UNIT 9.

PRESERVING ENVIRONMENT

A. KIẾN THỨC TRỌNG TÂM

I. PRONUNCIATION
Trong bài học này, học sinh sẽ tìm hiểu một số quy tắc đánh dấu trọng âm của danh từ có ba âm
tiết.
1. Định nghĩa
Trọng âm (stressed syllable) của một từ là một âm tiết của từ đó được đọc mạnh và cao hơn
những âm tiết còn lại, nghĩa là phát âm ra với một âm lượng lớn hơn và cao độ hơn.

2. Một số quy tắc đánh dấu trọng âm của danh từ có ba âm tiết.

- Hầu hết danh từ có ba âm tiết trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết thứ nhất.
Ex: animal /ˈæn.ɪ.məl/: động vật article /ˈɑ:.tɪ.kəl/: mạo từ, mẩu tin
influence /ˈɪn.flu.əns/: sự ảnh hưởng elephant /ˈel.ɪ.fənt/: con voi
victory /ˈvɪk.tər.i/: chiến thắng mineral /ˈmɪn.ər.əl/: chất khoáng
- Danh từ có ba âm tiết tận cùng bằng -ate, -ite, -ude, -ute trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết thứ nhất.
Ex: appetite /ˈæp.ə.taɪt/: sự ngon miệng, thèm ăn institute /ˈɪn.stɪ.tʃu:t/: viện, tổ chức
attitude /ˈæt.ɪ.tʃu:d/: thái độ consulate /ˈkɒn.sjə.lət/: lãnh sứ quán
- Danh từ có ba âm tiết tận cùng bằng -cion, -sion, -tion, trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết đứng đằng
trước nó. (Với danh từ có ba âm tiết thì sẽ rơi vào âm thứ hai.)
Ex: suspicion /səˈspɪʃ.ən/: sự nghi ngờ discussion /dɪˈskʌʃ.ən/: cuộc thảo luận
protection /prəˈtek.ʃən/: sự bảo vệ invasion /ɪnˈveɪ.ʒən/: cuộc xâm lược

3. Lưu ý
- Các quy tắc trên có thể áp dụng với danh từ có nhiều hơn ba âm tiết.
- Tuy nhiên, các quy tắc này chỉ mang tính chất tương đối, vẫn còn các từ ngoại lệ không theo quy tắc.
Chính vì vậy khi làm bài các bạn hãy chú ý và ghi chép lại những từ ngoại lệ đó trong trường hợp gặp
phải trong bài thi hay bài kiểm tra.

II. VOCABULARY
Chủ đề về Preserving environment học sinh cần nắm được các từ vựng sau:
Part of
No Vocabulary Transcription Vietnamese Meaning
Speech
1. greenhouse effect Np /ˈɡri:n.haʊs ɪˌfekt/ hiệu ứng nhà kính
2. polar ice melting Np /ˈpəʊ.lər aɪs ˈmel.tɪŋ/ sự tan băng ở địa cực
3. fossil fuel Np /ˈfɒs.əl ˌfjʊəl/ nhiên liệu hóa thạch
4. deforestation N /di:fɒr.ɪˈsteɪ.ʃən/ sự phá rừng
5. global warming Np /ˌɡləʊ.bəl ˈwɔ:.mɪŋ/ sự nóng lên toàn cầu
6. deplete V /dɪˈpli:t/ làm suy yếu
7. preserve V /prɪˈzɜ:v/ bảo tồn, giữ gìn
8. preservation N /ˌprez.əˈveɪ.ʃən/ sự bảo tồn, sự giữ gìn
9. damage V/N /ˈdæm.ɪdʒ/ làm hỏng, gây thiệt hại/ sự thiệt hại
10. confuse V /kənˈfju:z/ gây bối rối, làm lẫn lộn
11. consumption N /kən' sʌmp.ʃən/ sự tiêu thụ
12. contaminate V /kənˈtæm.ɪ.neɪt/ làm bẩn, làm ô nhiễm
13. pollute V /pəˈlu:t/ làm ô nhiễm
14. protect V /prəˈtekt/ bảo vệ
15. atmosphere N /ˈæt.mə.sfɪər/ bầu khí quyển, bầu không khí
16. water vapour Np /ˈwɔ:.tə ˌveɪ.pər/ hơi nước
17. surface N /ˈsɜ:.fɪs/ bề mặt

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 18. solution N /səˈlu:.ʃən/ giải pháp, cách giải quyết
19. influence V/N /ˈɪn.flu.əns/ làm ảnh hưởng/ sự ảnh hưởng
20. chemical N /ˈkem.ɪ.kəl/ hóa chất, chất hóa học
21. dispose V /dɪˈspəʊz/ xả thải
22. degrade V /dɪˈɡreɪd/ xuống cấp, làm suy yếu
23. awareness N /əˈweə.nəs/ sự nhận thức
24. fertilizer N /ˈfɜ:.tɪ.laɪ.zər/ phân bón
25. arid A /ˈær.ɪd/ khô cằn
26. vegetation N /ˌvedʒ.ɪˈteɪ.ʃən/ cây cỏ, thực vật
27. inorganic A /ˌɪn.ɔ:ˈɡæn.ɪk/ vô cơ
28. pollutant N /pəˈlu:.tənt/ chất gây ô nhiễm
29. pesticide N /ˈpes.tɪ.saɪd/ thuốc trừ sâu
30. ecosystem N /ˈi:.kəʊˌsɪs.təm/ hệ sinh thái
31. impact N /ˈɪm.pækt/ sự tác động, sự ảnh hưởng
32. erosion N /ɪˈrəʊ.ʒən/ sự xói mòn
33. natural disaster Np /ˌnætʃ.ər.əl dɪˈzɑ:.stər/ thảm họa thiên nhiên
34. aquatic A /əˈkwæt.ɪk/ thuộc về dưới nước
35. destruction N /dɪˈstrʌk.ʃən/ sự phá hủy

III. GRAMMAR
Lời nói gián tiếp là lời tường thuật lại ý của người nói, đôi khi không cần phải dùng đúng những
từ của người nói.
Ex: Bill said (that) he didn’t like that party. (Bill nói rằng anh ấy không thích bữa tiệc đó.)
1. Quy tắc chuyển từ câu trục tiếp sang câu gián tiếp.
a/ Thay đổi các đại từ chỉ ngôi, tân ngữ, từ chỉ sở hữu; cụ thể:
- Các ngôi thứ nhất và thứ hai ở câu trực tiếp sẽ chuyển thành ngôi thứ ba tương ứng ở câu gián tiếp:
Ex: I —> he/ she, we —> they, us —> them, ours —> theirs,...
- Nếu câu trực tiếp đã dùng ngôi thứ ba thì giữ nguyên khi chuyển về câu gián tiếp.
b/ Thay đổi các trạng từ chỉ thời gian, nơi chốn, các từ chỉ định. Cụ thể:
Direct Indirect
this that
these those
here there
now then
today that day
yesterday the day before/ the previous day
the day before yesterday two days before
tomorrow the day after/ the next day/ the following day
the day after tomorrow two days after/ in two days' time
ago before
this week that week
last week the week before/ the previous week
next week the week after/ the following week

c/ Thay đổi thì của động từ theo thì quá khứ tương ứng. Cụ thể:
Direct speech Indirect speech
Hiện tại đơn Quá khứ đơn
Tom said: “I never eat meat”. Tom said (that) he never ate meat.
Hiện tại tiếp diễn Quá khứ tiếp diễn
He said: “I’m waiting for Ann”. He said he was waiting for Ann.
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Hiện tại hoàn thành Quá khứ hoàn thành
She said: “I’ve seen that film.” She said she had seen that film.
Hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn Quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn
Andrew said: “I’ve been learning Chinese for 5 Andrew said he had been learning Chinese for 5
years.” years.
Quá khứ đơn Quá khứ hoàn thành
They said: “We came by bar.” They said they had come by car.
Quá khứ tiếp diễn Quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn
He said: “I was sitting in the park at 8 o’clock.” He said he had been sitting in the park at 8 o’clock.
Quá khứ hoàn thành Quá khứ hoàn thành
Daniel said: “My money had run out.” Daniel said his money had run out.
Tương lai đơn Tương lai trong quá khứ
Tom said: “I’ll phone you.” Tom said he would phone me.
Tương lai tiếp diễn Tương lai tiếp diễn trong quá khứ
He said: “I’ll be playing golf at three o’clock to- He said he would be playing golf at three o’clock
morrow.” the following day.
Động từ khuyết thiếu Động từ khuyết thiếu trong quá khứ
- Can - Could
She said: “You can sit there.” She said we could sit there.
- May - Might
Nam said: “I may go to Bali again.” Nam said he might go to Bali again.
- Must - Had to
He said: “I must finish this report.” He said he must/ had to finish that report.

2. Câu trần thuật trong lời nói gián tiếp.

Khi chuyển một câu trần thuật từ trực tiếp sang gián tiếp chúng ta dùng cấu trúc sau và áp dụng
các quy tắc chuyển sang gián tiếp được đề cập ở mục 1.
S + said/ said to sb/ told/ told sb (that) + S + V(lùi thì)...
Ex: Nam said: Tm writing for my school newsletter this week.”
—> Nam said that he was writing for his school newsletter that week.

3. Câu hỏi Yes/No trong lời nói gián tiếp.

Khi chuyển một câu hỏi dạng Yes/No từ trực tiếp sang gián tiếp chúng ta dùng cấu trúc sau và áp
dụng các quy tắc chuyển sang gián tiếp được đề cập ở mục 1.
S + asked/ wanted to know/ inquired/ wondered (+ O) + if/ whether + S + V(lùi thì)…
Ex: He said: “Do you know Bill?” —> He asked (me) if/ whether I knew Bill.

4. Câu hỏi Wh_questions trong lời nói gián tiếp.

Khi chuyển một câu hỏi Wh_questions từ trực tiếp sang gián tiếp chúng ta dùng cấu trúc sau và
áp dụng các quy tắc chuyển sang gián tiếp được đề cập ở mục 1.
S + asked/ wanted to know/ inquired/ wondered (+ O) + what/ when/where/... + S+ V(lùi thì)…
Ex: He said: “What time does the film begin?”
—> He wanted to know what time the film began.

5. Sử dụng mệnh đề to-infinitive/V-ing trong lời nói gián tiếp.

Khi chuyển từ câu trực tiếp sang gián tiếp với ba loại câu cơ bản trên thì chúng ta còn sử dụng
mệnh đề to-infimtive/ V-ing với một số động từ thể hiện sắc thái ý nghĩa của câu trực tiếp để tường
thuật.
- Câu mệnh lệnh và câu yêu cầu:
S + asked/ told + O (+ not) + to V
Ex: “Please don’t tell anybody what happened,” Ann said to Jim.
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 —> Ann asked/ told Jim not to tell anybody what had happened.
- Câu đề nghị, lời hứa, lời khuyên, lời mời,...
S + offered/ recommended/ reminded/ invited/... (+ O) + to V
Ex: “Please sit down,” she said. —> She invited me to sit down.
“Don't forget to order the wine”, said Mrs. Pitt to her husband.
—> Mrs. Pitt reminded her husband to order the wine.
- Câu cảm ơn, xin lỗi
S + thanked/ apologised + (O) + for + V-ing
Ex: “It was nice of you to help me. Thank you very much,” Tom said to you.
—> Tom thanked me for helping him.
Ex: “I’m sorry I’m late,” Peter said.
—> Peter apologised for being late.
- Câu chúc mừng/khen ngợi
S + complimented/ congratulated + (O) + on + V-ing
Ex: “I hear you passed your exams. Congratulations!” John said to us.
—> Tom congratulated us on passing our exams.

B. BÀI TẬP VẬN DỤNG

I. PRONUNCIATION
Exercise 1: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on you answer sheet to indicate the word whose underlined
part differs from the other three in pronunciation in each of the following questions.
Question 1. A. animal B. damage C. impact D. surface
Question 2. A. fossil B. preserve C. confuse D. dispose
Question 3. A. solution B. consumption C. suggestion D. protection
Question 4. A. degrade B. deplete C. destroy D. definite
Question 5. A. aquatic B. fossil C. arid D. chemical
Question 6. A. threat B. easy C. release D. increase
Question 7. A. conserve B. protect C. pollute D. erosion

Exercise 2: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word that differs from the
other three in the position of the primary stress in each of the following questions.
Question 8. A. awareness B. solution C. poverty D. depletion
Question 9. A. erosion B. influence C. position D. computer
Question 10. A. disposal B. energy C. elephant D. evidence
Question 11. A. disaster B. pesticide C. pollutant D. example
Question 12. A. wilderness B. consequence C. survival D. habitat
Question 13. A. invasion B. rainforest C. extinction D. delinquent
Question 14. A. chemical B. detergent C. reservoir D. atmosphere

II. VOCABULARY
Exercise 3: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of
the following questions.
Question 15. My sister is an expert on wildlife and its ____.
A. conserve B. preserve C. reservation D. conservation
Question 16. As the pace of ____ picked up, the area of land covered by dense forest declined
considerably.
A. deforestation B. afforestation C. forestry D. reforestation
Question 17. ____ occurs when carbon dioxide (CO2) and other air pollutants and greenhouse gases
collect in the atmosphere and absorb sunlight and solar radiation that have bounced off the earth’s
surface.
A. Greenhouse effect B. Global warming
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 C. Climate change D. Water evaporation
Question 18. Water pollution is a result of dumping ____ such as detergents, pesticides, oil, and other
chemicals in rivers, which makes the water unclean or contaminated.
A. chemicals B. toxins C. pollutants D. organic substances
Question 19. Factory ____ are the main cause of environmental pollution.
A. remissions B. submissionsC. admissions D. emissions
Question 20. Archaeologists claim that massive floods could have ____ the dinosaurs.
A. cancelled B. devastated C. extincted D. wiped out
Question 21. The expansion of the airport would have a negative ____ on the environment.
A. impact B. impression C. power D. force
Question 22. Public pressure to ____ the environment is strong and growing.
A. prevent B. shelter C. restrict D. protect
Question 23. Nuclear waste can cause serious damage to the environment if not ____ of properly.
A. stored B. disposed C. dropped D. left
Question 24. Continued trade in these products is a threat to the ____ of the species.
A. extinction B. habitat C. survival D. death
Question 25. As trees rot, they release carbon dioxide and methane, contributing to the greenhouse
____.
A. effect B. impact C. result D. influence
Question 26. We need to cut down on our fuel ____ by having fewer cars on the road.
A. redundancy B. consumption C. consume D. contamination
Question 27. If we continue to ____ the earth’s natural resources, we will cause serious damage to the
environment.
A. dwindle B. dilute C. diminish D. deplete
Question 28. There is no doubt that this early form of man had a greater impact on the ____ world than
any other animals.
A. natural B. native C. nature D. naturalist
Question 29. Greenpeace works to promoteof the dangers that threaten our planet today.
A. information B. attention C. alertness D. awareness
Question 30. Certain chemicals have been because they are damaging the environment.
A. promoted B. dumped C. banned D. discouraged

Exercise 4: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) CLOSEST in
meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
Question 31. Pollution can have disastrous effects on the delicately balanced ecosystem.
A. positive B. catastrophic C. favorable D. helpful
Question 32. Energy conservation reduces your fuel bills and helps the environment.
A. preservation B. waste C. usage D. destruction
Question 33. The drought has had devastating consequences.
A. conclusion B. initiatives C. achievements D. results

Exercise 5: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word(s) OPPOSITE in
meaning to the underlined word(s) in each of the following questions.
Question 34. Scientists can successfully simulate the likely future evolution of global warming.
A. stagnation B. development C. growth D. natural process
Question 35. Heavily contaminated soil can be returned to healthy soil that can support plant life.
A. arid B. unpolluted C. dry D. impure
Question 36. Trees are a renewable resource if managed properly can sustain our needs indefinitely.
A. endless B. unlimited
C. capable of being renewed D. incapable of being replanted

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Exercise 6: Give the correct form of the words in brackets.

Question 37. Soil pollution is a result of dumping plastic or other inorganic waste in the ground and the
overuse of chemical fertilizer in agriculture. (FERTILIZE)
Question 38. Environmentalists are working to improve the quality of our lakes and rivers.
(ENVIRONMENT)
Question 39. Sulphur dioxide is one of several pollutants that are released into the atmosphere by coal-
fired power stations. (POLLUTE)
Question 40. Many areas of farmland have suffered severe erosion (EROSE)
Question 41. All countries are being asked to cut down on their use of unrenewable resources. (RENEW)
Question 42. The real solution to the waste problem is to produce much less waste. (SOLVE)
Question 43. Ozone layer __________________________ increases the amount of UVB that reaches the
Earth’s surface. (DEPLETE)

III. GRAMMAR
Exercise 7: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of
the following questions.
Question 44. They asked me how many children ____.
A. I had B. had I C. I have D. have I
Question 45. Thu said she had been ____ the day before.
A. here B. there C. in this place D. where
Question 46. He begged them ____.
A. help him B. should help him C. to help him D. help to him
Question 47. She said that she ____ there the year before.
A. went B. had gone C. would go D. goes
Question 48. He advised them ____ in class.
A. to not talk B. not to talk C. to talk not D. don’t talk
Question 49. Peter asked Jane why ____ the film on T.V the previous night.
A. didn’t she watch B. hadn’t she watched C. she doesn’t watch D. she hadn’t
watched
Question 50. The host asked her ____ tea or coffee.
A. whether she liked B. that she liked C. if she likes D. whether she like
Question 51. Mr. Hawk told me that he would give me his answer the ____ day.
A. previous B. following C. before D. last
Question 52. Hoa said that she ____ there at noon.
A. is going to B. was going to C. will be D. can be
Question 53. He ____ that he was leaving away that afternoon.
A. told me B. told to me C. said me D. says to me
Question 54. He asked “Why didn’t she take the final exam?” - He asked why ____ the final exam.
A. she took B. did she take C. she hadn’t taken D. she had taken
Question 55. He wanted to know ____ shopping during the previous morning.
A. if we had been going B. that if we had been going
C. we were going D. that we were going
Question 56. The mother told her son ____ so impolitely.
A. not behave B. not to behave C. not behaving D. didn’t behave
Question 57. My mother wanted to know if I ____ TV at 9 p.m the previous night.
A. is watching B. was watching C. had been watching D. watched
Question 58. Nam promised ____ me her car.
A. lends B. lend C. lending D. to lend
Question 59. The woman asked ____ get lunch at school or not.
A. can the children B. whether the children could
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 C. even if the children could D. could the children
Question 60. John said to Mary that he ____ her the truth the following day.
A. tells B. will tell C. would tell D. told
Question 61. Andrew told me that they ____ fish two B days.
A. have not eaten/ ago B. had eaten/ previous C. did not eat/ before D. was going/
previous
Question 62. The guest told the host that B.
A. I must go now B. he must go now C. he had to go now D. he had to go then
Question 63. They said that they had been driving through the desert ____.
A. the previous day B. yesterday C. the last day D. Sunday previously
Question 64. My parents reminded me ____ the flowers.
A. remember to plant B. plant C. to plant D. planting

Exercise 8: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the underlined part that
needs correction in each of the following questions
Question 65. They wanted to know how much could you pay for it.
A. wanted to know B. how much C. could you D. for
Question 66. Catherine told Kevin she has found a lot of mistakes in his plan.
A. told B. has C. found D. a lot of mistakes
Question 67. He said he hadn’t been able to get into the house because he had lost my key.
A. hadn’t B. get into C. because D. my
Question 68. The boy said that he was afraid he had lost the photo I gave him yesterday.
A. afraid B. had lost C. gave D. yesterday
Question 69. The chairman said that the students had also took part in arranging the conference.
A. in B. arranging C. took D. said
Question 70. He told to us we could buy or make reusable bags and leave some bags in our bike for
shopping.
A. buy B. told to us C. reusable D. leave
Question 71. The receptionist said I must fill out that form before I attended the interview.
A. The B. attended C. I must D. that form
Question 72. The traffic warden asked me why had I parked my car there.
A. there B. me C. warden D. had I
Question 73. The shopkeeper warned the boys don’t lean their bicycles against his windows.
A. don’t B. The C. their D. against
Question 74. She said that the books in the library would be available tomorrow.
A. in B. said C. would be D. tomorrow

IV. READING COMPREHENSION

Exercise 9: Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to
indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.
Environmentalists call for worldwide ban on glitter
Scientists are highlighting the (75) ____ that glitter does to our seas, oceans and environment.
The scientists are (76) ____ for a worldwide ban on the sparkly, shiny pieces of plastic that decorate
everything from eyelids to greetings cards to furniture. Scientists from New Zealand’s Massey University
say glitter is a micro-plastic and should (77) ____ be banned. They say a considerable amount of glitter
ends up in the world’s oceans. Fish cannot digest it and it does not break down, so it stays in the food
chain. Professor Richard Thompson conducted research in the seas around the United Kingdom. He
found that plastic particles were discovered in about one-third of the fish caught.
Micro-plastics are tiny pieces of plastic that are less than five millimeters (78) ____. Most glitter
produced around the world falls into the category of micro-plastics. Dr.Trisia Farrelly told Britain’s
“Independent” newspaper. “I think all glitter should be banned because it’s a micro-plastic.” Professor
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Thompson said. “I was quite concerned when somebody bought my daughters some shower gel that
had glitter particles in it. That stuff is going to escape down the plughole and potentially enter the
environment.” Some cosmetics companies are now discontinuing their use of plastic glitter. The
company Lush stated: “We’ve avoided microplastics by switching to (79) ____ and mineral glitter.”
(Source: https://globalcosmeticsnews.com/north-america/5415/environmental-scieritists-call-for-
glitterban-following-new-study)
Question 75. A. damage B. damages C. damaged D. damaging
Question 76. A. called B. calls C. calling D. caller
Question 77. A. addition B. moreover C. however D. therefore
Question 78. A. longing B. lengthy C. length D. long
Question 79. A. synthesize B. synthetic C. synthesizer D. synthesis

Exercise 10: Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to
indicate the correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks.
Bananas in danger of becoming extinct
There is bad news for banana (80) ____. The most common banana in the world is in danger of
becoming extinct. It is called the Cavendish banana and people eat it all over the world. A fungus called
Tropical Race 4 (TP4) is killing millions of banana plants. The fungus blocks small tubes that (81) ____
water inside the plant. This means the plant cannot get the water it needs and so it dies. Scientists first
discovered TP4 in Malaysia in 1990. It quickly spread to other parts of South-East Asia and then to
Australia and Africa. TP4 is spread in dirt that is (82) ____ by the wind, water, cars and even people’s
boots. A tiny amount of TP4 can spread across large areas very quickly. Some scientists believe TP4
could kill the banana industry.
This is not the first time that a variety of banana has become extinct. Before we started eating
the Cavendish banana, we ate a variety called the Gros Michel. Fifty years ago, the Gros Michel banana
was the main banana grown around the world. However, it was hit by a fungus called Panama Disease.
The Gros Michel banana became extinct in 1965 and banana growers switched (83) ____ the Cavendish
banana. The problem for the banana industry is that even if they burn all their banana plants, the fungus
stays in the soil. This means new plants cannot be grown. Scientists say one option is genetically
modified (GM) bananas that are (84) ____ to diseases like TP4 and Panama Disease.
(Source: https://breakingnewsenglish.com/)
Question 80. A. lovelies B. lovers C. loves D. loveless
Question 81. A. energy B. reject C. milk D. absorb
Question 82. A. carry B. carrying C. carries D. carried
Question 83. A. to B. of C. at D. by
Question 84. A. susceptible B. resistant C. receptive D. opposing

Exercise 11: Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to
indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
Scientists have revealed that air pollution may be responsible for a significant reduction in
intelligence. Research conducted for the World Health Organization (WHO) in China showed that air
pollution was responsible for notable falls in student test scores for languages and arithmetic. The
Chinese study is called, “The impact of exposure to air pollution on cognitive performance”. It was
published in a journal called “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences” that took place over a
period of four years. Researchers analyzed verbal and arithmetic tests taken by 20,000 people of all
ages. They said: “Polluted air may impede cognitive ability as people become older.”
Researchers say their study is a warning to the rest of the world, especially to those who live in
cities. The WHO says over 91 per cent of the world population live in areas with toxic air. Air pollution is
currently the fourth highest cause of deaths worldwide. The researchers discovered that the longer
people were exposed to polluted air, the greater was the damage to their intelligence. They equated the
impact of air pollution to losing a year’s worth of education. For those aged over 60, this could be the
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equivalent of several years of lost education. Researcher Dr.Xi Chen warned: “There is no shortcut to
solve this issue. Governments really need to take concrete measures to reduce air pollution.”
Question 85. In what two subjects did the scientists say test scores fell in?
A. history and geography B. sports and dance
C. languages and arithmetic D. physics and biology
Question 86. How old were the people who took part in the research?
A. all ages B. middle-aged C. in their teens D. over 60
Question 87. What percentage of people in the world lives in areas with toxic air?
A. about 91% B. under 91% C. around 91%D. over 91%
Question 88. Who might lose several years of education because of air pollution?
A. farmers B. city dwellers C. people over 60 D. teenagers
Question 89. What did a researcher say governments needed to take?
A. money B. concrete measures C. chimneys D. more time

Exercise 12: Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to
indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.
Pollution emitted in industrial areas represents a threat to human health and the surrounding
natural resources. We have a tendency to believe that the production processes are the only source of
environmental damage, and often forget about the possible long-term effects of harmful production
practices. We may think that the closure of these huge industrial areas would improve the quality of the
environment. Unfortunately, this ignores the threat of the remaining waste, which is abandoned and
poorly stored. It represents an even bigger danger because it stands neglected as it degrades and leaks
into the earth without any control at all.
Changes in the water chemistry due to surface water contamination can affect all levels of an
ecosystem. It can affect the health of lower food chain organisms and, consequently, the availability of
food up through the food chain. It can damage the health of wetlands and damage their ability to
support healthy ecosystems, control flooding, and filter pollutants from storm water runoff. The health
of animals and humans are affected when they drink or bathe in contaminated water. In addition to
water-based organisms, like fish and shellfish, can pile up and concentrate contaminants in their bodies.
When other animals or humans eat these organisms, they receive a much higher dose of contaminant
than they would have if they had been directly exposed to the original contamination.
Contaminated groundwater can badly affect animals, plants and humans if it is removed from
the ground by manmade or natural processes. Depending on the study of rocks of the area,
groundwater may rise to the surface through springs or seep, flow sideways into nearby rivers, streams,
or ponds, or sink deeper into the earth. In many parts of the world, groundwater is pumped out of the
ground to be used for drinking, bathing, other household uses, agriculture, and industry.
Contaminants in the soil can harm plants when they take up the contamination through their
roots. Eating, breathing in, or touching contaminated soil, as well as eating plants or animals that have
piled up soil contaminants can badly affect the health of humans and animals.
Air pollution can cause breathing-related problems and other bad health effects as contaminants
are absorbed from the lungs into other parts of the body. Certain air contaminants can also harm
animals and humans when they contact the skin. Plants rely on breathing for their growth and can also
be affected by exposure to contaminants moved in the air.

Question 90. What is the topic of the passage?

A. Sources of environmental damage B. The pollution from the city
C. Bad effects of industrial waste D. The quality of the environment
Question 91. According to the passage, the industry is likely to be thought as ____.
A. a danger to the environment B. the only source of pollution
C. the utmost harmful activity D. a threat to human health
Question 92. The word “it” in the first paragraph refers to ____.
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 A. the remaining waste B. a danger
C. the environment D. the threat of the remaining waste
Question 93. Which of the followings affect an ecosystem as the whole?
A. Surface water contamination B. Soil contamination
C. Groundwater contamination D. Air contamination
Question 94. According to the passage, which of the followings supports healthy ecosystems?
A. lower food chain organisms B. animals
C. water-based organisms D. wetlands
Question 95. Which of the followings is NOT badly affected by contaminated groundwater?
A. human B. plants C. rocks D. animals
Question 96. Which of the followings is the flow of water from the ground to the surface?
A. streams B. ponds C. rivers D. springs
Question 97. Which of the followings has the closest meaning to the word “absorbed” in the last
paragraph?
A. consumed B. taken in C. swallowed D. piled up

Exercise 13: Decide whether each given statement is True (T) or False (F).
Scientists say we are unaware of a massive cause of pollution that is right under our very noses.
Everyday household items such as toothpaste, shaving foam, deodorant, perfume and furniture polish
contain volatile compounds that help to cause pollution. Dr Brian McDonald, an air-pollution researcher
at the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, conducted research into how our homes
create pollution. His team was surprised to find that household items now contribute as heavily to
particular types of air pollution as cars, trucks and other vehicles. Dr McDonald said that as “the
transportation sector gets cleaner, these other sources...become - more and more important”. The
researchers focused on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in a whole range of household items. VOCs
react with sunlight to form ozone pollution. This escapes into the environment and gets trapped in our
house or apartment, causing pollution in our homes. The scientists said VOCs interact with other
chemicals to form tiny particles in the air. These particles can lead to lung damage. Dr McDonald said
governments should regulate household products more tightly to reduce their negative impact on our
health. He issued a stark warning, saying. “The things I use in the morning to get ready for work are
comparable to emissions that come out of the tailpipe of my car.”

Question 98. Scientists said pollution is adversely affecting our noses.

A. True B. False
Question 99. Toothpaste contains compounds adding to pollution.
A. True B. False
Question 100. Some scientists were not surprised by the findings of their research.
A. True B. False
Question 101. Household items create a similar amount of pollution as cars and trucks.
A. True B. False

V. SPEAKING
Exercise 14: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the response that is the most
suitable for each verse of the given dialogue.
Question 102. Anna: “Do you think that we should use public transportation to protect our
environment?” – Mary: “____.”
A. Well, that’s very surprising B. Yes, it’s an absurd idea
C. Of course not. You bet! D. There’s no doubt about it
Question 103. Mr John: “Excuse me. Would you like to make a contribution to our organization - “Green
environment” – Tuan: “____.”
A. Sure. A little about it B. Sure. Becoming a member of “Green
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Environment
C. What are you working on right now? D. I don’t like this

Question 104. Henry: “What have you done to make your home eco-friendly?” – Jenny: “____.”
A. My family get free electricity even when it is not hot
B. I turn on the power even during the day
C. My dad has put a new water heating system in the house which uses solar power
D. I do nothing

VI. WRITING
Exercise 15: Mark the letter A, B, c or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in
meaning to each of the following questions.
Question 105. “I’ll tell you about this tomorrow, Mary.” said Tom.
A. Tom said to Mary that he will tell her about that the next day.
B. Tom told Mary that I would tell you about that the next day.
C. Tom told Mary that he would tell her about that the next day.
D. Tom told Mary that she would tell him about that the next day.
Question 106. My father said to me “Why are you late? Did you miss the train?”
A. My father told me why was I late and did I miss the train.
B. My father asked me why was I late and did I miss the train.
C. My father asked me why you were late and if you missed the train.
D. My father asked me why I was late and whether I had missed the train.
Question 107. “What do you want?” he asked me
A. He asked me what I want. B. He asked me what I wanted.
C. He asked me what do I want. D. He asked me what did I want.
Question 108. She said “Don’t smile, John. Be serious”.
A. She said not to smile and be serious.
B. She said John not to smile and be serious.
C. She told John not to smile and asked him to be serious.
D. She told John do not smile and be serious.
Question 109. “You have not done your work well”, said the teacher to me.
A. The teacher told me I hadn’t done my work well.
B. The teacher told me I haven’t done my work well.
C. The teacher told me I hadn’t done your work well.
D. The teacher told me I hadn’t done his work well.
Question 110. He said to us “Come here tomorrow.”
A. He told us go there the next day. B. He told us to go here the next day.
C. He told us to go there the next day. D. He said to us to go there the next day.

Exercise 16: Rewrite the following sentences starting with the given words.
Question 111. “Open the door,” he said to them.
—> He told them to open the door.
Question 112. “I’ll have a cup of tea with you,” she said.
—> She said that she would have a cup of tea with you.
Question 113. “What are you going to do next summer?” she asked.
—> She asked us what I was going to do the next summer.
Question 114. “Did Mr. Brown send the potatoes to you?” she asked.
—> She asked me if Mr. Brown had sent the potatoes to me.
Question 115. “Why didn’t you report the incident to the police?” the officer asked the frightened witness.
—> The officer wanted to know why the frightened witness hadn’t reported the incident to the
police.
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Question 116. “You should take more exercise, Mr. Robert,” the doctor said.
—> The doctor advised Mr. Robert to take more exercise.
Question 117. “I’ll finish the work by the end of this week.”
—> John promised to finish the work by the end of that week.
Question 118. “I’ve seen the film three times, Mary” said George.
—> George said she had seen the film three times.
Question 119. “Can I have a new bicycle?” said Anna to her mother.
—> Anna asked her if she could have a new bicycle.
Question 120. “Don’t forget to bring your passport with you tomorrow.”
—> She reminded me to bring my passport with me the next day.

______ THE END______

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