Ocean Renewable Energy

Introduction to Ocean Renewable Energy
Tidal turbine
Ahmad Mukhlis Firdaus
Dphil Candidate in Marine Renewable Energy, University of Oxford
Pengajar di Prodi Teknik Kelautan, ITB
Studium Generale ITERA

November 16th, 2020
ALKA #4 Online Sharing Session: Introduction to Ocean Energy
Outline
 Introduction to the tidal turbine technology
 Basic principle of tidal energy extraction
 Potential Sites in Indonesia
 Sites-sites interaction
 Indonesian Case 1: Lombok Strait
 Indonesian Case 2: Larantuka Strait
 References
Outline
 References
Tidal Phenomenon
Tidal Barrage
Single mode operation
Dual mode operation
La Rance Tidal Barrage, France
Swansea Tidal Lagoon, UK (concept)

Device Concept
Cross flow turbine Axial flow turbine (Oxford) Axial flow turbine open
hydro
Transverse axis turbine (Kepler Other type; tidal sail

Cross flow turbine (ITB)
Turbine –Oxford)
Field Test of Turbine

Field Testing (Suramadu Bridge)

Field Testing
Major player and turbine scale
Simec Atlantis Sabella
Tocardo Hammerfest Andrytz Hydro

Major player and turbine scale
Orbital Schottel
Turbine Parts
Outline
 References
How do we calculate the Power Production?

Undisturbed kinetic flux
Black and Veatch 2005 uses significant impact factor (SIF)

1
𝑷 = 𝝆𝒖∞ 3 𝑨𝒕 𝜼𝒕 𝜼𝒈𝒆𝒏
2
Where P is extracted power, u∞ is free stream tidal current velocity, At is the frontal area of the turbine,
t is turbine efficiency and  gen generator efficiency.
This illustration shows the kinetic flux

Illustration using undisturbed kinetic flux
is problematic when we have many
turbine in the field
Illustration of the flow field when the turbine

is installed
Power extraction by the turbine(s)
The maximum extractable power from the turbines

(Lanchester-Betz Limit)
How do we change α4
Power Coefficient and Thrust Coefficient
Thrust Coefficient
Pmax at Pmax
Betz Limit = 16/27
CP=0.5 or 84% Pmax CT only 67% of

Thrust at Pmax
Turbine in a Channel (Garrett and Cummins 2005) Turbine

Head difference resistance
Bed Friction Term Turbine

resistance
maximum
average
power
Bed Friction Term

Turbine in a Channel (Garrett and Cummins 2007)
Introducing Blockage ratio

Turbine Swept Area
B=
Turbine Swept Area Channel Cross Section Area
Turbine in a channel CP an CT curve on turbine in a

channel (Garret and Cummins 2007)
B=0.4
B=0.4
B=0.1
Betz Limit = 16/27 B=0.1
It shows for tidal turbines could achieve higher performance than Betz Limit
16 −2 𝜌𝑢′3 𝐴
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1−𝐵 𝑑 It means if we have B=1, the Pmax goes up to infinity
27
Considering water surface deformation (Houlsby et. al 2008)

CP and CT if Froude number is considered in the

calculation
CP based on Houlsby et. al CT based on Houlsby et. al
2008 2008
CP based on Garrett
CT based on Garrett
and Cummins 2008
B= 0.4 and Cummins 2007
B= 0.4
B= 0.1
B= 0.1
Power Capping and Thrust Capping
Power Capping
Thrust Capping
Capacity Factor
Cut
Out
Mean
Velocity
Average _ Power ( After _ Capping )
CF 
PowerCut _ Out
Pcapave
CF 
Pcap
Outline
 Potential Sites
 Regional Impact
Identified Potential Sites, Based on ASELI 2012
1.Riau Strait 10. Mansuar Strait
2.Sunda Strait
7. Larantuka Strait
6. Molo Strait
9. Pantar Strait
3.Toyopakeh Strait
8. Boleng Strait
4. Lombok Strait 5. Alas Strait
Medan Jakarta Surabaya
Consist of 17,480 islands

70 % of territory is Ocean
Indonesia
NOAA Nightlight Map of Indonesia
Papua
Sumatra
Java
Types of Tide
AK1  AO1
F
AM 2  AS 2
Formzhal number
F ≤ 0.25 = Semidiurnal
0.25 < F ≤ 1 = Mixed diurnal, mainly semidiurnal
1<F≤3 = Mixed diurnal, mainly diurnal
F>3 = Diurnal
Outline
 References
Draper, S., Adcock, T.A.A., Borthwick, A.G.L., Houlsby, G. T.

(2014) “ Estimate of the tidal stream power resource of the
Pentland Firth” Renewable Energy 63 (2014) 650-657
Coles, D.S., Blunden, L.S., Bahaj, A.S. (2017)

“Assessment of the energy extraction
potential at tidal sites around the Channel
Islands”. Energy 124, 171-186
Outline
 References
Identified Potential Sites, Based on ASELI 2012
1.Riau Strait 10. Mansuar Strait
2.Sunda Strait
7. Larantuka Strait
6. Molo Strait
9. Pantar Strait
3.Toyopakeh Strait
8. Boleng Strait
4. Lombok Strait 5. Alas Strait
Outline
 References
Lombok Strait Tidal Energy

Potential locations based on the average kinetic power
Average Kinetic
Power
08o 30' S
<0.25 kW/m2
0.50 kW/m2
08o 40' S
1.00 kW/m2
08o 50' S 1.50 kW/m2
>2.00 kW/m2
115o 10' E 115o 20' E 115o 30' E 115o 40' E 115o 50' E 116o 00' E
1 3 𝐸 = kinetic power (W/m2),

𝐸 = 𝜌𝑣 𝜌 = seawater density (1,025 kg/m3 )
2
𝑣 = velocity (m/s)
Example Power extraction at A. Badung Straits
Power variation with wake coefficient

The available power for the different scenarios Lombok Straits
Badung Toyopakeh Lombok

Total
Strait Strait Strait
Blockage
Fencelength (m) 13,894 994 25,009
Ratio
Power Power Power Power
fraction
Location (MW) (MW) (MW) (MW)
B =0.1 Badung Strait (A) 39.2 - - 39.2 100%
Toyopakeh Strait (B) - 4.4 - 4.4 100%
Lombok Strait (C) - - 292.8 292.8 100%
AB 39.3 4.4 - 43.7 100%
BC - 4.4 266.6 270.9 91%
AC 39.1 - 266.9 306.0 92%
ABC 39.3 4.4 267.1 310.8 92%
B =0.4 Badung Strait (A) 231.6 - - 231.6 100%

Toyopakeh Strait (B) - 21.8 - 21.8 100%
Lombok Strait (C) - - 1,834.7 1,834.7 100%
AB 252.3 25.0 - 277.3 109%
BC - 22.7 1,757.7 1,780.4 96%
AC 245.5 - 1,771.9 2,017.4 98%
ABC 252.0 24.6 1,777.1 2,053.7 98%
Flow field changes
A A
B C B
Flow field changes for turbines

Flow field changes for turbines
installed in all straits, Nusa Penida
installed only in sites A and B
(A), Toyopakeh (B) and Lombok (C).
Flow field changes

Outline
 References
Source: Palmerah Tidal Bridge-Technical

Feasibility Report
The Turbines
Source: Palmerah Tidal Bridge-Technical Feasibility Report

Larantuka Bridge Plan
o
08 17' 30" S
Average Kinetic
Power
<0.50 kW/m2
1.00 kW/m2
o
08 20' 00" S
1.50 kW/m2
2.50 kW/m2
o >5.00 kW/m2
08 22' 30" S o o
123 00' 00" E 123 05' 00" E
Firdaus, A. M., Houlsby, G. T. and Adcock, T. A.A., 2019. Tidal resources in Larantuka Strait, Proceedings of the
Institution of Civil Engineers - Energy 2020 173:2, 81-92
Electricity production for low blockage ratio B=0.1
(a) Two months of available power in time series (b) First neap spring cycle of the available power (dashed
line box in Fig. 4(a))
Tidal energy resources in Larantuka
Low blockage ratio (B=0.1) High blockage ratio (B=0.4)

Fence Length (m) 702.61 665.61 665.16 507.80 663.79 Scheme A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 Total α4
Cross Section (m16,480.42 13,900.56 13,708.63 12,337.51 16,116.73 MW MW MW MW MW MW
Scheme A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 Total
A1 16.90 - - - - 16.90 0.49
MW MW MW MW MW MW α4
A2 - 19.06 - - - 19.06 0.53
A1 3.56 - - - - 3.56 0.36
A2 - 4.67 - - - 4.67 0.38 A3 - - 19.32 - - 19.32 0.56
A3 - - 4.96 - - 4.96 0.38 A4 - - - 22.52 - 22.52 0.60
A4 - - - 5.40 - 5.40 0.38 A5 - - - - 16.12 16.12 0.50
A5 - - - - 3.87 3.87 0.38 A1A2 10.39 14.71 - - - 25.10 0.60
A1A2 3.04 4.42 - - - 7.46 0.40 A2A3 - 12.13 14.17 - - 26.30 0.60
A2A3 - 4.13 4.52 - - 8.64 0.41
A2A4 - 13.11 - 17.96 - 31.07 0.60
A2A4 - 4.20 - 5.04 - 9.25 0.40
A2A5 - 4.43 - - 3.63 8.06 0.40 A2A5 - 14.07 - - 11.26 25.33 0.60
A1A2A3A4 2.52 3.63 3.97 4.43 - 14.55 0.44 A1A2A3A4 5.28 7.43 8.58 10.20 - 31.49 0.60
A1A2A3A4A5 2.41 3.48 3.82 4.27 2.85 16.84 0.45 A1A2A3A4A5 4.50 6.32 7.29 8.65 5.40 32.16 0.60
Firdaus, A. M., Houlsby, G. T. and Adcock, T. A.A., 2019. Tidal resources in Larantuka Strait,
Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Energy 2020 173:2, 81-92
Tidal fences impact to regional flow field

Larantuka case
Outline
 Uniqueness of Indonesia tidal
 References
References
• Betz, A. (1920) Das Maximum der Theoretisch Moglichen Ausnutzung des Windes durch Wind-
motoren. Zeitschrift für das gesamte Turbinenwesen, 26: 307-309.
• Draper, S., Borthwick, A.G.L. and Houlsby, G.T. (2013) Energy potential of a tidal fence deployed near a
coastal headland. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and
Engineering Sciences, 371(1985): 20120176.
• Firdaus, A. M., Houlsby, G. T. and Adcock, T. A.A., 2019. Tidal resources in Larantuka Strait, Proceedings
of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Energy 2020 173:2, 81-92
• Firdaus, A.M., Houlsby, G.T., and Adcock, T.A.A., (2019), Estimating Tidal Turbine Resource in Lombok
Straits, Indonesia. Proceedings of 13th European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference, Naples, Italy
September 1st – September 6th
• Firdaus, A. M., and Houlsby, G.T., 2018. Tidal Asymmetry and its Effect on Capacity Factor of Tidal
Resource. Oxford Tidal Energy Workshop, March 2018.
• Firdaus, A. M., Houlsby, G. T., and Adcock, T. A. A (2017), Opportunities for Tidal Stream Energy in
Indonesian Waters. European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference (EWTEC) 2017
• Houlsby, G.T., Draper, S., and Oldfield, M.L.G. (2008) Application of Linear Momentum Actuator Disc
Theory to Open Channel Flow, Technical Report, Department of Engineering Science, University of
Oxford, U.K
• Lanchester, F. (1915) A contribution to the theory of propulsion and the screw propeller. Transactions
of the Institute of Naval Architects, 57: 98-116.
• Technical Note Peta Potensi Energi Laut Kementrian Energi dan Sumberdaya Mineral (ESDM)-
Asosiasi Energi laut Indonesia (ASELI), 2014
• Nugorho D. Y., Firdaus A. M., Krisnaldi Idris, Sofyan Muji Permana, Daniel Fitzgerald, Abdul Qohar
hadzami, 2013. Drag Release ARC Blade to increase efficiency in vertical axis Marnine Current Turbine.
Jurnal Teknik Kelautan, Vol. 8 No. 1 April 2013, ISSN 1907-767X.

Ocean Renewable Energy

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Introduction to Ocean Renewable Energy

Studium Generale ITERA

Single mode operation

Dual mode operation

La Rance Tidal Barrage, France

Swansea Tidal Lagoon, UK (concept)

Transverse axis turbine (Kepler Other type; tidal sail

Field Test of Turbine

Field Testing (Suramadu Bridge)

Major player and turbine scale

Simec Atlantis Sabella

Tocardo Hammerfest Andrytz Hydro

Major player and turbine scale

How do we calculate the Power Production?

Black and Veatch 2005 uses significant impact factor (SIF)

This illustration shows the kinetic flux

Illustration of the flow field when the turbine

Power extraction by the turbine(s)

The maximum extractable power from the turbines

Power Coefficient and Thrust Coefficient

CP=0.5 or 84% Pmax CT only 67% of

Turbine in a Channel (Garrett and Cummins 2005) Turbine

Bed Friction Term Turbine

Bed Friction Term

Turbine in a Channel (Garrett and Cummins 2007)

Introducing Blockage ratio

Turbine in a channel CP an CT curve on turbine in a

Considering water surface deformation (Houlsby et. al 2008)

CP and CT if Froude number is considered in the

Power Capping and Thrust Capping

Identified Potential Sites, Based on ASELI 2012

1.Riau Strait 10. Mansuar Strait

Medan Jakarta Surabaya

Consist of 17,480 islands

NOAA Nightlight Map of Indonesia

Draper, S., Adcock, T.A.A., Borthwick, A.G.L., Houlsby, G. T.

Coles, D.S., Blunden, L.S., Bahaj, A.S. (2017)

Identified Potential Sites, Based on ASELI 2012

1.Riau Strait 10. Mansuar Strait

Lombok Strait Tidal Energy

Potential locations based on the average kinetic power

08o 50' S 1.50 kW/m2

1 3 𝐸 = kinetic power (W/m2),

Example Power extraction at A. Badung Straits

Power variation with wake coefficient

The available power for the different scenarios Lombok Straits

Badung Toyopakeh Lombok

B =0.4 Badung Strait (A) 231.6 - - 231.6 100%

Flow field changes

Flow field changes for turbines

Flow field changes

Source: Palmerah Tidal Bridge-Technical

Source: Palmerah Tidal Bridge-Technical Feasibility Report

Larantuka Bridge Plan

Electricity production for low blockage ratio B=0.1

Tidal energy resources in Larantuka

Low blockage ratio (B=0.1) High blockage ratio (B=0.4)

Tidal fences impact to regional flow field

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