Ie Professional Ethics PROFESSIONAL ETHICS 5.1.1. Introduction Jnevery profession, certain standards or codes are established for the professionals that prepare them to resolve sarious moral issues that may arise at their workplace. These standards are known as professional ethics. These codes of conducts include certain expected behaviour that help the professionals to put in joint efforts and ‘maintain a good reputation. People belonging to any profession should be dedicated and honest, not only when they are at work but also in their personal lives. For example, any crime committed by people belonging to law enforcement profession. when they are off the job, depicts their unethical behaviour. Besides this, when a professional misuses his onal skills or power for the accomplishment of his selfish or personal reasons, he is said to be involved in conflict of interest One of the best examples of such people who are involved in conflict of interest is the politicians who misuse the government resources for their personal benefit. Mostly, training of basic professional ethics is imparted to people in their career educational programmes. For example, people who desire to make their career in medical field are trained about the ethical value of safeguarding the patient's confidentiality. Talking about the health records of the patients with the people who ae not related to that patient medically or personally is considered as unethical and unlawful behaviour. Since, the focus of professional ethics is on maintaining integrity and respect, ethical standards or codes set in any professional field must be established in such a.way that it coordinates with the law rather than violating them. It guides the professionals to keep themselves away from various factors such as selfishness, unfaimess orany sort of conflicts, etc. 5.1.2. Purpose of Professional Ethics Purposes due to which professional ethics are created are as follows: 1) Guiding Principle: Professional ethical codes work as guidelines that help the professionals to deal with different circumstances ethically and inform them about the moral duties they need to perform towards the ‘Society. 2) Helps in Decision-Making: Problems related to moral issues can be easily sorted out by using these ethical codes as these codes are very helpful in ethical decision-making process. 3) Stimulating Source: Professional ethical standards are a source of inspiration for the professionals as once they are able to understand these codes after studying them thoroughly; they can practice them at the Fequired places, appropriately. 4 Legal Support: Professionals having ethical behaviour are always supported by its codes. These codes ‘Provide legal protection to such professionals. Thus, in case, the professionals h are pressurised to d ing unethical, they can prevent themselves from doing so by saying that they Se Sytic, _ Professional ethical codes. 7 2 : Nivea Saicimcesn eos Maintenance Discipline: These codes are helpful in maintaining discipline among the profes g the profes helps in avoiding situations of misconduct and actions that may sionals ¥ result in immoral behaviour.oa Us First Semester (HYD & TR) IKGpyy | 6) Tool for Education and Understanding: Professional ethical codes are useful in training the students ang young professionals about various moral issues that they may face in future, Use of ethical codes systematically and appropriately helps in increasing the mutual understanding not only among the professionals but also between the society and the government 7) Upliftment of Image: The professionals following ethical code of conduct while dealing with people leave a positive impact on the society about themselves as well as of their profession. These codes enhance the mage of that profession, publically, 8) Making Professionals Self-Regulatory: Professional ethics make the professionals self-regulatory and increase their self-controlling power. 9) Creating Suitable Environment for Business Dealing: Codes of conduct are also established in any profession in order to create an atmosphere which is best suitable for any business dealing. These codes ‘ensure ethical behaviour in the professionals, who carry-out several business dealings. 5.1.3. Areas of Professional Ethics Professional ethics cover the following fields: Areas of Professional Ethics Professional Ethics for Journalists Professional Ethics for Engineers Professional Ethics for Accountants Professional Ethics for Lawyers Professional Ethics for Doctors 5.13.1. Professional Ethics for Journalists ‘Journalism is considered as a profession of updating the people living in the society about day to day happenings. This profession not only educates the general public about the things that are right and wrong but also helps them to differentiate between the moral as well as immoral issues. Journalism covers up various areas such as political, social, economical, business world, movie reviews, sports etc. It is a profession that provides all sort of sensational ‘news and episodes from all over the world. The main target of this profession is proper news management. In journalism, major emphasis is given to the coverage. Some newspaper and news channel prefer covering Political issues and some prefer business related matters. Thus, coverage plays an important role in the profession of journalism. There are various factors upon which the issue to be covered by a journalist depends. ‘Some of them are: behaviour of the journalist towards that issue, his values and beliefs, resour: lable, and culture followed by that news channel or newspaper. The coverage is a function of many factors including the favouritism, etc. The ethical standards that should be followed by a journalist are: 1) The primary and the most important ethical principle that a journalist is expected to follow is to be ‘unemotional while reporting any issue. Journalism is a profession which has no space for fear, favour, likes, dislikes, etc. Since a journalist has to be neutral while performing his task, thus, the case to be reported should be objective. While dealing with matters related to national or public interest, ignore his personal views and feeling and present the main purpose of the issue. 2) Another ethical code that a journalist is expected to follow is to be unbiased and fair. Being discriminative ‘on the basis of race, sex, caste, colour, creed, religion, nationality, etc., shows the unethical behaviour of a Joumalist. Most of the countries set ethical code as an important principle of journalism, For Example, European countries set their ethical codes especially against unfair practices. 5.1.3.2. Professional Ethics for Engineers With the increasing industrial competition and globalisation, engineering profession has started gaining a lot of importance in last few years. Great engineers not only put in their efforts to develop the corporate sectors of any Particular country, but are also concerned about the development of entire country. They contribute their services in advancing and enhancing the infrastructure, communication network, transportation system, Oindustries, tools, techniques, equipment, etc. . nad ia a journalist has tous ona fas (UES) c mt ificance of this profession and upcoming demand requires engineers to follow certain ethical cp 2 Thus: SBE forent codes are followed by different types of engineers. General engineers follow differen m come Prrpared (0 corporute engineers, Some of the professional ethical standards that are universally $d must be followed by all types of engineers are mentioned below accented ethical behaviour that all engincers are expected to follow include honesty, fairness, responsibility, 1) Gemverabilt), respect, consist Hiful dealings, competence, ete, Beside this, taking steps regarding anevelfare of the society and protecting the life and property of humans are also the moral duties of the the engineers. ' Eingincers should make most appropriate use of national as well as natural resources on the basis o n> knowledge and skills acquired by them, They should give due consideration to the welfare and safety of the foviety and contribute to them by advancing their basic util 4) Engineers should be very careful while designing any product and must keep in mind the safety of people “who are going to operate it 4) An engineer is responsible for gaining of the trust of people by maintaining the reputation, integrity, decorum of his profession. 5) Engineers shoukd focus on ent ing their engineering skills and show their efficiency by giving better result and output using fewer inputs. However, the concept of engineering efficiency is entirely different from the concept of economic efficiency as economic efficiency aims at minimising the cost of production {6) Engineers should strengthen the relationship between the society and their profession by providing equal ‘opportunities to others and by avoiding discrimination and bi 7) The main motive of the engineers should be welfare of the people rather than their personal benefits. Misuse of their power and position for their personal gain may display their unprincipled behaviour. ness. 8) Engineers should be loyal towards the work assigned to them and must not ask or accept money in any form from any person related to the project being handled by them. 9) Engineers should make objective and responsible statements in case they have to deal with the court of law Whatever views are offered by them should be based on their prior knowledge, evidences available, and experience gained by them, 10) Engineers must be careful about the maintenance of institution's reputation to which they belong and should not take any such step that may spoil the goodwill of the engineering institution. 11) Confidential information about any issue should not be disclosed by the engineers until its disclosure becomes essential for the safety and welfare of the people 5.1.3.3, _ Professional Ethics for Accountants The importance of accountant was first realised when a continuous downfall of various large~ took place in U.S and U.K. After this incidence, the profession of accountant became a renow! field all over the world. In India, a Chartered Accountants Act was introduced in 1949 which ethical codes for accountants Accountants are as follows: 1) The first ethical principle that a CA is expected to follow is to maintain the dij \ ignity of the profession. The Accountant must respect the duties assigned to him/her and should perform them with dedication, withoet hampering the image of their profession. scale industries ned professional contains certain Some of the basic professional codes mentioned in this Act for the Chartered 2) As the society is dependent upon the accountants for their services, it is the mor ‘maintain the trust of these people livin, 0 maintain the trust of general public. ral duty of the accountants to ig in society und to perform their task honestly and carefully in order 3 4) 5) An accountant must be professionally competent, reliable and good character person AN accountant should be vigilant enough, His main consideration should be public welfare and public interest, ‘The financial statements and auditing prepared by an accountant should be accurate and clear as tax experts, ‘Management experts and government use these documents for various purposes. Incorrect and inefficient nent depict the careless behaviour of accountant {o the users who rely on them,16 First Semester (VD & TR) kG, the ethical req ©) An accountant should render his services keeping in n efforts while performing their task 7) The successful ace i) The informatio ii) Degree of feel it) Euhical values possessed by CA that may increase the confidence level of public in this profession, iV) Quality of services rendered by CA. ent and St Pin tei yy ‘Omplishment of main objectives of this profession depends upon: on procured by CA, i.e., whether the information is reliable or not, 8) Basic fundamental principles that must be possessed by CA in order to achieve the established goats CH objectives of this profession are ) He/she must be trustworthy, straightforward and honest 4) He/she must avoid biasness and favouritism, He/she must be independent and perform fearlessly He/she must be competent as well as hardworking while providing his services. He/she should utilise his skills in most appropriate way, 1) Hisher behaviour should be professional and must always be in favour of the reputation of hishher profession, \) Helshe must be capable of maintaining the confidentiality of any accounting information until it ig asked to be disclosed legally. 5.1.3.4. _ Professional Ethics for Lawyers ‘The primary source that provides professional ethical codes for lawyers is Bar Association of India, The codes mentioned under this association are: 1) A lawyer is expected to maintain the decorum in his profession and must safeguard all the confidential information related to his profession. He/she should be capable enough to differentiate between right and wrong and must give preference to human welfare, 2) Respecting all individuals without being biased is the primary ethical principle for the profession of law All individuals must be treated equally in the court by a lawyer. He/she should consider all the human ‘Deings innocent and respect them equally until they are proved guilty by the law. 3) The services offered by a lawyer should be so effective that soli some other lawyer should not be required. 4) ‘Soliciting any form of services or employment from the clients reflects the unethical and selfish behaviour ‘of a lawyer. Thus, such behaviour should be avoided. ting or snatching away the clients from 5) A lawyer should avoid giving interview to the media, especially regarding his/her safeguard the privacy of the case. ©) Acceptance and refusal of any case entirely depends upon the lawyer's wish. But once the case is taken by the lawyer, he/she should not back-step from the case and must continue with it till the end. 7) Lawyers should be well aware of all types of legal documents and their processes. There are various ethical codes, acts and rules that they are expected to follow. Some of them are Penal Code, Criminal Procedure Code and Evidence Act, etc. Lawyers should understand these codes and act by reading similar cases already held in the court of law. 8) Lawyers should not behave harshly or make any immoral remark while examining any witness in front of court. They should behave decently and follow professional norms while handling a case. Any misconduct on the part of lawyers makes them offensive of distespecting the court. ;nt’s case and must 9) A lawyer should never encourage his client to make false statements or provide wrong evidences. This not only hampers his personal image but also adversely affects the trust of people. Beside this, any such conduct by a lawyer is considered as an offence. 10) A lawyer should fight for truth and righteousness. Delaying the case every time depicts the selfish motto of the lawyer. Itis a very common saying that more the justice is deferred, more itis denied, 11) A lawyer should be concerned about the welfare of the general public and must not protect criminals and their interest. They are solely responsible for maintaining the trust of the society and keeping a balance between the human welfare and their legal obligations.7 po 5, Professional Ethics for Doctors ‘ | $357 council of India isthe leading institution that deals with various health care and pharmaceutical industries Melting 10 Medical Council of India, the stipulations that should be follnacn by a doctor are as follows: AccOpferingst Acceptance of offerings (in any form by D the doctor from the representatives of any of the pharmaceutical or healthcare industry is considered as u nscrupulous conduct ‘Travel Amenities: Doctors should avoid accepting travel facility provided by any of the pharmaceutical or 2 caltheare industry unnecessarily. Travel services given by these industries should not be taken even for the family members, Use of these services as a delegate of certain conference or seminat, inside or outside the country, should be avoided. 4) Hospitality: Under any reason, doctors should not accept any form of hospitality such as hotel accommodation, neither for themselves nor for their family members. Fea reer muncie Acceptance of cash or other monetary grants by a doctor for his personal reasons under any Situation may depict his unprincipled behaviour towards his profession. Only some of the ey Bee ntions have the authority to accept te finds trom heakthcaf’ Wdistece for sosdlecl Ce electra Teeeived by these institutions ‘must be tranaparent by nature and shall be ready to be disclosed when required, 5) Research Projects: Various pharmaceuti projects. A doctor can participate in these i and related healthcare industries provide funds for research Projects sponsored by them. However, a doctor is responsible for ‘al not only by the institutional committee but also by the state and national committees of ethics. iH) AIL the legal requirements that are essential before carrying-out any medical research must be completed by that project. v) Name of the sponsors and the amount given by them for the research project should be disclosed publically in the beginning. ») {2 case, some human volunteers are working in the research project, necessary facilities and care should be provided to them. i) Scientific experiments on animals should be avoided. But if Necessary, it should be carried out scientifically without causing any harm to the animal life. Vii) Before carrying out any research project, doctors must ensu results for the welfare of the society. For this, they can put an additional clause in the agreement that they have made with the sponsors. ©) Sustaining Self-Governance: While carrying out the research freedom of concerned medical institution shall not be compromised. 7) Affiliation: Many medical practitioners affiliated to Pharmaceutical and associated healthcare industries work & consultants, researchers, treating doctors, etc. The ethical principle that they are expected to follow are: 1) Doctors must maintain the professional integrity and freedom. 4i) The interest of the patients should be given the first priority than anything else, 4i)) Doctors must ensure that their affiliation with any healthcare industry is legally approved, 1) There must be full transparency about this affiliation and should be ready to disclose wi 8) Endorsement: Approval of any product by a doctor publically is not considered as a correct way of telling People about that product. Proper scientific methods should be adopted to inform the People about any Particular drug or product. Study conducted related to that product should also be published in scientific Journals. 5.1.4. Limitations of Professional Ethics Since different Professions serve the society in their own individual way, thus coublishmeny of ethical Code for the professionals indirectly have a positive impact on the society. rofesional eins these Codes must result in Punishment otherwise they may take human welfare for granted. Most of the ject, professional autonomy of doctor or hen required.us First Semester (HVD & TR) IKGP Ty professionals believe that these ethical codes have many drawbacks and that these codes are just enforceg ‘on them against their wish. Some of the limitations of professional ethics are phos 1) Professional ethics are not pertinent to universal standards since they are made by including only some of the general situations. 2) In certain cases, codes only serve as gu ; issue arises from some complex situation and does not get analysed properly ‘a. compromising tool in case the judgements are 3) Some professionals believe that ethical codes are merely different from each other. ich conflicts are sorted out by several discussions ang 4) Codes sometime become the cause of conflict. $ ‘ debates which further result in modification of certain codes of conduct. ae 5) These codes are not to be necessarily followed by all the professions, as any form of professional behaviour does not fully depend upon these codes. Ss 6). Several practicing engineers are not aware of professional ethical codes as they are not the members of professional societies. ; 7) Though there are many professionals who are members of these societies but they do not follow these codes ing principles and not the solution, especially, when the mora as they are not mandatory. tions or excuses 8) In case, the societies enforce these codes on professionals, they start giving several just for not abiding by the codes. 9) Modification or development of codes cannot be done frequently and as per the convenience of the professionals 5.1.5. Unethical Practices in Professions at Present When the business organisations are enquired about the prevailing unethical practices in the business, they explain that the overall circumstances in India are unfavourable to let them have the security of being entirely ethical and moral. Every day thousands of deceitful deals are struck between people practicing immoral activities and no requisite legal action is taken against them. It would be really impossible to find a business ‘organisation that has never been either suspected or engaged in some kind of unfair practices. Due to the bureaucratic and politicised business environment in the country, even the business organisations that intend to operate in virtuous and ethical manner have to trade-off their principles and moral values. These organisations also encounter problems such as increasing rate of corruption, decreasing profit margins, and rising imbalance between people. Two major kinds of corrupt and foul practices that every Indian business encounters are: 1) Corruption at administrative level; and 2) Corruption at political level where money is paid for getting approvals and favo Recent times have witnessed a-huge escalation in corruption levels. During the initial days of independence, “organisations had to give officials enticement to make them do jobs they were not expected to do. However, in modem times, organisations bribe the corrupt administrators or officials to make them perform their duties and responsibilities. Bribing assessors, factory inspectors, pollution control board inspectors and boiler inspectors for income tax, sales tax, excise and customs by offering ‘gifts’ are some of the examples of unethical practices in our country. Every organisation in the country has to face the problem of administrative corruption. It is an inevitable Part of today's time. 5.15.1. Types of Unethical Practices in Professions ‘There are various set of behaviours which are considered as unethical. Some of such behaviours come art of employees, whereas sometimes employers also behave unethically. 1) Unethical Conduct of Employees: Some of the unethical practices performed by employees are as follows: 1) Bribery: Bribery is a manipulative method where manager buys the power or the influence of other person in order to satisfy his/her selfish need, Bribing is commonly practiced in India today and is considered to be Pee eae ee peli net ly pi ia today and is considered to i) Deception: Deception or frauds are acts to propagate beliefs that are not true, or not the whole truth (as in half-truths or omission). Deception often leads to feelings of betrayal and distrust between employees. ‘on the119, nal Exes (Uni) poses i ann the This is one form of misuse of offical position by an individual inthe organisation. Heze, he i) ate meaks out certain confidential data to outsiders or to other insiders, which jn tu emptor of the company. This may lead to the bad performance of the company. ae ethic: es re Conduct of Employers: Here area few examples that illustrate the scope of unethical business inethical 2) Unmet es of employers: rh tices ting Workers: Many examples exist of unethical corporate conduct toward employees. Every i) Expleyjwsuits are filed against employers who are accused of using child labours, doing sexual Pirassment or discrimi aifist their employees sy Biased Recruitment: Oftentimes, it is seen that management hires unproductive and incompetent it) ple due to personal interest of one or the other top management personnel. A worthy potential raployee may be left out due to such hiring poticy ) Favouritism: The organisation often discriminates employees based on various grounds such as age, NY gender, religion, colour, nationality, ete, The management have its favourite ‘handpicked’ employees in the organisation, Similarly, they also hold grudges against some employees due to personal conflicts. <152. Root Causes Leading to Unethical Behaviour }) Greed: One of the main causes of unethical behaviour is greed. A person often chooses to act immorally or unethically for personal financial gain. In business, there are a number of opportunities for employees and employers to do the wrong thing, 2) Career Advancement: A person acts unethically because she/he believes it helps her/his career. An unethical act is used as a means of impressing a superior or hurting the career of a competitor. For example, a person sabotages a co-worker's project as a means of making herself/himself look better in comparison. 3) Lack of Knowledge: Some people make unethical choices because they are not sure about what really is the right thing to do. Often, ethical problems are complicated, and the proper choice may be far from obvious. 5.1.5.3. Measures to Control Unethical Behaviour 1) Create a Code of Conduct: A written code of conduct provides employees and managers an overview of the type of conduct and behaviour that the company expects. When the code of conduct is well spelt out, punishing erring workers would help to enforce the rules. 2) Lead by Example: Employees are always looking up to owners and business managers to find a guideline on hhow to behave. As a business owner, one must make decisions based on ethics and control the people who are in leadership positions in the company by the same values. 3) Show Appreciation for Employees: Loyal employees feel that a company values the hard work they put in the performance of daily tasks. A loyal employee is less likely to act unethically. Showing appreciation to employees for a job well done on daily basis or monthly basis builds loyalty. 5.1.6. Contradictions and Dilemmas in the Prevailing Worldview We can understand more clearly through examples how the contradictions and dilemmas are inherently enerated by the prevailing worldview in which wealth maximisation is perceived to be the prime objective. In such a paradigm, ‘your loss, is my gain’. Thus the other person’s happiness seems to be in conflict ‘ith my happiness, In that case, the other people have to be exploited for one to gain affluence and there is no Possibility f mutual fulfilment in a sustainable way: 1) Exploitation of nature also becomes acceptable as it helps a person to accumulate wealth easily and there BS no limit to this. Let us analyse how such a world view affects the propensity of people in different Professions. Take the example of business circles, whenever there is a scarcity of commodity due to say Monsoon failure or other natural disturbances or wars etc, the people in general are in distress and need Succour; however in such a situation the businessmen endowed with materialistic world view will feel lated and look at it as an opportunity to make maximum profit. They feel that the market is ‘improving’ and they should take the maximum advantage of it, even accentuate it by hoarding and black marketing to serve their objective. Thus the interest of such entrepreneurs and the consumers in general come in direct conflict While in reality they are expected to be mutually complementary.— First Semester (HYD & TR) IkGp, 2) Ina similar way, unethical Practices like adulteration and spurious production etc. are also adopted in ,, attempt to increase Profits-albeit at the cost of greatly endangering public health and safety. An interest z example of the prevailing dichotomy is evident in the advertisements that we daily come across, particulari, FP case of various evidently harmful products like cigarettes, pan masala etc. Where on one hand, the use of these products is highly glamorised to attract the consumes and in the end there is an inconspicuoy, oF ory Warning indicating that the use of these products is injurious to health. Thus there is clear tendeney of making profits by promoting the sale of the products which are injurious to public health. In such welteon the dilemma as to how much importance is to be given to one’s profit and how much to 1 Welfare always remains unresolved. *) Another dilemma can be highlighted in any profession which arises when the prime motivation is toward, Profit maximisation. Take the example of practising medicos with the urge of profit maximisation Supposing there is an epidemic and a large number of people become sick, the doctors endowed with materialistic world view will feel excited as it would give them an opportunity to eam a lot of money. Thus, the degradation in the health of society becomes a welcome opportunity for those whose expected role in the society is to facilitate the health of people. Here again the dilemma always persists whether to ¢ fe importance to one's profit or to the welfare of people needing help. Driven by the profit mania one can adopt methods of exteme exploitation of the patients who are already in serious trouble. We can make similar Visualisations for each profession whereby the motivations of profit maximisation eventually lead to unethical practices of various dimensions and thwart the very objective of these professions in contributing towards the common good, towards the larger order. With all this, a continuous contradiction persists in the mira of such people as these unethical processes are not naturally acceptable to anyone. They create tension and anxiety at the personal level and one is tempted to adopt dual personality in terms of trying to appear to be ethical and in reality acting differently. There is a need to hit the nail on the head. ‘The resolution of all these contradictions and dilemmas can only come through right understanding. Thus, the crux of all this discussion is that sincere effort towards building up the ethical competence of human beings in general and professionals in particular through proper value education is the only effective way to safeguard professional ethics. 5.2.1. Natural Acceptance of Human Values Normally, every individual desires to be goal-oriented and successful. It is quite true that people generally undertake human values as per their understanding of harmony and co-existence. These desires can be achieved ‘ith the help of our insight which is often described as the only basis to be successful. It is human nature which usually expects morality and equality to take place in our lives and hence this basis (insight) cannot be Cradicated, Iti quite logical that our relations with other living beings would assure such morality and equality Tdentifying the fundamental goal or value is the true identification of such relations. This phenomenon may be referred as study of existence. This study helps in developing commitment ina relationship. This leads to astured harmony in that relationship. Therefore, success is achieved due to such assured harmony. All types of relationships of human beings are linked with multi-faceted resolution arising from ‘Jeevan’ People need to adopt human values for its long existence. Various aspects like interpretation of existence as co- existence, natural adoption of human conduct and understanding of Jeevan together ascertain realisation of human values. A person becomes competent to do right and virtuous things and also becomes expert in the same only if he is able t0 recognise and appreciate human values. Otherwise, people remain engaged in satisfying one or other desire and cannot do right deeds by rational thinking. Therefore, understanding of concepts like “Jeevan’ and ‘existence’ is necessary to become sensible and prudent. Also acknowledging the motive or meaning of relations makes it possible to recognise values,al Ethics (Unit-5) 1 ion profess example, i’ has not given respect to *Y" then this states *Y" to feel resentment against °X° and he/she for exbesibly supposed t0 take some action against °X” as disrespect of °X' is not bearable to °Y” and he/she ic peing insulted. patural acceptance remains constant with time and age, and also it can be validated easily. For example, eption of people for respect, faith and sympathy does not vary with continuously altering age factor Mier, with the growing age also, people have same natural acceptance and similar pereeption for these mies, People can often validate it inside their own observation level. gahical principles and morals followed by an individual comprise of values. Values are described as the result of certain recognition and understanding and moral standards or principles are the foundation of these values. he use of material thing at higher order determines its value. Correspondingly, the value of plants exists in peing eaten up by other living beings similar to the way in which value of humans is shown by being beneficial tnd helpful to other humans. 5.2.2. Definitiveness of Ethical Human Conduct The identification of ethical human conduct or definitiveness of human conduct is enabled by acquiring right understanding through self-exploration. It is also found that all human beings follow the similar process Further, ethical human conduct is in harmony with universal human values. Thus, it helps people to understand the comprehensiveness of ethical human behaviour and conduct. In addition, it is difficult for an individual to find the definitiveness of these ethical human conducts without having its right understanding. It can be explained as follows: Definitiveness of Ethical Human Conduct Values (Mulya) Policy (Nii) (Character (Charitra) 1) Values (Mulya): It is an instinctive quality or ‘svabhava’ of a human being to be capable of surviving in conformity with universal human values or be a part of a unit of a bigger system. There are thirty human values which are universal in nature, given below: ‘Values (Mula) ‘Values in the Self) Values ofa human being in Values in human Values of human being inthe Givan Maya) ts participation in universal human = relationship interaction with theres of ‘human order (Sthapita and Sista ‘nature (Manav Mulya) Malya) (Vastu Mutya) Happiness (Sukha) Perseverance (Dhirata) | ity value i Pease (Shani) Braver (Vi) Kayo ee Satisfaction (Santosh) Generosity (Udarata) Artistic Value (Kala Mula) Bliss (Ananda) Kinciess (Deyn) vat Beneficence (Kripa) ‘Compassion (Karuna) alii =Viie [Expressed ~ Values ‘Trust (Visyasa) Complementariness (Sau) ness (Saujanyata) Respect (Sammana) Compliance (Sauhardra) ‘Afton Sea) ‘Commitment (Nistha) Car (Manat) Generosity (Udarata) Galas (Vataly) Spontancity (Sahajata) erence (Shraddba) ‘Obedience (Puiyata) Gry (Gaurav) Ease (Saralata) = aia chara) Self-restraint Sanyansa) ‘Unanimity (Ananyata)First Semester (HVD & TR) IKGPry i) Jivan Mulya: Values inculcated in ‘I’ or self are termed as jivan mulya. These values include severay elements which are as follows: a) Happiness (Sukha): Happiness or contentment in one’s life i Definite thoughts lead to definite expectation which establishes ii ‘can be either temporary or long-lasting. This experience of happiness can be mild or gentle, or even it can also be intense in nature. In addition, it naturally gives a sense of contentment, security and comfort. According to Budhha, there are few examples of material happiness which is valuable and lawful including happiness of possession, i.c., of wealth and freedom from liability, etc b) Peace (Shanti): The word ‘peace’ is reflected by one’s definiteness of his ideas, thoughts or opinions which ideally depends upon the definiteness of his aspirations. Peace or shanti refers to peace with oneself (mental peace) and it can be analysed when there is no such occurrence of violence of any parts of body, mind or spirit with any other parts of the body. Shanti is an essential presumption for “outer peace’. Occidental focus on ‘outer peace’ is supplemented by ‘Shanti There is a controversy that people can achieve ‘outer peace’ only if they have inner peace within themselves. ©) Satisfaction (Santosh): Satisfaction can be expressed as definiteness of one’s aspirations subject to his or her own understanding. Santosh or satisfaction is defined as fulfilment of ‘one’s needs and ambitions. It is a particular condition of mental consciousness wherein a person values the positive attributes in every circumstance and with every person he communicates with. It is definitely more than inactive satisfaction. It can be a positive, dynamic and effective outlook and help to change one’s perception towards life in new way The philosophy of satisfaction helps an individual to understand that his/her state of happiness or unhappiness is only derived from his/her own mind and perception. For example, if unexpectedly one’s eyes are closed by someone from behind, it is but obvious that either he/she may get annoyed or be afraid, but when by tuming around or noticing that it is his/her friend whom he/she has not met for long, that irritation of him/her will promptly change into happiness. It is an individual's viewpoint towards what is happening to him/her which makes him/her happy and satisfied, not the outcome of the activities happening around him/her. 4) Bliss (Ananda): The term ‘bliss’ is defined as continuous happiness, superior intense feeling and can be established through understanding via realisation. Bliss is also termed as Ananda, i.e., a state ‘of unconditional happiness or absolute ending of all distress and pain. Bliss is an event which happens when one has associated himself with God, infinite principle of truth. It can be appreciated when a person is well balanced in the original temperament of the self. Each and every human being wishes to experience the nectar of absolute love, to achieve peace and a position from where there is no option to go back in the previous state. ‘Ananda’ can also be termed as ‘Moksha’ which means absolute discharge from ignorance. It is ignorance only which is the root of all pain, suffering or distress of an individual. Moreover, the ultimate motive of life should be to find the place where eternal happiness lies and this achievement or experience cannot match up with any ‘other experience. Vedas is the only place to find eternal peace or contentment and it is comprised of the instinctive wisdom of consciousness. This wisdom uncovers the path of truth which guides a Person to experience enduring happiness or Ananda. ii) Mamay Malya: Manav Mulya is defined as the value of a human being contributing in universal human order, Human values constitute various elements which are explained as below: 4) Perseverance (Dhirata): Constantly getting involved in the system after comprehending it thoroughly is referred to as perseverance. Dhirata explains to be sure about all-inclusive solution which involves understanding and living in harmony with all levels of subsistence. It also exists with this commitment without any worry. b) Bravery (Veerta): Bravery implies assisting others to get involved in the system and to understand it, It also assures an all-inclusive solution to comprehend and live in harmony at all levels. It is defined as the commitment like ‘one is willing to assist others in order to have right understanding’. It denotes the commitment to survive at all levels of subsistence and assist others to gain right understanding of harmony. referred to as happiness or sukha happiness. The feeling of happiness— professions F \ ) Generosity (Udarta): Generosity implies utiizing of one's own wealth, body and mind in 9a human order, Ax in the above case of bravery, it also assures an all-inclusive solution to comprehend and live in harmony at all four levels, It is defined as the commitment like one is walling to devote hinself/ersel, iver body and wealth to asst other persons in order to jai right understanding 123 abies (UnitS) 4) Kindness (Daya): is defined os the process of providing a chance person. Involvement of an individual to create ease for others und to provide them resources (Vastu) to satisfy theit needs or wants is termed as kindness or Daya, This kind of un individual's participation is necessary when other 4 person is competent (patrat) enough but does not have required resoutee (Vastu) Lo satisty his/her needs OF Opportunity to a competent @) Beneficence (Kripa): It means providing competence Involvement of a person to assimilate the competence or ability in others to satisfy their needs or wanis is termed as beneficence or Kripa, ‘This kind of an individual's participation is necessary when others do not have required competence to use the various means or resources which wil satisfy their needs, 1) Compassion (Karuna): Giving both oj termed as compassion or Karun, resources accessible is referred potential and in addition to it de to an individual who has. prospects, PPortunity (resources) and competency to an individual is ‘The involvement in relation to make both, i.c., competence and a8 compassion. This is possible when the person does not possess the eS not have enough opportunities to satisfy his/her requirements, Oe er tre, cata Mulya: When values in relationship shared by two human beings indicate sambandh mulya, itis termed as sista mutya and sthapita mulya, Nine human values have been recognised in human relations, in a family and in a society as a whole namely affection, glory, care, love, rus, reverence, respect, grande and guidance. These human values are known as established values or ‘Sthapita’ ‘Apart from these established values, there are nine ‘Sista’ or expressed values also. Moreover, Sthapita mulya exist within oneself and expressed as Sista mulya in one's conduct with other persons, Also, Sioa mulya or expressed Values are simple to interpret. For example, if one has the sentiment of love in oneself, it is conveyed as commitment in relations with other persons. Similarly, if one has a sentiment of faith in himself/herself, itis manifested as supporting in behaviour with other persons, And in ease one has a desine or admiration in ‘oneself, itis displayed as being respectful wit th the person he/she admires. Further, the expressed value is a natural consequence and established value isthe innate values exist within an individual. As a result, the sum {otal of values present in a human relation is 18 which can be calculated as below: S expressed values +9 established values = 18 human relation values, Established Values ixpressed Values 1) _Visvasa (Trust) ata (Complementariness) 2) Sammana (Respect) | 2) Sauhardra (Compliance) 3)__ Sneha (Affection 4) Mamata (Care) 4) Udarata (Generosity) | 5)_Vatsalya (Guidance) | 5) Sahajata (Spontaneity) 6) _Shraddha (Reverence) | 6) Pujyata (Obedience) 7) Gaurava Glory 7) Saralata (Ease} 8)_Kritagyata (Gratitude) |'8) Saumyata (Self-restraint) | 9) Prema (Love) 9) “Ananyata (Unanimity) ‘Vastu Mulya: When there is communication between values of a of nature, it is termed as Vastu Mulya, It is defined as an enga, nature. It is further divided into two components which are a: ®) Upayogita Mulya (Utility Value): It is the process of designing an object related to physio- chemistry for nurturing, Preserving and development. It considers involvement of an individual in Safeguarding the role of material facility in nourishment, security, development and in verifying means for human body. ») Kala Mulya (Artistic Value): It is to confirm the enduring value of an ‘object. Artistic value is the involvement of humans in c onfirming the task of material facility t0 assist and protect its ‘usefulness, For example, a shirt helps in covering the human body. Protection is a shirts utility iy) Person with the remaining elements igement of individuals with the rest of the s follow:124 First Semester (HYD & TR) IKGPT value. An artistic value is one which helps in producing a shirt which can be comfortably worn, Similarly, the usefulness of a pen is that it helps in writing, This utility provides a scurce to the body by supplying a cap to the pen to avoid leakage of ink, a perfect shape for caine the pen while writing, etc., protect the value of the pen. Hence, by adding all these iene Ac ne can find that there are total 30 human values in which 4 values exist ‘T,, i.e., within the sel 2 6 values comprised of a human being, 18 values exist in case of human relations with other persons and remaining 2 values are associated with nature. mining improvement, security and proper ¢ body (Tana), mind (Mana) and wealth i.e., planning, programme, execution, per utilisation of resources. Pol 2) Policy (Niti): The declaration of right understanding while deter utilisation of resources is known as policy. These resources involv‘ (Dhana), And the determining process involves various steps, ‘outcomes and assessment related with improvement, security and pro} divided into three components: fae nas, i) Economic Value (Artha Niti): Economic value can be defined as a good or a commodity which is productive and its value can be computed in monetary terms. It can also be termed as a policy which complements self, body and wealth. ii) Political Value (Rajya Niti): Political value is a policy of securing the self, body and wealth iii) Policy for Universal Human Order (Dharma Niti): This policy is related to proper utilisation of self body and wealth. 3) Character (Charitra): It is referred as surviving with ‘dn individual’s own wealth eamed by working on nature, connubiality in marital relations, and benevolence in work and conduct. Certainty in one’s living is governed by determination of one’s opinions, wishes and preferences. Work of an individual and results obtained from certainty of conduct is termed as precision of character. It consists of following elements: i) Sva-Nari, Sva-Purusha: It involves purity in a marital relationship. ii) Sva-Dhana: It is defined as lawful and fair productivity, procurement and use of wealth. iii) Dayapurna Vyavahar and Dayapurna Karya: This form of character implies benevolence in conduct and work i.e. goodwill by being people friendly and ecofriendly. 5.2.3. Universal Human Order A feeling of being associated with every unit of nature by involving humans and other various entities existing in nature is known as Universal Human Order or Sarvabhauma Vyavastha. The concept of universal human ‘order and integrated society is defined by owing to understanding of harmony. Following elements are a part of ‘universal human order: 1) The five aspects of human endeavour include health, education, production, exchange, justice etc., to a disintegrated society 2) Organisation consists of following steps, i.e., from family to world family. Each step is attached with right understanding which will be combined in the following manner: Family = Family Cluster => Village/Community = Village/Community Cluster = => => World Family The three components defining the vision of universal human order are as follows: 1) Humanistic Education (Manviya Shiksha-Sanskar), 2) Humanistic Constitution (Manviya Samvidhan), and 3) Humanistic Universal Order (Manviya Vyavastha). 5.2.3.1. Humanistic Education (Manviya Shiksha ~ Sanskar) The education which converts animal consciousness to human consciousness is termed as humanistic education. This education monitors or verifies actions taken by human beings. It is defined as a process to validate the understanding of human behaviour and assurance to subsist in the same manner from many generations, It is concerned with an educational ideology which concludes that all humans are self- er h and societal and of complete humankind. cont over, it has @ specific code of ethics or a ‘set of rules'for human behaviour oni depend: Jose ological factors, Knowledge and Wisdom, pends upon jen! as of Good Humanistic Constitution (Manviya Samvidhan) gssentials i is not quite simple to identify a universal st though it is no standard for the assessment of consti i a the following cea eon bermropsecs : fundamentals of an ideal constitution: ss See staless ith the political and social conditions ar tency with the poli ial conditions of the pertaining st 1) ComPEonsttution wherein social conditions imply to feiss een pen ees erences, background and their customs and traditions, Political See ace ere ceround conditions refer to their love for or Gisliking against a certain kind of government. A constitution cannot function smoothly or effectively if it tries to force a particular type of government or administrative and political establishment which % not ed by itizens. Hence, the constitution ct eferred by the ci , itution makers must ensure that it di sec vy te gaia loes not include any matter ferent 2) Aconstitution is considered as a good constitution if itis drafted in an easy and understandable language. It should contain clear statements and expressions because vague or unclear language may induce conflicts in the near future. Aversion of uncertainty and ambiguity can be easily done if the job of drafting a constitution begins with a clear-cut notion of the polity which is being furnished by its makers. 3) It must comprise of the ‘basics’ only. Many times an effort to draft a constitution with too many specifications can cause complexity. Thus, a constitution which evidently states the authorities and roles of different departments, establishes connections between them, comprise the basic system of government is referred to as an ideal constitution, 4) Another prerequisite to be a good constitution is that it should neither be too rigid nor be too flexible As extreme flexible nature can make it susceptible or weak and excessive rigidity restricts the future development of the constitution. The virtuousness of a constitution can be destroyed if it is made inflexible which will be similar to inflicting the will of a non-existent person on living beings. Similarly creating the constitution in a manner which can be easily controlled will be like consenting to capricious ideas of a person or any organisations to be instrumental in its alterations. ‘An unbiased and autonomous judiciary should be provided by a good constitution to safeguard interests of the people. A federal constitution is one which sets up a system of federalism within a nation. Such constitution needs an independent judicial system to resolve conflicts amongst the states or its any centre or units. 6) A good constitution is one which includes fundamental rights and responsibilities of citizens. It is necessary in a democratic nation, as citizens of such a democratic country must be sure about their rights and should be familiar with their responsibilities towards the state and to the society as whole. y §.2.3.3. Humanistic Universal Order (Manviya Vyawastha) The process of right understanding present in the society and continuation of this process via generations of human race is known as humanistic universal order (Manviya Vyawastha). A foresight for “Manviya Vyawastha’ and a holistic choice is gained due to right understanding. This manviya vyawastha is a style of living which is intrinsically beneficial for the basic needs of all humans and is also consistent with nature. Imagining and development of suitable technologies, management styles and various production processes will be compelled by such a model of living which fulfils the extensive human objective of Smriddhi, Abhay. Sahastitva and Samadhana. Hi ic uni s the comprehensive human objective, It confirms the creation and Goal, Involvement in this universal order has 10 steps beginning from the family and finally to the world family, This human order has mainly 5 dimensions which guarantees Human Goals recognized in Wisdom (Viveka). They are namely: 1) Health-Discipline (Swasthya- Sanyam), 2) Exchange-Storage (Vinimay-Kosh), 3) Education-Right Values System ( Shiksha- Sanskaar), 4) Justice-Protection (Nyaya- Suraksha), and 5) Production-Work (Utpadan-Karya).co Pirst Semester (HVD & TR) IkGpry, 5.2.4. Competence in Professional Ethics : The capability of performing at a workplace, in accordance with the w: odes of conti termed as “competence in professional ethics’. I usally inciodes the understanding o suitable time, i.e., when to use and when not to use knowledge, on the basis of the ethical values it provides the difference between right and wrong, Competence in professional ethics considers requirements of the customer and the ethically right things. It is also sensitive to customer’s as well as stakeholder’s situation. In order to ensure the professional ethics, the only useful approach is to grow ethical competence or value competence of a person because without these competencies the things such as administering pledges, setting code of conduct, etc, will remain only official procedures. 's described under professional ethica) Building a professional competence with ethical human conduct is known as professional ethics. Only by having proper value education, the ethical competence can be built as it is a continuing process. The professional life is merely a part of the entire life of the person. Hence, the professional competence reveals ‘correct understanding of the individual in general, regarding the difference between right and wrong. The following competencies are developed in professional people through the professional ethics: 1) Clarity on Comprehensive Human Objectives: Professional ethics attempts to make clear the comprehensive human objectives such as friendly co-existence, joy, affluence and well- being among human beings. 2) Self-Assurance: The objective of professional ethics is to develop self-assurance among the professionals, by equipping them with suitable talent which can be used in their occupation. Its objective is also to disseminate the correct knowledge about the self and the world around. 3) Reciprocity of Satisfaction through Conduct: The attempt of professional thi reciprocity of satisfaction in the conduct through an enduring joy for the self along with mutual joy and affluence within all professionals. 4) Competence to Establish a Reciprocal Relationship of Enrichment with the Environment: Professional ethics attempts to establish a reciprocal relationship of enrichment with the natural surroundings. It aims at communicating those competencies which can help in enhancing the natural surroundings without causing any loss to the natural resources. 5) Competence in Recognising the Self: The aim of professional ethics is to disseminate competence which ‘would help a person in knowing his real self and through which the person can target on striving for excellent ‘work as he has become more alert and attentive. is to establish At present the matters pertaining to professional ethics are getting complicated, specifically those related to trade and commerce. Following are the two blazing examples in this context: 1) Today we are coming across severe scams, financial scandals and corruption in bulk buying processes; coming in light as ‘Benami Transaction’ or ‘Hawala’. This further leads to black market economy. 2) In the financial businesses, most usual breaking of ethical practices is insider trading and clashing interests of the stockholders and stakeholders. Competence is not apparently a moral value, yet in reality it executes numerous moral duties related to the engineers and other working professionals. Being in a profession, an individual is expected to uphold the ‘competency in his area. This implies that one should remain well informed with the recent innovations in technological field and should also expand the horizons of his knowledge via ongoing professional training. Itis supposed to be an ethic because through it one is expected to be reliable in terms of delivering excellence in work, and thereby helps in maintaining the interest of the people in that particular profession. Right assessment and orderly progress of ethical competence is one of the efficient approaches which would guarantee professional ethics. The foremost competence in professional ethics is self-assurance, which implies belief in harmony within self and with the surroundings. Competency comes out from self-respect and self-assurance sveloped on the basis of talents and abilities to accomplish certain task.9 na) Baies (UNI) 12 ___ are the capabilities of competence in professional ethics: followin Fo wile the professional competence for augmenting universal human order, Moers the scope and characteristics of people-friendly and eco-friendly production systems, and ity vo identify the scope Pei Pi " B fi to identify and develop appropriate technologies and management patterns for above production systems 1. Ability to Utilise the Professional Competence for Augmenting Universal Human Order ily, professional competence refers to the ability to carry out one's professional duties, or it also refers to ‘oat a specific specialised work by maintaining suitable level of quality. In current scenario where there are f changes in our society, there isa latest trend of staying updated. A responsible professional is expected tot Sep himnself™erself updated with the latest trends in their field. Irrespective of the profession, whether it is vo areaenginecting. law or accounts; every profession calls for keeping up-to-date with the latest trends: For example, in the past heart transplant was unheard because heart transplant was not so much in practice due to insufficient knowledge. But in the recent years, due to development in the science and technology and getting up-to-date and latest knowledge helped saving many lives. In fact, keeping in touch with the new changes also helps the professional to determine their future career goals and in case of new professionals their concept and abilities must have to be based on latest or upcoming trends. Hlements of Professional Competency Jarvis attempted to give a model of professional competency by defining ‘elements of professional competency’. But he ended up with an arrangement quite alike to that related with ‘task analysis’, — i.e., knowledge, skills and attitudes. He included the following under the category of ‘knowledge and understandin; 1) Academic discipline(s); 2) The psychomotor elements; 3) Interpersonal relationships; and 4) Moral values. In the next category, i.e., ‘skills’, Jarvis incon psychomotor actions and attributes which are re atitudes’ recognised by him: 1) Professional knowledge and professionalism attitudes; 2) Emotional commitment to professionalism; and 3) Inclination towards performing in a professional way. Although there are apparently a lot of inconsistencies and incompleteness in these classifications but still they have the feature of involving both the dimensions, i.e., ‘moral values’ and ‘professional attitudes’, which are usually ignored in other models. porated those attributes which are essential for performing -quired for interacting with others. Following are ‘professional 5.2.4.2. Ability to Identify the Scope and Characteristics of People-Friendly and Eco-Friendly Production Systems capability to recognise the possibilities and features of people-friendly and eco-friendly production systems. ‘ae involved in competence in professional ethics. These production systems include resources and methods of Seen building, watershed management, environment- friendly farming, environment-friendly hygiene systems, ‘ices running on solar energy, and energy systems based on bio-mass. At personal as well as at level of society, there must be proper detection of the possibilities and features of Prople-friendly and eco-friendly production systems. Characteristics of eco-friendly production system that Must be identified are as follows: }) Prevention of water and air pollution, 2) Reduction of wastage, 4, Resourceful production of heat and electricity, 5) production of clean energy, 4 sing of waste materials, Best use of resources available at local level,130 First Semester (HVD & TR) IKGPTy 7). Giving preference to consumption at local level, 8) Maintenance of requisite quality standards, 9) Eco-friendly production, and 10) Encouraging particular innovation and sense of achievement among people. Scope of Eco-friendly Production System 1) Managing the factors of production in eco-friendly manner, 2) Managing life cycle and sustainability, 3) Development of techniques for minimi 4) Efficient utilisation of resources which are ingredients of products a required to carry out the production activity (water, electricity, etc). 5.2.4.3. Ability to Identify and Develop Appropriate Technologies and Management Patterns for above Production Systems It is comprised of the capability of recognising holistic technologies and manufacturing systems along with their features. These holistic technologies and different manufacturing systems might involve above stated people- friendly and eco-friendly production systems. ‘The current situation and the needs of people of the world have led to the inventions of advanced technology and systems by people. The development of these technologies and systems are based on the following three broad standards: 1) Fulfilling the requirements of the way of living, 2) People friendly, and 3) Environmental friendly. ing and preventing waste production on an on-going basis, and .s well as the resources which are Along with that, these are expected to encourage self-reliance at local level and the best possible use of the locally available assets and skills. With respect to above mentioned broad concerns the specific criteria for considering the suitability of technologies, manufacturing systems and management models are as follows: Criteria for Technologies 1) Technology must fulfil the actual needs of the human. 2) Itshould be in harmony with natural cycles and systems. 3) It should assist in efficient use of human body, animals, plants and materials. 4) Technology must ensure safety, ease of use and should be favourable for health. 5) Encouraging the utilisation of recyclable sources of energy. 6) There must be power and cost efficiency in chosen technology. 7) Encouraging decentralised management. 8) Developing healthy relationships and collaboration among people. 9) Technology must be helpful in maintaining the robustness and recyclability of product's life span. Criteria for Manufacturing Systems 1) Inmanufacturing system there should be the best use of the locally available assets and skills. 2) Manufacturing system must be financially feasible and sustainable. 3) There should be the preference to consumption at local level in manufacturing system. 4) Decentralisation of systems which should help in generating significant employability for all people in the society. 5) Manufacturing system must encourage that there should be the manufacturing as per the requirement instead of a centralised large scale manufacturing. 6) Manufacturing system should make sure that the manufacturing quality is appropriate. 7) There should be the use of eco-friendly and people-friendly technologies in manufacturing system. 8) Manufacturing systems should be harmless and favourable for the health of workers and the others. 9) It should encourage innovation and sense of achievement among people.y pics unit) psc t Models/Patterns for N rould not only look on profit generation instead it should also t sho with production activity and the end user of the products SE ee est model are as follows: ict eae working as a closely associated family ‘The enti and encouraging. p supports proper evaluation of the work done by the people. ‘Making SU" the gratifiaction of the workers, owners and the jp Aiming eaien of task and participative management syst Fait rae nhancements in the skills of the people involved. cee amalgamating competencies and interdependencies of individuals. 2.5. Case Studies of Typical Holistic Technologies, 5 d Production Systems ke at cultural environment technology has emerged as strength as it yday life. Technology cannot be referred to simply as an electronic circuit having number of transistors, oro can be referred to concrete as well as abstract things generated by using human labour and intelligence ah an intent t0 gain some importance. For example, invention and management of fire were the major {chnological breakthroughs in the early Palaeolithic age 11 give emphasis on requirements of as well. The criteria chosen for a users, instead of focusing on increasing profits. lem. Management Models touches all spheres of people's ‘The holistic standard of assessment mainly arises from right evaluation of the broad human objectives. The foremost rules are: 1) Ability to fulfil the suitable requirements of the day-to-day needs and way of life. 2) Friendliness towards people and environment. 3) Opimam utilisation of the locally available assets, skills, labour and talents; and giving preference to the consumption also at local level 4) Decentralisation of the system. Generally the popular systems have emerged out of invention by the human beings in conformity with the Present outlook of the world. Thus, even though developed science and technology is used, these systems are sonewhat unfavourable to environment friendly human prosperity. Suitable and appropriate system in accordance with today’s requiremer i i be beneficial for encouraging insight to it are discussed below 52.5.1. Case Study on Typical Holistic Technologies (BMW Group) BMW Group has kept up their promises to enhance their Produces ecological concer in the long run. As early 4%: the beginning of 1970s, BMW Group has exhibited the proof of this by launching the first of its kind car, ie, powered by electricity; and has also pioneered in appointing ecological officer in the manufacturing of car. It also collaborated with the Contemporaries to develop the system for dumping of the harmful waste. ‘In the later part of the decade, the Grouy ip pioneered in car powered by hydrogen. Durin; BMW Group utilised advance technology using water-soluble paint, it also focused on the matters related to 1g and reusing the parts of the exhausted vehicles, it also widened its management philosophies to [ake room for the rules related to environmental concem. Since mid-1990s to present days, BMW group being loyal to sustainable environmental protection as this group has been using highly ‘advanced eco-friendly {Echnologies, such as emission of less pollution, technology using water-soluble paint along with powder-clear (Oating and manufacturing of large number of cars powered by natural gas and hydrogen. This group at present 's concentrating on maintaining eco-friendly source of energy, environment friendly manufacturing systems and ‘use of lightweight equipment, 1g 1980s and 1990s, the a. eee132 ; First Semester (HYD & TR) Ika In the year : ae a a eae Group was able to attain landm: | e {helped it to recognise and control ecological é Se Setvices were approved by the International Or ‘AVironmental Management System standard: and a fe Raeeatend Audit Scheme (EMAS), It led to fed in 1995 kina and consequently covered all the manufacturing units of BMW Group around the lobe, Se Group pioneered as 4 vehicle producer with EMS in all the manufacturing units. By such king Sccomplishment, the BMW Group then focussed towards enhancing ecological management of i professional collaborates and of its non-manufacturing units 3 iitk as it executed Environmental Management System, hazards and their influence in its different services, 4}, ‘Eanisation for Standardisation (ISO) 14001:1996 and 'W Were also confirmed to be in agreement with the Keo ‘onclusion of a practice which was in 5.2.5.2. Case Study; Nike ‘Re-use A Shoe’ Programme During early 1990s, Nike started considering about the methods to reduce its negative influence on the nature and to cut down the quantity of the shoes which have to be thrown out after using, This was the major issue of concer for Nike and it gave bitth to the idea of ‘Reuse-A-Shoe" programme, This agenda involves collecting used and weary shoes, reprocessing and turning them to form Nike Grind, which was a substance utilised in Sreation of artificial athletic and playground surfaces along with some specific Nike products, Since 1990, Nike was able to gather 28 million shoes for the purpose of recycle, By 2008, Nike was able to keep baskets with every retailer depot in more than 150 various locations in US under the programme ‘Reuse-A-Shoe’. These shoes are merged with Nike production waste in the reprocessing units to form the substance Nike Grind. These Centres located at Memphis a state in U.S.A, cuts shoes into three parts: rubber outer sole, foam middle sole and ‘upper fibre. Bach part is put into grinding machines and further refined. Nike is continuously striving to bring down its hazardous impact on the nature, thus some time back, it diversified from producing sports surfaces and started using its recycled Nike Grind collected from its Production units to form innovative products such as zippers, buttons and other items. Nike Trash Talk utilises several ecological-friendly substances like Nike Rubber Grind to form its outer sole. The list is endless, so Sustomers after recycling their worn-out shoes are expected to get new pair of Nike shoes. There is one more environmental friendly product of Nike which is its shoebox, customers can feel good while carrying it due to its being lighter in weight and more durable as it is made from 23% less material comparing to that in case of the previous one, which will help to save about 200,000 trees in a year. Moreover, it is completely made from 100% reusable cardboard, just like every other shoe boxes of Nike since the year 1995. §.2.5.3. Case Study on Management Model One of the India’s well-known establishments Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad run by females is a production unit producing different products like Masala, Appalam, Papad, Gehu Atta, SASA Detergent Powder, SASA Liquid Detergent, SASA Detergent Cake (Tikia). Company with its head office in Mumbai has extended to 81 branches along with 27 divisions in various states across India. The association which was started with 7 sisters who belong to same building, widened to a membership of 43,000 sisters in different parts of India. It was the hard work of the member sisters only from whom the company got such achievement. These member sisters resisted with quite a lot adversities but having constant faith in the ‘women's potential’. Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad is an amalgamation of three distinctive concepts, which are: 1) The concept of business, 2) The concept of family, and 3) The concept of devotion. Every unit of this organisation follows all these concepts fully and consistently. This amalgamation leads to the formulation of a special Lijjat philosophy. It was the initial stage when organisation has implemented the trade concept. Its dealings are based on @ practical and logical ground, i.e. manufacturing of superior quality products at an economical cost. Neither this organisation had, nor would it ever take donation, charity, grant or gift from any section of the society. Infact these sisters have always collaborated to give their contribution towards charity as per their ability. sation and its sister members have also given room for the concept of ‘All the matters of the organisation are handled in a way, just like the Along with the concept of trade, the organi shared relationship of love, care and faith way a family carries out its day to day affairs.133 aul the concepts embraced by the organisation, the cout of er members, owners and followers, the orga ‘most significant one is the fort Mevotion to dedicate an individual's strength mn o isation is not only a source concept of dedication. As, it Only Resbiee of income but it is also a > dec : E 'Y for his/her welfare but for the welfare of each ps this organisation follows the notion of “work is worship" The organisation invites all those with iho believe in their fundamental ideas. ge J ams iq Iped in its extraordinary success a Facors Tee tig faith in collaborative values, 1), Mem possession resulting in stable returns 2) Shar mentation of a principle of equal distributi 3) Pe emphasis on quality assurance, 2) Bitat use of moral Valves 5) Par pricing, consistency and dependability 8 Shared decision-making, tence itis quite clear that the moral principles ire as follows ‘on of profit among all the members of the group. and proper code of conduct gives way to achievement. 254. Case Study on Production S; {an American company, First Solar which is leading in the signed a contract in March 2010 The secomplishment of First Solar was almost impossible in absence of support from the federal government which acted as the primary partner for developing solar photovoltaics (PV). Thus, the federal government independently played a major role in the development ofthe technology by acting as its preliminary customer in the middle of 20" century. The price of these solar PV was very to find their starting marketplace s: identified where using solar PV" undercover mission on orbiting s: high for maximum purposes therefore makers of this latest technology had “omewhere else. Later on, a segment of market known as aerospace was 8 made some sense of cost effectiveness. The U.S. army and air force for their atellites of earth found this latest technology as a perfect source of power. Hoffman Electronics was given contract by exploration programme of space. In 1958, laun: which was having both chemical batteries and si the government to make availability of solar cells for new ching of first commercial satellite the “Vanguard I’ took place silicon solar cells. However, the chemical batteries worked only for a week, whereas PV cells which were used in its radios helped the satellite to communicate with the station on earth for many years. Till 1965, NASA has been using about a million solar PV cells. Hii igh demands from the government and preliminary research support resulted in bringing down the cost of production and led to its enhanced success. 5.2.6. Strategy for Transition from the Present State to Universal Human Order For transition from the present state to universal human order, following actions can be helpful: 1) The basic and foremost step for transition is sufficient understanding of necessity for self-exploration. 2) It is followed by another significant step which is to develop efficient methods which would be helpful in self-exploration. i 3) Extensive work to be done in the direction of self-development, eliminating the wrong pre-conceived ideas, attaining correct knowledge, recognising the harmony at different stages and realising such knowledge in ‘actual life.Few Semester (HYD & TR) IKGPTy a cour growth 44) The significant contribution towards the high level of onder is the best way 10 BEIP =, Soe 5) In order to speed up the transition for integrated options, it is esseatial meray er pera aie act os re ‘of people and enable extensive human education. In adkiition, Reece tig are eariy caeltable chaneae driving factor to develop and execule integrated systems and technologies ee the transition. in the plans, programmes and social system are also needed to help in bringing * “s Engi $261. At the Level off Individual: As Socially and Ecologically Responsible Engincers, T gists and Managers hility towards society and ‘The preseat benchmark for attaining name and fame in the business ee Deowah cd on * oe o significar Sin the the bigger issues of reputation. However, these responsibilities will continu 19 toe eed rica. business environment. The liability Sen and Lee ‘esponsibility above their employer’ Engineer" |: ive s y ey ae eed eee wed cour w the society in x socially responsible aa esti conica friendly manner. For the purpose of attaining this objective, discipline of cgeeing 2 < ae plore than the part of providing technical services only, rather it should reach to a FIOTENIC™ Th UNE changes by getting acquainted with the human, environmental, societal, cultural challe eee cf action at the professional level. There must be the amalgamation of the environment Att ST! Caves in the process of product development as early as possible, i¢. during the teaching of funy Oigner! tn design engineers. The awareness is not the only necessity of furure engineers, but the ethical ¥#tOes also be entrenched into their curriculum so that they form the basis of their studies. The process of designin, for the complicated universal societies calls for the need of understanding the different cultures and having the vision about the human requirements in the coming years. 2) On the Technologist’s Level: Usually technologists work hand-in-hands with the engineers for various projects by using their knowledge of fundamental engineering methods and technical expertise. Generally the focus of the technologists is on the technological range such as product enhancement, production, construction and engineering operations. The technologists are working in wide areas of the industry, such as production, construction, maintenance and administration. They can be employed as managers of technology. if their educational qualification and experience is having importance in management planning. For the engineering graduates there are various ‘entry level positions such as testing, system development, product designing, quality controlling, field engineering and technical operations. Performing the technological activity is the main role of technologists and they are also at¢ountable for their work to manager of technology as well. Technologists are answerable for certain adverse consequences arise due to use of technology and error in technological activities. The technologists have to be morally responsible as they must appraise and honestly reveal their findings of a research to the general Public, and should give due respect to the people’s right to know; it’s for honesty and ethics that technologists must oppose that kind of research which deliberately breaks the moral principles. 3) On the Manager’s Level: Managers have to be socially accountable without any significant reason because doing so will be helpful in portraying a good picture not only for the society but to stimulate their ‘own personality. Following are the reasons for which managers have to be responsible towards society’ i) Organisational Resources: The diversified assets of the firm in form of manpower, funds, competence and practical skills are known as organisational resources. With these assets the organisation is in a good place for attainment of the societal goals. ii) Preventive Steps: In case a firm delay in dealing with the social issues today, it would be perhaps too ate tomorrow as social issues would become social calamity therefore giving no time for firm’s to understand the production objectives. Pragmatically, it is much more cost effective to handle the social issues before they convert into a disaster and lead to wastage of precious administration time. iii) Moral Responsibility: Accepting the social responsibility by the managers can be called a moral responsibility in the true sense. It is the moral duty of the firm to help in solving or eliminating the social issues.135 sonal Ethics (Unit-S) ae ent and Valuable Employees: It becomes quite simpler job for the socially responsible firms ipo savesiaidates’ a3 qualified people generally look for the socially responsible firms. For Paria, companies associated with tobacco industry find it difficult to employ the highly skilled and suilified people. roved Surroundings of the Firm: The firm which is most attentive towards achieving es eet feocial|iifefavOulaittiis be able to attain an improved society where it can run its trade Peete teracoanlye Dueitol ihe" lmspraved sbcian Vitdvfeecaliment process becomes easier and employees would be more talented. Employee turnover and absentecism will also reduce. Social enhancements would also result in lesser cases of fraud and corruption; as a result fewer fund would be spend as taxes and for security reasons. Therefore, better society would lead to the formulation of an enhanced trade scenario. still the social responsibility of the manager has to face some criticisms, which are as follows i) High Social Expenses: The expenses to spend on social responsibility would not bring immediate gains for the firm. The money spend on the social responsibility might reduce the efficiency of the firm and can adversely affect its competency in the trade world ii) for all the partners by being practical in terms of Ad spend on social responsibility would pass on to the societ, society. iii) Absence of Social Talent and Potential: The man: they might lack the talent and potential needed to nal Expenses on Society: The expenses y as well and it has to be accepted by the lagers are quite good at handling the trade affairs but sort out the social problems iy) Maximising the Gains: The primary objective of almost ever such a condition the judgement of the mana; gains law and social practices. ry firm is to maximise the gains. Under igers get influenced by their aspiration to bring maximum Social responsibility may support the growth of groups and can lead to expansion of the auxiliary industries 5262. At the Level of Society: As Mutually Enriching Insi People are responsible to perform their public duties at societal level a for the entire society. Hence, there should be equilibrium between the financial progress and welfare of the society and nature, Social responsibility can be attained, only if this stability is preserved, The concept of the Social responsibility is based on an ethical system, according to which the judgements and acts should attain moral confirmation before giving it a concrete form. In case it fails to maintain its commitment towards society and nature, it has to be treated as a social irresponsibility. Moral values are embedded in our society and helps Undiferentiating between right or wrong. Generally, most of us consider social justice as “right” as compared to when it is absent. It is the responsi 'y of every individual to bring welfare for the entire society instead of bringing welfare for only an individual tutions and Organisations dd their actions must be to bring welfare The industries and the companies have formulated an arrangement of social responsibility which is Customised to suit the atmo: sphere of the firm. The preservation of the social responsibility of the firm clearly means that the workers and the atmosphere of the firm are considered as equal assets for the firm, Preservation of social responsibility in a firm leads to bringing unity in the society and helps in protection of the ecology. AS the organisations have a prevailing effect on both the natural as well as the social environment. Organisations can and should be ethically responsible for their effect on these environments because for any Organisation to become ethically responsible, like individuals, it only depends on the approaches of higher iact@ement of organisation towards ethical responsibility. The moral responsibility of the organisation is independent of worldwide accepted moral rules. After identifying its dedication towards the moral values, the “ompany has to define its moral values and has to make it publically known. Therefore,