— Cn Nae aia ta et Pe ae Os hae Oe ae armony 0 Pari and Sociery (Uni) 6 [ uNIT3 Harmony in Family and Society SSS SS RRS Dl ea ie ha me Ze Ml BASIC UNIT OF HUMAN INTERACTION 3.1.1. Meaning and Definition of Family When a resident or homeowner lives with one or more persons, related to him/her by marriage, birth or any other relation, then it is considered as a family, The related persons living with the homeowner are considered ‘as the members of the family. In most cases, these members share a single roof by living together. A household ‘can be a group of separate or dissimilar persons or a solitary person residing alone; hence, it is not necessary that all households encompass families, Only a single family be enclosed under a household for census calculations and tabularisations, ‘A group comprising of children along with their parents residing under a single roof, living as a unit. is termed asa family. It generally involves all the successors of mutual forefathers. The definition of family changes from person to person The concept of family is different in aspects of culture, economy, society, politics, ete, However, a common fact lies in all the different aspects of the family that the persons within the family are inter-related and are important to each other. The term family can be described in various ways. One of the common dictionary definitions of family js "a fundamental social group in society typically consisting of one or two parents and their children”. This definition explains the basic concept of the family but does not cover some of the important variations including childless couples A different yet similar definition of family is “two or more people who share goals and values, have long-term ‘commitments to one another and reside usually in the same dwelling”. According to Kingstey Davis, “Family is a group of persons where relations to one another are based upon consanguinity (blood relation) and who are; therefore kin to one another”. According to Nikoff, “Family is a more or less durable association of husband and wife with or without children or of a man or woman alone with children”. ‘According to Ralph Linton, “Family is a group that involves marriage, rights and duties of parents, common residence for parents and children and reciprocal relations between parents and children”. 3.1.2. Constituent Members of Family ‘An old-styled or traditional family structure involves father, mother and their children. This family structure has been followed in many television programmes as typical families. However, there have been a lot of variations introduced by the generations of new centuries. Nowadays, families with no children, homosexual parents, and single parent or single child families are being raised. Also, due to any medical or emotional hurdle, some parents decide to live without any children as a family. However, this concept contradicts the fundamental definition of family to have children and parents living together. Thus, a newer definition is required that can inculcate the modern variations in families. There are many cases of other variations such as considering friends62 MBA Third Semester(HVD & TR) ikgpny Sina’ OF considering pets as a family member, Hence, a family need not necessarily have par children; it can also be formed through friends or pets. Some of the variations are discussed below. 1) Feiends as Family: Friends play the role of fanily for many people, whereas some people consider friends even closer than their family, Orphans, illegitimate children, or individuals. who have leg fc family members consider their close group of friends as their family. These groups of friends basical s" the void ereated due tothe absence of family members. Friends as family gain more emotional impor. than the actual family itself; The group of friends or the friend circle is deliberately chosen by the indivares through mutual goals or interests. Also, some individuals, who do have families, possess a nelwork @ friends whom they consider as their extended families My 2) Pets as Family: In many parts ofthe world, pets are considered as family members. The eeason behind th concept lies inthe fact tha pets really are responsible towards family members and particularly texan children, Also, married couples, who do not have a child, consider pets as their children, Dogs, cate ny other pets are dearly loved by family and are considered as an important member of the family Man People get emotionally attached with their pets and believe that their families get completed alongwith the, pets Sop Redefining Family By considering the variations in different aspects of the family, there is a need of redefining the term “family and enriching the existing definition in dictionary. An individual can possess as many families as he/she wants It depends upon the individual to choose the persons he/she wants to interact with. The definition of family whether modem or traditional, must cover all the aspects and variations of the family, irrespective of how an individual defines his/her family structure. A very popular saying satisfies the aspects of family ie. “family is what you make it”. Hence, a family should provide support to the individual, whether formed through pets, friends or blood relatives. High 5s of an Ideal Family Following are the high Ss of an ideal family: 1) Acceptance of mistakes. 2) Mutual respect. 3) Non-discrimination. 4) No prejudice in matters of dispute 5) Non-interference in personal likings and dislikings. 3.1.3. Types of Family Following are the various types of families: 1) Nuclear Families: It is the most common form of family that consists of father, mother and their children, ‘Nuclear families involve two generation unit living within a single household. The children in a nuclear family may be natural, adopted or both. 2) Joint or Extended Families: This type of family includes many nuclear families within itself alongwith other persons in relation such as aunts, uncles, cousins, grandparents, etc. Since mostly all or as many relatives also live with the nuclear family members, it is known as joint or extended family. The family members under this family structure share a single house or live nearby each other. Hence, it is also known as kin network family or three-generation family. Family responsibilities such as babysitting or teaching of children, etc., are shared by family members. 3) Single-Parent Families: This type of family involves a parent, generally the head of the house, and children depending on the single parent. Due to the presence of a single parent, this family is known as & single-parent family. The reason behind being a single parent may be divorce, separation, or death of the ‘other. Due to large number of divorces and childbirths to unmarried women, the concept of single-family hhas risen. 4) Binuclear and Re-Constituted Families: There have been considerable differences in the structure of the families due to divorces. A family situation in which a divorced couple continues to stay with each other in ‘order to fulfil the responsibilities towards its children is known as a bi-nuclear familyHarmony in amily and Society (Unit-3) a 5) 3.1.4. Functions of Family ‘There are some fund: Piralivesnd pelneagtie functions of a family, which are being followed throughout generations in order to 1) Unity: "The first and anes Aare the elementary functions of families: parenting and raising the chien (oncto® of any family is unity. It is responsible for uniting persons for eta fen. Unity is the mutual factor that can be found in any family, in any part of we and 2 2 aes — ea real family is a result of marriage. Every society has certain norms and ier i seeat taser for making a marriage valid, In many countries, individuals marry for wealth and Pena other countries, such as United States, the reason for marriage is love. A real 'Y #8 Bencrated through love and cooperation; else it would just be a group of unrelated people. 3) eee ae ous kinship formed within societies is one of the major functions of establishment SeBUGA Ts wareae Sasa as a social connection that links individuals with families. This social “eee leeetea lood, adoption or marriage. The concept of families lies around the fundamental aspects of kinship. It plays a vital role in transmitting wealth, property, and power to other generations. It is also responsible for socialising the f 5 younger generations. Kinship helps in preserving the society by establishing bonds and connections on societal level. bo Mee boat ot ye 3.1.5. Roles and Responsibilities within the Family ‘The functioning of the family is directly influenced by its roles and responsibilities. As compared with the kids. usually adults have more responsibilities towards their families. Following are the few examples that explain the roles and responsibilities within family: ‘Table 3.1: Difference between Parents’ Roles and Responsibilities Parents’ Roles Parents’ Responsibilities Similar to Providers: To | To cam a minimum amount of money for their sustenance and for fulfilling the produce, consume, and | needs of the family. distribute goods and services. For example, mothers also work for earning a greater family income. ‘Similar to Care-providers: To | Looking and fulfilling the emotional as well as material needs of children. | proce ivmeal care 2nd |p, r s their children while doctor gives them injections. at ‘or example, parents distract their children sives them inj | and also to give nurturance and love, | ‘Similar to Disciplinarians: To | To give proper feedback and penalties for misbehaviour or disobedience. | regulate children's social control. | For example, parents give punishments to their children so that they can learn a | lesson. | ‘Similar to Money Managers: | Monitoring finances, paying bills, and distributing resources among members of | To manage money according to | the family by identifying the need. | different needs of the fami For example, parents utilise their tax refunds for constructing a sundeck in their | house, | These roles are either shared by the parents or are divided among members of the family. Other roles of a family include cooking, laundries, house cleaning, etc., which can be done through helping each other or by taking external help from maid and servants. «64 MBA Third Semester (HVD &7R)IKopTy | 3.1.6. Harmony in Family An old proverb, ic. ‘when a family is in perfect harmony, it brings success in everything,” has not become obsolete. It is applicable even in present time. An utter truth is signified through this saying that if fam), members are in a perfect harmony with each other, then they can make any achievement in their lives. % Relationship SAT) Self (1) Recognise the Values (feelings) in a relationship (feelings are definite) g Fulfilment of Values (feelings) q Evaluate the fulfilment of the Values ‘Mutual Happiness Figure 3.1: Process of Ensuring Justice Harmony is essential in every family. There can be harmony in the family when their relationships have love, peace and cooperation. But, if there is any conflict, rivalry or disagreements between family members, then it Will give rise to disharmony. These, differences and conflicts should be reduced through proper cooperation so 5 to bring harmony in the family. Thus, harmony acts as a linkage that holds the family together. For greater harmony, a family should possess homogeneous values, thoughts and environment. ‘The core relationships with which an individual is born cannot be changed or ended. They will be shared and continued with the members of the family, even after death. Also, there are many relations in societies that ‘support the existence of the family. Every person in life has its particular importance and role, which builds a unique relationship with them. These persons may include, teachers, neighbours, colleagues, relatives, children, grandparents, and the family itself. One shall identify the importance of this social relationship network and should work to expand it. Beginning of this relationship network is the family itself. The very first interaction infants make is with their family. Also, the family acts as the core of human race, through which its continuity ‘sustains. Hence, it is also referred to as the basic or fundamental unit of the society. ‘The elder ones, within a family, not only impart the basic values and morals to their children, but they also ‘assess and realise the functionality and effect of these values. The basic source, through which a child learns, is by seeing and observing the elder ones. ‘Whenever an individual is excellently remarked, the society also remarks his/her family. It is often believed that the reason for an individual’s happiness and success is the harmony in his/her family. Hence, an individual reflects the teachings and learning of his/her family. The quality of values that a child receives shapes his/her attitude in the future. Whenever a person interacts with others, he/she seeks human values in them. This creates the need of moral standards that verify the relationships of families. Following are the set of standards: 1) Relationship Exists between the Self (‘I’) and the Other Self (‘I’): One should try to find and recognise the values and feelings within a relationship. This identification should be between the self ‘I’ of the individual and self ‘I’ of the other. When individuals act in harmony with these values and feelings, it will result in the mutual satisfaction within their relationship. Often, individuals within a relationship check and confirm their mutual feelings towards each other, which is completely natural, For example, trust is the foundation of any relationship leading to mutual satisfaction. Hence, all the lies, doubts and dishonesties should be avoided within any relationship to create mutual trust and understanding The main concept of relationship lies between the self ‘I’ and the self ‘I’ of the other. One should accept the fact that relationships which already exist within the family cannot be created again. Similarly, the relationships between the societies and the families cannot be established again as they occur naturally. Thus, an individual is surrounded by a cluster of relationships; the only need is to identify and understand them correctly.Harmony in Family and Society (Unit-3) . 2) Self (’) has Feelings in a Relat feelings exist between the self (1 sadness, happiness, etc. ip. These in a relationshi tes love, tionship: f lings withi ip: There exist various natural feeling: vy sach as ange. ) of the persons involved in relationship, e.g, feelin As these feelings are innate to one’s trained. Such ii 's existence, they can neither be avoided, nor can be const = feelings are non-detach: Y i will ea Tartan uchable and form the core of any relationship. Following are some questions that ‘Question: Are these feelings possessed by ‘I’ or by e Answer: ‘I’ has these feelings. yt ales ti ody Question: ‘I’ has these feelings for whom? v at Q Eimer 10m? Are they for the ‘I’ or the body of other person? Question: Who wants trust in relationshi V p. the self or the body? Answer: ‘I’ (Self) wants trust in relationship, - Question: Trust is expected from whom, the self or the body of other person? Answer: The ‘I’ of other person. The above questions illustrated that it is ‘I’ who seeks trust in any relationship. No other parts of the body want trust or respect. It is something that the self (‘I’) deals with. Whenever an individual is trusted or respected, it is his/her self (‘I’) which is actually trusted or respected, not the body. 3) These Feelings in the Self (‘1’) are Definite, i.c., they can be identified with Definiteness: Some values are everlasting and definite. Values such as respect, affection, trust, etc., are easily identifiable. They play an important role when a person interacts with others or influences them positively. 4) Recognising and Fulfilling these Feelings Lead to Mutual Happiness in Relationship: If an individual experiences, the survival of any relationship, he/she can easily identify the feelings. Mutual satisfaction is associated with these feelings and people can acknowledge utter happiness and satisfaction by directing themselves according to these feelings. tis natural for humans to have a constant evaluation between their relationships. Since trust is the basis of any relation, this evaluation is done to identify trust in any relationship. Once this trust is identified, there will be no misunderstandings and complaints. Hence, it can be said that relations are naturally formed. No extemal effort can create a relationship. Persons involved in a relation, possess feelings and values towards cach other, which form the base of any relationship. These values are definite and explicit. It is the self (‘I’), not the body, that is responsible for creating, identifying, and recognising these feelings and values. Also, these feelings are for the self ‘I’ of the other person. Hence, it is said that these feelings are between ‘I’ and ‘I’ ic. ‘I’ of the first person and ‘I’ of the second person. Therefore, these feelings should be identified between ‘I’ and ‘I’ so as to have mutual satisfaction and happiness within any relationship. 3.1.7. Ways to Maintain Harmony in Family Families around the world differ from each other in terms of harmony. Some families possess harmony and hence are happy and blissful, while others seem to originate fulfilment even by being in struggle. Following are some of the ways that can maintain harmony within a family: 1) Do Things Together as a Family: For maintaining harmony in the family, the members of the family should do things together. They should discuss on general topics together, perform hobbies together, watch television together, etc. 2) Work Together: For maintaining harmony in the family, the members of the family should work together. ‘They should help each other in their work and help the neighbours and others who are in need. Doing this can make children learn the positive feel that fosters by helping the needy people. 3) Play Together: The members of the family should decide to invest their time in playing together. They should also make sure that every family member is involved in the activity and is enjoying the same. It is also suggested that most of the activities should be interactive with nature, i.e., outdoor activities, as it nurtures better results.66 MBA Third Semester (HVD & TR) IKGppy 4) Avoid Preaching and Lecturing: For maintaining harmony in family, the parents should listen to thei, children and should complement their thoughts, instead of lecturing or preaching them. They should respec, the thinking of their children, and should teach them the right deeds through motivation and right attitude towards life. + 5) Blend Kindness and Firmness in Disciplinary Action: Parents are more responsible than children fo, creating harmony in the family. They should respect their children and their activities, like they would have done with a stranger. Unconditional love is the foundation of such relationships, and parents should understand it. Parents should impart right values and ethics to their children by choosing the right method They should blend kindness and firmness together for training their children. Parents should know that ‘overreacting is an easy method that leads to nowhere, instead, they should teach their children by sympathy and control, blended together, In some cases, parents should think before making any judgement or imposing any constraint onto their children. 6) Down-Play Competition: One of the major roles of the parents is to understand their children. They should not force their children to do something they are not able to do. For example, parents should not compe} their children to win a race, if they are losing it repetitively. Rather, they should provide the right motivation by appreciating them, no matter what the end result is. Parents should teach the kids to face failure and learn from it. 7) Put God at the Centre of Family Life: The parents should put God at the centre of family, and should teach their children to pray, and to feel the positive energy of spiritualism. This will bring harmony within family. The devotion to God will protect the children from negative aspects and behaviour. The children will be positively motivated towards life. Also, regular prayers will develop sense of understanding in them and they will be able to differentiate between right and wrong, 8) Let a Sweet Influence Pervade the Home: Parents should create harmony within family by surrounding their children with happiness, joy and cheerfulness. A happy home brings all the good things in life of the family members and this will in turn create harmony in the family. 3.1.8. Role of Family in the Society Every society in the world follows the same pattem of civilisations. This fact explains and proves that the family is the foundation of the society. A family is formed when a man and a woman marries. This process is reiterated and many villages, cities, and cotntries are formed. Consequently, several countries are joined together to make a continent and all the continents form the world. Therefore, family is considered as the foundational unit of the whole process. AA family functions in the same manner as kids eam through role-models and by observing their elder ones Also, parents learn from other parents’ activities of supporting and parenting their children. Hence, a family should provide a positive environment to the children. The parents should develop themselves into good role ‘models from whom their children would see and learn. For example, a child whose father consumes alcohol and cigarettes daily, may develop a negative image for his father or may develop the same habit to0. Therefore, Parents should be very careful about children’s observing power and must provide them with positive environment and good role-models. The best role-models for children can be God, and parents should help the children in developing intimate relationship with God. Family must impart and promote the moral values to their children. Also, the family should live according to these ‘moral values and promote the same in the society. This will create a sense of understanding in other families Modern moral values should also be imparted to the children along with the basic ones. Some issues in the world today need awareness, right from the beginning. These issues include abortion, homosexuality, sexual immorality, etc. These issues and related suggestions should be discussed in the families to avoid any misconduct. ‘The main role of the family lies in the fact that it holds the capacity of making a positive impact on the society through their moral values, By showing love and care to their children the parents can generate harmony in theit family. They can also show unconditional love towards their children by developing trust in their relations. ‘They should educate their children with the proper moral values for fulfiling their roles in the society. Right education will shape the future of the young and upcoming generations and will ultimately result in a safe and ‘happy society.Harmony in Family and Society (Unit-3) ees try) NG RELATIONSHIP cata 2.1. Cone 32 Le ot ‘Human-Human Relationship Peccrenthipt iaiinvolves Ae two individuals is known as a human-human relationship a ‘ is based on infer ee n one or mo" 8 eerie inference, harmony, love, regular work interactions or socal obligations “The time period of cee rane ee be short while sometimes it can be never-ending. These relationships are Gris Hoos wok = y culture or other societal influences. These may include, weddings friendship, lations, etc. The human-human relations are considered as the core of all social clusters vis a ns. ind strong connotations and associations between and the society. These relatio and y hese relations are either regulated by law or have mutual agreements. ‘The main characteristic of human-human relationship is that people coordinate in such a manner that acre ‘alues and thoughts complete with each other. This means thatthe thoughts, values and feelings of one Person are important to the other, and vice-versa, The actions in a human-human relationship complete cach other, 1-6» they are complimentary. In these relationships, it is the real actions ofthe person that matters, not theie sPir titinde towards the actions, If these attitudes and beliefs are unified with the real actions, the persons wil experience more righteousness, sympathy and truthfulness. ‘The behaviour of humans is in context with the relationships of the individuals with others since human-human relations are considered as the foundational value of the life. Many psychologists and theorists believe that the ‘universal relations of humans make a strong impact on the life and behaviour of every individual and that is the reason they are taking active part in developing a science of relationships. They also believe that the scient® of human behaviour is neglecting the impact of interpersonal relations and thus, they are leading towards inaccuracy and imperfection. ‘ 3.2.2. Most Significant Values in Human-Human Relationship The relationship exist between the self (‘I) and the self ("T) of the other. This relationship involves nine fundamental values or feelings. One can obtain mutual satisfaction ‘and utter happiness, if these values are ‘evaluated and identified correctly. ‘These values and feelings are present in every individual. It depends on the individual that how he/she is going 1 identify it. Some of these values form the core of continuing relations. These values are responsible for creating and ‘maintaining harmony within relations by eliminating the confrontations and conflicts that occw in relationship. “These values also fortify the health and quality of relations within a family. These values are as follows 1) Trust (Vishwas): This value is considered as the foundational value of a relationship. Trust oF vishwas means to believe in thoughts and values of the other person in any relationship. Every person it ® relation Thould Kaow that the other person is concerned about happiness and prosperity of both the persone It the felationship, Hence, every individual should trust the other person and welcome his/her thoughts and values, instead of taking them as arguments or false opinions. 2) Respect (Samman): Samman or respect means to evaluate the individuality of a perso and to award it with nitration and esteem. This value is also considered as the foundation of any relationshi Respect is given to a person when he/she is considered as an individual whose deeds ‘nd actions glorify his/her family and society reputation, who obliges other persons, follows all morals of society no muiis! whatever would be tre ccndition and who is earning effortlessly and by legal means adding name and fame to his family. It so involves the concept that uniqueness of the individual can only be found on the identification of the individuality, thus making oneself eligible for respect. 3.2.3. Other Salient Values in Rela nship Other salient values in relationship are as follows: 1) Affection (Sneha): This value is generated when two or more individuals come close and interact with each tther For affection to occur, the two individuals in any relation should possess synchronising thoughts and les, Also, both the persons should endeavour to make each other happy, Hence, the process throughi oy MBA Third Semester (HVD & TR) IKGPTY Which humans and other organisms socially interact with each other is known as ‘Dither Salient Values in Relationship affection. The following points are clear tection Sea) H_ through this definition: ‘Guidance (Vatsalya) | i) It is a feeling that resides within every 1 person. A person should give affection in Giay (Gain) ——— order to receive it from the other person. [Ii WE] ji) Building and providing affection needs Love (Prem) significant effort. iii) Affection is important for every human being and also for other creatures, particularly for children and sick persons. 2) Care (Mamta): Care or mamta is considered as the feeling of protection and safeguarding our loved ones ‘When a person possesses this feeling, he/she is in the state of anxiety or worry, concerned about the well being of the other person. It is the state of mind, in which a person wants to look after the other person. This feeling is mostly observed when mothers care for their children, 3) Guidance (Vatsalya): When a person possesses a feeling of sharing or safeguarding the thoughts and emotions of other individuals, it is said that the person has the feeling of guidance or vatsalya. Right understanding and feelings can be developed through evaluating the needs of self (‘I’). This feeling works ‘on the considerable similarity that exists between every individual. This resemblance occurs in terms of ‘natural acceptance, desire of continuous happiness and to live in harmony with all four orders. 4) Reyerence (Shraddha): When a person possesses a feeling of respecting or valuing the brilliance of other individuals, itis said that the person has the feeling of reverence or shraddha, This feeling is similar to admiration. If a person has desire to live in harmony with the four orders, then it is understood that he/she hhas identified the brilliance of other orders or persons. This process reflects the feeling of reverence in persons 5) Glory (Gaurav): Since every individual has the similarity in the sense of mutual happiness, natural acceptance, programmes, goals, etc,, hence, it is understood that each and every person wants to live with ‘prosperity and happiness. When a person possesses a feeling for others who struggled for brilliance, it is ‘said that the person has the feeling of glory or gaurav. 6) Gratitude (Kritagyaia): When a person possesses a feeling of acknowledgment and appreciation for other people, places or events, itis said that the person has the feeling of gratitude or kritagyara. When people appreciate others for achieving their excellence, it is considered as feeling of gratitude. This feeling is also generated when any person obtains a support of physical facilities. This feeling can either be short-term or long-term. For this feeling to be permanent, one must have the right understanding and should not alter himself as per the availability of physical facilities. Example: [ show my sincere gratitude for the contribution made by my father to improve and enhance my life. Ido appreciate the time he spent reviewing my career goals. His advice is valtiable and has given me a new perspective. For example, I had been striving for perfectionism and as a result devoted my precious time on unwanted things. My father identified this weakness of mine and advised me that it is futile to spend time trying to do everything perfectly. I do realise that failure is a part of the learning process. Now I have decided to focus on the present and do everything to the best of my abilities and let them go. He recommended me to review everything daily, reflect over them, and take corrective action. Another weakness I had was procrastination. He provided the keys and strategies for overcoming procrastination. ‘Therefore I am really pleased with his coaching and will continue to practice the success principles and strategies I have acquired over the coaching period. Love (Prem): When a person possesses a feeling or emotion of strong attachment or affection for other people, places or events, it is said that the person has the feeling of love or prem. This feeling is considered asa warm and deep feeling and is also known as ‘complete value’ as it encompasses the feeling that relates all human beings. This feeling can be explained as a person’s attachment with his/her friend, child, parents, ‘spouse, etc. This feeling is created through identification of care and progressively leads to the feeling of strong affection,~ Harmony in Farin Saciey (U3 m : ery ‘These nine values create the rienced by © individual in their daily lives. These o4at¥ ‘lationship. These values and feelings ate XPS ian bein. es. These valu The person is required t accurately 4.) fe innate in nature, and cannot be separated fFOM ONY will lead towards 4 wholehearted and healthy Y apply these values through their proper identificat family, 3.2.4. Reasons for Poo; Following are the reasons for poor dance: F 1) Avs aareet Ont the main reasons that lead to poor human-human relations eee sccept the utter truth, instead they avoid it. This leads to unl hip is avoidance, People healthy relationships 2) Burnout: This stage occurs wi the relationship to a low point resulting in burnout 3) Incompatibility: Unsuitability because continuous negative yi persons. This results in continu hen any person in the relationship feels tired, trapped or helpless. This brings ‘or mismatch of any person in a relationship results in its degradation. This ibes are generated due to incompatibility that affects the closeness of ‘ous arguments and conflicts between the persons. 4) nek od Daas : The void or any space left in the devotion may result in poor relationship. The person Should understand that being in love does not imply that the person has to be in love all the time 5) Lack ai Enthusiasm: The relationship should not include boredom or should not be easily predictable. There should be spontaneity and excitement in any relationship, 6) Forgiveness Void: The persons should realise their mistakes and ask for forgiveness. Also, the other person should know when to forgive. Failing to do so develops poor human-human relationships. 7) Just Say Yes: Limits and boundaries in a relationship are necessary to some extent. Always saying yes and always being available for others may result in making the person less important to others. 3.2.5. Developing Cordial Human-Human Relationships The following methods can be helpful in developing cordial human-human relationships: 1) Developing People Skills: Positive human-human relationships can be developed if skilled persons are involved in the relations. People involved in the relationship should support the other person in developing skills and should also start instilling skills in themselves. 2) Identifying Relationship Needs: People involved in any relationship should identify their needs from the relationship. They should know the expectations of the other person and should understand them so as to develop a healthy relationship. 3) Scheduling Time to Build Relationships: For developing cordial relationships, the persons involved should spend some time for building and managing their relations. There should be proper scheduling of the time, whether day or night, during which the needs, values and emotions of the person involved can be identified and understood. For example, individuals can go out for lunch together, ask for tea or coffee during break in office or after office, message on phones, e-mails, social networking, etc. The foundation of cordial relation can be developed through these small interactions. 4) Focussing on Emotional Intelligence (EI): Persons involved in the relationship should try to develop emotional intelligence in them. This is beneficial in making cordial relationships. This will allow individuals to understand the real meaning of any emotion or feeling. It also provides individuals with the ability to take right decisions and to understand the requirements of others. 5) Appreciating Others: Persons involved in any relationship should appreciate each other's thoughts and values. Individuals should show appreciation towards others in their hour of need. Also, people should sincerely give compliments to each other on their accomplishments. This will boost up their relationships and will develop a great sense of understanding. 6) Being Positive: If a person wants to be in cordial relationships with the other, then he/she Harbouring negative thoughts in mind leads to nowhere, No person is interested in maintaining any kind of relationships with negative people. Hence, for developing a healthy and positive relation, one should always be positive towards life.0 MBA Third Semester (HYD & TH) 1KGpp, 7) Managing Boundaries: It is also important to properly manage the ae oy esa of relationship. This varies from person to person. Relationship developed during work a iter boundaries, when compared to boundaries in family relations. Hence, for developing, cordial fclations, on should set and properly manage the boundaries between the involved persons. For example, friendship, with colleague, if not managed properly, may hamper the work efficiency ‘ Jossip: One should not gossip or say unnecessary things about any other person. Especially 4) 9 tiga tht eonips ruin he werk enon. Instead, rere shouldbe det interaction betwee concemed persons. Gossiping will make the condition worse and developing cordial relations will the, become more difficult, 9) Listening Actively: One should be a good listener. Along with it, the person should also understand (he statements properly. This habit can be developed through participating in listening activities. For a person to become trustworthy, he/she should develop habit of listening more and talking less 3.2.6. Importance of Understanding of Human-Human Relationship Both, the individual as well as the organisational variables are positively influenced by the cordial human, human relationships at workplace. Relationships are very important for career (o progress and success at work Hence, the persons, who develop the habit of creating healthy relationships with every single person they mee experience more success in their lives as compared to the other persons who do not involve themselves jn developing relations with the others. But developing cordial relations is not an easy task to accomplish. Jj requires a lot of effort, understanding and management. Some special relationships are very essential for ment as well as physical health. Many research studies have revealed that the persons who possess strong and healthy relationships, live a long and healthy life. When these relations are satisfied with friends and family, they Promote career and success. This provides happiness in an individual's life. On the other hand, poor or unhealthy relations develop sadness, drug abuse, physical and mental problems. ‘The working attitude and productivity of an employee can be increased by developing cordial relations with friends in the workplace. This is verified by various studies and researches. Also, it enhances the level of satisfaction, commitment and engagement during the job. Moreover, the negative thoughts and boredom will be reduced to a great extent, A person's attitude, thoughts and opinions are also affected positively through proper understanding of human-human relationship. 3.3.1. Meaning of Justice (Nyaya) Justice is the concept of moral rightness based on ethics, rationality, law, natural law, religion, fairness, or equity, along-with the punishment of the breach of said ethics, Justice concerns itself with the proper ordering of things and people within a society. The principles of justice are the principles of fairness. Justice is also regarded as a method or system of ensuring equality to all who are equal and unequal Justice (Nyaya) refers to the fair and proper administration of laws conforming to the natural law that states au: Persons, irrespective of ethnic origin, gender, possessions, race, religion, ete, are to be treated equally. and without prejudice. For example, when a criminal gets imprisoned for committing his offence, its justice. It = an essential feature of the Dharma; when an individual, a company or a nation adheres to justice; its glory shines. A righteous person strongly adheres to Dharma in every task he/she undertakes, ; fdentifying respect and values in a relationship, striving towards fulfilling them, and maintaining: mutual Rappiness (ubhay-tripti) is known as justice. It relates itself with the proper order of things and people inthe society: Justice is important in all relationships and mutual fulfilment is one of its main features. It begins from family and spreads all over the world. A child gains the knowledge of justice im the family and gradually moves ‘out and interacts with people outside If the family ensures justice then it will be ensured in all the interactions of the world at la the knowledge of values in relationships, then we are under the rule of minute prejudices Sometimes consider people high or low according to their body, wealth or the bel If we do not have and conditions. We systems that they follow 4ES Fag er epee ete te re oe ee a Harwony in Faily and Soxtety ni) undivided is for an ty ‘This is the cause of injustice and results in divided society, whereas our natural cee? — lor eo society and universal human order. We are able wo discover harmony in the family only AEE EOP TTF sj ‘hers SY in the human beings. This makes possible for us to understand the harmony at Te with s nature/existence, This facilitates the growth of harmony in us and we get the skills of ving #0 3.3.2. Elements of Justice ‘The four main elements of justice are as follows: ‘Recognition the Values n a Reloionship Tuten of Values Evaluating the Plfliment ofthe Values insuring Mi opines Figure 3.2 Elements of Justice vidual or nation can live by fe under the false notion of parated 1) Recognition of Values in Relationship: It is important to realise that no indi holding itself apart from the society. Whenever such an attempt has been mad greatness, holiness or policy, the outcome has always been destructive to the ones who sef themselves. Since, these values are the pillars of happy and healthy family relationships; therefore they are essentially required by every individual to live a happy and contended life with the family. As in healthy family relationships, people are able to trust and depend on each other for love, care, support, affection, etc Various values such as emotions, feelings, respect and sentiments help in resolving conflicts and building an all-inclusive harmony in relationship on continuing basis. Moreover, an individual must assimilate these values to overcome daily problems or difficulties. These values are subsisted in every individual and are also inherent in nature. The thing which one needs to do is to start self-discovery and apply these values sincerely because without its execution, one cannot achieve healthy family relationships. Various important values which are the core of every relation are as follows i) Trust, ii) Respect, iii) Affection, iv) Care, v) Guidance, vi) Reverence, vii) Glory, viii) Gratitude, and ix) Love. 2) Fulfilment of Values: Once these values are identified by the people, they create the foundation for overall thinking of people, their conducts and their activities, which must be fulfilled. Accordingly, @ person must know that only the right identification of these values can provide successful fulfilment. 3) Evaluating the Fulfilment of Values: Since, values influence the decision to choose or to assess various persons, actions, policies, rules, and events, hence, they provide a basis which helps in assessing the fulfilment and success of these values. And when these values are fulfilled, they must be assessed properly to ensure whether they are fulfilled entirely or not. 4) Ensuring Mutual Happiness: Once these values are recognised correctly, their fulfilment and assessment can be achieved along with ensured mutual happiness. Mutual happiness and contentment are important in every interpersonal relationship and if they are not assured, then the other values are not fulfilled properly which must be fulfilled later.n aa MBA Thind Semeser (HVD & TR) IkaPy, 3.3.3. Di ‘i Seer a ae Justice from Injustice Gebavibur gestation ate ea influence of injustice on the resulting sentiment, attitude g SANG TE ee ing of injustice causes harm and destruction to one's feelin’ potential and sence Cre tt: Father, a stated by Galland and Clan, peecving jae wil ensure emt One's motivating ee pen eTibution and enclosure, while an experience of injustice will cause educt aM pea pan ere iil May People believe that justice is different from injustice and the experienc. cepa ae ill stay for longer duration, But now, things have been changed, and both the as. ee repaid 4s the two ends of the same scale along with having responses that are con) tnd opposite, For example, when a criminal gets imprisoned for commiting his offence is justice, But a , after committing all his crimes, is free from imprisonment, it leads to injustice Na Causes of Injustice The nwo main causes of injustice ar as follows ) Recognising Relationships with Others Based Only on the Body: Si ople sce : existence of the ‘self’ and the ‘body’, therefore, (a) corte iiagistvod) umes eaisioras te Fi reduce their relationships and feelings to the physical level. It is the perception of people that they can build relationships only with their family members, ic.. with whom they, have blood relations. But, i does no state that having relationship with the individual other than the family member is not important. Further is considered that people generally accept relationships when they actually observe it and if not observed then it results in lack of belongingness and feeling of conflict. Hence, it is concluded that every person possesses the same sense of relationship; the only problem is they are not familiar with each other in the right sense. 2) Relationships Largely Based on the Exchange of Physical Goods: People usually have wrong assumption that they are just a body and their relationships with others are only based on their body level With this, they have reduced their expectations in relationships to just fulfil the material facilities only and also, their assessment of every relationship is done in respect of physical things such as money, assets, etc Hence, the objective of relationship has been decreased only to the level of physical needs and its interchange process. Dealing with Injustice ‘Some of the ways adopted by an individual to deal with injustice are as follows: 1) Discontinuing Obsessive Thinking: It is identified that obsessive thinking of an individual exhausts his ‘energy, boost his feclings and keep him focussed more on the problems rather than their solutions ‘Therefore, residing on injustice does not attempt to change the obsessive thought; rather, it encourages the potential of a person for his attempts to make changes. 2) Bringing up Children in a Harmonious Family: By sincerely taking care of upbringing of children and to teach them about harmony and justice, one can effectively deal with injustice. Therefore, parents must guide their children towards the right path by educating them about various concepts of human values, | Bist, self-discipline, respect, justice, etc. Also, children must know the difference between justice and injustice to avoid any misconduct and unfairness. 3) Thinking Rationally Before Acting: People must be they must know that their biological reaction relates. with carefully to not allow their normal emotional reactions dicta : soon involuntary reactions, they will be able to think rationally before responding, Marcia Reynolds and Carious psychologists proposed that when people feel deceived and reply with their emotions, they etionalise that reaction psychologically. Effectiveness of one’s thinking can be realised when he/she starts thinking logit i ‘to xvoid any fault and guilt. Sometimes, by thinking rationally, people Se ea sooa mal Br extensive order of things. People always have rational before going to perform any activity, and their emotional conduct. Also, people must select te their responses. Hence, by resolving their i the biased situation is not a major conce: 1 Pe ler that they must fight against injustice which demands self-control, conscious planning and response instead of reacting violently. 7 : Jhould be understood that any past ‘Something About it: It sl 2 an aE eer be ieee ‘on at the time of its occurrence. Also, people 4) Knowing What w if the other person does not want it, only they can ‘misconduct cannot be changed later. It Cannot change the behaviour or decisions of other personsHarmony in Family and Society (Unit) 2 change their way to react ac disasters, Therefore, to effect techniques to handle various ning ‘cordingly. Further, one can ass various causes to deal with UPCO ively ne caurther, one can assist the various eauses 10 US ed and the issues must be understood. Yalues Leading to Harmony ‘There are mainly four levels by which * age are 1 Tava ves of nds sino ee ey can unseen Tes a 2) Values that assists in building healthy relationship such 3) Values that assists in makin, of social issues, etc as follows: ‘as loyalty, cooperation, devotion, ele. 18 a better society such as protection of environment, social welfare, taking care 4) Values of peace and universal brotherhood to make the world a better pla 3.3.4. Programme for Fulfilmen ‘The term “Ubhay-tripti” is defined as the universal standards which help to ascertain mutual-conduct, fulfilment and mutual satisfaction of the people. The identification of values, fulfilment of these values and having right evaluation of their fulfilment in relationship is known as “Justice”. It also provides mutual happiness and satisfaction. Feelings or values of an individual can be understood after having right identification of the existence of human relationship. Further, mutual fulfilment and satisfaction in a relationship can be attained when a person works and performs various actions consistent with these feelings. Right understanding, fearlessness, co-existence and prosperity are the various comprehensive human goals which are carried-out by several programmes essentially required for its accomplishment. These programmes are basically called five dimensions of humanistic order (Manaviya Vyavastha), which are as follows: 1) Education ~ Right Living (Siksha — Sanskar), 2) Health - Self Regulation (Swasthya — Sanyam), 3) Justice — Preservation (Nyaya — Suraksha), 4) Production — Work (Utpadan — Kriya), and 5) Exchange ~ Storage (Vinimaya — Kosh), t of Justice to Ensure Ubhay-Tripti The five dimensions of humanistic order are defined as follows: }) Education — Right Living (Siksha — Sanskar): Understanding of harmony at various living orders or levels is known as education (siksha), whereas commitment and readiness of a person to live in harmony at various orders of living is known as right living (sanskar). It is defined as understanding and living in harmony right from a person himself to the entire existence. 2) Health — Self Regulation (Swasthya - Sanyam): The term “Swasthya” (Health) is defined as proper co- ‘ordination in between ‘needs of the self” (1) and ‘body’ to perform any action, It also involves harmony among the various body parts. On the other hand, sense of being responsible for the enrichment, preservation and right utilisation of the body is termed as self-regulation (sanyam), 3) Justice - Preservation (Nyaya — Suraksha): Harmony among people in a relationship is known as “Justice” (Nyaya) whereas, harmony in a relationship which exists in between people alongwith the rest of nature is known as “Preservation” (Suraksha). In terms of justice, identification of mutual relationship in between humans, and its fulfilment and evaluation results in mutual happiness and satisfa On the other hand, Suraksha ensures mutual prosperity by identifying. fulfilling and evaluating the relationship which exists in between humans and with the rest of nature. Suraksha also implies enrichment, protection or safety and right utilisation of natural environment as whole. For example, in case of wheat. cultivation of wheat implies enrichment, safeguarding its quality defines protection and its consumption is, termed as right utilisation of wheat. 4) Production - Work (Utpadan ~ Kriy work are known as “Production” or Urpadan where: environment is known as “Work” or Kriya. Furthermore, both production and work provide sense of prosperity within the family and it also ensures feeling of co-existence with nature as production is made in ‘harmony with nature. 1 or material things attained by an individual through physical effort of a person on the rest of naturalMBA Thind Semester (HYD & TR) IKGPTy = Storage (Vinimaya ~ Kosh): Exchange and storage both are the terms used for material S wherein an interchange of material facilities among the various society members is termed as “Exchange” or “Vinimaya” and storing of those material facilities which remain after the fulfilment of family needs is known as “Storage’ Kosh”. Additionally, various human goals which are ensured by the dimensions of hum 1) Education ~ Right Living Leads to Right Understanding: One can having proper educational process and a right living, tic society are as follows: icquire right understanding by 2) Health ~ Self-Regulation Lends to Prosperity: When an individual has the programme of self-regulation (Sanyam) and good health (swasthya), then it will not only help to achieve physical happiness and satisfaction, but also enable to recognise the need and wants of material facilities. If these are combined with the production process, then it will give sense of prosperity within the family. 3) Justice ~ Preservation Leads to Fearlessness and Co-Existence (Respectively): An individual can live @ Fearless life in the society if he/she makes sure of mutual fulfilment and justice (Nyaya) in building relationship with others based on various human values such as respect (Samman), trust ete. Preservation (Suraksha) of natural environment throu; ensures co-existence in nature, Vishwas), care, igh right utilisation, improvement and security 4) Production — Work Leads to Prosperity and Co-Existence: The process of production is carried-out by having harmony with nature and it also ensures co-existence with the natural surroundings. Further, it is Considered that work and production are mainly required for material facilities which will create a sense of prosperity within the family. 5) Exchange ~ Storage Leads to Prosperity and Fearlessness: Trust, fearlessness and prosperity can be achieved in a society when people instead of focussing on exploitation, will focus to save and exchange for mutual fulfilment and satisfaction, 3.3.5. Role of Justice in Society Law of justice is defined as the basic need for any society. With this, several rights of individuals and of all the classes are ensured to co-ordinate with the public welfare, which is carried-out by behaviourally employed codes of conduct. Also, it is identified that only by knowing and understanding oneself, one can understand the rest of the nature. However, justice is defined as the natural law which one can analyse in all parts of the universe. Therefore, it is the universal human value which cannot be contravened in any case. As people are independent with their thoughts and opinions, hence, they are responsible to build justice in the Society. Justice derives an individual's motive in terms of his/her right behaviour and is also an important component in organised social life which builds harmony and tranquillity among the societies. It provides a happy and contended life to individuals within the society and helps the society members to overcome their Problems and to find new strength as well. Moreover, it unites the societies towards the right human conduct, and actions. With an aim to live in peace and harmony, there must be equal distribution of justice to all society members. According to Jaw, justice must be equal to all whether a person is poor or rich or weak or strong, and misuse of laws to protect any political gain, crime or any misconduct must not be done by police officers and other Judiciaries. The State must be focussed to eliminate poverty, provide education, employment, welfare facilities, a sense of dignity to everyone and to educate people to respect various rules, laws and legislations. One should understand that the respect for law must come from one’s inner self and from his own wish without any force or fear from others and society. 3.3.6. Justice versus Fairness Both justice and fairness are closely related terms that are based on the same moral belief. It is also understood that one cannot define these values easily without assisting other person. People admitted that actions whic’ are considered as just are also seen as fair and conversely, in order to be seen as fair, people must have to be just.amooy in Family and Society (Unit) pesides this, all justice cannot be consi considere ‘Various differences that show how justice re sora oats all actions that 1) Justice is an action that pays ‘due a ae from us are as joie urd to the proper interests, property, Whereas, fairness is defined a ed aS a quality to be fair to peo on lividual. 2) Justice ei petal Opportunities to every iz ‘iva ee i aa i er government ile fairness does not individual and every civilian c NOt provide equal opportunities to every people. 5) Punishment given to offenders is restricte Patiinl of ortaiders, Testricted by justice whereas, in the case of fa ness, it gives conflicting PMCs Ur Ow Cw Writ Ty ill 10 cabcead iL) Paw eset 3.4.1. Understanding the Meaning of Trust (Vishwas) Trust (Vishwas) is the fundamental value which is essential in building any relationship. It is interpersonal in ature and defined as an assurance that every person innately has a strong desire of oneself and others to live & happy and prosperous life. It is mainly a belief in one’s honesty nature or capabilities and is important iF C08 wants (0 build long-term relationship with other person and to attain their mutually shared goals It is basicaly the outcome of having right understanding of the goals and intentions of the other individual. It ensures 20 individual's sense of competency within hinvher and in others as well. Trust is one of the major concerns in every interpersonal relationship, whether it is between spouses, Parent children, etc. It involves the intentions and goals of two parties which must be mutually shared by each other in order to build and maintain healthy relationships. According to Rousseau et al., “Trust is a psychological state compromising the intention 10 accept vulnerability based upon positive expectations of the intentions or behaviour of another" Hence, trust can be considered as an expression of confidence between two persons, having a sense of belief in each other's statement, willingness to have faith on the other person and showing approval or gratitude without any proof. What people understand by Trust in Today’s scenario? How do they apply People consider trust as the important basis in any relationship because without having trust on each other, conflict and dissatisfaction may arise. And living with the sense of understanding, affiliation and happiness with each other is identified as the natural acceptance, which every person must know. Several thoughts which come ton individual's mind are: 1) How can one trust an unfamiliar person? 2) How can one trust a person who has some wrong intentions? 3) How can one trust a person who has bad character and identity in society? 4) If one shows trust on every person, then what is the guarantee that others may not take unnecessary advantage of him/he! 5) What one will do to the person who has broken his/her trust? 6) How can one be careful from the person who is not trustworthy? 7). One should never show blind trust on other person. 3.4.2. Elements of Trust Various elements of trust are as follows: 1) Listening Effectively: An individual must listen to the speaker to understand what he is saying rather than Hstening to respond him back. This is essential because only after listening patiently and cautiously, one can build tust, Since, both the parties, i.e. listener and speaker influence cach other, therefore they are important to be considered.MBA hint Semester IVD & TR) tK¢ % it r om one’s own viewpoint ‘of other individual from one’s 0 Ny ») v: as understanding the situation o sie ice Marna 4 Bou ee of other person's situation, Empathy builds bonds of trust and ing iwirena and understanding of people, by Which one can take a better decision. individual’ our and deals OF trp 3) Justice: Justice is described as the moral value which directs an Bay ata eas tay 3) 2 Justice is desc fi ally right of based OM soning e society. Iis y the quality to be just and mora ‘other people in the society. It is mainly reasoning. 4) Honesty: Honesty is defined as the quality to be sincere, faithful and honest. It is observed that poopie generally trust those who are honest, 3.4.3. Dimensions of Trust ‘Trust has mainly five dimensions which'are as follows: 1) Integrity: It relates to faithfulness, trust and honesty. 2) Competence: It involves one’s technical and relational skills and knowledge abilities. 3) Consistency: It refers to one’s expectedness, depen bility and right decision to tackle any situations Loyalty: Itis defined as faithfulness, pledge and devotion to any reason, individual, group or any nation, Openness: It implies that one can totally depend upon other person to truly explain the reality 3.4.4. Types of Trust Various types of trust are as follows 1) Deterrence-Based Trust: Deterrence-based trust is a very discrepancy can harm the relationship. It is based upon con: ‘o fear of punishment to an individual. In this type of trust, people are ate of fear regarding the Cuicomes, When going against the rules and due to this, they strictly follow their statements. This type of trust will be effective only when there is a possibility of punishment, when outcomes are clearly stated and ‘when levying of punishment is confirmed in case of violation of trust. delicate relationship and its violation or behaviour and any violation of trust leads formation and ur of that person, Repeat interactions, helps in gaining of understanding which results in correct ng the behaviour of other person or having his/her knowledge bonds and other lawful preparations that are usually under this type of ost Generally, by experiencing, this knowledge improves over time and it also builds confidence, Predictability and honesty. 3) Identification-Based Trust: The identificat Party. when one can act as a substitute whil there is mutual understanding in between tion-based trust occurs when one party approves other le making mutual-interaction and most importantly, when both the parties. Here, trust is built when both individuals and, accept and maintain harmony with each other in respect of their shared intents and deca. Moreover, availability of an emotional connection in between two persons will enture highest level of inst. By this, one is permitted to work for the other party as an agent to form healthy give and take relationship, 3.4.5. Ways to Develop Trust ‘Following ways can be considered by an individual to develop trust: 1) Be Predictable: Unpredictability is defined as any action of an individual within a relationship which fares from the normal behaviour. Therefore, one must ot be unpredictable because the may lead to loss of trust, doubt and misunderstanding. 2) Actions and Words should Convey the Same Meaning: Actions and ‘words of an individual must convey the same meaning which he/she wants to communicate to others, This ic becacas if words and actions of a Finundcrtandiaesatent with his tone, facial expressions und body language, then thin will wee misunderstanding, confusion and loss of trust.n Harmony in Family and Society (Ynj.3) 3) Trust the Competence of the 1 eet input on every OE Person: soul that whether the oth Rae her individual j it jtuations or not. 4) Be Careta of Keepin 1S capable enough to tackle any difficult si ing or i - Scerets: Sec) ir withholding OF their disclosure. Ibis also pene’: SE*E18 may be harmful in both the cases either in their w/ can cause 80 : vpets can cal rchosed by various researchers that holding and maintaining, of 8 8 hypertension, nervousness, etc, These problems can be ve! ‘equences before holding or disclosing it 1g, and it starts It is considered that trust is caused by te a from his 4 person must observe, recognise and 5) Knowing the Need re of Vig ten or a ey lt be Known-Loudly: Individuals must be self-centred and ava res 60 5 10 i ‘ 10 focus on themsely. sonal needs and desires 60 build trustworthy relationships win ggces o" themselves and on ther pers 6) Be Fearless in Adversity: One must be fearless in each and every situation he/she encounters. Since, in every Felationship, people desire to have emotions shored by their nature because people share their own Hie ofc ree pertulations, aeration, contusion, iniaves and success. Feeings or emotions shape the life ofa person. People must learn from their own struggles and difficulties in a relationship that they faced ie pemetip Savlet Ifthe above emotions are handled fearlessly, then it will help to build trust ae Homie ite een ete that happiness is not the objective of any relationship; rather it can 3.4.6. Difference between Intention and Competence The fe facets of trust are “intention” und “competence” wherein intention refers to wants or aspirations of a person, ie., natural acceptance whil poet {¢ competence implies a person's ability to attain his/her wants or aspirations (mentions). In case of intention, every Person wishes to conduct what is possible and right, whereas in competence, it may be missing, as it requires proper understanding and implementation. Its identified that one judges hirnseltfherself according to his intention but judges others on the basi of their competence. In fact, an individual rarely looks at his/her own competence and intention of other person, Also, when one does not want to trust the intention of other person or he/she is not sure of other's intention, then he/she trusts his/her own intention because he/she actually observes the other's competence and decides on the basis of his/her own intention which results in distrust and disagreement in relationship For example, people say for themselves that “they wanted to perform well but could not”, but for other person, they say that “he did not want to perform well”. Here, in this case, “wanted to” implies an intention and “could not” refers to lack of competence or ability. Further, if people show trust on other's intention, they could build a sense of relatedness with the other person which leads in assisting other for improving his/her required competence. The following sentences will give more clear difference between intention and competence: Intention (Natural acceptance) ‘Competence (Ability o ful) 1.4) want to be happy 1b) Tam always happy 2.a) L want to make the other happy 2b) I make the other always happy 3.a) The other wants to be happy 3b) The other is always happy 4a) The other wants to make me happy 4b) The other makes me always happy ‘What we really want to be ‘What we are Hence, an individual must assess intentions of the others alongwith their competence by keeping himself in their place. Also, they must perceive others as friends instead of rivals as questioning the intention of other person will only break the relationship and provide dissatisfaction. Further, the right understanding of competence and intentions of each other will provide mutual happiness and satisfaction between the two Persons.oa MBA Third Semester (HYD & TR) IKGPT 3.5. RESPECT (SAMMAN) AS A FOUNDATIONAL VALUE! IN RELATIONSHIP 3.5.1, Understanding the Meaning of Respect (Samman) The term “respect” (Swmman) may be defined as acceptance of individuality and assess meaningful and influential word which involves holding high esteem for an individual, religion, country tivities and be Respect is also the fouindation of differentiation apart from being as a hase ity and right assessment, This is because many individuals differentiate among people with taking respect as the basis ig it correctly. It is q Everyone is striving to gain respect from each other by making some I. Individuals should understand that it is the positive understanding that makes someone special, This positive understanding or feeling is respect which must be handled carefully. Hence, respect simply means to pay more attention towar an individual due to his/her good qualities. However, rude or incorrect behaviour is the negative conduct which shows lack of respect to an individual, religion, country, etc. Respect and tolerance (being as a negative emotion) must not be given the same meaning. For example, when a person respects the decision of other person, it shows particular feeling in real sense lempts to be spec According to R. S. Downie and Elizabeth Telfer, “the attitude of respect for persons is the paramount mora attitude, and all other moral principles and attitudes are to be explained in terms fit” Practically, paying attention to one's needs, ideas, opinions, emotions, desires and choices are considered as same as like paying respect to someone. All these facets must be given equal importance and need to be undertaken seriously. Also, paying value or importance to the deserving person whose thought, ideas, etc., are valuable is also eligible to gain respect. Along with valuing them, it further involves admitting 10 them listening to them, accepting their individualism and peculiarities, and being true and honest with ther Respect (Samman) means ‘Right Evaluation’ ‘An individual's respect involves the evaluation based on “I” (self) and accepting other person as similar to ‘oneself. It implies right evaluation of a person with no over-and-under evaluation and evaluation of the person ‘otherwise or differently. Right evaluation can be done by various methods which are as follows: 1) Over-Evaluation (Adhi-Mulyana): To evaluate greater than what it is in actual. For example, if one is wrongly praised then he may feel embarrassing. 2) Under-Evaluation (Ava-Mulyana): To evaluate lesser than what it is in actual. For example, if a person is criticised, then he may fee! awkward. 3) Otherwise-Evaluation (A-Mulyana): To evaluate in a different way apart from what is present or considered. For example, if an individual is evaluated differently then he may feel uneasy 3.5.2. Daily Life Examples of Respect and Disrespect One can show respect by his/her conduct and it may also be felt by others if shown with honesty. It is because there is possibility to show respect differently or in a wrong way instead of the real emotions or feelings. Hence, what is more important is the feeling of respect because if true emotions are present, then the fitural behaviour will surely come out, Following are the daily life examples of respect which are as below: 1) When a youngster gives his seat to a senior citizen in an over-crowded bus, this may not improve the life of that senior citizen, but it will surely make him feel special and respected. 2) Respect shown by student for a great teacher. 3) Being silent in a library or a church is also an example of respect. 4) Listening patiently when someone speaks is also an example of respect. 5) Passing from the other side when two people are talking is also an example of respectamon in Fay and Society (Unit) ey n's rude behaviour oF luck of poli s« implies displaying the A Bees of respect, ie. being rude, Pe eness is known as disrespect. Generally, oa 4 ‘child witht is/her nfortable, Jet aires the example of showing disrespect ty utils mannered, For example, aren her person vn, mis! them. It is an action to make somebody feel uncom ‘somebody a with someone, show bad tte, ignorance of arrogance ( Of Fallowing ae the daily life examples of disrespect whick ide ia 1) Talking about other person behind hivher bck ne oS Plow. 4) Making fun oF mocking somebody, 4) Shouting on someone. 4p, Forcing somebody to do something 5), Disregarding somebody, 43.5.3. Assumed Basis of Respect pupereoustion means ne of understanding of respect. Differentiation leads to the escalation in the problems of et oo body ee awver® the respect shown to others in society. People either get discriminated according t0 their body, wealth or according to their beliefs as shown in the following figure: Differentiation = Disrespect Physical ea Strength as Gender |] Race |] Age || Physical | | we, 2a es |e | Strength ee | shemale ‘ The right evaluation of respect cannot be done and there is no actual sense of relationship, only it can be differentiated based on the above three grounds. These are as follows: 1) On the Basis of Body: People can be differentiated on the basis of their body as described below: i) Sex/Gender: People generally ignore the reality that being a male or female is not an attribute of ‘I’, i.c., self, but it is an attribute of the body only. One can observe the difference between the respect given to male and female on the basis of their genders. In many societies, people desire to have a male child more than female ones and its opposite occurs in other societies. ii) Race: People often treat others in a different way when they belong to similar race. For example, differentiation can be done on the basis of skin complexion, caste or race (Dravidian race, Aryan race, Mongolian race, etc.) from which one belongs. Here, evaluation is done at the level of body, rather than depending upon ‘I’ iii) Age: Since, age is related to the physical body, not to oneself or ‘I’ so; one can assess on the basis of body instead of ‘I’ (self). One might be aware of the concept of respecting elders, but there is no ‘concept made for showing respect to youngsters. iv) Physical Strength: At this point, evaluation is made depending upon the body rather than self (1). If ‘any person is physically strong enough, then people again treat hinvher differently. Sometimes, it may be observed that people respect a person not by their own wish, but only because of fear of not being harmed by him. 2) On the Basis of Physical Facilities: People can be differentiated on the basis of physical facilities which are as follows: i) Wealth: People are differentiated on the basis of their wealth and possessions. People do not worry about the real character of the person and whether he/she deserves to be respected or not; they respect them on the basis of wealth, However, it must be understood that physical facilities are required only to Satisfy the needs of the body rather than the self and people must have right understanding of relationship.» MBA Thint Semester (HYD & TR) IRGPry i) Post: It is observed that an individual who has higher post is given more respect than the others. jy significance can be seen either in terms of physical facilities or in terms of some higher authorities ‘Sometimes, an individual's post is wrongly assessed in terms of his superiority which results in differentiation. Generally, people are trained enough to get some reputed post to gain respect for themselves, 3) On the Basis of Betiefs: People can be differentiated on the basis of their beliefs which are as follows: i) Isms: It is defined as any belief in respect of an individual’s own thinking-process or one that js ‘acquired. Various modern “isms” are socialism, capitalism, communism, etc., and the people who follow these either from their childhood or from their maturity stage are termed as socialists, capitalists, etc. Therefore, every belief is defined as the level of one’s aspirations, thoughts, opinions which results as the base of differentiation communi and expectancies in himself or Sects: Usually, people respect those, who belong to the same sect or have a common belief system, Also, the difference of respect and disrespect in relationship is identified by considering a certain religion or what is termed as “tradition’ ii) 3.5.4. Problems Faced Due to Differentiation in Relationship Various problems faced due to differentiation in relationship are as follows: 1) Differentiation Based on Sex/Gender: Differentiation based on gender is one of the usual facets of society that exists in families, education, professions and human rights. It is observed that people are frightened of each other due to this differentiation as several protests for women’s rights and empowerment are being undertaken. Today ious issues like child marriages, dowry, female infanticide, rape, girls trafficking, etc. are identified by several women through their inner competence and are they fighting against them, These issues are of major concem in those regions where education level is very low, where less preference is given to girl child, where girls are perceived as burden on thei parents and where there is higher rate of killing female infant. Regardless of these, the above issues are not only confined to backward regions; they can be seen even in educated societies. 2) Differentiation Based on Race: Differentiation based on race involves anxiety, fear and anger among people. Racist attacks and terrors, differentiation in professions and killing of innocent people based on their castes are some of the major issues regarding this. Hence, it requires a sense of equality within people ‘which has been growing since the past few years in India. 3) Differentiation Based on Age: Nowadays in most of the families, issues of generation gap are one of the serious concerns as one generation is disappointed by the other generation after getting ignored by them and various attempts are being made to form a balancing position in between them. Recently several protests in relation to equal rights for children along with equal rights for aged people have increased significantly. 4) Differentiation Based on Wealth: It is understood that focussing on wealth needs availability of material facility, but it should not be compared with happiness. Many arguments have been made about various critical issues like identifying rich and poor nations, availability of need for material facilities and class struggle in between developing countries. Nowadays, many youngsters are committing suicides as they lack ‘self-respect and do not have enough competence to accumulate wealth and gain desired respect. 5) Differentiation Based on Post: Differentiation on the basis of an individual's post, status and position are of great emphasis in the society. Several cases of corruptions and crimes are protested against high Status government officers and general public is protesting as they do not accept those officers who take undue advantage of their designations and status. Further, this may create a depressed situation when somebody does not deserve a reputed designation and ends the feeling to not get respect from society members. ) Differentiation Based on Isms: Differentiation also occurs duc to varying approaches of thought processes. Different thinking concept and methods lead to differentiation. For example, the concept of ‘communism is in contradiction of feudalism and capitalism ideologies. Often, the modern turmoil, fights. conflicts and terrorism occur due to isms. Also, in some parts of the world, people convert from one ism (0 another in order to receive respect and social stability.Harmony in Family and Society (Unit-3) n 81 Differentiation Based 3 : : feadltions and cee: anaeen Mis a universal fact that the society consists of various communities, make sure that they are not bene qt O%N Movements that ensure values to their people and also wig distinguished in the society. Whenever people demand any kind of provisions in jobs or education, 1 ; ‘ ni conflicts: hese protests becomes aggressive which results in social instability 3.5.5. Ways to Develop Respect Following are the ways for developing respect 2) 3) 4) it is a stranger, colleague, or member of the family, Thi cl i individual will respect the other. There ee a ee are many ways through whi Vv the other person. Some ofthese ways are fen YS HouEH which an individual can show kindness to 1) Acknowledging the presence of a person by passing a smile, making an eye contactor just a head nod. ii) Offering seat to other persons like elder people, the physically challenged and women. ) Holding doors, opening doors, or making way for those whose hands are occupied. 1) Greeting and wishing everyone in office and school in the moming as well as in the evening, ¥)_ Saying thank you to anyone who helps at any time of the day, such as waiter, doorman, driver, cashier, etc, vi) Offéring food, water or anything that might be useful for any yybody who has an utter need of it. Be Polite: An individual should be polite to everyone. Politeness opens the doors to many opportunities and relationships, which cannot be established through wars and conflicts. Showing iquettes and good manners enables the smooth running of the society. One should practice good mannersfor dealing with the real time life situations such as waiting in a line, eating in any restaurant or stuck in traffic jams. These issues can take shape of conflicts and fight if politeness does not exist in the scenario. There are many ways through which an individual can be polite to other person. Some of these ways are as follows: i) By avoiding talking on the phone at places such as coffee house, restaurant, petrol stations, etc. ii) One should avoid cutting or merging in-between a line iii) One should avoid cutting off people in traffics iv) Saying thank you, sorry and please. v) Following all the rules and regulations made by the government for making daily life easy such as traffic rules, using public booths, ete vi) One should avoid eating or drinking or sitting idle where prohibited. vii) One should avoid talking or using mobile phones in a movie theatre. viii) One should avoid throwing trash on the road, and make sure to clean the place before leaving. Do not Discriminate: While giving respect, persons should not be discriminated. The simple logic of earning respect applies to everyone, i.c., “give respect, get respect”. Hence, one should be respectful to everyone. One should not distinguish between people. For example, a young boy respecting his father and is not being polite to his neighbour. This shows prejudice and partiality. The person showing respect to only the one he/she knows reflects bad character. There are many ways through which an individual can indiscriminate other persons. Some of these ways are as follows: i) One should be kind and gentle to everyone one mects in life, whether young or old, stranger or any known person. ii) One should be kind to all the people throughout the day. One should not make differences within themselves about a particular person. 3 Respect Differences: Individuals should respect the differences. One should be respectful to everyone Whether the person is different in ideas, beliefs or tradition or even if the person fails in understanding or does not greet properly. This life is interesting with these differences in the society. One should respect these differences and also give importance to other cultures, religions or traditions. It does not imply to lovea MIA Thin Semester (HYD & TR) KM everyone of to agree with everyone, It simply illustrates that one should be respectful and respect the differences, There are many ways through which an individual can respect the differences. Some of these ways are as follows i) One should respect the differ ii) One should respect people belonging (0 other reli ili) One should respect persons with different potitical views, es in cultures. . iy) One should respect the persons in the opposite teams and their supporters, 8 May include 5) Respect Spac ryone should respect the space shared with other people, These spaces may, home, schoot, college, buses, public conveyance, ete, One should be responsible for ensuring cleanliness ax such places, Also it is the re: Of everyone to protect these places from anyone who does or wishes to spoil them in any 1 ‘are many ways through which an individual can respect these spaces. Some of these ways are as follows’ i) One should ensure that there should not be any kind of trash left while leaving the pla Toft, then one should clean it before leaving, ii) One should not destroy such places by drawing or engraving graffiti or other unneces: diagrams. elt nything is signs or should respect the earth and all other entities that live eryone should respect animals, plants, land erve 6) Respect the Earth and All who Live Here: All of here. To respect someone is beyond being nice to someone. It water, natural resources, ete. We all are living with them and our existence depends on them. They de the respect from human beings, There are many ways through which an individual can respect the earth and every other entity of Nature. Some of these ways are as follows: i) One should never abuse any animal. fi) One should use kind methods for getting relief from mosquitoes, rats, and other insects. iii) One should not disturb the natural habitat of animals and plants iv) One should completely avoid pollution by all manners ¥) One should have the knowledge of how the actions of human beings are degrading the Nature, like using pesticides and toxic insecticides, 7) Respect Other People’s Possessions: People should respect the possessions of other people. One should ‘not use things of other persons unless granted with permissions. This reflects the wrong etiquettes of the person and such people will never be respected. 3.5.6. Difference between Trust and Respect When the terms ‘respect’ and ‘trust’ are used in relationships, they are addressed with deep meanings. The term ‘trust’ is derived from the word ‘traust’ which is an old Norse word. It means “protection and firmness’. Thus the word ‘trust’ literally means to put an entire belief upon another person, The word ‘respect’ illustrates the feeling of uplifting any unit or a person to a high esteem or to treat them with high values. If « person is respecting another person, he has gathered a feeling of admiration for that person. ‘The terms ‘trust’ and ‘respect’ have two different meanings but yet are used in similar circumstances, This can be understood as when a person respects another person, he trusts him/her. If a person does not trust the other person, there will be no signs of respect. This concludes that respecting someone also inculcates trusting that person. However, this statement does not go with every circumstance. There occur situations where people respect others, but do not blindly trust them. Most of the people respect someone but do not follow whatever they say or want them to do. The person trusting another person will not distinguish between right or wrong and will follow what the other person commands For example, when a person allows his friend to borrow his vehicle, he trusts him and that his friend would consider that vehicle like his own and will handle it with supreme care, Same is the case with money. A friend asks for money and we lend him. This happens due to trust. The concept of trust is @ permanent concept until and unless it is broken by any mischief or misconduct. aea3 Harmony in Family and Socety (Vel) ‘iatounand his/her opinions an jeving that he/she 1s tity at a ery Respect, on the other hand, holds a person to high esteem. It also involves valuing thoughts. Generally, respecting « person involves considering his/her thoughts and bel great persartalitys Often, respect involves holding the person, state, organisation of any ¢ vonsiders high standard. Person respecting another person believe that helshe is worth listening £0 aN@ CORE TY, his/her opinions, Sometimes, person seeks help or advice from the person he respects. Hence, ieee concept which is earned and is considered us the toughest value to get. It involves a lot of time and efforts to build respect. Also, building respect requires giving respect to others, as it 1s Kind of give and take relationship. ad 3.5.7. Difference between Respect and Differentiation The following table illustrates the difference between differentiation and respec eee nee Respect Differentiation Respecting involves right evaluation or | 1) Differentiation is the lack of right understanding of assessment. oapeck Right evaluation and proper understanding | 2) Differentiation cun take place in any of the following which leads to fulfilment of relationships is | forms: responsible for building respect. i) Power play and domination, iy Class struggle, iil) Caste struggle, i jv) Gender bias, ¥) Clash of race, religion, etc., vi) Communal violence, and a isc oil vii) Generation gap. rsa 3) Itinvolves showing respect for other people | 3) Differentiation generates problems in the society that in the society degrades respect shown to other people in the human society 3.5.8. Significance of Respect ‘The significance of respect is reflected in every stage of an individual's life. The teachings of respect are imparted to an individual from carly stages. As a child, one is taught to respect our elders, teachers, parents, family, traditions, religions, school rules, national flag, leaders, and other people. At later stages of life, an dividual creates differences among people, and respects only those who he seems to be worthy of respect Respect is earned, by giving it. Persons, who give respect to others, will receive respect from the others. However, there are many considerations that reflect the significance of respect in daily lives. Some of them are as follows: 1) The attitude of respect is reflected through the relationship between an object and a subject in which subject reacts to the object in an appropriate manner from a particular viewpoint. 2) Respect is considered as relations of response. There are various elements of response that reflect the domain of respect. These clements include valuing, acknowledgment, deference, attention, etc. 43) Since, itis a give and take value, it makes someone feel good when he gets respect and in return, the same person will respect back. 4) Itresults in less number of conflicts and quarrels among persons, when they respect each other. 5) Trust and mutual respect are considered as important elements of any strong relation. 6) An individual can deal with criticism, free himself from guilt, and can be true with himself, if he possesses self-respect. 7) Individuals like themselves as persons due to self-respect irrespective of social power, capabilities, and influence. 8) There prevails hatred, humiliation, dishonesty, and misunderstandings, if respect does not exist. 9) Often, persons without any self-respect, expect other persons to like them and focus on pleasing them instead of looking after their own requirements. :