-

ives rise to another

he other hand, causa-

ave been describing

change, but everything

I t is this distinction be-

r the above-mentioned

d dependent ones. F or

erial, and they are said

e sense that they have there-

s but only a formal

as dependent character-

e usually the effects of

all its members are both

egards the world of

the world of time, with

only the image or ap-

hat splits the universe

of their reality as do

called a dualistic

ether in its ex istence or in its ac-

ch it is measured by time." (E l.

ause moving (in time), will itself

hand, " E verything eternal is complete

e throughout time. A nd everything

l. 76, and 18 arguments, 3).

time and its opposition to

al fact is found in the Prov. F ato,

utside cause is inferior to that which

(E l. 40). A nd, " E verything that is

e measured by time." (E l. 51).

ssed by immaterial things, as, for

r to E ternity, is E ternity itself, or

).

ing world of yeveaig or becom-

is said not to have and actually

ossesses is not due to its becoming,

es not have any being." f (P.T. p.

n between time and

g principle of Proclus'

all things." 9 8 H ow it

me clear when we

have already dis-

potentially in the ac-

wer (pp. 70-1), then

thing else will be

ar removed they may

nd if it is true that

ng possessed by them

he cause of something

eristics being directly

ough the interme-

no matter how

that all the pos-

ogether by a single

by the same unpos-

ntal series or on each level

een all the various

ected in the other."

erefore, a new doc-

niverse is in some

or the unity which is

as Unity itself, but

rial thing which pre-ex ists

tual material thing,

ess, this principle, " all things

tance in Proclus' phi-

n between time and

emporal things, and

Thus this unifying prin-

this doctrine is mentioned are:

erly in each" f); C omm. Parm. col.

l things" f); C omm. Tim. Diehl, vol. I ,

ings, either as a cause, by ex istence

, vol. I I , p. 26, the same statement

ying that this doctrine holds true

w in C hapter V , pp. 160-1.

f the lower levels, although even

utual reflection to some ex tent

ying that " all things are in one

Proclus freq uently does. See C hapter V ^ Section

 I PL E S G7

every other portion,

alms of time and

e of the most interest-

s.

a description of

philosophy — the triadic

ngs will very q uickly dis-

tological, cosmologi-

req uently this triadic ar-

mple, three terms may

y to establish a

ree irrelevant parts.101

which have no inherent

ally the same character-

triad is found in two

rangements are possible

o two is not uncommon,

endent characteristics

nd once or twice there

o seven.105

the overwhelming

e whole, because it is

have already studied.

e very interesting and

ecause they are the

ribed as self-sufficient, unchang-

stics were selected out of a host

clusive.

the following notes will all be

).

re is said to consist of symmetry,

been used j ust as well; but fre-

terms depends only upon their

atonic dialogues.

that cause the ex istence of the

temperance and j ustice.

curs the triad: gentle, bright and

ng to the gods in general, while on p.

hining (epaoTog, dppoc; x ai

sessed B eing.

eing is said to contain a tetrad

even here the tetrad is broken

the Unpossessed Mind is divided

seven heavenly spheres; but

ds.
there is the triad: cause,

dyov, 5v)vau.ig, j taQ ayonE -

hat is between the cause

ivity and the power of

ntly called: being, power,

refers to the effect as though

sometimes this same triad

ag, dj teioia, uix Tov), since

f the cause and its

ity (foraolj ig, ovva^ ug, and

e fundamental triad since it

(the effect is im-

e activity of the cause

or its " activity" depend-

e Mind, on its level

smology this same triad is

g), which is a more ap-

plied to the first triad.

urn ((J.ovr| ,j tooo& og,

ffect, which follows from, al-

iad. F ourthly, there

.£ { tex Tov, u£ TE x 6nevov,

racteristic-system. F inally, the

) is a purely formal divi-

ples are also occa-

ll others may be re-

essed, possessed, pos-

d to any other principles

izing this triadic ar-

d, there is a real philo-

relationship between

tionship, second

, as Proclus himself men-

e triad is the smallest

stfully balanced in

religious motive; for

g a single motif such

counterpoint ex tending

er to j udge this last

nex tC hapter on

escription of Proclus'

below, C hapter V , p. 140.

 GY

chapter, whereas

ral principles found through-

study of the universe itself

works will reveal that the

urs in none of them, although the

ently occurs. N ow " Theology"

this is the meaning

following addition,

gods are identified with

universe. Therefore

universe as it really

physical entities, and,

me sense divine.1 F or

osmology and Theology,"

ubj ect matter but

herefore, since the sub-

shall deal with these

y combined.2

cription of Proclus'

survey the more im-

may mean some

the function they

mplify the general ontolo-

order that the reader

e first and most independent prin-

se they call ' theologyV ' t (P.T. p. 5).

ristotle' s Metaphysics, V I , 1 (p. 1026 a),

us ex tends only as far down

below the celestial bodies one

ments of Theology and E lements

ust the subj ect that we have called

may be considered " a kind of Theology"

ause even earthly obj ects have a

 O GY

g a more detailed

s referred to the total sum

3B ut the universe

of which it is entirely

of the universe. Such a

); for Proclus it is the F irst

O ne and the universe

een any cause and

ctivity and the power of

er places below.

s it is the F irst C ause;

everything else in

er by nothing else

ngs within its activity,

tentially before de-

ssed C ause of the

most fundamental

eing.5 A s the Un-

e O ne is similar to

t with the following addi-

emselves uncaused only

e O ne, being the high-

o other cause of its

have no possessed char-

ut a cause of other

a cause" (p. 8 8 above). C on-

way whatsoever; other

s they are unpossessed,

ly unknowable (same,

only because it is the Unpos-

ction as the O ne;

every cause is superior

er to the material world of space

veai^ . W e shall employ the more

ed not only in the material world but

f course more important than

irst C ause." (E l. 11).

ossessed cause of all things and

t (P.T., p. 131).

is the Good." (E l. 12). C f., the

the Good or the O ne."

101

n the hierarchy of cau-

the hierarchy of

ighest Good. F urther,

re of the effect is at

n (p. 76 above), the

e whole universe will be

to which everything

ne is the single O bj ect desired

h the Good itself.7

must also function as

ood; 8 for this reason,

nity itself. F or if

nce, as it must be inas-

irst C ause of the

e its good, or that to

es to the O ne in its

f good.

God. W e have al-

entities with cosmo-

r philosophers, for that

identify God with

te or the most per-

is divine is also real,

the H ighest R eality

e, or God H imself.10

irst C ause of the uni-

more or less divine

causation is nearer

od with the Unpos-

oclus' theology, and

cribes the otherwise

13, second half). F or, " everything

is the primary Good." f (C omm.

ttably stilted, any such word as " good-

onveys too moral a flavor; the " good-

eted to mean its value for something

ing has is good for itself alone.

are caused by the F irst Good, which

y good unifies that which possesses

).

ceforth refer to God by the pro-

that for Proclus the O ne is too ex alted

 O GY

he basic functions

imultaneously the O ne,

entities which are

f Proclus' system. F or

own power (p. 70

stinction between ex is-

its own ex istence

the O ne is called the

while the power of the O ne is

istence of the O ne or

nctions that are or-

sed C ause of unity and

their Jteoag; it might be called

ssed E x istence itself.

finity-itself performs all

wer of the F irst C ause

rchy of power and there-

sents the causative

essed I nfinity (or even

is name for a lower

the Unpossessed Defi-

r to ex istence.13

follow the O ne,

vely, and functioning as

ence and the power of

od and the O ne are identical, and

hich there ex ists nothing and

le that from which all things come

(E l. 113, in the proof).

see the H ymn to God at the begin-

and infinity stand the F irst

(E l. 9 0).

ed and determinate divinity.

all things and multiplies itself,

order." f (P.T., p. 133).

ole hierarchy of infinite power is

either a possessed characteristic of

wer, but is rather the (C ause of

2).

ex istence is, of course, interest-

o being, which gives rise to being

h is prior even to this, and be-

103

the O ne comes its

se which remains

is above the level

owing of the O ne (p.

ppropriate since, by

ercise j rgovoia, that is,

t, because this was

y means of this

clus is even able to as-

erse (H is activity

antly protects it and cares

ar sense), and upon this

all ex amine later on.

y, the first effect to

characteristics of

f unity themselves,

nce of the general prin-

corresponding class

d, it is also necessary

anything else and is the Un-

f (P.T., pp. 132-3). Thus the first

f and I nfinity-itself may be

ess Proclus usually hypostatizes

. 28 0) rightly compares the

y of Proclus (O ne, Definite-

his triad cannot be eq uated with

ries to do (see p. 9 8 above).

e d' A lex andria, pp. 28 7-9 ), had previously said

r error of identifying Definiteness-

t power respectively (p. 28 2). O n

ith ex istence and I nfinity-itself

already said.

I , where the I I povoio of the O ne

Providence," sometimes even

ut when the I lpovoia of the

ictly metaphysical meaning of

within it potentially.

not these unities are fully ac-

they are one of the innovations

ut in my opinion, not only arc

hy, but they really follow by

ples as the following paragraph

n the P.T., pp. 119 -121, Proclus goes to

 O GY

st as the cooperating

n the universe must

s, each individual

c of unity which will

ether with the O ne.18

essed cause, and in

y ex ists necessarily

o all possessed char-

hole.20 Then follow

nto several kinds.

a unity itself insofar as it

or a unity, but one which

itself emphasized the ex is-

eness is the infinity (ubtei-

therefore bears the same

he O ne.21

ependent unities

ng close to the O ne or

st similar to it, is

unity, being farther

only a sign (ouvftT| na)

between the individual unities

neral relationship between possessed

erefore, every single principle gives

vides up the power that it pre-

manner, the very first trans-

an entirely analogous relation-

id on pp. 37-8 of the P.T.

om E l. 1; see above, C hapter

ting cause," see above, p. 9 0.

in giving rise to its possessor." (E l.

ow.

ee above, p. 9 1.

e class of divine (unities) is itself

ly to the class of gods (see N ote

o; the O ne : Definiteness-

ness : each infinity, ex cept that

entities, whereas a " unity" and a

ity.

ties" occur throughout the P.T. as alter-

stance being on p. 135; but

sary and refer simply to " unities"

105

means of this doctrine

vice versa, Proclus is

k religion with real

d with the O ne was

ntification of the gods

theology itself; for

must a description of

so involve a discussion

ese independent uni-

discussed above;

tivity, j toovoia or

dependent unities or

eristic of unity, is pos-

nd therefore all the

tivity. B ut the ac-

" god" :" E very god is an in-

god." (E l. 114). This is further

possessed characteristic ex cept the

ed characteristic of unity, while God

e very surprising that H . K irchner

should consider all the unities to

t, ex clusively relying as he did on the

must have seen the above

ewer the independent char-

ss of divine unities is limited in

A rt, C hal. Phil., etc., and are

y (see C hapters V and V I , pp.

sophical principles is entitled the

on the nature of the universe is en-

oes the sphere of the gods ex tend

ssesses an independent unity or

od itself; each (eternal) mind is

(eternal) body is god-like." (E l.

e Timee de Platan, p. 143)

oclus is a single God with three

e is probably thinking of Plotinus,

dent unities can really be gods.

pp. 43-4) makes the same error.

-know all other things; and fore-

20).

gods is defined in terms of the

ds themselves are defined in terms of

urs a proof that the gods must have

ssed characteristics of unity.

 O GY

same as its posses-

bove), each god will

essed by them. O f course,

actual form, but in

o their rank.25 The

most as unified as the

rdly distinguished from

em.26 F ollowing the ac-

which, together

unity, gives rise to

nothing about these

hose in any other case.

utox et| ievov of each

tics it may receive, if

ity, every underlying

will therefore be to

ust as all the possessed

combined to form

rlying receiver, or

receivers.27 A nd in

re-knows its effects but transcends

ed and unitary transcendence

nd, does its transcendent unity

as probably directed against the

est whatever in earthly matters.

pre-ex ists in them in the manner

even B eing; for all things are

." (E l. 118 ). F or this reason,

ed way, temporal things in an eter-

angeable things in a changeless

r superior to their own actual

odness, its own unified power and its

ble to anything below it." (E l.

ower (p. 8 4) above), the

single entity, instead of a class

discrete but continuous (p. 66

or " universal matter" as

freq uently point out that all

matter ... since they made plurality

power analogous to matter. I f this

137-8 ). H ere the nature of the

wer becomes evident. (" K now-

eiver which has a knowable thing

which refers to the matter of

107

e considered as prior

e to receive its char-

n another sense, of

d to be posterior to

to that which is " un-

oclus is especially not-

is the lowest member

eiver which underlies

us usually considers it

28 W e have already

characteristic after

, matter cannot be

class of unities or

for placing matter as

or it is the lowest

above), being caused by

eless, even matter is some-

of Plato, as the

nd this is a recognition of the fact

ofar as it is the un-

factors necessary

r this reason we have

m. Tim. (Diehl, vol. I I , p. 65,

e matter which ex tends from the

oth " knowable" matter (of which

Plato referred, see C hapter

rst C ause of all is sterile and itself

.C ompare A ristotle' s Metaphysics,

es) is about matter and how it pos-

fect only of that H igher-than-

mm. Parm. col. 1064). A lso: " Matter,

any characteristic." (E l. 72,

hand, that at least the whole class

any characteristic is in some sense

d, since the underlying receiver is

acteristic as it is the power to

ps indeed the potential power

ource of all power, the O ne,

d class of effects, see below

matter as their nurse." t (C hal.

re matter is described as the lowest of

also called the " nurse of genera-

 L O GY

niversal matter as

effect.

ove-mentioned

ors of the characteristic

as an arrangement

his arrangement, let

eristic-system of unity

tC ause of the uni-

ssessed Unity, as the

s represented by Definite-

ivity of the O ne is

the whole universe

o all the possessed

ndependent ones or

in turn have their own

h the whole class of

the universe as the

ting this structure

teristic-systems, each

pp. 9 2-3 above). B ut

verse are not hap-

he contrary, they them-

a single cause and

ystem as the cause

aturally, these char-

another as ex actly

s interesting to note

e falls into the pattern

iscuss these character-

veniently, we shall

t the head of each

ry unpossessed cause

heir possessors as

1 in C hapter I V , N ote 8 3 above,

hing does so by its possession of unity."

poral, sense).

not be confused with the

ange (-/E veaig); this is only one

s all the eternal realities that are

109

s that of B eing

possessed by every-

r as it ex ists. I t is

ity because it is al-

from a unity and its power; that is,

a possessed char-

duce it, since B eing

g is possessed only by

may be possessed by

se of the changing

e proceed. " B eing" is

nt of " ex istence" in the

se is Power or

unctions as the cause of the actual

this cause, so that

eing to imply all the

emembered that, al-

se, Power is never-

s and infinity" (E l. 8 9 ); and in

is described as coming from a unity

p. 140).

ng: the O ne, Definiteness-itself,

its power (all possessing unity only

reknowledge and its power (all pos-

ter (possessing unity in some sense as

e (all possessors of unity). Then

activity, which are still prior to any

s unity " by possession." Then

such as parts q ua parts and priva-

cal triads are listed.

sed to translate Suvanig (p. 66 above),

no harm results even if these three terms

e kind of thing throughout the uni-

bove the level of B eing, ^ cori refers

fers to power in general. F urther-

ee terms, as can be seen from

napayov, 8 v v a n i g , napayonE -

ia, H I X TO V (p. 9 8 above). A nd

stances in which Proclus somewhat

e other hand, to translate Z C O TI by

only " Soul" is truly " L ife," whereas

cally have Z cori — the general

 O GY

ristic-system by itself,

ossessors, each of

is Mind or N ovg.

al translation of N ovg, we

point what it really

erstanding; and for

istory of N oO g prior

anes wrote, " There is

g mortals neither in

le of H im thinks, the

hings by the power of

the metaphorical attributes

cles added, " N o, H e

oughout the uni-

and " God" have become

ificance of its own.

hat " Mind is the principle

" Mind" no longer refers to

principles that are

true and Divine

the doctrine of eternal ideal

al world, which ideal

ot eq uate the Divine

hen A ristotle declared

ks; ... for the Divine

nking will be identical

a temporary return to the

God" are identified but

nd q ua mind and the

Platonists brought

he Platonic I deas

which thereupon consti-

ntury A .D., Plotinus con-

m of the I deas, and

wo aspects of the same

Diels, vol. I , 11 (X enophanes),

1074 b, line 33 f; p. 1075 a, line 3 f.

111

man thoughts but rather to

re merely reflected

ection of abstrac-

ristic possessed by

nsofar as it is par-

follows: every-

sessing that particu-

mately the effect of

stic-system. N ow

atter how temporary

it is that entity in

atonic " I dea" or eter-

" Mind" came to

and therefore, for

for something to possess

ivalent simply to its being

acteristic-system," that

ystem within the

ssessed characteristics

Mind, on one hand,

articular character-

ity of this Unpossessed

acteristics within it-

th of the earlier con-

tonic I deas or,

world in their eter-

acteristics of mind, on

eatise to prove that the I deas

nce the contrary was maintained

hus (almost) everything that pos-

a, since both are the character-

e former stresses the ex istence

rity, " since to possess mind and

6). Therefore Proclus can say that

erse receives its nature from

by the Unpossessed Mind (and

wer, and those which possess

ee, B eing is prior to Power and

ce" (E l. 170), that is, it con-

bove); and " the Unpossessed

 O GY

s, or else to individual

a, as the name implies, is

iring its own individual " mind" or

he human mind or not.48

ill itself be the unpos-

its own possessed

ual world, and Power

that Mind will func-

he variety of the actual

tension, " mind" is

of any ex isting thing,

a characteristic of being

tly from this second mean-

" knowing" (vonaig) to in-

n the other hand, " mind"

in Proclus' system,

c of mind, containing

f so, " mind" indeed

ole manner" (E l. 18 0, first

ng to its rank (see p. 9 6

d Mind, see Section E below.

nds contain more universal ones,

or further discussion of the minds,

p of I deas to one another, see

mind and the obj ect of its thought

mind" here means simply " the

the single place of all the I deas

in two q uite opposite senses. I n

thought, which is always its effect

his case in a sense Mind knows

its I deas really knows that

tential form and in a manner

o its own cause or B eing, as

ind knows (i.e., implies) what is prior

s reason the characteristic' of

e knowing characteristic," while the

TO g or " the known characteristic" ; the

process of knowing." B ut wher-

ing group of terms and refer

ms " knowing" and " known" to

d within it respectively.

al human mind is also

p between any unpossessed cause

tion F , and C hapter V I , pp. 19 9 , 211.

113

y to a metaphysical

p of I deas, but also to

is really due to the

fourth characteristic-

brief historical sketch

atic tradition,

the body which animated

so that anything that

51 Side by side with this

f such sects as the

eligion in which a per-

r.52 Plato himself spoke

ll the motion or

d secondly it is the

ring the later period,

of the world or the

ouls within it as

thing more than

the original dualism

Soul and its lesser or

motion or change

here were the indi-

Proclus' philosophy,

nsidering them as

use. F or Soul is also

with possessed charac-

cteristics of soul may

that is moved or

om H omer to the A ge of A lex -

s the source and the first prin-

lso the L aws, B ook X , p. 8 9 4 b.

ul" refers to the whole human per-

the O rphic traditions. A dis-

ohde' s Psyche: seelenkult und

rnim, vol. I I , p. 19 1, fr. 633, from

uestion is raised to be answered in

 O GY

e degree of intelligence

racteristics of soul are

fore must contain both

rs on one hand to

, it functions as the

ind; for everything

r characteristic to

motion or change, is

orms or characteristics

actual for a cer-

ul in this sense func-

al in the material

d as the power of

uld be called the power of

ered as the power of

s on the other hand

es anomalous in

cteristic is closely associ-

mply one another (p.

it is possessed by some

his body, and can even

own identity.58 F ur-

designate an individual

ower and even being

l which is prior both to the

h he does not call this an

which moves itself is superior

is. primarily that which moves

e of self-motion, then soul must

be the result of the soul and

t as the possessor of an individual

g." (E l. 19 7).

elated, for even the human

while the W orld-Soul is itself

ristics found in the Mind to the

I , p. 19 9 ).

able from its body." (E l. 18 6). I n

wo kinds of souls: the intelligent and

e soul, which is an attempt to

an being. B ut actually the latter

er V I , pp. 19 5-6), so that even

m the body.
115

n when Mind, Power and

soul" refers only to an

the cause of the

namely, N ature.

-system within Proclus'

s rise to the material

d change found

s the " cause of mo-

ure separately; but when

hich is separable from

ature as that which is

ich is the cause of

e is lower in the hierar-

nd is the last im-

orld of change itself.61

g that has any kind of being is com-

possessed B eing; everything that

ossessed Power; and everything

e Unpossessed Mind." f H ere

the possession of a particular character-

otion," which was the first possible meaning

nclusive than Power, it must include all

evertheless possess particular

haracteristic-system in the uni-

comes eq uivalent to " particular charac-

" Mind" to " intelligence" and " Soul" be-

transformation of meaning

on this restricted meaning of

ommentary, p. 232) bases his table

ts the value of this table con-

the root of all bodies ... we

ture- which is the cause of the

t in the moving and resting

found in E nn. I ll, viii, 1-3.

tive fire that travels the road to pro-

d. A rnim, vol. I , p. 44, fr. 171).

above (or: ruling over) the material world

nd Soul, and by means of the

ere Soul has its meaning of that

m. Tim. (Diehl, vol. I I , p. 11) N ature

e material world and thus defi-

ble from bodies. O n the other

as being within the world and

n N ature in the same contex t.

and " I " below.

 O GY

o be the effects of

e effects of the Mind

and the Soul, it

oul over its body,

ual mind possessed

e depends only upon the

t meaning, and it

characteristics one

or Sco^ a), which is

ns as the effect of all

nnot be a character-

racteristic-systems

rlying receiver or

hat is due to the mo-

ason, the material world

ance," and it is there-

the human soul.65

ems that constitute

rform as members of

rom the highest char-

e considered as the cause

will be the power

activity containing

iety. N ow if

the material world, it will

orld actual; but if

then N ature will be the

iding over them, while others are

any soul." (E l. 111). See p. 18 0

the " irrational soul," which will be

To this ex tent Soul and N ature may be

ame R eality or the power that is

orld.

se every unpossessed cause and

ngs by definition. B ut there may

e actual world (p. 9 1 above),

B ody" or 2wu-a; e.g., " B ody by

ossess Soul." (E l. 72, in the C orol-

p. 202-4.

be seen from the very words

tics: they are all " sparks," " images! "

bove.).
117

material world or B ody

universe. W e are

universe that he

its maj or levels of

s of its important mem-

present the details in

herefore the reader

al description — a

nciples and cosmo-

, but which is really

Proclus himself.
 L O GY

oclus for the ex is-

s: the deductive proofs

oposes several hy-

in any one q uestion

hypothesis to see whether

ot, to eliminate it;

re already known and

t will ex plain these

is nothing but

ty (I v), or there is both unity

would be no individual

nce any individual

we would have to sub-

ng at any point,

finity; all knowledge

eristics upon which

would be no similarity

en such a thing as

y. O n the other hand,

one thing in the

perience.2 There-

plurality or only

rality.

here are now

sess the character-

. 73-8 .I t is also found in

more strictly intended for the nex t

d hold only if the O ne is trans-

ght be possible to say together with

universe.

of Prop. 5 of the E l.
ality possesses unity

es the characteristic

ristic of unity. I f

d plurality, there

haracteristics, since

can be related to

above); but it is im-

use then unity and

so as to form two dis-

s not possible for

niverse (argument

ity possessed plurality,

e each would have an

e to be some third

this is impossible, since

nity possessed plu-

efore the only possibility

y; and this is proved

negative of which is

used only as a relative term,

T) mA X d). Therefore, since

rality and its cause

e are four other

sal series nor' any

there is a beginning

the causal series and

l series, regardless of

t there were no

nity was the cause

om one cause to

his would make

an infinite number of

at causation was circular,

ase everything would

ophers who wrote on the

principles have nothing in com-

e contrary could be maintained.

c concepts; the very definition

rality within it.

he proof of E l. 11, where it ia

he kind of eternal and formal

efficient causation in time, he would

w, p. 18 8 ).
 O GY

d there would be no

ning to the causal series

o infinity and would

78 above); further-

the effects to their

the series (p. 8 0

ng and an end to the

al series, there are

nciples at the begin-

uch first pinciple

s, and they had nothing

es and therefore to

g in common, this some-

ssed, so that it itself

furthermore, since the

hey must have a

gically prior to them.10

rinciples, there can

usal series.

here are two pos-

e it is immaterial.

divisible into parts

that which its parts

tic which would be

nciple must be

here are two pos-

it moved, it would

st principle of the

re the first principle

ond class of effects which depend

y beginning to the causal series,

(pp. 78 -9 above).

there were two or more prin-

mething in common which would

ber " 2" would be prior to them.

be directed against the mate-

directed against those who made

he F irst Principle, as the Stoics

is directed to some end or

erfection. E lsewhere Proclus ar-

 is motionless,

ciple is below B eing

eing (i.e., Unity). I f

have to possess being,

longer be the first prin-

lf, it would be mix ed

f a unity and its power

eing possesses must be

e the same is un-

verse must be prior

rior to B eing and re-

the first principle

e Unpossessed C ause

istic of unity, it would

and would not be com-

sed characteristic im-

t (p. 8 7 above).

y be the Unpossessed

ce, on one hand,

d plurality possesses

se (N o. 2), and

nning to the causal

le (N o. 4), that is

eing or plurality (N o.

, which is the Unpossessed

vative plurality, can

e can be the F irst C ause

that since it implies a goal

final cause of the motion and

he most important argument of all,

elians who made Mind the first

e O rigen (see P.T., p. 9 0), who

as only the highest of all the char-

we know, regards it as prior

d itself must possess.

ove that for Plato unity is other

s not as arbitrary as it seems,

ally, O rigen). C ompare Plato' s

unity and being; and Plotinus'

 O GY

th the " formal cause"

g possesses in com-

at goal toward which

t cannot be life, because

an life be called the

he sense of a particular

e characteristic, such

cannot even be B eing,

possess B eing, and the

4. O nly unity is the

without which a thing

unity is the goal of all

above). Therefore,

and observing the world

e definition and be the

erstood by the

eal nature of the O ne

than it and lower

o describe it as similar

re ex alted level — the

are lower than

not possess a char-

ve been present ; some

e of something that

less has a positive

affirmations, as in the

eristic because it trans-

uctive in nature since Proclus'

with his system of reasoning.

p. 9 3-6. The O ne may also

n a higher level than that of the

steme de Proclus, p. 49 9 f) or B erger

nsist that God is certainly not

rong, since God is certainly not

hould be no mystery about the

point which N azzari (L a Dialet-

a, p. 12 ff) seems to stress.

e applied to the O ne

vj tE Q aj K x pdoE ig). F or the

st of all characteristics,

re cannot be described

ations which deny

t.22 H ow can the

n or spoken about? 23

he O ne ex cept through

herefore the O ne is

that is below it.24

by means of the

d the " O ne" because

else is derived, and also

rom this follow the

Transcendent" and " H ighest-

horical names, such as

cendent." 25

ns proceeds by de-

ose most universal

hose of the corporeal

elf and I nfinity-itself,

he ex istence and power

aid to be itself neither

cause of anything else' s

d in the C omm. Parm. col.

ove all form ... we cannot properly

at is below it." f (C omm. Parm.

ne is itself the (F irst) C ause by means

y means of this subtracting of all

eyond all determinate orders." f

the Preface of this book.

vine souls) cannot know what

perior to this; and this knowl-

omm. Parm. col. 108 0). A lso

lity of the O ne may be found

in the unpublished passages of the

n Proklosfund und seine B edeutung,

e others, respectively: ndvx wv enex E iva

C hal. Phil. I V , etc.); ndvTcov i^ ,r\ Q i)-

navx eaow uj mpox ov (H ymn to God, line 2);

); TO dppriTcng eJ-nO TiH E Y O v (PT., p. 114).

mes that Proclus uses to de-

e method of negation.
 O GY

g nor the cause of any

istences and powers of

wer — it is neither

to all possessed char-

endent characteristic

ex isting nor only a

ed characteristic of unity or

5. Since it is prior

s-not.30

racteristics being

so de.nied of it which

neither one nor many.31

.I t has neither begin-

y kind.34 10. I t is neither

contex ts in which Definiteness-

possessed Unity.

col. 1167: " The O ne which. trans-

ivity." f This is in contrast with

en Proclus himself speaks of the

reknowledge, ex cept that this is

ior to the Good itself." (E l. 10).

ble, and the O ne is not divisible, the

m. col. 1150).

rmini " natura naturans" und

e claims that the concept of the " self-

self-caused" or causa sui, for in

used, but it is not self-ex istent,

characteristics are self-caused. O r,

d," (as given by A .E . Taylor in

ne that is the cause of itself,

whatever.

since the O ne is an unpossessed cause

d above all things that are, to say that

col. 1240); also P.T., p. 108 and C hal.

, p. 509 b.

fB eing and Power where this dis-

all found in parallel discussion

08 ; C omm Parm. col. 108 9 ff.

B eing and Power. P.T., p. 110;

er. P.T., p. I ll; C omm. Parm.

ll; C omm Parm. col. 1125 ff.

 at rest nor in motion.38

anything else.37 13. I t

else.38 14. I t is

else.39 15. I t is neither

6. I t has nothing to

oyia)

hing else, yet all other

heir return.42 N ow

e lesser goals for the

elationship which an

ationship which it

ffect returning to its

e and all lesser goals,

ave insofar as they

as it is the Goal of all

be given various

because it is the Goal

se of Good.43 F rom this

-all" and even " God-of-

een the O ne and the

nt." I n fact, the O ne

nalogy; it is even

T., p. I ll; C omm. Parm. col.

111-2; C omm. Parm. col.

112; C omm. Parm. col.

omm. Parm. col. 119 1 f.

113; C omm. Parm. col. 1201 f.

C omm. Parm. col. 1212 f.

as a whole. P.T., p. 113; C omm.

lar group of negations, although not

ated to all things ... but they all

s: the x d-yadov and the ax iTo-

second refers to the good that is

as a cause," whereas the good within

below, p. 141).

mn to God, line 14); © E Gg ndvTwv (C hal.

 O GY

ne is that be-

y be considered both

e of all light, and as

is not an obj ect of

hings that are seen.

he Goal of all mental vi-

d to Mind, and, on the

or returns to B eing

ich it is the cause and

at which is known.45

ne on a lower level, it

d as analogous to the sun

N DI N F I N I TY -I TSE L F

tely follow the O ne,

e only one principle

son for its inferiority

v6ro.iov (P.T., pp. 9 1 and 100);

s made: when all things remain

y name; when all things depart

ins the name of the " O ne" ; when

C ig), it obtains the name of the

s found, for ex ample, in the

ne and the sun is found in the P.T.,

ether all physical things, so the Good pro-

T., p. 9 8 ). F inally, " Just as we say

hings that are seen, at one time,

ings that know and that are

light, the power of the Good is

.T., p. 9 1).

the sun is Plato, R epublic, V I ,

a kind of cosmological prin-

ever they are able to produce in

(E l. 25). This means only that

ow it, i.e., the same principles

principles is found in the

who is said to have introduced

 I N I TY 127

se between them,

rees.48 There are in

wo principles are

he form of Definiteness-

mythologically referred

Greeks to have been

ther (A fthig), since

ced by Time together

power, since there can be

ffects which cannot

is level also belong

eing which is imme-

not be fully under-

sake of completeness.

ss by being the measure

of their ex istence.

and infinity insofar

world. 4. Time has

and infinity as having

eness since it is the

it is itself perpetu-

ness in their order-

ty and continual

eness because of its

ound within it but in-

.E very individual

sses a characteristic and

ormless mass has defi-

inity in its infinite di-

of whatever char-

nfinite potentiality

ge of the O ne is under the aspect

and C omm. C rat., 42). B ut in-

ed to the O ne, since definiteness

ve).

Parm. col. 1119 f. for infinity and

133-4 for both, although not com-

really ten grades of ex istence and

n size, but in power only." (E l.

be infinite divisibility (see p. 19 0

t infinite to its own causes or to

ction between form and matter is

niteness and infinity, that is, ex is-

 L O GY

E O N E A N D TH E O DI C Y

hilosophers on the *

above). H ow many and

telians maintained that

t temporal and con-

anscendence. The

verything indeed was

e of all things necessarily

otinus held that the

and contingent, but did

Proclus combines these

gs are in all things, but

l things, both necessary

things must pre-ex ist

gent things in a neces-

nner, as befits H is

ledge of the O ne is as

not prevent things

ch is due to the action

en temporal or contin-

re they must be pre-

ne.53

s follows: if the F ore-

and is therefore the

d, then all things are

d; nevertheless, it is

ax ov), both physical evil

il in general may

ion and value (p. 73

hings which holds matter together

some people (the A ristotelians), who

definiteness and infinity to form

pare Mai. Sub. I I I .

self in the Prov. F ato X I ,

sics, X I I , 7; the Stoicorum V eterum

uotation N o. 551 there from C hal-

hrysippus; and Plotinus, E nn. I ll,

e Prov. F ato I I and X I , Decem

6-7.

ub. V .A similar discussion oc-

 tent good, but the very

tremities of the hierarchy

this case, evil is due

selves; for not being

owed upon them by

but since the O ne never-

upon them, it cannot

rent evil that re-

far as it is associated

evil in itself, because

cay and destruc-

re in time. The j usti-

art of N ature; the very

g into being and passing

ngs may come into

ists, ex ists for the good

o be considered evil.58

but under this heading

f evil. F irst there is

man soul away from

t is due to the

or nature of the

association of the

e. B ut this associa-

s and perfection of

, such as the divine

he animal natures,

he human souls

y, Proclus speaks of

is refers to the destruction

al world. I ts general

t of the material world

like physical evil.

evil for the human

ood, if it causes him

sed again in reference to souls and

iscussed again in reference to souls

 O GY

nd; in this respect

ne takes on the popu-

onal and morally delibera-

obj ect.61

; Mai. Sub. I I I . This subj ect will be discussed

04-5.

er V I below. F or ex ample: " W hat

Providence do not follow im-

nly after a sometimes very long

col. 125).

n fact, an early writer, de

un MS. contenant q uelq ues-uns de

slike Proclus may have ex pressed

d of having profited from their

Providence in a very orthodox

 E SO R GO DS

the gods are all

103-4 above). F irst, if

milar to itself prior to

mmediate effects

s or gods, for these are

itself.1 N ex t, if every

ponding plurality of ef-

single cause, must give

inally, if every un-

ssed characteristics (p.

to the possessed char-

are the gods.2

and detailed, and

eq uently metaphorical

ake of completeness,

der which will indi-

nciples.3

efore above any specific

but only through

ssess them and with

acteristics therefore

and ex ist in the gods

r to them.4

O ne rather than the gods? and

the many gods? " f (P.T., p. 118 ).

ely preceding principle, but

m. Parm. col. 707: " A ll things which

ne must come the many unities

he proofs for the ex istence of the

lso see above, pp. 103-4, N ote 17.

mostly in E l. 113-165 and in

to B eing is unspeakable and un-

 O GY

s are the negative

V O I O S), above-Power (V TO O ^ O X K ; ),.

heir power to de-

eristics derived from the

is a possessed char-

eiSr| g). A ll the gods

e another because of

self unitary.6 3. Since

adotTig,

se divine or a god

w simply from the definition of

a god.

ics: 5. Since every

ctj tX 0ug). O nly the

ciated with their pos-

hin them, particularly

er level.9 6. Since

e independent (av-

dependent characteristics.

mous terms, such as

lf-ex istent (avftwtoaTatog),

forth.10

the ex istence of the

r: 7. E very god is

ards this as the most notable

rst principles of all

manent in their effects.11

ceived and known through that

, for which see p. 106 above.

is the following: " I t is easy

he gods to obtain their charac-

ch of the doctrines concerning them

o and also with the mystical

gy is an outgrowth of the O rphic

. The following references are all ex -

given there. A lso P.T., p. 122.

6 f. contain proofs of the good of the

e gods; also p. 123.

f the Platonic Theology I affirm

ir perfection (tetei-

Td6tayrog), and unaffected

e gods are always the

nd constant (cbaavTcog

to deceive people by chang-

myths imply; all

mself, must be dis-

ginning (dyE V T| Tog) and

tics are derived simply

gods due to their in-

gives rise to the

se of unity (evoj toiog)

fects. The gods cannot

to its opposite, and

nevertheless, since the

for all lesser good

ut the reason for this

hat things lower in

the good of the gods;

t must be powerful

ffects.16 F inally, there

ased on the ex ternal

og) in the sense that it

nd.17 A nd every god

g) is the symbol of power

the gods does not turn down-

cribed change to the gods by

overlook the intention of these

instruction." f (P.T., p. 67).

rational and mythological

s not allow the latter to obscure the

, pp. 33-7.

eginning is without end." t (18 ar-

ference to the O ne. A lso C omm.

." The gods are present to all things but

ay, but each thing obtains their

E l. 142).

ts activity, and its conseq uent

 O GY

paivco) its good to its

ctivity of the

toovoia), and everything

ranscendent as the

reknowledge in which its

said to be truthful

ruth" of its effects within itself.

which leads Proclus to

," there can be no error

nd to deceive human

en it may be said to be

ual knowledge (yvcoaig).21

elationship of

7. I f every god is

d to be their measurer

ement depends upon the

nd not upon the

ts j ustly (x ctta Six r| v);

em in its foreknowl-

act j ustly toward

ts simply by unifying

them; although it is

aq uiet and unnoticed

m, every god is said to

e clear by Proclus, but the

I , viii, 15).

106 above. O n the other hand, in

ods is either transcendent over its

probably refers to those cases in

see p. 18 7 below).

rd " truth" in the same pas-

ties to the Source of all good

unification with that which is prior,"

at which is posterior" and its sec-

contex t alone determines the mean-

N o. 12 above.

e" desire" (f} ouX naig) of the

ngs under this category.

both of activity and q uietness

because the unity of a thing is so

ssion of this love, see C hapter V I ,

 rom the return of

the goal of the re-

Tog) to its effects.26 22. I f it

gaaTog) to them.27

cdog) in the eyes of

rfect (teX eiog) if it is the

oclus ascribes to

ssessors, since the

ors (p. 131 above).

d every possessor has

gods and inferior gods,

ssessors respectively;

another is the same as the

ry unpossessed cause,

wer and its own activity,

that is, unifying one

ide over any one of

rse that we discussed

m a single divine order.

be three members

wer and activity respec-

o the third by means

A nd since there are

universal than the

ctual thing and everything which is

e gods is identical with the

135). F or the above reason, " all

ly as far (in the hierarchy of causa-

rer to the O ne is possessed by a

re remote god is possessed by a

ween one god and another is the

other." (E l. 136). See also P.T.,

from its highest (member), its

all the orders of the gods are bound

nd, " in all the departures of the

ms, maintaining a beginningless

st terms) to the first." (E l. 146).

 O GY

e more universal than

al characteristic is always

higher orders may be

s, although actually

cause and effect,

gods all the members

on, therefore, when ap-

their possessors, so

general will be true

y.

are as follows:

of the unpossessed cause

e the fatherly (j tatQ ix og) series,

n all the divine orders.35

ssessed cause are

) and constitute the productive (yev-

rallel to the fatherly series in

reside over the activity

he children (yevvrpatct)

power together give rise

(teX E iomx og, TE X eai-

er two series within every

rth series made up of

iversal it is, and the farther away

this follows: " N ot every (god) that

all the powers of its producing

transcendent over the former

(E l. 150). O f course, " one god

ssessor of the first god produces

aid to be more knowable than

y unify more things, from which

and its possessed effects (see pp. 8 7-8

very god, starting from the order in

er orders, always multiplying

g its own characteristics." (E l.

e order continues throughout all

nferior members." (E l. 145).

e" all things are in all things,

ese gods naturally have more definite-

rally have more infinity to them than

e an eq ual amount of definiteness and

f the unpossessed

yux og) series; in the

eries, although some

erfecting series as

to these series. The fa-

reating (SrmiouQ yi-

es.39 The productive series in

ooyovog) series.40 The

ycoyog) series, since

causes, or the measur-

e effects contained

eries, since it fore-knows

s may also be known

aintains the purity and

these names are freq uently

s, but all of them are

that these three or

es are in harmony

ies, which presides

gular (novoeiSr| g). The

mortal (dddvaTog) and

which presides over

ts effects may first be

ov).43 These then are the

s, j ust as ex istence,

unpossessed causes,

e word " perfect" (x etaiog) is applied not

the former perfection refers to

the latter refers to the perfec-

rat. 9 8 .B ut this is actually a misnomer,

is the activity of the Mind and not its ex istence.

d on the analogy between the Good

attered throughout the P.T.

or the six characteristics. H ere

to the activity of a cause, whereas it

133 above).
 L O GY

he Unpossessed

(V O TI TO V ) of the Mind (p. 112

possessed B eing is

may also be called the hidden (Y .Q V -

refore the most unified

ntermediary between

edge of B eing (same,

lled the knowing-

he Unpossessed Mind

der is called the know-

ds all things in the

nd is also imme-

s called both the

above-the-world (wte(j x 6a| iiog)

ssessed N ature is

rld and is therefore

oaniog x al eyx oaniog)

the celestial bodies is

ontain a list of these orders, ex cept

f the P.T.
 N DI TS GO DS

mple. I t consists of

movaia), its own power

" mind" (vov$ vo-

e that is. E ach of these

his god, making nine

me of the unpos-

passages in the

essed B eing, Proclus

members, so that the

teristics altogether.

ce, power and activity

one being (ev 6v),

al ov). 2. O n the basis of

0g) and the all (j tav)

n the Timaeus* they

(alary) and eternal

ssages in the

and the paradigm

he Phaedrus,6 they are

iful (x cdog) respectively.7

ymmetry

respectively.

oB eing. I ts structure is discussed on

od, the True and the B eautiful,

duce this particular triad of

usin, the editor of Proclus. Since

eautiful refers to the three members

refore basic to all other beings, it

influenced C ousin, although

iq ues.
 O GY

unity, the power of

ore it is the very first

t ex ample of the

e combination of a unity and its

of B eing is really being in

simply that of being

also be considered as

ne being (ev ov), since

mpletely unified.11

ecause it is unitary

hat it is difficult to dis-

ity or father-god (j ta-

we shall see, is E ternity,

er, must be prior to

ce of B eing are es-

Plato, that every

h and its beauty. W e

ll have symmetry and

uth in the sense of

insists that these

ted with ex istence,

y, since the ex istence of

unity-of the ex istence of

its power, the first rep-

ing itself, the first repre-

eing as a whole is a

ince the ex istence of B eing

by itself as a whole

a), since it is that aspect of the

-140 and 168 -9 .

metry for the unity of the parts

ty between them; it must have

liness. ... Symmetry is the

cause of its being real and beauty is

T., pp. 139 -40).

eaning and take on a special

ifficult in such cases to j ustify

taken perfectly literally and

s consciously mythologizes.
1

ity.15 F inally, the

eans that it is the Good-

being" (x at' owai' av)

ood " as a cause," the

ry being" can only

of the ex istence of B eing

(eq peTog); the power

avog), and the ex is-

g perfect (tetaiog).17

nity, the power of

e mix ture of the two.

both internal and

elf ex tended to matter or

an be the source of

hole (0X 0g) and indeed

hing that is a whole must be,

wholeness must follow

as some characteristic is

s a characteristic;

ing where definite

st follow the ex istence

side only in the power

e hand, everything that

uch, while, on the other

which binds it together

so called E ternity-

s, and must be there-

he activity of B eing is

between the myaftcrv and the

he unity and good of the whole

he power, for ability is a

ent to all things without hin-

, for it is the first triadic character-

meaning to conform to their new

The matter is summed up in the

s) it is apparent that wholeness occupies

 O GY

prior to this activity.

ng but is prior to its activity,

g. F or everything that

ernal, so that E ternity -

things.21 W hat is

ng, is characterized by

hing that is eternal is a

ess and E ternity may

whole or eternal re-

of the wholeness pos-

g therefore is both the

ternity, giving rise to

ously both functions.

holeness prior to the

npossessed characteristics;

ade up o] parts (ex

possessed characteristics, and the power

thin the part (E V Tcp \ ii-

e ex istence of B eing re-

power of B eing will

re.25 B ut it is also called wise

stic was applied to the

hat it is the producer

e activity of B eing.

the ex istence of B eing

because it gives rise

and the power of B eing

or the above reasons,

ummed up in E l. 8 8 , for which

time, cannot always be the

ll that is eternal is a whole at one

" E ternity is the cause of wholeness."

:" Therefore, E ternity ex ists

ternity are identical, both being

nd the other of all parts and

his Unpossessed W holeness was

self, I believe, really represents

sessed characteristics of whole-

ade-up-of-parts, and the parts

3

(avToaW | i)eia) or even

rrs MiN D28

eing itself; and

eing. F or since it is

ntially all things in

nner appropriate to

y is called one and being

istence of B eing, which was

ns to ex ist here,

its oneness and its being

manifested in the

e (ov x al E V ); here

y unitary. This mind

ng " as a cause" ; it is

may be called

tains everything in the uni-

s called the A ll (To

ternity-itself, it is

Paradigm (I I ct-

reator of the world

world.32 F or the C reator

model or paradigm

create it. A nd since

he Unpossessed Mind,

eas themselves which

nd, since then it

eas it must be outside

y refer to the mind

make their first appear-

of V ictor C ousin than

ter is closer to Proclus' ethical intent.

plurality or Plurality-itself; and

r) of B eing." f (p. 168 ).

mplete (navTeX rig). p. 169 .

s 2 contains the proof of this eternity

self" (avx o^ wov) because it is

ife" or Z a> r\ ; see p. 109 , N ote 36

power in the universe within itself.

e from Plato' s Timaeus, p. 31 b.

 O GY

for the first time.3*

hole universe, all the

it potentially and

eing may be considered

ple or monad plus a

element of fire; the

f air, water and earth

re arranged from

ents may be con-

s.34

of a mix ture, may

self (avrox cttlog). B ut this

because, on one hand,

unified and beauti-

other things below

ting is the doctrine

the characteristics

y be called the " charac-

eI deas (elSog elScov),

deas or characteristics

istence of B eing and

ely related; in a sense,

, but " hiddenly" (x gix piox ? ).

ile the Good attracts

vable and whatever

d, and the opposite

rs of the mind of B eing

tiful because lovable

ause gentle (0^ 06g);

shining (X a| ij to6g), that

subtle and beautiful

ssed B eing.

efore, that E .R . Dodds (E le-

ould identify this mind of B eing

wer.

of the gods, p. 135 above.

racteristics, ex ists in the third

l characteristics so that it is like a

1).

er to B eauty as only the high-

n better, as a kind of identity im-

rsal discussed above (p. 8 7).

e for a similar series among the gods.

 DI TS GO DS

ult. I t has the

each of these aspects in

its own possessed

sed characteristic,'

embers in turn must

g twenty-seven

eneral, are also

s' universe is about

above). E ach of

eing as a whole and

respectively, but each

so that everything

here in a " powerful"

cteristic members are al-

t be unity, power,

ower, activity.2 The Un-

mediary between the

it represents, on one

nity, being itself

other hand, the

112 above). There-

t is called the connect-

X O S, awaycoyog) order.3 Proclus describes the Un-

ues; he gives a phi-

g on the basis of the

eturn by the Mind

e two descriptions

nd we shall discuss

eturn.

ook I V of the P.T., and its

lso P.T., pp. 239 -241.

 O GY

SC R I PTI O N O F TH E DE PA R TUR E or TH E

B E I N G*

wer represents a

erness (I TE O O TTI S);

as still comparatively

nts the beginning of

it is the power of

of these unities

g, its power and the

nce of Power represents

tself (avroaQ ifyiog). F or

g as number upon

kind of plurality

isted " as a cause" and

whereas the plurality

stence" and is " distin-

as certain characteristics

ower, it is even more

Therefore it is called

or infinity, whereas

r\ v) and superior to the

llows: the first triad

as a whole is the

called one (ev) and is the

the power is called other-

ty ex ists in a unified manner,

is that kind of plurality which is

in B eing it was only a power (to

, p. 232). This illustrates how

by gradually changing it, in

pp. 73-4 above), and the general

(p. 9 6 above).

otinus placed N umber prior

y to N umber ex isting " as a cause"

ex istence." (P.T., pp. 230-1).

le and the female is analogous

ty, but applies to the lower

fathers and mothers (p. 136

 ductive numbers

eing itself is called being

eig dgifyioi) ; 8 it is the

g). This group also con-

and the possessed

essed characteristic

ncluding all three mem-

he unity, its power

d triad — • unity,

ng — as a whole is

epresents the power of

ents the power of multiply-

characteristic of being

es (toig) ; it is the

roup — unity,

le is the perfecting (TE -

dd multiplied by the odd

wer represents the even multiplied by the

of Power itself represents all

it is the triad (tQ idg)

umber (dgi/ftn6? ).! >

three triads.10

ess (oMtr| g) ; but whereas

the wholeness in Power

triad, the unity and the pos-

tion between the one

nd triad (the most character-

the possessed char-

n the whole and its

d triad, the unity and the power of

nite and the infinite

these function as various stages in the transi-

is the cause of the

he other hand, the many

inite. Proclus also

parture and return

bly because these, being

n. B ut since the third kind re-

nitary numbers" refers to all ra-

refers to all irrational numbers.

 L O GY

y placed in the power

three triads.11 A s

rng) ; for prior to all

although the mind

of Power is perfect " by its

unity, power, possessed

rior to the parts (te-

e perfection of all transcendent realities.

sessed characteristic

ts (teX E iotng ex tcov

aterial world. The third

s called the perfection

Q E I ) or the perfection of the parts of

r\ \ ia), although ex isting

e Unpossessed Mind be- \

g to Proclus : the round j

eir mix ture (H I X TO V ); and it is

\ ieaa x al

R I PTI O N O F TH E R E TUR N W I TH I N TH E

MiN D12

myth of how the

ds up to the vault

eaven itself, from

at is contained beyond,

nd. Proclus applies

wer, because the " real

t refer to the Unpossessed

can only refer to the process

refore the whole myth

the means by which

eing as its cause

ndividual minds and

order to follow this up-

ember of Power

y conseq uences for Proclus' ethical

n stage in the return of the

pp. 211-2 below.

ven" (V O TO V Q C I V I O g

ney that comes im-

nsidered the begin-

ts first triad is the cause

ond triad is the cause

rd triad is the cause

n one hand,

es rise to and makes manifest

taphorically the

and, if when the souls stand

ies beyond, H eaven

g) of this vision. I ts

V Q O V I O g a\ | )ig) which

ven; this vault is

paratively material

enter (j j aftog) of

it is naturally the

wer; it is compara-

nd highest triad is called

ich the souls stand to see the real

o what is below it and is fiery

n" (vj teQ O V Q aviog To-

he myth contains variety

essed B eing itself,

sessed Power which is

s here that the souls re-

at Destiny (' A SQ a-

g the order of the whole

dge or activity should itself be

rn should be an activity; but

ous.
 O GY

the ex istence of Power,

o£ m< nT\ \ mr\ ), Temper-

e-itself (ax rroSotaioo-uvr| ) re-

en from Plato' s myth,

pasture (X eifuov) and

ively; 19 the last is divided

of the gods; the former

istence," and the latter may

ar (vex taQ ), repre-

ly ex isting " by their

ies and their powers are

edge (cd.r\ $ iy; E j U-

ce itself of the Unpossessed

by the " L aw of C ronus," the

" N ecessity and her children," etc.

nomalous, for they do not obviously

udied. N evertheless, I believe

the gods, maintaining the order

ng, while the other members of

dual aspects of these unpossessed

his single L aw without the indi-

nd, both manifestations of the

t the inverse, since the tex t is ob-

 I TS GO DS

re difficult than

essed B eing, because

s.1 F or we should ex -

Mind would each have

ower of this power,

ssed characteristic

e twenty-seven would

making thus eighty-

f the Unpossessed Mind

to be sure, the

tivity, but each of

father-god (JK X TTI O );

eog); and the third is

e (piovdg SiaiQ eti-

a group of seven members

representing B eing, one triad

g Mind. Thus each

d three groups of

king seventy-two mem-

ook V of the P.T. and its

y either be considered the

fferent in each aspect; the latter

at are req uired by considering

n counted; but this would con-

entities. F or the " pure gods"

tinguishing principle" is that which

ries presided over by the three

ne that have to represent the

d Mind, even though they have al-

ch aspect of the Mind.

er-god, making nine members

ent becomes clearer. F or each

er, the power of this power and

ssessed characteristic of being,

and their powers have already

 O GY

tion to its causes,

wer, are set forth in the

" by its own ex istence,"

" as a cause" ; the Unpos-

er, " by its own ex istence"

nd has being doubly " by pos-

nd " by its own ex istence." 4

ty everything else in

her things in the uni-

no actual division within

ernal fact, it " knows"

of course, is simply its own

the things of the

potential forms that

cause of the world by

the goal for the

which as the cause

ward the Mind as its

e Mind itself is, of

unities can be known only from

arrangement may be worked out

principles. Thus if all the uni-

o all the members of the Un-

d be two hundred and forty-

sessed Mind is found in the

at which is posterior to it in

is posterior to it, and " by possession"

y mind is a whole . . . but the Un-

0). A nd: " The ex istence, power and

herefore: " E very mind knows all

solutely all things at once. (E l.

the F irst Mind knows only itself,

thought are one in number." (E l.

fects simply by its knowing them,

is its production." f (E l. 174).

ell, but also reveals the ab-

the world from the Unpossessed

tionless, since if it were moved

activity), and it would be

t (18 arguments, 4). C ompare

zes both those who make the Mind

erse (the A ristotelians), and

ssed Mind is much

he Unpossessed B eing

of Mind, is C ronus

son of H eaven or Uranus,

ation (E X TO ^ T| ) which

s of his son, really

essed Power from

istence. Since the

he son of C ronus,

ex istence bears to ac-

ather C ronus by a

d by Z eus and is not

immaterial entity can

bove). I t is in the

between being " in it-

v 6$ la> ) first occurs.10 The

is called the unmix ed

d (x ooviog voii? ), to distinguish

f these two minds is once

of C ronus by Z eus.

power possessed by the ex is-

er of Z eus, and re-

s are able to return

i0g) repeats the law of

vel of the Unpossessed

ness of the Unpos-

us are the gods that

ed N ature and the

l cause (some Platonists). The

ccording to the ontological

d in P.T., pp. 252-6, but the de-

which have been mentioned

(I nfinity-itself), both p. 127

), p. 149 above. A ccording to the

ch produced H eaven and E arth.

al world.

erial things are in one sense

her sense not at all separated

, and it is in the ex istence of Mind that

each, mentioned in the P.T., pp.

 O GY

the Mind, is

hs, the sister and

ows her; therefore she

nds together the

causative power of the

and motion found in

d that the opposition

s causal origin.13 O f

ad is connected with

to Demeter (A Tmiyrr| o),

n of C ronus and R hea,

s to Z eus, who follows.

y of the Mind,

C reator or the Demiurge

ty of the Mind itself may be referred

) to distinguish it from all

cteristics of the world,

arying degrees, ex isting

ind of Power and even the

ted and ex ist " by their

tion between identity

pears, by which one char-

other than another

e Greek god Z eus

hat Z eus is identical

annot be found in the

since his function is to

ot to cause it in the

Mind, and not in the

ctivity alone; there-

Then Proclus assumes

e Mind and tries to

g from various passages

spenser of Justice

ccording to the myths, C ronus

pite of her sex , because she performs the

clus could also have called her a

otinus, E nn. V I , iii, 21.

0 and the following argument

or C reator, see also Section J below.

must refer to the

deal characteristics

d the " leader and

17 this can only refer to the

entical with the

reator are as follows:19

d; he is also called

atr| o) of the world, because he is

endent god.20 I n ad-

his Z eusian power

ower by which the creating mind

yia)- These creations

f all the individual

possessed Soul and

n the vertical

the guardian series

(K ovoiytE g), since

of R hea and Z eus.

rE g may mean " young war-

oftagog and dx r| Q aTog,

S meaning " complete," to indicate

,V I , p. 757 b respectively.

ias, p. 121 b respectively.

the basic postulate of Proclus'

ity of Mind or the C reator might

since Z eus is the central god of

entities are given their divine

y of Mind and on the basis of

his is why, for ex ample, R hea is

nd is to its activity in actuality

s are distinguished: the father

rnal things and which is repre-

nce of B eing; the maker (noiT)Tfis)

nd which is represented by the

he father-and-maker (j K X TTI Q x ai

sented by the unity that presides over the

mentioned here or Z eus, who pre-

s of mind or the I deas, and

the two creations of the creating

wing sections below.

above, p. 137.
 O GY

sessed Mind pure

rds (q puX ax eg), keep-

ioi)- The first pure

ghter of Z eus; she is also always

ther name is K O Q T| ,

ure," since Proclus tries to

e whole group of the

members of the three

Z eus; for every real

god to preserve its

bove).

(\ wvaq SiaiQ eTi-

the Unpossessed Mind must

results a third series

stinction. A nd all

to be in itself or

e), to be at rest or in

dentical or other

ced by this prin-

ess-itself (avroeteoo-

fully manifested form,

s in the Unpossessed

at we have described

material world.

us according to the myth, she is

istence of the Mind, even though

thena (p. 53 above), who was his patron

 R I DE A SA N D MA TH E MA TI C S

sessed character-

with the general onto-

e activity of the Un-

or the production of

is called the W ord

of an actual thought, so

gle " thought" or

for Proclus is the gen-

ts activity, he dis-

d Mind in giving rise

as a whole the creat-

when it is divided up into the many

ual possessed char-

s itself an indi-

effects by containing

by means of this

behaves very much

h individual mind re-

3 Therefore, the in-

Unpossessed Mind

houghts, since they spread out that

he undivided divided." (p. 28 4).

hapter V I , pp. 19 8 -200 below.

mental words (V O E Q O ' I X oyoi) or

their own minds; soul words

motion which bodies receive from their

oyoi) or the powers to be something

ure in general.

essed Mind and its activity (see

a more divided manner:

in-the-part and contains all things

that it is possible for an individual

inciple " all things are in all

y within it is that this must be

nds) following it (the Unpossessed

hing." (E l. 170, second half).

 L O GY

p what was previously

that it contained

d actual things.4

e is the class

ts highest members

possess an inde-

n, and are in turn

ortant divine mind is the

), which is possessed by the W orld-Soul

s Soul.7 B elow the

O I V O E g), which are possessed

and following these are

arks," of which the

ain within them-

knowledge" (vor| Tcc) or

tent forms of all char-

d, or the I deas (I 6eai).i>

he ex istence of

ous characteristics ex ist-

ings as eternal

orld must have some

le for this identity found

ant recurrence or per-

h is itself eternal, and

e many general principles

limited in number." (E l. 179 ).

ry divine mind is unitary and perfect and is

from itself." (E l. 160). This is

from its own divinity or unity:

nows as a god." (E l. 134), inasmuch

h refer to its activity, but as a mind and

ctivities, see Section J.

ed more fully below in reference to

e, here as elsewhere, the possessed

sessor.

7. I n general, they are discussed in

t of view of our ontological

as the unpossessed cause of a char-

.
 t perfect cause of

l these facts therefore

r pre-ex istent forms which

cs, their permanence

strated from the fact

erfection, permanence,

material world, which

y can come only from

and which is therefore

nstrations and proofs

ose those universal

the proof proceeds.

wn of and intuitively

roof of their ex istence, for

nally, it is necessary

istence of the I deas; for

rove and then dis-

isted and sought only to

e so as to stimulate tffe

at A ristotle opposes to

for either it refers to the

sessed characteristics in

hological abstraction

d particular ex amples

hey are the thoughts

alone, but of the

ng, is the real cause

e what they are " by their

d in the mind of B eing, their

emselves ex ist by

the doctrine of I deas use the

between a characteristic and its ideal

h, and this to infinity) ... we shall

regression of similar character-

as as being immanent in their

ny (possessors) as what is com-

m as being transcendent and

omm. Parm. col. 8 8 9 ).

O Y E V E C ; , see C omm. Parm. col. 9 9 4 f, and

10. Proclus goes from one level up to

ly on any level ex cept that of the

d in Philo, De O pificio Mundi,

 O GY

) in the activity of the

are immaterial (aau> \ ia.-

ent (e| flO Tmevog), eternal

; ).14 E ach I dea may therefore

re in nature and

on one hand, there

al I deas being mix ed with

inferiors. F or if all the

nd, there must be a

rom the general prin-

en I deas of contrary

milarity is mingled with

th.16 Y et, on the

milarity remains dis-

m motion, in spite

things only in the man-

ture of the I deas and

be other special re-

cs in the material

eir two I deas will be

er, are never related to

.18 N evertheless, in the

r relationships between

itary side of the opposi-

eristics of the I deas are summar-

n immaterial cause which transcends

t ex ists singly and truly, known

effects as a cause." f

2, 178 .B ut there is a q uestion as to whether

or to the I dea itself; in the latter

eristics which are in nature that

dea that is found in Stobaeus'

308 ): " A nI dea is an incorporeal thing

ilar to it and is the model for the

ature, it itself ex isting by itself,

mes the cause of the latter' s

d in the Middle Platonist A lbinus,

o the I dea: " A nI dea is defined as an

." f (A ppendix Platonica, in C .

, p. 163). B ut see N ote 27 below.

arguments 8 , it is said: " O pposites

deas are in one another and yet each

 for the same reason

o infinity and identity

y or intermix ture of

r value than their

things of which

od, which is the goal

impress their possessed

ower that receives

ood.20 O r, taking a

d material things, first

intermediary Soul, which

the three req uired causes

heir material effects

sors of their possessed

ea ex tends everywhere,

particular material

t possessed charac-

om the point of view

ts effects as an entirety;

any effects, whereas

undivided through-

ng itself, it cannot

mply that it was perfect,

racteristics perfectly

ithin time.23 A l-

om the I deas is per-

t; and this is indeed

er, namely, the de-

of the I deas upon

gies: F or either things

ch have been reflected

hey may be regarded

g like seals

otinus on the I deas, see E nn. V ,v

45.

6.

two sentences are to be understood

hat Plato himself used: of course

ist due to thg insertion of the pos-

ween the I dea and the material

41 f.
 O GY

ions of the I deas by

he single I dea be-

e matter receives the

this is simply another

to its corresponding

s case there is the added

within the world of

caused by the Soul

the individuals within

I n general, every

ut there are no I deas

his honor (p. 144 above).

e first production of

s (p. 155 above); there

s, including even those

I dea for N ature as a whole

eneral.29 F inally, there

nd in the material

universal character-

o all material things;

and dissimilarity,

ndeterminate masses;

y only to particular

, as we have already

t all these are merely analogies to

amples may also be given.

receives the same form differ-

l of eternal things" discussed in

rm. col. 8 31. I n support of this defini-

rpetual things (only)." (E l. 178 ).

d to be an I dea for the " heavenly

his would conflict with Proclus'

made of the same fire as earthly

ting to speculate how Proclus

later theory of evolution. H e

at species were themselves

have rej ected I deas of changing

ssessed Mind to the W orld-Mind,

and the latter greatly ex panded;

would have to accept I deas of

s most likely, have fallen back on

by saying that all characteristica

but in an eternal manner proper

ch ex ist between things;

e whole of which they

q ualities as goodness,

lities, such as color,

nd do not have I deas

rts, such as mathe-

ourney of return, will

e entirely for enj oyment

alone. F or artificial

the individual human

f the Unpossessed

d has some kind of

r its cause. F or there

far as they are indi-

se, since all I deas are

he individual things

ndividually eternally

nd, whereas actually they

and passing away.

genus and species, but

onstant process of

and which gives rise

here are no I deas of

cs.35 F inally, there

o that there can be no I dea of

ss Proclus' views

ber lay in Definiteness-

found already in the

mselves do not ex ist

em do not actually appear until a

ctively.

ess it would seem that even these secon-

n the Mind, according to the prin-

nn. V , vii, for the opposite view.

s would seem contrary to the general

al mix tures (p. 140 above) since

al mix tures as well.

and Mai. Sub. I I I .

 O GY

as the I deas were called

could be known only

alities are called

y can be reached even by the

s were undivided, mathe-

be deduced from

dea which is itself

remain intact, several

nother to produce a.

e obj ects of mathematics

n the other hand, mathe-

ristics of the material

ome aspect of the

ereas the latter can

tics consists of general

ar things, to this.

ce of the true I deas.40

y where these mathe-

ey cannot ex ist in the

ept perhaps only " as

er than the level of the

ng of the soul, they

ay follow the analogy

nowledge ex isting in the

cal entities, which

t in a special realm of their

urse, not found in Proclus'

but it is indeed

niteness and I nfinity is dem-

hapter I I ; for numbers begin with unity

may be subdivided to infinity and

h the obj ects of mathematical

itself, for which see C hapter

,V ,V I I .C ompare Plato' sR epublic, V I ,

and V I I .
I TS GO DS

npossessed Soul

uces the Soul is called

n in Plato' s Timaeus (p. 41

t together will consti-

bines them to form a

l itself.2 F or this rea-

souls, whereas the Unpos-

); the former is the source

the true cause of all

ys, depending

soul" in any given

means " the cause of motion,"

n of all motion and

n" soul" means an in-

ependent of its attach-

e first member of a

l, the Unpossessed

pacity, the Unpossessed

novix 6g) order,

this new triad.4

possessed Soul are

rng), which ex ist within

are effects of the more uni-

ex isted prior to them

larity is produced by

ty produces similarity

h kind of similarity

means of the pure

ook V I , first half.

t itself be immediately derived from

o was also called the " source" of

 O GY

similarity is known

ntity and otherness

may themselves

ilarity is naturally su-

d to ex istence, while

e also two kinds of

nd their effects (p.

the same class all

above) .7

nly the power of the

nouonatiwSg) order. F or

y the eternal I deas

nternal power by which

characteristic of soul

nd this possession of Soul or

mpathy (avpradE ia)

for the Soul makes

characteristics pre-

themselves were intermix ed

material world will

o the general principle

fore, represents the per-

y be a very subtle psychological

so: " The group of the leading gods,

ers, is the first to display the

f the Mind), to which it is connected

-ex ist there, and, compared to

ultiplies all things." t (P.T., p.

py the world itself and everything

an this A bove-the-world order

its being copied from its own

m higher ones and therefore

rity between them belongs

tue acts by itself and orders and perfects

sesses a soul immediately will

the universe lives through

s especially responsible for

mmunity with one another;

ause of the similarity (with the

n one another." f (pp. 351-2).

s concept is found even before Plo-

mpathie; neue Untersuchungen ubcr

om the perfect model

possessed Soul.

real members (Section

have at least 729 mem-

clus reduces the num-

lve: its ex is-

y by a father-god

giving principle (^ 00076-

rinciple (ematoej m-

avtog deog) to maintain

Unpossessed Soul.11

esser creators

i{ teoi).12 F or they are im-

ctivity of the Unpos-

tors of the material

eus, the C reator, was

n of C ronus (K Q ovi-

nce of the Soul, is

him as Z eus the

r the C reator himself.

ul is the first possessor of

ect of and the most

possessed Mind; for

me god appeared on

tions of Z eus the

eneral, and are always

eus the Second has

e Unpossessed Soul

ronus before them,

three aspects of the

cond father-god since he repre-

rinciples are all subdivided

n number; see below, pp. 168 -170.

essed Soul would have twenty-four

rove that these three creators

who maintained the ex istence of

planation of the confusion.

 L O GY

stars; the highest ele-

rth, and those souls

f souls or the divine

ecause the rising of the sun

s to fire.16

r of the Soul, is

g to the myths, the brother

those appropriate to

e of the three father-

on is one of its

with him that simi-

above). Poseidon con-

he may be called the

ontrols the lowest parts of the earth

h-q uakes; the inter-

ints of the compass.

of the Soul, is

to the myths, the last of the

nctions are those of acti-

he three father-gods;

what is below it, and

he Soul to which they

yog Jtatr| e). The

in a lower form, and are

H e controls everything

e may be called the

he controls all places underneath

ath; the lowest order

t (S1101g) in general,

med C ore ( R O -

Second to distinguish

156 above).19 C ore the

power for both Z eus

e any special power

Soul itself. A nd ac-

f the year with her

), and for part of the

e is with Z eus the

 oq iiog) and her character-

ut when she is with Pluto,

nd her characteristics are

has three aspects: ex istence,

C oric (maiden) A rtemis

ivog) and unknowable. The power

vri or I leoaeq x x aaa) ; and

eristic of Soul as a whole,

e, who is the power

ct, they are even said

the C oric or Maiden

oiva), who must be called A thena the

Unpossessed Mind (p.

and pure (since V .O Q TI is the eq ui-

o the source of all virtue,

ee p. 166 above),

ix og), since knowledge is

power of a thing by

(' A j t6M.cov), who

20 A pollo is the middle

st member of which was

6 above). F or A pollo

Good bore to the

o the material world;

sun" are interchangeable terms,

or " by possession," and

entified with the sun.21

souls in this fashion

return to its higher

esents the returning

herefore responsible

vidual souls. The

pollo all seem to be

o is called prophetic (\ iav-

un or A pollo, where it is compared to

nify the many (noM.d) powers of this

t many" (d-noX X d)! 2. A pollo has

dbtoX ix ng), which represents his or-

e arrows which he shoots from his

T\ ai$ ), which represents his making every-

H e is constantly-throwing

f -what is below him.

 O GY

re appropriate

and activity of A pollo

) respectively; they are

sic ((lovamfi) and

ed by Proclus with

ure gods of the Unpossessed

essed Mind or the

cording to the myths,

on to the A siatic Great

ea." 25 I n addition, their

from which the name of the

closely related to C ore the

Soul. Proclus

the first triad to

ree aspects of the

eC orybantes, in

f the Unpossessed

e this is the most con-

e perfecting series of gods (p.

ents activity.

bantes," vol. V I I , p. 211.

71

N DI TS GO DS

duction of the Un-

ssed Soul.1 The power

n as N ecessity (' A vdy-

Unpossessed N ature itself functions

oul to the material

ary between those of

ereas the Soul was

r, N ature is partly

whereas the Soul was

ve-and-partly-within-

).4 F or this reason, the opposition

dq pf| ), that is, between

the Unpossessed N a-

N ature is too

ut for the sake of

s having only twelve

members of the Un-

ctivity each have a father-

yovog ^ ovdg), a returning or

od

l follow immediately upon the

essed N ature; but it will be

ristics of soul together with the

section.

nd half of B ook V I of the P.T.

bove pp. 115-6.

e is called the F irst F ate by the gods."

in the P.T., pp. 38 6-39 4.

above). A nother name for

ranslated either as " absolute" or as

t seem very clear in either case.

make up an incomprehensible

mind." f (P.T., p. 39 5).

 O GY

e are correlated by

s Phaedrus (see p.

and a group of ten

and the first pure god

wer of N ature, since

the other hand, the pair

as compared to the

effect from its cause.

group of seven;

ond and third guiding

y be seen from the

stics.9

is Z eus the Third;

sed N ature, he has

ssessed Soul. Simi-

wer, is called Poseidon

d of the Soul. B ut

s his own name of

represents the activity of the Un-

entially all the indivi-

s. The first pure god,

for, according to the myth,

e appropriate leader of

d is A thena the

h is its most character-

ty, is A res (" A gr| g);

dual possessed char-

power of ex istence,

or the power of

t characteristic member of

ng god, or the power

penses' power to the indi-

of ex istence, is

eader of the individual souls

pix og fiiog) by means of

nd guiding god, or the ac-

); she raises the souls by the

f the lover' s life (E Q O O TI X O C ;

nfinity-itself represents the first

and " even" are always assigned to

ively (see pp. 146-7 above).

403-4.
73

vity of activity, is

ower of harmony (see p.

r musical life (| iov-

the Unpossessed Mind

ists within the Unpos-

N ecessity ex isted " as a

y its own ex istence." A nd

, but represents the

he Unpossessed N a-

eus guarded their respec-

as the mother of the

spects of ex istence, power and

i) respectively.13

chesis (A dx ecug), who is the

he past (j tapeMhiv), which

e; and she dispenses

The power of N eces-

codco); she represents the

ht hand only. The ac-

tropos (" A tooj tog); she

order with her left hand

V to A phrodite (p. 52 above).

drus, p. 248 d and are also found

nt form we shall again find them as

to God (C hap. V I , pp. 205, 215).

bove.

rial world, see p. 178 below.

of E r" from Plato' sR epublic

possessed N ature, and ex plains how

ssignment and ratification of their

essity, etc.
 O GY

SE DN A TUR E SI N GE N E R A L

assigns to in-

e attributes. The

e cause of the mo-

e" as used here refers to

he efficient cause that

cient or temporal cause

ut the formal cause

Thus everything

thing else (etepox i-

ivnTo? ), that is, it is motion

y finite body cannot be

y infinite, it would

possible; therefore

poreal, and this is

dea that the soul is

stration based upon

which we shall repeat here

cribe the individual

hat it is self-moved

og) and is self-ex istent (avftvno-

f it is moved, it is either moved

self it is ouriox ivnx og and if it is

V TI TO C . Therefore everything is either motion-

l. 14).

ite, must be incorporeal." (E l.

same as that contained in the

roof of the necessity of the Soul

Motion itself.

ould be really potentially

of dialectic are will be discussed

soul is both a principle of life and a

o itself that it is

ollow in relation to

r eternal (alamog)

that it is the source

o bodies that it

sessor of power. See also E l. 18 9

with the body, the soul fre-

very body by itself can only be

elf can only act, the first being

y itself. B ut even incorporeal

on with the body, while even the

which is incorporeal." (E l. 8 0).

nd indestructible." (E l. 18 7). There-

E verything that ex ists within

s" (E l. 19 8 ); and " E very soul

erefore restorations (of its liv-

bodies (C omm. Parm. col.

e point from which it started

en restored to the original point.

etween those things which are un-

entirely) divided." (E l. 19 0).

oth an eternal thing and the first

. The reason for this is that " E very

ctivity is within time." (E l. 19 1).

oul, it is usually called its immortality

mediary entity called its sup-

d soul makes use of a first> and eternal

end" (E l. 19 6); and " the vehicle

in its essence and unaffected

07.

a body, it is nevertheless im-

sophy which is corporeal in one

nog). This makes it likely that

n which the soul operates; see

his.

y before Proclus, as is summed up

endix I I ), who gives the passage in

istence by the later N eoplatonists

of modern theosophy.

itself. The soul, moreover, not

its body: C omm. A lcib. col.

elow, for a discussion of the human soul

 O GY

ollow in relation to

Q slvai x al

dy, it must remain

g and reincarnating

says, " although souls

, above the material world and

allotments of life which

" N o soul at all is

throughout a whole

wervingly and undis-

scend into the process

nfolded forms of the

hese are always

e power of an indivi-

for) a single period

icient for it to

hat it was constantly

refore, every indi-

descent into the

descents." 10 O ne

her the time that

nature and its removal,

called the soul' s re-

uired immortality (E j U-

that it is able

itself (j toog ecruto

soul, being motion, is able

d therefore to turn or

body and therefore within it, as

E very soul is immaterial and

urn to it constantly: " E very

ascend away from the material

es." (E l. 206). This means, of

r to its intuitive mind (see p.

d 278 .A ttention should be called to

nitely to be stated here. The

rld-Soul, for which see below, p. 18 6.

transmigration in the Phaedrus,

also the view of Plotinus (E nn. I ll, ii,

he evil of one life being visited

of the soul and its reincarnation

see F . M. C ornford, op. cit.

terial and separable

of it, so that it can

3 W hat happens

of that which hap-

departs from its causes

odily characteristics

it removes all these

at it is an in-

es an individual mind.15

er of I deas (p. 112

ow the I deas con-

be intelligent.18 O n

possesses also func-

self will be able to return to

hat contained in the proof of E l. 17.

nverse of this is that " E verything

l body." (E l. 16).

oul) descends (into the body) by

ng all these powers of generation

becomes pure and clean of all

orld of change." (E l. 209 , second

nner: " The vehicle of every

re material clothing (i.e., func-

t is material and by returning

s using it." (E l. 209 , first half).

same form and ex tent; but it

m only due to its taking on or

an (intuitive) mind only at

ording to Proclus, is not,

of contact (cx q )ri). B ecause the

e power of a possessed char-

possesses a mind, while the soul

contact with the mind without

, pp. 1-2).

al in Proclus' system. O rdi-

nd the body as having to pos-

he does not say that Power is

power possesses its own possessed

he relationship between a soul and

en a power and its being.

d has before it." (E l. 19 4). A nd

ove), " E very soul is all other things,

knowable things ' as a copy' ." (E l.

ouls, but properly." f (C omm. Tim. Diehl,

 L O GY

m all other souls,

ll other material things

cally the same

e" cause of bodily mo-

dividual intelligent entity, the

s body (see p. 115

ve to copy the eternal

ural words (q pvaix ol X 6-

el of N ature.19 A nd the

aw of N ecessity or

isted in the Unpossessed

ntained the whole of

vidual possessed character-

e principle which

r place, not in an

a temporal rela-

le causal chain

f all the inde-

e the highest. These are

er, j ust as the second principle of indi-

ts causes (p. 75 above), so

t returns to its own mind, i.e..

he following correlation. is made:

ng mind belongs to itself (TO au-

C UI TO U x od aX X ou), N ature be-

es are entirely another (TO ftX X o).

e same as the seminal reasons (X 6-

ally use this term. B ut see C omm.

posite direction that the ex istence

ertain material forms imply the

s N ature.

cs; see Stoicorum V eterum F rag-

om O rigen' sC ontra C elsum, where he

eceives within itself the seminal

fA lso see Plotinus, E nn. I ll,

.I ll, p. 272, where N ecessity " is

heir order and their periodical

rder of everything in the universe

eterum F ragmenta, vol. I I , p.

 158 above), and

erial world as a whole

ed stars and the various

may function either as

and lead all the other

ouls (vosoai a| nix ai)

are not divine, yet

6j tcc5o! dei).23 They

correlated with ex is-

istence is represented

ngers of the gods and the

he gods by means

ow them are the daemons

they are the most character-

ed the word " daemon"

t souls together.28

e-the-world (UTO O -

yx 60^ 1101); they are also

and bodily dae-

ediaries between the gods

ut they also lead the

invoia) back to the

aaTcovri), and j oy (ev-

the daemons.29 F ollowing

-Soul is the highest of all the possessed

elow. B ut Proclus speculates

ther there may not be possessed souls

x ou) and asserts that their characteristics

the divine minds in E l. 134; see

the ex istence of these intelligent

doctrines (C hapter X X I I I ).

150.

he general characteristics of the

r) are discussed. See below,

he word for Proclus, of course, had

e fact that the daemons are

hin-the-world, because lower

ually well be applied to the whole

This would make them really only the

ossible that some of these character-

omm. A lcib. col. 368 and 38 7,

 L O GY

e activity of the inter-

the return of the

hemselves have de-

blameless life in or-

level of the intelligent

te between knowl-

e gods ({ tecov oj raooi

s, which subj ect will be

e without any (in-

e independent na-

of soul; therefore the

diary souls and hu-

heir own.34 B ut every-

t all must have at least

al N ature that is

Those things

to be less under the

nts therefore are the most

man beings the least.35

ical and physical

d in individual souls

ready denned ethical

ul by the irrational soul

evil consists in turning

cibiades but also to have had a

, they are supposed to be named from

ccording to another passage, this

e heroes and the human souls,

uvo(iE vai tyux ai), and which seem to

bodhisattvas."

e fact that the lowest kinds

onally. I n the Decem Dub.

only in the sense that they have self-

ence.

imes called his " irrational

nsofar as anything has a soul it is governed

ature it is governed by the law

hapter V I , pp. 204-5 below.

he mere absence of

in.37 F or everything

its very nature; 38

urn away from their

her self, but through

material world

lly a rational soul

to the irrational

em to what is not

sic principle that things

ation from ex istence

orance and conseq uent weak-

ical evil.40

ty

ence of a lower one;

eakening of the power

mance of a lower one,

evil may be located

r in reasoning or

where it refers to the

the irrational soul;

efers to the turning

the body.42 I n ad-

or the more good there

dangerous the evil

nce of evil weakens

ore good there is, the

conversely, the more

be.43

destruction of ma-

ature (p. 129 above).

nly while seeking the good and doing

he goal of even evil things was

f the good, both good things and

rue nature that we do the latter

252).

e fact of " attraction" to evil implies

refore such an imperfect occurrence

Mai. Sub. I V , col. 254).

ement first divides the mind from the

 L O GY

ause the very ex istence

d, this kind of evil

e it is in the nature of

pass away.44 Physi-

s of material things;

s it to change within

by which N ature as a

two kinds: deformity

hole, although it is not

g), which refers to the

45

ngle cause of

arate causes. F or

and every instance

s of N ature is an in-

are being constantly

y as deviations from

that physical evil in

ter than the ethical evils

ary to so much more

re evil in comparison.

e the destruction of a

ence that was contrary

arguments 9 :" The cause of the coming

ruction." f

31.

kind of physico-ethical evil, which

pter V I , p. 205 below).

 MA TE R I A L W O R L D

og) is that soul which is possessed

the highest of all

, N ote 21 above). I n

re, because when Proclus

soul" in its meaning as

s it may be denned as

l world of time and

or eternal I deas that

essed Mind and

d or the W orld-Mind

reatly from that

eless of great interest.1

e, power and activity ; but

roper (vnaQ fyi; ) , harmony

ch of these three is subdivided

ness (eteootr| g).2 The

er characteristics besides

ss are eq ually balanced,

ess predominated, and

edominate.3

e complicated. F or,

eness and the other-

vided the combina-

as twice the first, the

first, the fifth three

ght times the first and

eC reator inserted in

omm. Tim. is devoted to the composi-

s Timaeus, p. 41 d.

Tim. Taylor vol. I I , p. 20 f.

to this ex tent, the Soul in its ex is-

of causation.

numbers may be correlated with

cubes of two and three respectively.

imaeus, pp. 34 c to 36 d.
 L O GY

ediary terms in such

eceding term the

y with whole numbers,

emaining six numbers

respectively. B ut even with

ary terms all of which

ing term; so that

ernately, another term

the ratio of 256 to

terms what the C rea-

-Soul was nothing

m the first member of

mber is a range of four

rty-four different notes

ul is represented by the

nic interpretation.

y the C reator.9

harmony of the W orld-

es from one. These

e letter X , and, bring-

et one another, he

cles on an imaginary

he circle of the other

are correlated

e same represents the

its causes, that is,

ws its own W orld-Mind.

ex ternal power by

he three kinds of middle terms (geo-

en kinds of ratios involved in

4 and 768 ; the first intermediary

l in the other intermediary terms

f9 :8 — the number that bears the

rs the same ratio to 648 is 729 ; but 729 -

r 729 is to 768 as 243 is to 256.

cale are 9 :8 , 10 : 9 and 16 : 15,

9 :8 , 256 : 243, which latter ratio

then the first term would be some-

low middle C , and the last term

natural above the highest C on.

nd 127 f.
 world or its moving

-Soul are likewise two-

hese two powers.11

material world below it

tivity, and, on the other

eturning (gmaTQ E j tti-

ul and its activity to^ -

ircle of the same repre-^

ther represents the

he celestial eq uator at

e must first analyze

Soul; for, although th' e

in one sense poste-

me, so that Time

oul.13 N ow even Time,

c-system, with an Un-

cs of time and their pos-

me.14 O n the other

lus describes it, a

" mind" here is not understand-

rstandable if it is the

(p. 112 above). Therefore

ex istence and the

activity of Time in-

re of the motion of

16 and, on the other

circle of the same is also said to

le the circle of the other represents

to the seven planets which will

there.

nd " Prior to all things that are within

. This is also Proclus' derivation of the

5 f and 201. A lso E l. Phys. B ook I ,

of the heavenly bodies." f This

the C omm. Tim. Proclus makes

gs use, but it is the measure of

cause of the motions of the

 L O GY

fE ternity," being to

m of the universe or

s Time is regarded as

ible to distinguish it

(TO dei), which is

infinite duration

TO vw) that is the image

d instantaneous, during which

moment that is " now"

nal world itself.19

est of Time is continuous

n one hand, Time,

stence and internal

sure of the motion of

hin the material world

d both a " moving mind"

ontinuous and divisible

and is measured

dual souls have their

orld-Soul is meas-

correlates the various

the intermediary

very (characteristic of) eternity is a

of) time is a measure of tem-

sures that ex ist, (measuring) power

9 4-5 above for the distinction be-

nciple.

t (18 arguments 15). N evertheless,

of perpetuity, one in time, the other

name for E ternity itself. See also

he future time, and is indivisible." f

e same.

is that which is prior to all motion and

rnity." f (C omm. Parm. col. 1230).

hys. I , 11).

ov x ai Y E vrTt; ° v). although

nd being (Y E V TI TO V x al 6v). (C omm.

passages in which N ature is ex -

oE l. 107 and C omm. Parm. col.

e. The " whole period of time" refers

ruction of the material world and

his is an essentially Stoic doctrine,

 7

(note) is the perfecting

o the A ngels among

ng (avvex tix og) or guarding

s to the daemons among

ter (emita) is the revealing

nds to the heroes among the

each subdivided

wer and activity respec-

g; the present is, has

become and will be

anetary spheres

e to the heavenly

oa^ iog) order. F or each

a divine soul together

which these character-

though the heavenly

d, they are neverthe-

ach heavenly body re-

time which is the

te 5 above), this period is

on is the beginning of

t is among the heavenly

are first to be found,

T| g) and ineq uality

e ineq uality which is

nE TQ ia), and the in-

em (dav^ etQ ia) .2B

e of the fix ed

orld-Soul, functions

ary spheres, or the

etary spheres in turn

above.

te 7 above.

ed. N evertheless, it is a very im-

p. 51 above).

I , pp. 224 ff for the description of the

nd 269 ff for the theory concerning the

 O L O GY

K oovog, Z evg x al

otherness respectively; then

iog, ' A q pooSitr| x cti ' E ou% ),

uty, and activity and

on (2eX r| vn), which

member of the seven

aterial world below it,

above). B elow the

) gods, who constitute the

aditional names of

Phanes ($ C X V TI S) and N ight

arth (rfj ), from which come

from these in turn come

he whole series of gods fol-

33

r the material world

eaig) to which there

d.34 Due to this

ng into being and

mix tures (see p. 140 above),

th to power and beauty to activity

e" three worlds," namely, the

ed stars, the ethereal (aiflepiog) or

g) or everything below the moon,

d Power, p. 149 above.

1.

ly only daemons that represent

ve taken on the characteristics of

), which is the number that defines

proved by Proclus in his

ainst the C hristians. These eighteen argu-

al causes of the material world,

effect which as a whole is eternal

g from the opposite direction are

self eternal (10, 11); and there

o one (12, 14). Somewhat different

on of the natural processes within

eternity (5, 7, 13). F inally,

world already contains every-

orld that could either destroy it

s a beginning must also have an end,

as no end, cannot either have a

 9

115 above), a

F or, whereas in the

nd its effect was sim-

, in the material

y be interrupted

t is needed therefore

e of all the necessary

N ow even in the ma-

for, first, all material

ture of the four ele-

, the eternal causes of

results in a bond of

the world; 37 and

own eternal causes in

no matter how

symbol of the di-

as their causes, " all things

are somewhat un-

immaterial; for each

f the surrounding

bodily; and, on the

ies, it must be in

y that it may be called

ovable; for if it were

ther body, and if it

in itself, both of which

al yet immaterial;

not contained by

th the domain of light,

ions whereas Space

y space may be in-

e symmetry (aunnE x pia) which

en a cause and its effect. (C omm.

hapter I V , N ote 9 8 above).

known as divine words (ftec-i K 6-

iaia ftE ia: H ier. A rt 149 ); hymns (iinvoi;

d so forth. They may have some connection

state" (e| ic) of each material

es. A lso H ier. A rt 148 and E l. 140.

6 on Space (see p. 51 above).

called absolute space, since it is

be infinite in size because

 L O GY

oints, but is a con-

s are said to have their

nd water tend naturally

ards.43

eaactQ eg

, air (df| o), water

ry small and indivisible

eristic form; thus fire,

ut in the gross, none of

able to combine with

hich is really a heavenly

red as one of the

ther three.

F E C TS

y preceding causes,

causation, and these

ects" (p. 78 above).

between the first class

or if we consider

ssess an intermediary

ess all its preceding

still be a member

ns " intelligent life," and

f N ature alone, Man

he himself makes the statement

Taylor, vol. I , p. 38 2, and p.

s closely related to the vehicle

ngle V ehicle of the W orld-Soul.

this space is immediately depen-

an." f (C omm. Tim. Diehl, vol.

also true of time (p. 18 6 above),

ce and time (see E l. Phys., B ook

.I n this doctrine, as in the immediately

n tradition.

5 (p. 51 above). I ts source is

ated characteristics: F ire is

s sharp (6^ ug) and easily moved (eux tvT)-

6X ug) and easily moved; water is

nt and easily moved; earth is composed

ucmvriTog). (C omm. Tim. Diehl,

 F E C TS 19 1

chy, and all such

lly inanimate ob-

nger to Soul, will therefore

e other hand, if

dies," and the motion

he W orld-Soul,

y between the

g in the material

still possess some

nd will therefore still

the second class of

sidered by itself, which

ut only Mind, that is,

d following B ody will

ecause it has no

fect of Power; this

g) by itself, since the Un-

p. 146-7 above). That

still an effect of the

dual, or individuality

ossesses any particular char-

eternal, must be poste-

efore contained in the

e effect of the mind of

eing or W holeness,

hey do not really ex ist, they would

gral wholes.48 A nd

eing, but which is

parts, or particularity

49 F inally, that which is no

ect of the O ne, is mat-

e).

he whole universe.

characteristics, cannot

reasoning (voftog X 6-

nce from the ex istence

ensation (vodr| 01-

is only partly stated in Proclus'

es.

ua individual is said to be the

een E ternity and the Unpossessed

e said to have some kind of B eing.

eness because it is present to more

f (E l. 73, C orollary).
 L O GY

of hardness, weight, etc.,

material character-

vil; for if it were E vil,

Good, whereas matter

it cannot be called good

lack of good; it

cteristics and thereby

r good, but it has

29 above). B ut al-

the sake of the

ex ists for the sake of

of any evil either, for

and natures (pp.

werless to do anything

ast member of the uni-

and thus with matter

ubj ect of this chapter

clus' philosophy de^

(p. 74 above); and

thics and the human

on Plato' s Timaeus, p. 52 b.

. This position is to be com-

d to identify matter as the source

he studies of

n the universe as an

static, we simply ignore

universe and who

nowing the universe,

nnot, for instance,

, that the goal of an

human being' s life,

tself be different, and

kind of good." l" F or

t, so its own perfection

t is the perfection and

ust first know its na-

consider what kind of a

od for it." * This then

first we must

e, and then " we shall

what is, on the con-

ects outside of us;

t we are not even the

nly be moved or affected

themselves, because

hatever is able to

means of some in-

t therefore be this power

N or, on the other

we posssess, for other-

t we are freq uently

 e not the same as

her our bodies nor our

he other.8 A nd this

y and conscious

the whole universe it-

for he possesses, on

r hand, a noble but

g we human B eings

and discuss all the aspects

self may be divided

nal soul (tyvyr\ X o-

ses are the creating mind,

1I ts composition is

ade up of the same

ough the ratios of the

re different.12 A nd the

insofar as they are

l originally remained

m them and descend-

ut why did the soul

place? Proclus an-

all other things and

the soul did descend,

the mind but is therefore not

ook I ,C hapter V I .

wing, yet its essence remains

d pp. 18 4-5 above for the W orld-

49 ).

so p. 254. This definition was taken

30.

red before this. See R .A llers,

acelsus" in Traditio, vol. I I (19 44), pp.

see p. 155 above.

m. Taylor, vol. I I , p. 38 2. See

74.

ut this is not at all the same q uestion

ecause the departure of all other

ence upon it and can only meta-

.B ut the soul is motion and W ill

eternal causes, why should it

 f remaining above;

of the soul did not

ould be henceforth

turned outwards

soul is actually un-

ted because its ac-

the coloring of its

ge of the sensory world

r entities with which

ly below the ra-

(aH Mgiov ox ^ a).

mind of the world,

." 19 A lthough, unlike the

d, it is also immaterial

itself.20 A nd, like

aterial world, for it

Thus the ethereal

al soul can ex press

ar desire, but rather

cng); it is, in short, Desire-

etween the ra-

) of the human

er, until the rational soul

he moment of birth,

nd may be said to

uction not of the

and the three lesser

s, it is also in some sense

though this is not a single but

own of the modern evolutionary

been solved, since there would

ards.

l. 211. This is therefore meant to

ed that part of the soul did

).

also p. 362.

m. Taylor, vol. I I , p. 370.

ylor, vol. I I , p. 39 1.

p. 175 above.

, 417.

r, vol. I I , p. 438 .

167 above.
the rational soul and

ng to be either male

O f the two, Proclus

the C reator knew that

ated to pure and

s. I ts higher

s all the irrational emo-

hich anger (frunog)

s nex t to the lowest form of

this reason, children

the latter are more

have not yet developed

for this by a well-

human nature is sensa-

d by sensation. F or, al-

ntact with many dif-

of all the sensations

g sensations pass

e must be present to all

l the sensations that

n is a bodily power that

ived by the bodily

e inertia of material

y passively receiving

y be considered as the

only and not of

ed the airy (de-

6v) vehicle to distinguish it from the

ot, on the other hand,

sense ex ternal to it,

unctions as the inter-

and female natures, and a

nature. (Taylor, vol. I I , p. 414).

ecem Dub. I I I .

om actual sensation (Prov.

viii, 15) they are much closer. To this

hich is based on sensation.

nd C omm. Parm. col. 1157.

and 436.
 r the material world

eceives from the body

ected by these

tained only the single

particular desires

, since desire follows

rn, the satisfaction of a

al " when any power is able

hat is proper to it." 33

sures; but since

d with a nature, only

y good and therefore

aaiov) vehicle of

roduced out of the four

C reator also.35 The

chy (ivrE hiyE ia)

s entelechy is really

s soul, and can last

en the airy vehicle

o be affected by sen-

s types corresponding

ists in its lowest form,

an that senses and

re definitely not

dy does not necessarily

contrary, the body is

s more, sometimes

es able to influence the

son there descends even

" 39

uman soul to the

efore, it is this lower vehicle that is

ulty," since in C omm. Tim. Diehl,

e, to desire and to " live vegetatively"

36 ff.

mpare A ristotle' s De A nima, I I , 1,

.I , p. 456 ff.
he human nature,

e body itself. W hen

as far as it is able

nd then wish to rise to

dividual mind. L et

human mind in some

j a).40 This is

s that which knows

es not as yet really

soning to be understood.

pinion and takes

atu).42 F or " words are

nd are correlated with

j ust as things are to

ne another in respect

acteristic or form of each

not its matter.45

rect names to

another? 46 I f, Proclus

erial world are them-

y of the Unpossessed

applied to these

essed minds that ap-

npossessed Mind, then

themselves and for

pying activity of the

r as it produces the

aradigm in B eing,

e names to all

and natural names, since

V and C hal. Phil. I I .

is always distinguished however

0 below.

V and C hal. Phil. I I .

ether words were correct and natu-

i). (See Plato' sC ratylus, which

ex tus E mpiricus' A dversus Gram-

omise solution.
 ut in another sense,

r sounds are con-

ng word can be substi-

haracteristic are in

h are natural have never-

which are conven-

hat all names are both

) natural and some

man mind to name the va-

, it must first know

Mind or even in the

of naming, which,

ure. F or naming is

ssed by every soul

e material of words.49

nal I deas in the Un-

e material world,

opies the same I deas

are applied to these

ith words must

h concepts are formed

perceives a charac-

then by means of

haracteristic which

a). W hen the same word or

veral material ob-

but it is only that kind

and derived from

s (• uaTSooyE veg).51

ompletely different

ker in meaning than

is not prior to

d predicate is, the more

ecause it is only the

ers of a class. A nd

elves are derived

. 17.

114, 166 above.

oul and mind are both pos-

d Soul and the Unpossessed Mind

nner as their unpossessed causes.

 e universals derived from

ot actually produced

we may make the fol-

iple that includes

thin each one of them,

with them so that it

together with them;

giving them images

sors but bestowing

med in -the human reason

esultant, derived from

according to these three

many, one in the

tionship." 5*

om things, are the

r these mathematical

nasmuch as the pure

aterial world (p. 164

npossessed Mind had their

material things, so

d),' which might analo-

ve), must have their own

ed characteristics are not

characteristics, their

the imagination con-

e. Therefore mathe-

ved by an imaginative

ght ask: in what class of things

mistake be made con-

about which the geometri-

inseparable from

om sensible things

here have we seen among

ne, the depth-less

he polygons and poly-

he other hand, the subj ects

ncepts separable from

ed, incorporeal and

I I ,C hapter I , p. 50, line 18 -p.51. O f

ssed characteristic and the word

I .A lso p. 112 above.

lic at the end of B ook V I .

n general, any dimension

eceives undivided

ndedly and motionless con-

vide a straight line, a

hat the geometric mat-

ex ist among indi-

e of two kinds, those

ir ex istence in the

being the matter of

hose things related

e is immanent the

cle and all of them

definition and differing

o also in imaginary

ssessed (by them)

hape. B ut in this

he imagination; for

gh their size is dif-

derlying receiver or

dy (the imagina-

e essence by having

tix r| ). F or prior to

ence of mathematics,

ch deals with all

of dialectic are those

e already discussed

oclus patterns on Plato' s

n of twenty-four

e that a thing ex ists

y ex amine the conseq uences

elf or for the thing

n relation to them-

hing, giving eight

es, the conseq uence

ecedent, or it may

follow, giving

ther.59

I ,C hapter I , pp. 49 -53 (passim).

V .A lso Prov. F ato I V .

and C omm. Parm. col. 109 7, for a list of

ff there are several ex amples based

of its arguments (pp. 174-6).

mplation or intuitive

ways conscious of its

t always possess

hat actually happens is

all times, and every

ny times, although not

e material world, hav-

ays knew all things

it descended that it for-

urn, it must have a

s knowledge, the stimulus for

oning taking place

nce or finding (£ V Q E -

bj ect to time be-

ge are simply the eternal

fers to the immediate

ther R ealities that takes place

the mind that knows

ul by turning toward its

means of simple

s that which knows to

ex ists between the

hat it previously knew,

mediate intuition to

d; but at this point

er kind in order to

UR A L L I F E

l; now we under-

what is good for us?

of ourselves, and we are

he nature that we have

V , etc.

his accounts for the fact of sudden in-

enthused" or have the god come

-2. This kind of remembrance which

memory itself which is based on

V , iii, 25) makes a similar distinc-

final stages of knowledge will be

UR A L L I F E 203

our body is really

66 I f we remain in our

d bodily desires, " we

e necessarily led only

d becoming irrational

inferior to us, and

ome overpowered." 8 8

e body, the more its

like a plant with its

will stand upon its

h up-side down posi-

d" thinks that

it is different." ° 9

tion, is this the

n one word say that we

ved in some way by

so that we have an

erefore, once again,

acting according to

F ate." 70

condition even if

of rational choice that can

and that can lead the

fall, sin or be vir-

tion of this power

ctions. Therefore this

Thus our freedom in one

deed possess; but in

have chosen the up-

ings with which we were

we shall know that

things, which are

e. F or only this is

ry soul, insofar as it pos-

lso Prov. F ato V I I I .

m which the rest of the above descrip-

v. F ato V ,V I I ; and Decem Dub. V I .

higher sense is also found in

see Paul O skar K risteller, Der B egrifl

p. 78 -9 ).
o have the power to

we have chosen to do

rational soul, then

ot be better to be

all evil is the body, j ust as

overflows to souls

rior things below." 74

ils over that part of us

pravity which is

ut also to that suf-

us such as anger

ubj ected to F ate is in-

thus obtain our

he who desires only to

he will therefore live

cording to virtue mean

A nd what is the good

s? F or the only

s causes and ulti-

all keen desires or lusts,

77 Therefore, not only

btaining freedom

ering to which they

erwise do or think

single C ause of our

O F O UR L I F E is A STR UGGL E TO W A R D TH A T

L F -K N O W L E DGE

auses, the first ob-

at may befall it in this

ce they can at most

Prov. F ato I I , and I X . Thus freedom is

stotelian choosing between two

ntially the separation of the soul from

b. I I I .

e.

considered this sentence crucial enough

 L F -K N O W L E DGE 205

n fact, they may be posi-

s make some people turn

emselves within, so

e other hand, if virtue

ts, it might seem that

e latter was the re-

ontrary, anything that

be good for the

ot immediately seem ad-

heerfully. F or it is

goods should go only

nce the events that

ial world as a whole,

within it.8 3 O n the

mirfgly arbitrary

virtuous person as a

at he would other-

ked person may re-

him to repent his

guilt of a whole family

which may affect the

e individually guilt-

e soul; such evils are at

esolve, but they can

causes is for it to

y turning away from

rocess of turning within

ve (e' Q cog).8 8 F or every-

nal power to return

p. 129 above for these " Physico-ethical" '

.A lso see pp. 129 , 18 2 above.

dence; see p. 130 above.

I I .

Plotinus, the ex troversion of the

n.

19 3; and in the C omm. A lcib. as be-

edrus, p. 245 c), love is called that

ove is the-first of the three powers by

er two being truth and faith, to

 internal power is

e of the return of all things

termediary between

is desired by its

diary between that which is

9 0I t ex ists " -as a

mong those human souls that

nce" among the interme-

may be considered to be

actly opposed in

at which is inferior

ocog E JtiaToej mx og) by

lso the love of that

deed may be called

g) .9 2F or the perfection that a

thought of as the

ove is only a result

t all imply a desire

ovidential and saves

it is unrelated to

good and pure." 9 3

every cause has for

nd desire to return.

g love may be stimulated

ut it may also be pos-

the human soul is

e, once the human soul is

the return to within

the sudden nature of love; com-

ve for the providential love of the

ning love would seem to be deeper

ependent on its cause, but not

ve acted like a good daemon to

ls, p. 18 0 above.

he soul obtains the daemon of L ove

here love is called a kind of " madness"

, although usually Proclus reserves this

in his article on Proclus in Pauly' s

 L F -K N O W L E DGE 207

cal life of the

e universe: there is a

m because he bears

usly bears to all its

he state on their part

cause men by them-

hat concerns them in

n is a citizen of the state,

good of the state,

e common Good." B ut,

ate of his own soul;

hin itself must first

ed also rej ect any

n favor of the inactive

le in general, for

irs of daily life, so

must j udge all things

ook up in contem-

mx d) are considered not only

e suitable to the

pied therewith. F or

such things and pass

on the lowest first, we

herds, and not as-

nions." 103 ^

w from society

t step is to cease desir-

Proclus does not at all go further

concerning the emotions he

enter them around higher reali-

o love, since no other emotion is al-

is not directed to another

which was fast becoming once again

n. A D.

Plato' sR epublic, the insistence on an

n a centralization of authority

esiod, Prologue. The same attitude

nd also in Plotinus (E nn. I ll,

rely inactive. (Marinus, C hap. X V )

mpare p. 203 above.

ever. F or a person

annot be ex pected

ernal realities which

arts up from the earth,

s that occur within

corporeal." 105 " W e

r our attention by

ry here and there-

l pleasures, or in un-

for these fill us only

bj ects; but there are

y itself, from which

l evil is the body; this

from ourselves and

ong to the material

orld; but, although

estroying its very

107 So much a part of

the soul may be

aid: ' Do not stifle

but rather to destroy

still impart its own

ast it out completely,

e it is said: ' Do not

you which is concealed." 10H

an soul to within

e social life around

x ternal goods or

ressively retreats from

irituality (cpoovr| aig

enthusiastic activity," 109

s of goodness (aya-

ix aioawn); these are said to be

pectively, but this is

were taken from the C haldean O racles

haldaicis. The above doctrine may in

but it bears an even stronger re-

Taylor, vol. I , p. 18 1. A lso P.T., p. 3.

 E MI N D 209

one virtue.110 A nd

nd has withdrawn en-

self through the

that it is nothing

This indeed is the

such a diligent person

ghted, and producing

ociate only with him-

uman being who

elf and love him-

E MI N D

e on its path of

n mind by the power

ophical life (q nX oacx pix og

m ... since the goal of

114 Thus " philosophy

he souls here below,

ations." 115 This is

f truth not only to

the eternal I deas

yzed into several

one must realize that

dly, but rather they

sive, inasmuch as they

ly." 117 Therefore,

th us yet that deceive

empt to know different

ol. 8 09 . O f the four traditional vir-

ce within " temperance" (awcppo-

ee below), but courage is con-

re basically one was also a

s definition of course gives the

ublic, p. 475 b.

172, 9 above.
 nothing well or

cause they can con-

are unable to compre-

ed only hinder the

king into its inq uiries

must flee these imagina-

bring upon us an

us to turn toward

down to the level

ain that higher

y of opinions and

hey cannot reach the

real knowledge or the

ore, " we must flee from

nite in number, con-

with imagination and

tions, since opinions

aginations and sensa-

ges of withdrawal

start the advance

hore of (the sea of)

binations and, in

us; and by means

as it were its own

athematics, since

ialectic (pp. 19 8 -201

ed may be geometry,

201 above); higher

d solely upon num-

ledge where, by com-

we may include

r one must now raise

single knowledge

and X I I I . See summary of this on pp.

s, Prologue, p. 46 above.
 E MI N D 211

ch all other knowl-

eans of dialectic, which

itive mind (p. 201

he ordinary argumen-

s not only an ex ercise of the

s of its opinions, and

y the common person,

ia) or " wandering talk"

hought to the contrary one.127

he whole realm of

tion from the human

re three different activi-

ble for young people

d, which had here-

o investigate itself.

enabling it to

ay see the Truth

ntuitive mind) and

t the soul to the intuitive

nowledge of all

), but which is even

itself." 129 To this

s an affinity to true

and all kinds of knowl-

or this vision." 130 A nd

deas has been ob-

sj ust discovered for

p that the soul has

at it has passed from

tivity of the Un-

nd to the power of the

also C omm. A lcib. col. 541 ff.

ri), definition (6Q umx ri), demon-

cause to effect and analysis (dvatamx r| )

ol. 9 8 0 ff).

654, 1-3.

ogression from lower to higher forms

, pp. 510-1.

12-15.

e always possible: either to

e unpossessed cause on that level

stence, retracing step

return through

istence of the Unpos-

ded by that life of

og piog); and because the

he world from

city, it is said to

ourn with C ronus.133

ed Power and there

B eing beyond, from

dB eing itself.134 B ut

above), it is only as far

scort the soul; from

higher than truth

TO GO D

by ordinary knowl-

nowledge within us,

vine and possess it.

sensation, since it is

n or reason, since

ty of things; nor even

d in words, although

tence of the gods is prior

are separated from all

ne? B ut doesn' t the soul

nce to the Unpos-

thing is to know the gods,

nity) of the soul. B ut

ssible; for we assert

a special method must

el of the Mind or

g and therefore finally

(hoyia) or divination

ossessed cause is most easily ef-

is still enough variety in the

above, and especially pp. 148 -150.

in the Divine C omedy ac-

ally St. B ernard.

 TO GO D 213

he gods and their wishes,

similarly, prayer (E vyi\ )

y only to their sym-

may reach the level

y1a) ° r the sacred art (! E -

stablished their sacred knowl-

s from the sym-

tween them and their

he lowest things in

141 B ecause, j ust as

ght beneath a flame

e upper flame, " in

evious heating of the

between all earthly and

placing it in the proper

ed art making use of

r manner; and the

he presence of the

nd the meeting of the

hose mortals and

raised to that which

y possess." 142

or the latter can lead

er, whereas the former

nd the higher; 144

cific material things

own unity. " F or

ths of its own nature

E verything honors

this its own mystic

.T., p. 55 and for divination see Prov.

p. 179 above. A lso compare lamblichus,

7, part 4, p. 254, line 7, for prayer.

theosophy (fteoaocpia). C ompare

2, Part 11, p. 9 8 , line 17 (deoupy1x ^

e involved here, see p. 9 6 above.

ers to the power of the gods (p. 133

per, but Proclus sometimes speaks

rgy.
only to become one

out of its yearning

nd when each thing

ves tranq uillity and it

things have by

ssessed O verflowing

ants and lifeless

of the gods, traditional

or this reason, those who

reaching the higher

t, by mix ing some

he mix ture is ac-

, at each of the un-

hat by mix ing several

e unified, and the

o the W hole Unity

, they freq uently make

gs) and then burned,

led together and

hin itself naturally

sion of these powers

able to lead us back

thest that this lower theurgy

ngs a hymn as it were

akable divine Signs

since it was the F ather

arted from H im." 149

nter God H im-

power of faith (m-

is not made up of a combina-

ne is indestructible, H e

n to the sun; 149 , on the lotus; 150,

g to the sun series, and 151 on the

q uotation from this work about

abelais' Gargantua and Panta-

r, that anything whatever would be

of human powers, love, truth

tian triad of faith, hope and love

roclus substitutes truth for hope. N ever-

, lines 22 ff) he speaks as follows:

 TO GO D 215

e let us not hope to per-

pour of speech, nor

loves unembellished

d be our own assimila-

of faith that we can be-

he theologians call the

r this reason, therefore, it

n Sola).153 " N ow

oward whatever is

ovoix og J3iog), or the life

ood is a mix ture of intui-

5A nd when faith has com-

were, a divine per-

mall, and all things

rates to propel us

y and putting away all

r (through faith)

within it which are

cellence of the mind, one

y which we are unitary

t as we possess Mind

s the O ne, the Source

were, the flower

he most with the Di-

wer of the mind (avftog tov

ad of faith, truth and love, and also

od alone." f

the ascent of the soul in

or the latter had the soul

gh faith. Proclus adds this third

or the soul and provides for

s ex tent he may have been in-

all lower forms of knowledge,

e), comes closest to its nature, since

us says the O ne is known by an

ter was known by an illegitimate

151.
ot the highest of all causes,

n souls the highest

more divine than

nd by becoming intui-

e may arrive at unity

Y et if by means of

highest member

means can we make

onship to all other

the mind can not at

tdcrng r\ \ i5> v tfig ^ ux fj cr

er of our mental life

s powers of the soul.

e reason and opinion,

s our own ex istence

ded and undivided.

ne of them is the

her is the center of

ormer will j oin us

it is the unity only

f the soul reverence

endent of all things." 16a

ntuitive knowledge,

orm of consciousness

ess (^ avia). " F or

you to learn about

the Theologians be-

to us as a knowledge

a' divine madness/

O ne, or rather in order

uld do so by intuition and

ow a particular

if we can distinguish that

also the following references: " There-

we may be able to arrive at

(C omm. A lcib. col. 519 , 36-8 ).

d or, as they say, its flower and its

may reach the hidden Unity of

riginally derived from the

he C hal. Phil- above.

18 , where this final unity is called

Q C TO S). I t may be this doctrine that caused

. 28 3) to say: " Unlike Plotinus,

an the reason."
 TO GO D 217

d to be three stages

nj tE X aaig) and the final

us know our L ord; let

t us run toward the H eat,

o through F ire; for we have

uides us up the fiery

our activities; by this means

reverencing our own

N ow that we are coming

t only a hush of the

of all emotions that

o a stillness in the air

s by the calmness of

nd standing There raised

to the R ising Sun,

anchor, as it were, standing

ving behind all other

lone and dance around

st divine activity of the soul,

nternal motion, and to

God." 167
PR O C L US
 PR O C L US

C L US

s' philosophy the " final

he particular q uality

his death in 48 5A .D.

nian in 529 A .D.,

thought — those

y few, very depen-

mportant.1 Proclus'

from his C ommentary

he myth found in

48 above); H ermias'

writing several com-

ve been preserved; and

sidorus, H egias and

mention in Marinus'

sidorus. O f Marinus him-

see C hapter I I

thenian School and there-

th an original work,

iples.2 A s the title

ne, the absolute

mpletely unknowable

Damascius to interpose

O nes," a gv-^ avta and

roclus' Definiteness-itself

e rest of his philosophy

mascius' pupils, there

iechen in ihrer Geschichtlichen

pp. 8 9 0-9 22.

al W aE ig j I E Q I -x cnv j I Q C Q TW V dp/cov E ig x ov I TX d-

uelle. Paris, 18 8 9 . There is also a F rench tr. by

miers principes. 3 vol. Paris, 18 9 8 .

ommentary on the Parmenides,

the obscurity of Damascius' style

 O C L US .

implicius, one on Theo-

nger by A sclepius.

ade the further teach-

mporarily to Persia,

hosroes; disillusioned in

ith several commen-

essentially only restate-

losophy was brought

m that time on-

nnels of transmission:

e writings of Dionysius,

vival of the I talian

sessing all of

enough in the Six th C en.,

en A rguments on the

y the C hristian commen-

there seems also to

gy by Procopius of

his B ibliotheca Proclus'

een preserved. B ut

mulated in the Platonic

uotes from his H iera-

n. it became necessary

the E lements of The-

have been ex tant at that

W illiam of Moer-

ovidence and evil (see

o the time of Pletho

critic claimed to have

whose pupil, the

pts of Proclus' writings

revival of his philo-

ntinuity of the Platonic tradition during

eine B edeutung.

t ed. H . R abe. L eipzig, 18 9 9 .

opius von Gaza' gegen den N eu-

was not really the famous Proco-

nici. E d. J. T. V oemel. F rank-

was copied without acknowledge-

e J. Driiseke' sZ wei B estreiter

 US 223

early medieval pe-

rich lists translations

nts of Physics, E lements

three books), the E ight-

gainst the C hristians, the

from an otherwise

ns, Proclus probably ex -

ebrew philosophers

lined such as al-

abbalists. B ut Proclus

under his own name,

e it was to the latter

he E lements of The-

arabi and from A rabic

tle of the L iber de

tial in both the Muslim and

ster E ckhardt, A l-

he latter, in commenting

cion which must have

Moerbeke translated

ments of Theology.

rectly ex erted

, through the writings

me as St. Dionysius

in A thens, but now

oclus' own C hristian

s' hierarchy of divine

bim, Thrones, Domina-

s and A ngels which be-

ay perceive Diony-

otus E riugena, who

er means Dionysius was

ntariis Syriacis, A rabicis, A r-

n Doubts concerning Providence" which

iginal used by Moerbeke, and

rgias," if this is indeed correct,

W enrich also lists as Proclus'

agoras, but this perhaps refers to the

ved about the same time as Proclus.

men L iber de C ausis. Tex t in

ewer. F reiburg, 18 8 2. A lso see H .

iber de C ausis.

seudo-Dionysius A reopagita in der

euplatoniker Proklos als V orlage des

e vom V bel.
 O C L US

tion. H e was utilized

hartres, the V ictor-

s, but also by such

rtus Magnus and St.

ded to even beyond the time

ming available in the

lements of The-

entary on the Timaeus,

istence of E vil and O n

philosophical influ-

L iber de C ausis or

form, to the attention

Siger de B rabant, the

thought came to occupy an

reiburg and in that

y to the E lements of

us' direct influence

er, and ultimately

ready become, partly

reece (see above),

emy at F lorence and

icino translated into

eology, H ymns, H ieratic

ades, the latter two of

s works (see B ibliogra-

Theses on Proclus'

ated the E lements of

his friend N icolas

y); and some time later both

eology were translated

t of both the Moer-

usa possessed the maj or

of those books by

still read his hand-

er incorporated into

influence has been traced

ven as far as to

n des W ilhelm von Moerbeke

ratur des Mittelalters.

things are in all things," seems to

see De Docta I gnorantia, B ook

 C L US 225

e the diffusion of

no longer possible to

K epler and the C am-

dern- Theosophists have

ession from Proclus'

C L US

about Proclus has

tes of his philosophy

an eq ually unusual

ralistic and scientific

criticize in Proclus'

entities such as the

the physical world of

rified by any public

ate intuition? A nd

o-entities and then

characteristics, and

e gods in the Greek

at W indelband accuses

14 Z eller continues

no inductive foundation

lopment of or rigor-

in all these cases the

uch as from the

nd E . Schroder concludes,

means of a scholastic

ormal principles into

f Proclus. B erger

s the one whom the

ving inherited the

aster of his heritage

sophy, mentions Proclus several

tly, in the translations by Thomas

hen in ihror Geschichtlichen E nt-

y" ; for there is a definite point and

ty, even though they may be

e).

8 .

chen E ntwicklung, p. 8 00.

 O C L US

y and to the following

one and the same

lection of the

grees that " in Proclus

ether with a very

phy, that is, the teach-

forerunners, a compre-

earning and an enthu-

logical and ritualistic

n origin, Proclus com-

him the ability to

o one large system of

its purpose was con-

he great Scholastic of

nsidered, his philosophy, as

ment, stands as an im-

Jules Simon adds hu-

stions did not ex ist for

e more at ease he seems to

to say what one should admire

s or the vast knowl-

f Plotinus makes us

makes us understand

oclus is much more detailed

ay indeed be maintained

ent and best that was

roclus, we have the cul-

21

Metaphysical pan-

his metaphysics a

nd the deification

e base." 22 " H aving

nature of man it

orld — Greek Philosophy,

do nothing else than

to sublimate itself

26.

aton, p. 179 .

lex andrie, vol. I I , p. 38 3 and p. 212 respectively.

hie, (2nd ed., 19 41), vol. iii, pp.

sopher, p. 279 .

5.
 US 227

US

ce of Proclus and the

it is fitting to conclude

Proclus to Plotinus and

sophers with whom

osal a broader

ntific and literary cur-

reflected by the

tics, natural science and

phical portions of his

fund of learning that

d in support of his

nclination toward

Plotinus. F or the

hes of intuition, was

ved syllogisms by

was able first to ana-

er again, motivated

by the sense of

a rigorous and all-

rly arrangement of

teristic which is un-

rtain sense in

ous than Plotinus,

or when Plotinus said,

, of course, that upon his volun-

of that thought; but

ense that he was more

the practice of theur-

X V I I I , and pp. 213-4

the cause of the fact

erely many symbolic

we have seen, they are

and thus each god is

own. F inally, our phi-

edecessor. F or if we

rather severely intel-

c in its tone, an im-

entirely written in its

son Proclus' system

ith a kind of ceaseless

p. X .
 PR O C L US

hings are in all things

ned, if we care for

cathedral where the

t the triadic arrange-

e of the mind first on a

one thought to the

when we consider that

is twenties and early

with this age may also

moving soul returning

eternal Truth, an at-

er to the original one

or even a successor

illustrious link in the

stantly acknowledges

sophy he regarded

nt. A t first sight, of

between the two phi-

gues of his own, Proclus

hough this dissimilar-

e two men lived in

Proclus was certainly

iting, but coming at

ve helped but feel

conseq uent necessity

dic writings, the sheer

t written by Plato

n Proclus is the Pla-

whether this was not

ture. A nd, of course,

t successor to Plato

he whole tradition;

ommentary was

n ideas, and inasmuch

ommentaries upon them

ble for Proclus really to

ad departed from Plato; in the

t Plato did not speak of such things

a philosopher to make as many

atter (P.T., p. 23). A s to style,

omm, Parm. col. 8 05), and in the

utions the reader that analogies ex ist

 US 229

us seems to have

s style of writing, the

n ex perience of con-

s, C hap. I X ), and that

her philosophers, the

the same spiritual

rneath the bonds which

only between the lines.

ntary on the Parmenides,

s place within the human

ong in coming, yet we

of our life is a struggle

 DL A TI N Q UO TA TI O N S

peiTTO v E O TI . Tfj gx oO napaY O H E V ou

V eauToO Svvaniv napdyE i, H E O TI V TO U na-

E V C ov wioaTaaiv X ax oC aav. (P.T., p. 133).

mpaivE i, E V E Q Y E I UE O TI n p 6 v o 0. (E l.

UT' E vE pY E iav ovTog 8 TO UTO Swa(iE i early

cov nE vov auTo icp' E « uTO u napaY E L Ta H E T'

^ E V x fj a^ Toii a' iTia x al j I Q O E I O I V cwi' auTfj g

I lav TO j I Q O I O V drto Tivog x al E JUaTQ E cpov x u-

Q Y E iav- (E l. 33).

p6nE vov J106g E X E I V O noiE iTai TTI V E maTpo-

oix E iag lO TO O TaaE C og. (E l. 34). A i' o5 Y aQ To

ev° 8 1' ou O E TO E U, noog TO UTO TI opE ^ i; j cpaiTov

UTO fi E mcTpocpri. (E l. 31, in the proof).

g r\ X UT' aiTiav E ' O TI V dpx oE iSdJg T1 x ad' tinap-

l. 65).

Tig x al x oivama x al auvE X E ia x al TatJTO TTig,

TaY fj X E Y E TUI , Ta8 E 5e E TE pO TaY fj . (E l. 21, in the proof).

ucpiO TTiaiv dpiftnov, TO V H E V auToTE X wv vno-

)E C O V eV E TE poig TTI V Uj I O O T« O 1V X E X TT] H E V coV . (E l. 64).

TI V I cpvaE i TC O V O V TC O V naai ndpE O Ti Toig X UT'

ad' E va K o-fov x al coaauTcog. (E l. 19 ).

O JI E V O V E ^ fipriTai TO U anO TE X sa(iaTog. (E l. 75).

pa TC O V JI E TE X O V TC O V n^ E ioug vno8 E X eTai TO U na-

oiiioTepa E ^ aTToug. (C omm. Parm. col. 8 74).

x daTO D E i8 oug auvTE X ouvTa H E Q T) ndvTcog E O T' I V

X TO UTC O V E O T' 1V C O g JlE pC O V ,X « l8 X O V TI nE ^ tO vftog O V TO E V ,« UTO

wg E v . . . novcog ov 8 vx al dnX cog E V . (C omm. Parm.

nn TO U ivog. (E l. 1).

oig a' iTioig o^ ix coTE pav x al inE pTE pav Ta^ iv

Tag arc' auTcov E X X dni| » E ig wnox E inE vd ncog fivE iui

E O i. K al al nE v O O TO TW V dvcoTE pcov eX X dnipE ig vno-

coTepcov npo68 oug, E X E I V UI SE E I I ' I TO UTC O V eSpd^ ovTai. (E l.

E pix ov 8 ix cog H E TE X E I V SuvaTai Tfj gE v Tfj

E i novdSog. T1 8 id Tfj g olx E iag oX oTT| Tog, i^ 8 id TO U

X O D npog auTO . (E l. 108 ).

gE O TI V r\ E V TC P alwvi rj H E TE X O V alcovog.
-V

X E V E TUI X E x ai E O TI V oij aiag anoipov . . . x afro v« pY i-

eE V E x acmp. (E l. 103). H dvx aE V naaiv

ines 6-7). I Tavx aB E E V naaiv E O TI O E C O Q E I V

aig f| owj uoocbg T1 E lx ovix cbg. (C omm. Tim. Diehl, I ,

cpr| vx dg npamax ag dpx dg x wv ovx eov x ai aux ap-

ftE oX oviav TTI V TO UX C O V E max TJurvv. (P.T., p. 5).

TC O V ,x ai auTGJv TO W x d ovx a napayovx cov O E C O V , nia

alx ia nQ oiicpE ax T)X E v. (P.T., p. 131).

v. (E l. 13, second half). H ov o5v x oE cpex ov dya-

wg, x ai dyadov x upicog. (C omm. A lcib. col. 58 3).

x wv H E X E X O V X C JV avx oO , x ai ndaa E V C O O I g

E Q x dyadov x ai E V x auTov. x ai yap x dyadov

enE x tiva x ai oC ndvx aE cpisx ai, dE og x oO x o.

oiix o SE Tdyadov). (E l. 113, in the proof).

I H O Ux ai E V O E i8 oC gx ai avvE X X ix fj g dE ox r)Tog alx iov

a npoiE vai x ai j tX T)ftuE aftai SuvanE vr| gx ai SX cog

dndaTig 8 iax oanT| O E C og. (P.T., p. 133).

ovx og iv o x ai vcpiax riai x o ov, x ai alx iov E O TI

m8 f| x o npo avx oij x ai x fj gE vc6aecog E nE X E I V U

ov, dbto ndvx cov E ^ H Q TI H E V O V . (P.T., pp. 132-3).

T| ai nX fj ftog H E V uig E auTfj g SsuTE pa yevviaao.,

pvcpicog j rpoiwtapx ouaag SuvdnE ig . . . oC x cog ydp av

Q T)H E V O V , navx ax ou TTI V dvaX oyov E X E I x a> E vl x d| iv.

SQ I I lX wx I vov noX X dx ig E v8 E ix vu(iE voi ii> 8 v

gj C O I E I V ,x o nX fj dog x ip E vl x ai x fj x O Tdp| E i, X TI V SE 8 uva-

vK ft. K oi E lx oO x oX E Y O I E V , opdwg X E Y O UO I V . (P.T.,

V nE pl C X rig, oncog d(iE x ox og E O TI x & vE lSt)Tix aw svaScov,

ag novdSog X ax oC aa X TI V x utoax aaiv. (C omm. Parm.

r\ vE /E I x iftrivTiv. (C hal. Phil. I I I ).

O I x ai dvftpconoicn H E yiax og. O UX E Ssnag

B E V O E I , oC X og SE T' dx ouE i. ' A X

(X enophanes).

O E I V x ai x o slvai . (P.T., p. 36).

. .. x ai Sv x ax ' dpiftnov E V x ovx cp voO g x ai voT)-

ivT)x eov npE apuTE pav E lvai x fiv aux ox tvr| x ov

r)Tov, nap' fig x ai x olg awnaaiv ecpT| X ei TO x fj g

av elr\ acondx wv TI ^ ux t| ,x ai navx og aconax og f| x i-

gE V avx fi x ivTidE wg E x yovog. (P.T., p. 34).

E X nE oax og eax ix ai dnE ipou 8 id x o npco-

wr)Tix dE O TI 8 id TTI V ^ wriv X TI V npcox riv. ndvx a

E I 8 id TO V voiiv TO V npwTov. (E l. 102).

 T. B 235

)v ndvTuw O C O H UTC O V otov pi^ av ... X E Y O I H E V

uiE ix oTeog, dpx Tlv x ivTiO E C O g ox iaav x al T| pE (uag ndai

v Toig x ivounE voig x al fipenouat. (C omm. Parm-

^ ov eig yiveaw. (Stoics).

av tcoT| vx ou x oanou navTog unE pE x ovaav (or:

ouv x al tyux riv, 8 id vou x al tyux fj g, Y E vE aE W ; .

E O TL . .. oux a(? ax aTacpdaE aiv E n" aux ou X Q TI -

vx aig x cbv SE UTE Q C O V dnocpdaeai. (C omm. Parm. col.

uw H E V UI I TO E O TI x aig x aX ounE vai

vaipE O E wg 8 E iltl x oE V E j I E X E I V U dndarig I S

m. Pann. col. 1172).

yivfaaK O vaiv, d? A ' O ,TI oux E O TI x oTd TO

i ovK E O Tiv voT(ai; drtocpaaig E O TL V . (C omm. Parm. col.

aiQ O v, X Q E I TTO V slvai dr| aonE fta TO U E V E Q -

TO v onwaoiiv 8 iaipE Tov E O TI , TO SE E V ou 8 iai-

dunoaTaTov. (C omm. Parm. C ol. 1150).

TTI V ouaiav x ai Uj I E Q x o ov E O TI TO nav, x al TO

0).

E V dax E TO v npog ndvTa cpu^ UTTE iv . . . x al E j UO TQ E cpE Tai

aX X cog. (P.T., p. 9 4).

aladriTov O UV E X E I , TO SE dvadov anav TO

I O I . (P.T., p. 9 8 ). Tcbv H E V O Q W V TW V onoO x al TO W O Q U> -

TI V TO V fj X iov E ^ tlQ f] adai cpriaonE V . TW V SE V O O UV TC O V UE ' I x ai

E vai TO dyadov O UY X W O TO O neV . (P.T., p. 9 0).

ov E tSog, o X UTE X E I TT| V C X riv x al nsoioot^ E i TO

SovTE g TivE g novov, E ' I ; vK r\ vx ai st8 og

pov. (C omm. Parm. col. 1123).

eccantes nee peccatis mox asse-

e longum, secundum q uam fit ra-

aftai X Q O TO JV ivaScov O E H I TO V ; f\ TI Tc^

oX X cov O E W V ; (P.T., p. 118 ).

X O V TU rivcovTai. . . . A E I TO I V UV E X TO U E V O gE lvai

V TU nX ridTi. (C omm. Parm. col. 707).

vix fj g dE oX oY iag e| aipE Tov TO UTO E Y W Y E E lvai

E vriv TC O V dE oiv ouaiav E maTQ ^ cpE iv E ig Ta SeuTE pa. (P.T.,

g£ nl x aiv O E W V nuftix oig nX danaaiv Uj TO TO U I I X d-

X avftdvE iv oncog TU ToiauTa X E Y E TUI ,x al cbg E v8 E i| E cog

I TUI . (P.T., p. 67).

pdapTO v. (18 arguments, 17).

 aunneTQ iag npog TTI V E ' V W O I V TW V mwiY W ' (iE vwv x ai

ridE iag npog TT' I V x adapoTTiTa. TO U SE x dX X ou;

TQ ov TO U E V E lvai TO ov, ai/uov Tip nix Tcp. TO B E

aX ov Toi5 V O TI TO V elvai. (P.T., pp. 139 -140).

aTi nooarpcE i. ndarig yop E O TI Tf| g TpidSog I vwaig

UV E V E UX E V f| Tpiag. TO 8 s ix avov TT) (ij teioi« . 5uvanig

iadai SuvanE vri x ai naQ E ivou naaw dx co? ^ DTC og. TO

aQ E O TI TO npcoTwg Toia5ix 6v. (P.T., pp. 160-1).

v 6 alwv Tfj O ^ O TTI TI x al TUUTO V eax iv oX oTrig x al aiwv,

V TO JV aiwviwv x al TUJV diSicov ndvTcov, TO SE TW V

dog, x al auTonX fj ftog. TO 8 E auTonX fj dog

yovov. (P.T., p. 168 ).

T' I V sl8 og E iScbv E V Tfj TpiTfl ... TO Y up

ov E fSog slSmv. (P.T., p. 151).

V . dX X d TO nX fj ftog TO H E V rivconE vwg ucpE -

og nX fj dog E O TI 8 iax E x pinE vov. E V auTcp y& Q

mg fiv x al ou/ E TE poTT| g. (P.T., p. 232).

npo auTO u x al Ta H E T' UUTO V . Ta H E V yap

vx ov, TU 8 ex aTa nedE ^ iv, oaa npo UUTO U. (E l. 173).

TTiai TU H E T' UUTO V x al f| 3ioiT)aig E v Tip vosiv

TI V , iva nf) x wox i(iE vov dTE ^ eg f| [ naaa

aTE X rig] ,x al iva \ ir\ X I V O UH E V O V /oovou 8 sT)Tai X 9 O V O V

O V I Seeov Tiveg vnoaTaaiv 8 iaau(? E iv inix E ipioaiv r| TO V

. . . TaiiTd TE x al ndaag Tag ToiauTag 8 ia(5oX dg e^ eUy-

ov Tcbv O H O I O TTI TW V ij d TC O V auvTE Tay(iE va Ta E iSri TO lg

iTai TI § E H E V W V , /cupav E /E I V X e-

)nE va x al x oioiaTa drto TUV noX X uiv auTa

9 ).

diog I SE a law a' tTia dawnaTog,

uaia o5aa dx ivT)TO g, napdSE iyna novcog ouaa x al ovTO ig,

vor\ rwr\ SE TW V npog a< JTiiv ucpE O TW TW v JcaT' aiTiav.

iuaiv alwviwv. (C omm. Parm. col. 8 8 8 ). ' I 8 ea

auTfj ,x al napdSE iY na Tfj g TW V x aTa cpii-

E wg, auTri H E V ix pE O Twaa x aft' auTriv, E lx ovi^ ouaa 8 e

TI TTj g TO UTW V 8 iaTa| ewg. (Stobaeus). ' O pi-

TW V x aTa cpiiaiv aiwviov. (A lbinus).

E O TI V x al E ig akK i\ ka. neTapdX X E i. (18 argu-

 237

g cpuaE C og noix iX mg TO U auTou H E TE X O UO TI gE iSoug. (C hal.

aJv cpuX ov, 6X ov (lE v iv TO I gH E Q UTTO I g Siax o-

vO E pdv E x cpalvov noiTiaiv TO U j TO TO O g, E ^ dj rcE i nE v

bv E V E X E I V C P noounapx ovTc» v amoov, ndvTa SE dvoTE ivE i

v Srin-iouQ Y ix riv. (P.T., p. 349 ). Ti ydo dX X ox ai TO Y

> navx a npog Ta acpE TE pa napaSE iynaTa Suvax ov

V deaiv yE vog; naaa y^ Q E ' I X C O V x ax d TTI V TO U

Tai, TO 8 s dij ponoioO v Ta SE UTE Q U TO I g npcoToig

iv rd ndvTa, TO lg ftE oig E O TI TO UTO I g ndX iO Ta nQ oafj x ov.

V E Q Y E I ,x al X O O H E I rd SX ax al TeX E ioi. x al 8 id

vx al dpE TTj g ex iftiig H E TaX aY X dvE i . . . ana 8 Ti oiiv ! i| ni-

ia^ fj . (P.T., pp. 316-7).

onnaO E iav TW V E V Tip x oancp, x al TI ' I V npog aX X T)X ax oi-

g i| Ta^ ig aiiTT) TW V fteiuv. ndvra Y ^ Q O i< i T^ j g 6(ioi6-

i...x al ndvTa E V dX X riX oig E O TI . (P.T., pp. 350-2).

ag dE oug dmE (j iX T| nTO v E X O V TUg 3iX fj ftog, x al

E UI I V unE Q cpuE ig x al lO Tepx oanioi x al

auToiv x al x dg X TI ^ E I g rx gE x X ripcuaavTo 8 101-

. (C omm. Tim. I ll, p. 275). O vbeniav ya< > tyvynv ...

I X O g. TO Y « Q x ad' 6X ov nE pioSov niav dx X ivE gx al

aT' aX X riv E TI x aTE X dE lv F ' I gY E V E O I V SwaTO v. navx a

navTog O UI TC O TO V SiE cpuX a§ E v atrrriv, dsl Se Ta

SE TI ^ wi) Tfj g (iE Q ix fj g tyux Tj g iX aTTcov E O TI TI " I g

I x ax d naaav TUUTTI V I I Q X E O E npog TT)V avco 8 ianovriv,

v Suvaniv . . . dvaY x ri apa naaav i| iux » iv neoix Tiv E V ix d-

ov, nX E ioug SE aX X ag aX X wv. (C omm. Tim. I ll,

aig, dX X ." oix E Uog. (C omm. Tim. I ll,

Ug X O Y O Ug TO U O E O U f) uX T) na(j a8 E | anE vn E X E I E V sauTfl

toics).

T) Ta^ ig, r\ nE pio8 ix ii rtoiriaig. (C omm.

ncp npovoia SI O I X O UH E V W V . (Stoics).

onum venantes et huj us gratia omnia

putabit et malorum finem esse

ecunq ue bona et q uaecunq ue contraria.

us bonum desiderantes. (Mai.

E O 1g E x daTcp, TO UTO E X UO TO U cpdapx ix ov. (18 arguments,

 A P. V I

riaE W g ovpaviwv awnaTW v. (E l. Phys. I , Def.

wv x oC a' uoviou. (18 arguments, 15).

V Tip napE MhivTi x ai H E ^ O V TI X povw. To viiv & \ I E -

\ iev rj 8 T| ov UUTW aTinaivE i TO noo ndarig

ovi^ onE vov TO E V TW aiwviw. (C omm. Parm. col.

ipov 8 iaipE iTai. (E l. Phys. I , 11).

rt 149 ).

\ i navTog) dnaiwpE iTai TO UTO TO 8 id-

g. (C omm. Tim. I , p. 161).

avepov O TI TO npcoTcog ov E j I E X E I V U TTJS oX oTTiTog E O TI V ,

aTi TO ov (x ai yap Toig (iE pE cnv fj M.E Q T) TO E fvai x O Tap/E i).

g, x al Tfj E x daTou cpx iaE i O TJO TO I X O V TO sv

omm. A lcib. 28 4, 24-6).

V O V TC O V , eoanep TO E lvai 8 idcpopov, O UTC O 8 Ti x ai

).

Ta^ w TW V O V TC O V TTI V ouaiav npo Tfj g TeX E ioTT| TO g

x aaTov 8 wvT)a6.u-E fta x al TO dyaflov auToii (or;

i ov. (C omm. A lcib. 28 5, 14-16).

niv x ai TO TO I JTW na/onE vov x ax ov

fta. (C omm. A lcib. 28 1, 5-7).

x iveiaftai (i6vov x ai naa/E iv E O T' I

oiT| Tix dx aT' UUTTI V TTI V 8 iaaTUTTiv x al nE yE O ou; x al oy-

aV cav TO noiT| Tix ov aX X cov x al x ivt| Tix 6v dawuaTcp

al x ivE iv necpvx E . (P.T., p. 33).

lO C O H UTI x pwnE vTi. (C omm. Tim. I ll, p. 307).

oanov O UTW x al TO V avftpconov E rtiax E ipaaO ai TE -

i ouTog x 6 a n o g . e' x E i ydp x al vouv x al X oyov

V . (C omm. Tim. I ll, p. 355).

TI O ' I X E I O TE Q O V E O TI TO appsv x al auyyE V E O TE pov

omm. Tim. I ll, p. 28 1).

O v aiaih| civ awnaTO E i8 f] ^ u> r)v x al 8 1' opydvwv

aa,n| j .E (iiynE vriv T° ig E vuX oig oyx oig x al

ll, p. 28 6).

E vE pyeiav E U^ UTO V e% ovaa, f| 8 ovT| v

? j gE V x oig anovSaioig x al JI E X Q I TO O aco-

68 3, 28 -30).

O vO V TW V TW V npayndTW v Tfj g ox iaiag x ai

g ninT)Taig. (C omm. C rat. 68 ).

UO U Ta npdynaTa npog aX X riX a, ouTcog x al Ta

E I x aTa TE TI H TI V x al x aTa Suvaniv. (C omm.

 voO dcponoiwTix Ti evE Q yeia SI TTTI .E O TI V , TI H E V

V npog TO V O TI TO V napd8 E iY H a p^ enwv, fi SE x ad'

ig. (C omm. C rat. 52).

o cpuaE iE ' X O V TU TO O O E O E I H E TE X E I x al TO : O E O E I

l8 id TO UTO Ta ovonaTa ndvTa cpx iaE ix al ndvTa

aE i. (C omm. C rat. 12).

O Y E V E gE ' TE Q O V ecm E I X O TW g TO U ouaiwSoug

E V E g duuSpoTE pov E O TI TW V noX X cbv, aTE sn' awTO ig ov

2, 29 -32).

UTC O V (TUV ox ' iaico8 oiv) elaiv E ' I X O V E S, ovx dno

TE S. (C omm. Parm. 8 9 6, 25-7).

inmnE v, ndv TO x adoX ov x ai TO E v TO TO JV

E O O ai x ai TTI V C nap^ ^ 8 v TO UToig

nE vov E V auToig x ai (lE Ta TO UTC O V f|

ri JI Q O TO JV noX X oiv ucpE O Tavai x ai

riO oug E ncpdaE ig dcp' E auToii TO I g rtoX X oig naoE X O vx ai d(ie-

H E TE X O V TC O V , noix iX ag 8 sH E ftE ^ E ig E ' I g Ta SE U-

X cov noQ cpouaftai x ai TTI V unao^ iv E j I I Y E -

mawviO Taaftai Toig noX X olg. x aTa ya.Q Tax iTa; ol-

UQ TI O O H E V Ta H E V j I Q O TC O V noX X cov Ta 8 eE V Tolg noX -

O I V x ai x aTTiY O Diav ucpiaTd| j .E va. (C omm. E uclid,

E iE V dv TI g, E V TI V I yivei TW V O V TC O V TTI V yeu> -

Tfj g nE pi auTi| v dX Tift8 iag. E I TE Y ^ Q E V TO I g

W (iE TQ Tig 8 iaX E Y E Tai, x ai dx copiO Ta Tfj g U^ TI g,

TiTW v findg dnoX uE iv q 3r' )aonev x ai nepiaY E iv elg Ti| v

TO I g aiaftriTO ig TO dn-E pE g O TI H E I O V

dpadfj enicpdvE iav T| TT| v iaoTTiTa TC O V E x TO U X E V TQ O U

ai noX ve8 pa ax nH aTa ndvTa, nE oi wv f| Y E O ' (iE TQ ia

TJg C X rig E O T' I Ta x )nox E i(iE va Tfj Y eeoneTQ ic? x al ^ O Y O I x ada-

piO Toi j TUV TE gI covTai x ai dcconaToi x ai dnE Y E -

wg 8 idaTaaig TO I gX O Y O I g8 id TTI V vX ix f| v 11j 108 0-

Q I O -TC O g, Ta 8 s d8 idaTUTa 8 iaO TaTwg, Ta SE

. rtwg o5v E TI TT| V E udE iav TE H V O JI E V x ai TO TpiY wvov

p TaO Ta (lE piaTriv E lvai TTI V Y E W H E TQ I X TI V vK T\ vE ni8 E i-

O Y O I gx x pE O TT| x wlav . . . x al Ta H E TE X O V TU auTa SI TTU

cpavTaaia TT| V unoaTaO iv ex ovTa — x ai Y ap f| C X r)

w^ UY ° 1^ v' t:cl0v, TI SE TC O V cpavTacTcov. . . .< E I o5v E V

adoX ou x aTaTE TaY M.E vov, 8 x ai E x aaTO v auTW v x u-

ug dX X if| X oig x ad' E va X O Y O V raoO TavTag, 8 iacpE -

I gI O TO X E I H E V O I g, x dv TO lg cpavTaaTO lg x i)x X oig E O TI TI x oi-

al x aTa TO UTO ndvTE g rnv auTT)v E x ouai nopcpriv. T1 SE 8 ia-

ov TO E V Tfj cpavTaaicj H E Y E O og. O TUV Y « p noX X oug

E V ndvTE gI O TO X E I I I E V W x ai duX cp x al E V t,u> i\ TTI V

oO x al T$ 8 iaaTTinaTi n^ E ovdaavTE g TTJg

E iag ouaiag sauTfiv I Spuaaca V O E I Ta ndvTa

...x al ndaa yvC baig 8 1' O H O I O TTI TU auv8 E i Tcp

hil. I V ).

omnes corporis nostri colligat et

ri corporis. (Prov. F ato I I , 156,

i ex necessitate a F ato duci-

alata et corporizata asseq uitur

tum cum vicinis non sobriis obtinetur.

TcP dyadcp voniaE i TUUTO V a dr\ E TE Q O V eax i.

alis anima et intellectuals, se-

tra corpora et sensus; q uare necessa-

bobus. H oc autem rursus mani-

uram q uidem operans melior est q uam

7-14).

potentia rationalis appetitive

ambo animam, propter q uam as-

potentiae operationem videntes,

onem. Q uare erit utiq ue electi-

1, 23-31).

tus fuit q uando decidit, cognoscet

poreis (post ipsum enim), ... sed in

et inssrvilis. (Prov. F ato I I I ,

virtute participat, et eo q uod est

4-6).

na, wanep Tfj g dpE Tfj g 6 voO g. f| ulv Y « (? « vco-

8 e dno TW V x E ip6vcav E j max cond^ E ix ai x aToO E v.

obis divinum q uod mortale, tune

uta, furore obtinente aut concupiscen-

ndum naturam, huic q uidem irasci,

5-31).

mq uidem perseq uens semper obti-

m Dub. V I , 111, 2-4).

mx f| naaa Ta| ig E ' maToocpfj gE O TI V a' ma Tolg ouaiv

yap x ou E nicj T(> E ciponE vou x al TO U Tfj g sm-

TO I g SE UTE Q O I Sx O Tdpx oV TO g \ ieaov. (C omm. A lcib. 325,

iv I I I -' < K O TO U TE E paaToC x ai TW V E pC O V TC O V iopuaftai.

TI V 6 TO I O UTO S eocog x al aoaTix og TW V E O C O H E V C O V

E X TI X O S; O ux wg aa/E TO g x al aniY fj gx al aY a9 oE i8 fj g

).

oug O V TE g daftE V E lg O UV E Q X O V TUI x al x oivfj

> V Tai. (C omm. A lcib. 467, 11-13).

d (rtape^ apE v6X oY og) ou novov eog cpauX oTE pa

ioTE pa Tolg noX X oig SvTa x al anouSatonE va fat' auTcbv.

O og E mTQ E X fi TO ig x oioi)Toig x al n? Q [ TaC Ta 8 ia-

voig cPE UX TE O V TO nX fj ftog TW V avftpconwv TO JV aY E -

Taig tuK H S auTwv O UTE Taig 8 6| aig X O I V C O V TI TE O V . (C omm.

 iv TTI V x ap& iav x d uX ix d navx ax ai TU noi-

pE ponE vow, x al nag TUnog acnuuTix og. (C hal. Phil. I I ).

E ig Tag noX vE i8 elg, at nepi^ ouaw f| ndg j upl TO awna

V ffJj wx E inE vcov i' iyndv, TO TE H E V E j U f| Sovdg aX oyoug,

O (iE vag dX X T| X aig. H E TaneX E iag ydp finag dva-

cib. 518 , 3-9 ).

ia .. . TO ht x aTa| 3aX .E iv E ig y^ v TO dcp" TI H W V

j I O I O TE Q E Tax frr) cpE pE adai. TE Tax Tai O E E V oX n Tfj Y E V E -

TE Q O V nft\ ut Tfj g yE vE C E cog. H E pog H E V ouv

TTI V Y E V E O I V d8 uvaTO v, el (iT) x al TO E lvai auTTig

E vi, noog TTI V dutox X iaiv ov npog TO V dcpavianov

vd TI V I nepiE X E Tai 8 X .a ^ v ^ x E ivcp x al dvaniMJiX a-

TO U apE aftai x aTdpaX s, H TI ly.a> v auTov Sv8 ov

E i n> | nvE vna noX iV vng 8 id TO O E X E I V I vSov x al dnox pmpai.

vx aX ov % a.iQ E ix al E ucppaivE Tai x al TI -

TTI V E auToO auvouaiav dand^ E Tai . . . novog fa.Q E nl

UQ E TTI V E X C O V E auTcp avyyiveaftai 8 uvaTai x ai O TE Q Y E I V

i/.i' n aocpiag . . . TO UTO Y aQ E O TI Tfj g cpiX oaocpiag ti>

O L C . (C omm. N icomachus).

vftpwnoug iK fteiv E Tt' E tJE Q Y E O ia Tcov Tfj 8 s

v^ v ovai avftpoO TO i g x al TO I g elaauftig

vwvai TW V a! cftr| cTE C ov cbg ou8 E v

v TO O UY X E X U(iE V O V x al E V UX O V x al

ouToig 8 T| TI O I x Q W (iE vcov. (C omm. Parm. 1025).

poug rinlv alaftriO E ig Tag TTI V 8 idvoiav dnaTwaag,

I O I x al aX .X .oTE dMoirnv nE ipaivTai TW V alafrriTW v, x ai

dx pipE g. (C omm. A lcib. 518 ).

^ E iv . .. W O j I E O x ax d no(j cpeoTix dx ai E

pE gE t8 og E X E I V ov8 anf]

al di' X ov voT| aiv Tfj g i| )uX T| gT

Taig tftiriaeai. (C omm. Parm. 1025).

g cng nopcpcoTix dg x al cbg (lE piO Tdg x al cng noi-

cag, x al no6g TO dnE piaTO v x al diiX ov oux E waag

g ToiauTTig ovaiag dvTiX df? E aftai x aTaancoaag

m. A lcib. 518 ).

g8 6| ag Tag noX uE iSE ig E ' x x dipai x ai TTI V nE Q i

.O UY « C ecpcW TO V Tai Tfj g« 1Tiag, O uSe E j I iaTT| H T| V T)I UV 4H -

C H E TO uaiav. (C omm. Parm. 1025).

o| wv. noix iX ai Y « Q auTai x ai aj mooi x ai E ig TO

x al TTJ alaftricTE i ai)(i(iiY E lg, x al ou8 E auTai x ada-

tou x al 8 6£ ai dX -X TJX aig E V I ' mlv uianE p cpav-

omm. A lcib. 518 ).

TW V E j UO TTI H W V dvaSpanovTa neX aY O g, E X E I

auTwv x al auvftE O E ig, x al 8 id Tf] g ftE W piag E ^ i)q )T| vaaav

oiav TI H W V I 8 eiv. (C omm. Parm. 1025).

pd(icnnev rr\ vE mdTriL iT| v, x dx sl TO nX fj ftog TC O V O E C O -

auvaY aY C o(iE vx ai TO nX fj dog TC O V E maTTincov evl auv8 ecL icp nepi-

og x f| v niav E j UO TTI L I T| V dno TC O V noX X cov eauTov

al npcoTTlv x al Tag aX X ag dndaag E ig E X E I V TV V dvaTeivE iv.-

iai Trj g cog dX T)ftcog E j UO TT| novix fj g ned68 ou TUU-

t| c1(i0; elg TO 8 isvE ipou TO V iv auTO ig vouv

V sauToO ^ I ' I TTI O I V ....E ' TE Q C I 8 e dvanauouaa

TC O V O V TC O V x al auTr| vO Q C oaa x ad' UUTTI V TTI V dX V | -

fi X UT' dX riO E iav ouaa x adapTix ri. (C omm.

^ cofiv x al Tag cbtX dg E nipoX dg H E TaO TUTE O v TTI V

O V Y vC oaE C O vx al dx poTTig, dX X dx al npo TauTT)g

lvai npcoTov, fiTig E O TI a\ ifyevi\ i; TO ig ovTcog oB ai.

vToSoutcov O ecoprindTcov. . . . x al TQ I TO V

rm. 9 26-9 27).

SuvdnE cov ouacov Y vwQ itTTix cov, x aTa

TSX E I V E X E I V O UX E C pux aL iE v. O UTE Y « Q alaftriaE i TO

cm acondTcov cbtdvTcov E | H Q T)H E V O V , O UTE 8 6| Ti x al 8 ia-

Tai x al noX uE i8 cov E cpdutTovTai rtpaY H dTC O v,

O V y« p ovTcog O V TC O V E lalv al ToiaO Tai Y vcbaeu; . r\ be TC O V

aTF UUTTI V dcpcopiaTai TTI V evcoaiv TC O V oX cov.

x ai oncoaouv TO dE iov V V UK JTO V , Tfj Trig i| iux fj g

id TauTT| g yvcaQ i& a#(u-, x ad' oaov SuvaTov. TC O

fivu> ax .eaftai. (P.T., p. 6).

Toig cpaivonE voig anaai aunnadE iag npog TE

ig, ndvTa E V nacn x aTavor| aavTE g, TTI V E maTri-

vTo, daundaavTE g TC P (UE j I E I V E V TE Toig npcoToig Ta

TiaTa. (H ier. A rt 148 ).

npoftE pu.avaig vO E iaftco aoi Tfj au(utadE ia TC O V x fifts

al iv x aX cp dE aig dvdX oY O v Tfj Tfj g 1E paTix fj g TE X V US

l Tponov TO V oix E iov npoax pTiO E i Tcov uX cov, f| 8 s TO U

cpcoTog elg TO 8 uvdu.E vov H E TSX E I V I i\ & 8 E | d-

al Tfj nE piX dni^ E i TC O V E ' vuX cov, a 8 fi X I V SI TUI npog TO

UUTC O V anE pua ftE iov. (H ier. A rt 149 ).

gE auTO ii cpuaE C og appTiTO v E ia8 u6nE vov, E upiax E i

pE Tai ndvTa x aTa cpuaiv E X E I V O V ,x al 8 id TO U

TinaTog E vi^ E Tai, TTI V oix E iav cpuaiv dnoSu6(iE va,

vftri(ia aneu8 ovTa, x al novou L I E TE X E I V E X E I V O U, nodco

g TO U dyadou nriY fj g. x al H E X Q I TauTT| g dvaSpanovTU

O V cbSwcov X TI Y E I (not: X r| ipE i) x al TO U epcoTog

V C oaTO u x al dppT| TO u x al diiE dE X TO u x al unE p-

fj g f)Y E (i6vE g dno TC O V E V ocpdaX u.oig X E I H E V W V TTI V

dnE iav E uprix aai, Ta H E V ni^ « V TE g Ta 8 s olx E icog dvai-

8 id TO (JX E nE iv TW V dnix Tcov fx atritV v Tiva ey.ov i8 ioTT| Ta TO U

vE V I ^ O UO I Tag npO eipT| u.E vag dutoppoiag x al

V npog E X E I V O TO n' po TC O V ndvTcov oX ov. x al d

iix Ta x al O unidnaTa, cpupdaavTE gE lg E v Ta (iE ptcrdE V Ta

 ' ouaiav TO • & E I O V neoiX Tij mx ov x ad'

uvdnE cov, d> v 6 H E V H E Q UTH O ? f| H u8 < > waE vE x daTTiv, f| Se

iY u.ax og I 8 eav. (H ier. A rt 150).

ix ai x cov ftE icov f| W x -r\ x a auvfrnnax ax ou

j epouaa aura TC J> naTpi, a dvE ih| x E v6j « x x f)p E ig

g ouaiag. (C hal. Phil. I ).

x ai max iv x ai dX r| dE iav x ai epcox a, x auTriv

ai ihmba x wv dyadwv . . . iva novog Tig x cp * E ^ novcp auvfj .

oyoi auvftE Toi, oux E ' Q Y W V x ax aax E vri. novog

ex E x ai. n^ l ° Sv x aivfj prinaTC O vx aTaiY i8 i nE I -

C O V dX Tiftcov 8 E O nox Tiv, nri8 E E C Y O W < pavx aaE iH E X Ux ex vTig X E -

ei . unvov ouv Tip dE cp TO UTO V

I C UO I V . (C hal. Phil. I I ).

ivcoaig I O TO Tcov ftE oX oY wv niO Tig dnox a-

vE O TUI TTI V j I E Q ' I TO O elov maTiv auTO cpucog j I DO -

X X E voriascog x ai x fj g ai)ncpuo\ ig E ucppoauvng. (C hal.

E v dvaSpanoO aa x ai nav TO E V avrfj aviinrv^ aaa-

SI x ai auvanTE Tai Taig I O TE Q voC v undplE O 1- (C hal. Phil.

v vouv UUTTI V TTiv ax pav iinap| iv

E V E O ^ I E V x ai ucp' j )t; TO nX fj ftog E V i^ E Tai TO E V fmlv. obg

lpTlH E vov vox iv, oC x wx ai x oti nQ cox ou nap' o5 naaiv r\

ovaiag Tin' Sv x ad' ox ai (idX iO Ta Tcp dE icp auva-

TO O voii. d> g Y ^ pE V Toig aX X oig oux E O TI

vouv aiTia, o()TC og E V Taig ipux aig oux I O TI V O E Q O V

og, dX X d TO U voii ftE iO TE oov. . . . wg Y ap vooE i8 E ig

E i8 E ig npog TTI V E vwaiv dvaTQ E X onE V , in' ax pcp

i TO U E V r\ \ iiv vov TO V O TI TO V TO UTO V O O UH E V , in' ax pcp

v, x ivi E X I auvacpftE iriH E V npog x oE V ,5E O TI V

x ov; . . . H TI j I O X E o5v oux E O TI TUUTO V vou avftog

. dX ? ^ d TO (iE vE O TI Tfj g voeQ ag Ti(icov ^ w^ | gx oE V O -

a> v E V , noX uE iScov O UO GJV . ou y& Q

ax ai npoaox ri x ai npoaipeaig, x ai noo

ia. X E x ai noX X ri, x ai H E Q I C X T) X E x ai dnE piax og. 8 ix x oii

i TO U H E V TT)g npcoTiaTTig TI H W V Tcov Suvd(iE O iv avftoug ov-

TQ O U x ai Tcov neQ i auTo dndacov navToicov SuvdnE cov.

I Ty nax pl x cov voT| Tcov, V O E Q O V y& Q E O TI V E V , TO SE E v

uvvE uouaiv auTTig, (iovov nicpvx e npoaaY E iv ri| j -ag

V . (C hal. Phil. I V ).

tiones intelligentiam volo te

Platonem Theologis q ui consu-

m et naviav ut vere hanc divi-

eat TO Unum ; magis autem ut

le videbit et non supra intellectum

m. (Prov. F ato I V , 171-2).

 ridfj ax onov, Y vcoptaconE v TO V 8 ecwtoTT| v.

ij Ui9 eonefta, TcJ> ih-oiioi nooa< ^ iuudi(uv, TO \ pi)x < ? 6v

0wn.E v. I x onE vE W .UTO V 68 6v E lg dveX E uaiv.

ai. (C hal. Phil. I I ).

O C O V E O T' I V E V E Q Y E I C O V f| UX Q O TUTTI .x aTa Tairir| v

al E ' I g aux fiv auvvE iicavTE g TT| V E V C O O I V

voE iScog E vepY naavTE g. (C omm. A lcib. 519 ).

nQ O O I C O H E V E Y V Jg, E cI TU> SE finiv nTi novov 8 6| Tig

& V nadwv f| nwv E nno8 i56vTC ov TTI V npog TO npeo-

aux og H E V driQ y fj aux ov SE TO nav ToO TO . wivTa 8 e

ppT| TO i) (isx ouaiav T' mag dvaTE I V E TW . x ai O TUV TE g

nE pSpanovTE gx al olov fj X iov dviax ovTa npoax Dvrj aavTE g, H E -

nav TO E V E « UTO l; V O TI TO V O TUV TE gx ai naaav

X E I V C P novep auY Y E vwnE da x al E X E I V O nE Q I -

erationem animae aliq uis operans

us, deus factus, ut animae possi-

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by the H ymn to God.

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.V enice, 149 8 .B M

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." Tr. into L at. by G. V alla. W ith

olabi compendium. Paris, 1546.

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bbe H alma. Paris, 18 20.

Manitius. L eipzig, 19 09 .C U
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of Proclus- E d. & tr. into E n-

nus & Simplicius; see

e).

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tfUia " E § . Gr. tex t with L at. tr. by A emiliua

e U.S. plus a photo-

nts include an epigram on

y, the E lements of Theology,

Platonic Theology, an

dI ndex of subj ect matter.

r, on the Theology of Plato, trans-

added, in order to supply

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naiou TE x pdpipX ov. W ith preface by Philip

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um I nstrumentum. W ittenburg, 1538 .

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. 19 34.

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hologischen Grundlagen der Mathe-

en, 19 38 .

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mathie des Proklos und zur Poetik des A l-

argebracht, pp. 237-274. V ienna,

omathy, its purpose

indeed Proclus Diado-

ect long since forgotten. L ondon, 19 17.

Theology is a very in-

and lonides' E nglish

my " ex istence," " illumination" for my

" progression" for my " departure,"

for my " unity."

aC haldaica. H alle, 18 9 1.

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wu.cp8 iag." I nA bhandlungen der K onig-

en, philologisch-historische

9 8 .

writers.
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eB edeutung." I n H eidelberger A ka-

19 , N o. 5, 19 29 . (I I )

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ften, vol. 26, pp. 23-9 . 19 15.

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hat it is about the C om-

udo-Dionysius A reopagita in der L ehre

-454. 18 9 5.

Dionysius, whom he

n Philologus, vol. 53, pp. 416-419 . 18 9 4.

d the C ommentaries

er and the C ommentary of Proclus.

o support a novel interpre-

ew above, N o. 5.

Philosopher." I n H ibbert Journal,

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klos." I nB erliner Philologische W ochen-

51.

iomata bei E uklid. Tubingen, 18 75.

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ehre." I n his ed. of the H ypotyposis.

s.

rtin du Tyrac). L es Grecs A nciens et

he favorably compares

ymn V I I .

ag.

emilius Portus. See Section I , 25 a.

mas Taylor. See Section I , 5 c.

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i-x vi. There is a very

he life and works of Marinus,

sis of the tex t; it was

was introduced. The whole

obet. Paris, 18 50.

on I ,A 1 b.

.C haignet. See Section I ,8 d.

See Section I ,A 2.

ion-

an by A nton R . N oe, with

above.

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philosophy and poetry.

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eschichte der Philosophic des

(I V )

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ome, 19 21. (I )

etese corrotta nel commentario di Pro-

3. R ome, 19 07.

C ratylus.
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eC ratylus.

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tary on E uclid.

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movement within N eo-

ten." I nR heinisches Museum, N .F . vol.

work of a C hristian

auch." I n Philologus, vol. 60, p. 49 3.

lic.

vcix T| . Tr. into German. Preface. L eipzig, 19 11-12.

dem A usgang der A ntike." I n Pro-

schen Gesellschaft zu B erlin,

s, which he discusses.

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tional interpretation of

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ve, C hap. I I , N ote 17.

nlass von Proklos' C hrestomathie."

. 18 9 4.

at it is not the philoso-

timo suo cultore (il neoplatonico Proclo)

, pp. 251-6. 19 31.

hrem V erhaltnis zu N onnos." I n

and phraseology.

d. Pp. 19 5-202. B orna-L eipzig, 19 16. (I V )

ieferung der H esiod-Scholien. I : Pro-

oniglichen Gesellschaft der W is-

lasse, N . F .B and 12,

holia.

e." I nA nnuaire de I ' lnstitut de

, pp. 8 35-8 56. 19 34.

because the people when drunk

omathie de Proclus," I nB ibliotheq ue

Universite de L iege, vol. 78 -9 .

ne, Section I I , p. 350 f. Gotha,

Termini ' natura naturans' und ' natura

r Philosophic, vol. I ll, pp. 370-378 .

ms made famous by.

q uotes from Proclus' E le-

hough perhaps the in-

hap. V , Section " I " above),

iber de C ausis.

Timee de Platon. Paris, 18 39 .

lex andrie, vol. I I , pp. 38 4-58 3. Paris,

ca Q uaestiones selectae. B onn,

e del filosofo Proclo." I n Memorie

gli spettroscopisti I taliani),

birth and death.

nR calencyclopadie der classischen A ltcr-

p. 62-76. Stuttgart, 18 52. (I ll)

V orlage des sogenannten Diony-

n H istorisches Jahrbuch, vol. 16,

sistentia on Dionysius.

commentarius. Tubingen, 1534.

ary is said to be of use

an introduction to the

ac is about as long as that

, pp. 209 -210. L eipzig, 19 35.

times with the same

says, " This is the Proclus

t tongue against the

nus, wrote most ex cellently,

him and all the Greeks in

we have one reason to

inouou X aoax Tfj pog." I nB yzantinisch-

-118 . 19 30.

usses tex t.

nR evue de philoloyie, vol. 13, p. 73. 18 8 9 .

uclid.

he." I nR evue de philologie, vol. 22, pp.

mentary on E uclid.

uction A rithmetiq ue du philosophe Dom-

Grecq ues, vol. 19 , pp. 362-3. 19 06.

chus and not John Phi-

." I nA ristotelian Society, Proceed-

eprinted in his Philosophical Studies,

12 d., 13 e., 24 a. and 25 b.

oning this indefa-

roclus are all the more

eoplatonic studies, but he

ssen." I nR heinisches Museum, N .F .,

mentary on E uclid.

Philosophic, Pt. O ne: Die Philoso-

25-631. B erlin, 19 26. (I ll)

 I SB O O K 259

' E cole fA lex andrie, vol. I I , pp. 210-38 3.

hte des I rrationalen." I nB ibliotheca Mathe-

a study in the H istory of H ellenism.

s of Proclus, pp. 157-18 0&

ymnen des Proklos und Synesios."

A kademie der W issenschaften.

earlier C hristian writer.

e der Philosophic. R evised from origi-

35. (I ll)

ihrer Geschichtlichen E ntwicklung,

eipzig, 19 21. (I ll)

der K ommentar des Proklos. B ot-

, this book should

above. The first part deals

and pp. 11-31, with Proclus*

potheses. The author natu-

Proclus" system from

p. 30 there is an interesting

o bibliography.

N TH I SB O O K

dros to Paracelsus." I n Traditio, vol. I I

. McK eon. N .Y ., 19 41.

du L iber de C ausis." I nR evue neoscolasti-

19 -533.

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18 8 1-19 00.

H omer to the A ge of A lex ander.

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8 9 .

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L ondon, 19 14.

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(A ppendix Platonica). L eipzig, 18 59 .

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ury. L ondon, 19 33-6. V ol. I I .

tarii. E d. I .L . H eiberg. B erlin, 18 9 4.

ommentarii. E d. H . Diels. B erlin,

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I I I (18 9 9 ), pp. 263-301.

nim. L eipzig, 19 24.

bus et commentariis Syriacis A ra-

SA N D TI TL E S
SA N D TI TL E S

4
SA N D TI TL E S
SA N D TI TL E S

,
philosophy is to ex amine it in

I of thia book consecutively, this

ntral discussion or definition of each

are given only when the former is

n the same page as the latter.

rating,

6;

2
evil

devia-
 pos-

ar-

5
;
 GR E E K TE R MS

ch term the E nglish transla-

term used by Proclus which is

t-Matter under its nearest E nglish

GR E E K TE R MS
 R Y

O R N I A , SA N TA C R UZ

ow.