FIELD ATTACHMENT REPORT CARRIED OUT AT VIPINGO INDUSTRIES

LIMITED

DURATION: 8 WEEKS

BY
NAME: JESEE GITAU WAMBUI

REGISTRATION NUMBER: EB24/43384/19

A FIELD ATTACHMENT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

PHYSICAL SCIENCES FOR FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE
AWARD OF sBACHELOR OF

SCIENCE IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING OF CHUKA

UNIVERSITY

CHUKA UNIVERSITY
SEPTEMBER, 2021

-1-
DECLARATION
I, JESEE GITAU WAMBUI, do hereby declare that this report is my original work and to the
best of my knowledge, it has not been submitted for any degree award in any University or
Institution.

-2-
COPYRIGHT
The contents of this document are protected by Chuka University. Reproduction and distribution
of the presentation of any materials held herein without written permission of Chuka University
is prohibited
© 2021 Chuka university

-3-
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I would like to thank my God, helping me starting from the beginning to the end of
my attachment period at Vipingo Industries Limited.
I have extend my supreme gratitude to Chuka university Faculty Of Science And Technology
And In Particular The Department Of Physical Sciences for providing such kind of opportunity
for students to broaden their perception on how the real world in the field of electrical
engineering looks like as well its effort to make sure that the whole attachment program to
achieve its desired goals.
I would also like to express my special thanks to Engineer Stephen Maina Of Voltairs Electric
Services, Engineer Bernard Tuluso Lead Electrical Department At Vipingo Industries Limited,
for giving me a chance to spend my practice in their organization and helping me in my day to
day activities during the attaché time.
My sincere gratitude extends to my academic instructors Engineer Githinji and Engineer Omosa
for all the continued support practically and academically in my studies. I would also like to
acknowledge their significant role in mentoring and supporting me socially.
I extend my grateful thanks to persons at the sites such as Engineer Oscar Simiyu and those that
helped me in moral and material needs as well as sharing me their knowledge to improve my
theoretical knowledge to the real works.
Finally, I would like to express my special thanks to my families and friends helping me in all
aspects and appreciate me to spend my all time in the work place during my attachment period.

-4-
Table of Contents

Contents
DECLARATION.............................................................................................................................2

COPYRIGHT..................................................................................................................................3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...............................................................................................................4

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.............................................................................................................7

Chapter one: Background..............................................................................................................11

Company Structural Organization.............................................................................................11

Company’s Vision.....................................................................................................................11

Company’s Objectives...............................................................................................................12

Company’s Core Values............................................................................................................12

General Summary......................................................................................................................12

Site: Vipingo Industries Limited...............................................................................................13

OBJECTIVES................................................................................................................................14

Chapter Two: Literature Review...................................................................................................15

Chapter three: Methodology..........................................................................................................22

Electrical Installation Works in Oil Refinery............................................................................22

Cable tray system...................................................................................................................22

Electric Motors......................................................................................................................23

Junction Boxes.......................................................................................................................24

Electrical Control Panels.......................................................................................................25

Chapter Four: Results or Report on Activities..............................................................................26

Week one...................................................................................................................................26

Week two...................................................................................................................................26

Week three.................................................................................................................................26

-5-
 Week four..................................................................................................................................26

Week five...................................................................................................................................26

Week six....................................................................................................................................26

Week seven................................................................................................................................27

Week eight.................................................................................................................................27

Chapter five: Discussion................................................................................................................28

Conclusion and recommendations.................................................................................................29

References......................................................................................................................................30

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Chapter one: Background
Chapter one of the report highlights the structural organization of the attached organization. It
also features the organizations vision, objectives, and core values
Chapter two: Methodology
Chapter two analyses the methodology implemented in refinery process of edible cooking oil
Chapter Three: Results or Report on Activities
Chapter three constitutes the activities I undertook during the attachment period
Chapter Four: Discussion
Chapter four identifies the various electrical works and installations that I interacted with during
attachment period

-6-
List of Figures
Schematic Diagram of the Production of Edible Vegetable Oil.
Electrical Control Panels
Installed Junction Box at Vipingo Industries Limited

Basic steps of the refining process

Conducting cable termination in control panels

-7-
List of Abbreviations
P.F.C- Power Factor Correction
R.1.0- Remote Input/output
D.O.L- Direct On Line
R.T.C.C- Remote Tap Changer Control

-8-
Chapter one: Background
Voltairs Electric Services is an East African based electrical engineering company. It has
a long established history in the region where we started operations close to 10 years ago. They
have since made significant impact in the areas of Medium and Low Voltage products and
solutions. Voltairs Electric Services has over the years built an enviable track record for
completing complex projects and unique electrical solutions to meet customer requirements in
the region. They are reputed as a supplier of quality products and solutions.
Some of the organizations focus areas are as below:

 Type tested switchboards

 Motor Control Center
 Control panels
 Power Factor Systems – tuned or detuned
 Variable speed drive control panels
 Automation Projects
 Medium Voltage Systems
 Training

Company Structural Organization

The company structural organizations constitutes of the director, safety site inspection
department, design and specification department, testing and measurement department, financial
accounts department, technical training department and specialist contracting department

Company’s Vision
To be the region's market leader in the field of electrical and ICT installation with total quality
management, by offering high quality installation and maintenance services that ensure high
levels of customer satisfaction.
Company’s Mission
To offer quality, safe, innovative, and flexible electrical services. The goal is realized by
ensuring commitment to the implementation of supporting technical, managerial and business
operational systems. It is our commitment as a regional company with a highly qualified and

-9-
motivated team that makes us stand out as a quality service provider. This makes the difference
in our relationship with our clients, thereby assuring the company's long term, technical and
financial viability.

Company’s Objectives
 To deliver efficiently and wisely, obtaining by an ethical means the best value for every
shilling spent.
 To maintain cordial relationship with other companies for the overall benefit of the
organization.
 To develop staff policies, procedures and organization to ensure the achievement of set
objectives.
 To help add value to the development of services rendered
 To supply the organization with a flow of materials and services to meet its needs.
 To ensure continuity of supply by maintaining effective relationship with existing sources
to meet emerging or planned needs.
 To develop specification in collaboration with user to ensure standardization is achieved.
 Timely service and accurate information.
 Protection from harm or injury within the company services.
 Dignified, courteous, confidential and continuous care.
 Participation, planning and management of company resources.

Company’s Core Values

Voltairs electric services strongly believes in the principles of corporate responsibility, and of
achieving success in ways that honor ethical values and respect for people, communities and the
natural environment. In addition to protecting the health and safety of their employees, they
consider environmental stewardship among our most important business responsibilities. Thus
they consider the impact of their actions and decisions on all our stakeholders by people client’s
communities and the environment

General Summary
The following is a general summery description of the company
Full name: Voltairs electric services

- 10 -
Address: P.O Box 70214 – 00400 NAIROBI, Kenya
Status: Registered by the Energy and Petroleum Regulatory Authority
Legal Form: Other non-liability limited
Operational Status: Operational
Tel: 0725607682

Site: Vipingo Industries Limited

Voltairs electric services was contracted by vipingo industries limited to conduct electrical
installation works at Proposed vegetable cooking oil factory in Vipingo Kilifi. Electricals works
to conducted in the proposed vegetable cooking oil factory include installation works in the tank
farm soap plant oil refinery and the electrical substation

- 11 -
Figure 1: Oil Reserve Tanks in Tank Farm and Interior Layout of Oil Refinery

- 12 -
- 13 -
OBJECTIVES
The main objective of the industrial attachment was to conduct electrical works and installation
in the various departments at the industry. This include the;
 Tank Farm
 Soap Plant
 Oil Refinery
 Electrical Substation

Figure 2 : conducting cable termination in control panels

- 14 -
Chapter two: Methodology
REFINING PROCESS OF EDIBLE OIL

Refining of crude oil is done to remove unwanted minor components that make oils
unappealing to consumers, while trying to cause the least possible damage to the neutral oil as
well as minimum refining loss. The components to be removed are all those glycerides and
nonglyceridic compounds that are detrimental to the flavor, color, stability or safety of the
refined oils. They are primarily phosphoacylglycerols, free fatty acids, pigments, volatiles and
contaminants.

On the other hand, not all the minor compounds in fats and oils are undesirable. For
example, phytosterols are considered of nutritional interest, and tocopherols with vitamin E
activity, protecting the oil against oxidation are highly appreciated. Consequently, to reach the
maximum oil quality all the steps of the refining process should be carried out with the minimum
losses of desirable compounds.

The major steps involved and the main components removed are shown in. As can be
observed, alkali (or chemical) and physical refining are the standard processes used. The main
difference between the processes is that alkali refining procedure includes caustic soda treatment
to neutralise the oil while, following physical refining, free fatty acid are eliminated by
distillation during deodorization. Physical refining reduces the loss of neutral oil, minimises
pollution and enables recovery of high-quality free fatty acids. Nevertheless, not all oils can be
physically refined

- 15 -
 Basic steps of the refining process

Main groups of compounds

Alkali or chemical refining removed Physical Refining

Degumming    Phospholipids Degumming

Neutralization    Free fatty acids -
Bleaching    Pigments/metals/soaps Bleaching

Waxes/saturated
Winterization    triacylglycerols Winterization
Deodorization    Volatiles/free fatty acids Deodorization/ deacidification
 

Degummlng

The purpose of degumming is to remove phospholipids or gums from the crude oil. Two
types of phospholipids are present in crude oils according to their level of hydration, i.e. hydra
table and nonhydratable ones; the latter mainly present as calcium and/or magnesium salts of
phosphatides acid and phosphatidylethanolamine. After addition of water (1-3%), most of the
phospholipids are hydrated and are insoluble in the oil. The hydrated compounds can be
efficiently separated by filtration or centrifugation. For the elimination of the nonhydratable
fraction, the oil is usually treated with phosphoric acid (0.05 to 1%), which chelates the Ca and
Mg converting the phosphatides into the hydra table forms (the acid treatment has the additional
function of chelating trace provident metals). Due to the variable content of phospholipids in
crude oils, analysis of phosphorus prior to acid treatment is necessary to ensure that the acid
dosage is correct, especially when the content of Ca and Mg salts is high.

Depending on the oil composition, the degumming step can be eliminated as the
phosphatides are also removed along with the soaps during the next step of neutralization.

- 16 -
However, degumming is mandatory for physical refining and the content of phosphorus after
degumming should be lower than 10 mg/kg.

Neutralization

In this step, the oil is treated with caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) and free fatty acids are
converted into insoluble soaps, which can be easily separated by centrifugation. Thus, the main
objective of this step is the removal of free fatty acids, although, as commented above, residual
phospholipids in degummed oils or all the phospholipids in the crude oils are also removed as
insoluble hydrates. Also, caustic neutralization improves significantly the oil color partly by
reacting with polar compounds (gossypol, sesamol, sterols, hydroxy fatty acids, etc.) and partly
by solubilization. Alkali refining of oil is compulsory in crude oils of high acidity and pigment
contents.

The free fatty acid content of the oil is the main factor that determines the amount and
concentration of the caustic soda and also its excess (5 to 20%) for a minimum oil loss. After a
reaction time of around 30 minutes at slow stirring and temperature around 80ºC, the water phase
is eliminated by centrifugation and the oil washed with water to remove the remaining soap.

Bleaching

In this step, which is common to both physical and alkali refining, the hot oil (around
100ºC) is slurried with acid-activated bleaching earth (1-2%), normally calcium montmorillonite
or natural hydrated aluminum silicate (bentonite). Under these conditions adsorption of color
bodies, trace metals and oxidation products as well as residual soaps and phospholipids
remaining after washing neutralized oils takes place. For optimum adsorption of both color
bodies and oxidation products to be achieved, the reaction time has to exceed 15 minutes and no
more than 30 minutes at usual bleaching temperatures. The removal of chlorophyll pigments is
very important since they are not eliminated in any other stage of refining, as carotenoid
compounds are in deodorization. On the other hand, final filtration must eliminate completely the
activated earths as residual traces act as prooxidants during oil storage because of their iron
content.

- 17 -
 Acid-activated clays are the major adsorbent used, although active carbons and synthetic
silica’s are also applied industrially with more specific goals. Thus, active carbons are used
specifically to eliminate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from some oils, especially fish
oils and pomace oils , while synthetic silica’s are quite efficient in adsorbing secondary oxidation
products, phospholipids and soaps.

This is a critical step to obtain high-quality oils, because two types of adsorption occur
between the compounds to be adsorbed and the absorbent: on one hand, reversible physical
adsorption based on intermolecular forces of low strength and, on the other hand, irreversible
chemisorption with a strong interaction, which causes chemical reactions.

Chemical changes taking place at this stage have been well studied in olive oil, because
of the need to control the presence of refined oils in virgin oils. The two main reactions found
extensively in all the vegetable oils are the following:

Decomposition of hydro peroxides. Previous steps do not modify the peroxide value and
it may even increase if air is available in the earlier stages. However, during bleaching, hydro
peroxides decompose to form volatiles and oxidized triacylglycerol’s containing keto and
hydroxy functions. After bleaching, peroxide value should be zero or close to zero, but the
presence of aldehydes and ketones is clearly detected by the significant increase in the anisidine
value.

Dehydration of alcohols. Hydroxy acids formed from hydro peroxides undergo a partial
dehydration by earth catalysis. As the function is at an allylic position, a rapid increase in UV
absorption at 232 nm is observed because of the formation of conjugated dienes from oleic acid
hydro peroxides and in UV absorption at 268 nm due to formation of conjugated trienes from
linoleic acid hydro peroxides. Also, sterols undergo significant dehydration and the formation of
the hydrocarbon 3, 5-stigmastadiene from the major sterol (β-sitosterol) is considered a proof of
the presence of refined oil in virgin olive oil.

Winterization

- 18 -
 This step, also called de-waxing, is only applied when the oil is not clear at room
temperature because of the presence of waxes or saturated triacylglycerol’s. It is important to
note that these compounds do not affect negatively the oil performance or functionality, but the
appearance of the oil is not acceptable to consumers.

Thus, the objective of this step is the removal of high temperature melting components
present in small quantities. The crystallization process normally used consists of cooling the oil
down gradually to temperatures of 5 to 8ºC in a maturing tank. After increasing the crystal size at
this temperature for 24 to 48 h, the solids are separated by centrifugation at 15-16ºC. This
treatment ensures excellent clarity of oils when stored at either room or refrigeration
temperatures.

Deodorization/Deacidification

Deodorization of fats and oils normally consists of steam distillation at elevated

temperature under reduced pressure, although nitrogen has also been used. The purpose of this
step is to remove volatile compounds (mainly ketones and aldehydes) contributing to oil taste
and odor, total free fatty acids in physical refining and the residual free fatty acids from
neutralized bleached oils. The deodorization conditions also contribute to the removal of
contaminants (light PAH, pesticides, etc.) and to the reduction of colour of the oil due to the
breakdown of the remaining carotenes at high temperature. The efficiency of deodorization is a
function of pressure (1 to 5 torr), temperature (200 to 260ºC), residence time (0.5 to 3 h) and
volume of stripping gas (1 to 3%). However, differences in the deodorization equipment used
also have a major impact on efficiency. After the deodorization, the oil is cooled and addition of
citric acid (100 mg/kg of 20% citric acid) is recommended to chelate metal traces and increase its
stability during storage.

Apart from the physical changes, chemical reactions taking place in the triacylglycerols
due to the drastic conditions of this step have been studied in detail and are summarized as
follows:

- 19 -
 Decomposition of oxidation compounds. Even if hydroperoxides were destroyed during
bleaching, some new primary and secondary oxidation products formed decompose during heat
treatment to form volatile and nonvolatile compounds.

Dimerization of triacylglycerols. Acyclic dimers of triacylglycerols, i.e. nonpolar dimers

(C–C bridges) as well as oxygenated dimers (C–O–C) are detected in significant amounts, which
may involve the formation of alkyl and alkyl radicals at high temperature even in the absence of
oxygen.

Geometrical and positional isomers induced by heat are also formed in this step. Thus,
more Tran’s isomers and also more dienoic conjugation are found. However, in oils containing
linoleic acid, a decrease in the trienoic conjugation is observed, which is attributed to the
formation of cyclic fatty acids and the concurrent elimination of double bonds.

Finally, an inter-esterification reaction is detected in vegetable oils deodorized at

temperatures above 240ºC by an increase in saturated fatty acids in the 2-position of the
triacylglycerols.

The importance of these reactions is higher, as expected, as the temperature and the
deodorization time increases, being dramatic in highly unsaturated oils. It is also remarkable that
hydrolytic reactions have not been observed as the content of diacylglycerols remains
unchanged, not only in this step but throughout the complete process.

Finally, it is important to take into account that long deodorization times and/or too high
temperatures can have a devastating effect on the quality of the oil due not only to the chemical
changes commented above but also to the distillation of a significant part of the natural
tocopherols (20 to 40%), which would decrease the stability of the refined oil. In this respect, the
by-product obtained from the deodorization, i.e. deodorizer distillate, contains significant
amounts of compounds of high-added value like tocopherols, sterols and hydrocarbons, and a
great effort is being made for their recovery

- 20 -
Figure 3: Schematic diagram of the production of edible vegetable oil.

- 21 -
Chapter Three: Results or Report on Activities
Activities Conducted During Attachment Period

Week one
I learned basic safety measures in working site, interpretation of electrical drawing, different
types of cable trays and Significance of conducting industrial earthing. I also performed practical
cutting, grinding, drilling and welding of cable trays.

Week two
I learned how to accurately design angle-line brackets to support weight of cable and cable trays.
I have also learned the significance of conducting Inspection and testing to measurements and
design is precise with client needs and standards

Week three
I gained administrative skills by conducting Supervision and Inspection of onsite electrical
works. I have also learnt basic earthling practices using copper strip given its high frailty to theft
and deformation by other ongoing works

Week four
Interacted with various industrial electrical components such as junction boxes, control panels,
electrical machines and system. I have also to perform configuration of components client
Production needs

Week five
Through interaction with different types of electrical testing motors non-contact voltage meter
continuity test motor and Insulation test meter. 1 have also Learned the significance of loop-
testing and continuity testing of cables to ensure and identify mistakes done during termination

Week six
I have gained immense knowledge on how to interchange polarity of different level transmitters
in tanks and pipes to ensure correct signal. I have also learnt of different level transmitters the
tanks and pipes to correct signal. I have also learnt working mechanism of different control
instruments flow switches and valves such as flow switches and valves

- 22 -
Week seven
I have interacted essential electrical Control panels P.F.C, R.1.0, D.O.L, Load Feeders and
Incomer panels. P.F.C panels are significant in determining
Power intake and aiding in correction to avoid Loss. R.1.0 panels are essential for Logic control
and automation of systems in industry consumers

Week eight
I have interacted with R.T.I.C panels which are used for controlling transformer output voltage. I
have also gained Knowledge working principles of air compressors and Changeover switch. I
have also increased practical and theoretical knowledge generators as part of electrical machines

- 23 -
Chapter Four: Discussion

Electrical Installation Works in Oil Refinery

Cable tray system

Cable tray system is “a unit or assembly of units or sections and associated fittings forming a
rigid structural system used to securely fasten or support cables and raceways
A. Ladder Cable Tray

Ladder Cable tray has two side rails connected by rungs. This type of cable tray is effective
because the ladder rungs give you easy accessibility to the cables, from the top or bottom. The
rungs of the ladder cable trays provide convenient anchors for tying down the cables in the non-
horizontal cable tray runs or where the positions of the cables must be maintained in the
horizontal cable tray runs.
B. Perforated Cable Tray

Perforated cable tray consists of a ventilated bottom with side rails. It provides more support to
cables than the ladder-type,
C. Solid-bottom Cable Tray

Solid-bottom Cable trays for fiber-optic cable installations where drooping of cables may affect
system performance, solid-bottom (non-ventilated) cable trays are preferred.
Solid-bottom trays are essential where there is a concern for electromagnetic/ radio-frequency
interference protection.
D. Wire Mesh Cable Tray

Wire mesh cable tray, also called basket cable tray, is a kind of cable tray made of stainless steel
wires by welding wires together, forming a basket-like mesh
E. Channel Cable Tray

Channel cable tray constitutes metal tray that can be used for very small cable installations.
Advantages of cable trays
The advantages of cable trays include wiring system design flexibility, simplicity, and
lower installation cost. In plants where equipment is added, taken away, or is moved, cable trays
provide a flexible advantage. Cable trays can typically adapt to complex configurations with a

- 24 -
simple set of tools. The cost of material procurement for cable tray systems is not necessarily
lower than that of conduit systems in all cases. Compared to labor cost of conduit installation,
cable trays present significant savings.

Electric Motors
Electric motors represent over 80% of electricity use at a refinery since they are used to drive
almost all of the minor processes. Of the motors used, 60% are used to drive pumps, 15% air
compressors, 9% fans, and 16% other applications.
a) Permanent Magnet DC Motors

The permanent magnet motor uses a permanent magnet to create field flux. This type of DC
motor provides great starting torque and has good speed regulation, but torque is limited so they
are typically found on low horsepower applications.

b) Series DC Motors

In a series DC motor, the field is wound with a few turns of a large wire carrying the full
armature current. Typically, series DC motors create a large amount of starting torque, but
cannot regulate speed and can even be damaged by running with no load. These limitations mean
that they are not a good option for variable speed drive applications.

c) Shunt DC Motors

In shunt DC motors the field is connected in parallel (shunt) with the armature windings. These
motors offer great speed regulation due to the fact that the shunt field can be excited separately
from the armature windings, which also offers simplified reversing controls.

d) Compound DC Motors

Compound DC motors, like shunt DC motors, have a separately excited shunt field. Compound
DC motors have good starting torque but may experience control problems in variable speed
drive applications.

- 25 -
Junction Boxes

Figure 4 INSTALLED JUNCTION BOX AT VIPINGO INDUSTRIES LIMITED

Industrial junction box constitutes an electrical enclosure that securely unites multiple wires and
cables through various ports of entry. Junction boxes can come in many different sizes
depending on the number and type of connections required. Standard junction boxes for simple
power distribution applications can measure 2 x 3 x 2.5 inches and can hold up to three wires.
Larger junction boxes used in industrial applications are often custom built to support many
different types of wire and cable entering and exiting the box. The junction box is mounted to a
structural point on either a building or on machinery.

- 26 -
Electrical Control Panels

Figure 5 electrical control panels

Electrical control panel is a combination of electrical devices which use electrical power to
control the various mechanical functions of industrial equipment or machinery. An electrical
control panel includes two main categories: panel structure and electrical components. Electrical
control panels are essential for industrial automation. They provide higher-level monitoring and
control of the various functions of production machinery, allowing manufacturers to define,
organize, and meet production objectives

- 27 -
Conclusion and Recommendations
Industrial attachment or internship is an essential part of a student’s academic
programme. A student is supposed to be attached to a company or organization that offers
services that are related to the student’s course of study. It is a structured, credit-bearing work
experience in a professional work setting during which the student applies and acquires
knowledge and skills. It involves the application of learned skills in an organization related to the
students’ major. An Industrial Attachment should challenge the student to examine the values of
the organization involved in the experience, and to assess the student’s education as it relates to
the Industrial Attachment.
For many students university can be quite theoretical and an internship is their first
opportunity to apply their knowledge to the real world. The experience will not only help you to
develop the skills needed to work in your industry; working on real projects for a real
organization will also give you the interpersonal skills that you need to work effectively with
others and confidence in my own abilities.
It is the conclusive fact that training is beneficial for students. It evinces that the program
has significantly improved their 'personal attitude', 'Communication skills' and 'Work attitude'.
The experience gained from training sharpens the practical acumen of the students and open the
doors of better employment prospects. In essence, the new method of the student’s placement
needs to be reviewed and improved. However, this study needs an added insight. It is important
for future research to incorporate a wider range of soft skills e.g. Leadership, teamwork spirit to
ascertain the favorable outcomes

- 28 -
References

1. Hoffman, G. The Chemistry & Technology of Edible Oils & Fats & Their High Fat
Products. Academic Press, Inc., 1989.
2. Kirschenbauer, H. G. Fats and Oils. Reinhold Publishing, 1960.
3. Lawson, Harry W. Standards for Fats and Oils.  Avi Publishing Company, 1985.
4. Salunkhe, D. K. World Oilseeds: Chemistry, Technology, and Utilization. Van Nostrand
Reinhold, 1992.
5. Toussaint-Samat, Maguelonne. A History of Food. Blackwell Publishers, 1992
6. George Antaki, Ramiz Gilada, in Nuclear Power Plant Safety and Mechanical Integrity,
2015
7. George Patrick Shultz, in Transformers and Motors, 1989
8. Wati, Trisna & Sahrin, A & Suheta, Titiek & Masfufiah, Ilmi. (2019). Design and
Simulation of Electric Center Distribution Panel Based On Photovoltaic System. IOP
Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 462. 012048. 10.1088/1757-
899X/462/1/012048.
9. Kalejs, Juris. (2014). Junction box wiring and connector durability issues in photovoltaic
modules. Proc SPIE. Vol. 9179. 10.1117/12.2063488.
10. S. Cheng, C. Li, f. Chai and H. Gong, "Research on Induction Motor for Mini Electric
Vehicles", Energy Procedia, vol. 17, pp. 249-257, 2012. Available:
10.1016/j.egypro.2012.02.091 [Accessed 4 January 2022].

- 29 -