İSTANBUL AYDIN UNIVERSITY

English Preparatory Program

2021-2022 Academic Year / Group B 2
10th November 2021

ATATÜRK’S PRINCIPLES
A. Write the correct headline for each paragraph below

Populism Reformism Republicanism Secularism

Nationalism Statism

________________________________

In a republican regime, honesty is of crucial importance for

both the rulers and the ruled, and the relations of both sides
with each other is very important. In this way, the republic will
defend itself against interior and exterior dangers with tight
measures limited with the principles of the republican regime.
This frame must not be overrun. Otherwise a gap between the
republic and the nation will occur. The biggest sufferer in this
case will be the Republic itself. For this reason a republican
regime has to be smart at all times. Freedom and its
applications are limited with the rules of democracy in the
countries that adopt this system. Nobody has unlimited rights in
republics ruled by democracy. The regimes ruled with non-
limited rights and laws cannot be classified as democracy or
Republic. In democracy and democratic republican rights of the
public and individual freedoms are limited with laws and their
borders are marked with justice. Populism The Kemalist
revolution was also a social revolution in term of its content
and goals. This was a revolution led by an elite with an
orientation towards the people in general. The Kemalist
reforms brought about a revolutionary change in the status of women through the adoption of Western
codes of law in Turkey, in particular the Swiss Civil Code. Moreover, women received the right to vote in
1934. Atatürk stated on a number of occasions that the true rulers of Turkey were the peasants. This was
actually a goal rather than a reality in Turkey. In fact, in the official explanation given to the principle of
populism it was stated that Kemalism was against class privileges and class distinctions and it recognized
no individual, no family, no class and no organization as being above others. Kemalist ideology was, in
fact, based on supreme value of Turkish citizenship. A sense of pride associated with this citizenship
would give the needed psychological spur to the people to make them work harder and to achieve a sense
of unity and national identity.

_______________________________

His ideas about religion were not too different from a noble and sincere member of the religious
organization. He was never an opponent of religion. He believed that religion was necessary for the public
but he was against the replacement of law, logic, and mentality with religion. He was opposed to
merchants of religion, fundamentalists and those who wanted to rule the public with superstitions.
Religion was a holy concept to be kept in the one's conscience. Setting off with these ideas, on January 31,
1923 he said the following: "Our religion is a most natural and logical one and it is for this reason that it is
the last of religions. In order for a religion to be natural it must co-exist with science, knowledge and logic.
Our religion completely complies with these prerequisites. Above, we defined that secularity is the
separation of State and religious affairs but this does not mean that everybody can do everything about
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religion without the interference of the State. Moreover, State power may be used for any belief system. In
this case the freedom of conscience will be obliterated for believers and non-believers." Atatürk was aware
of the very big problems to be eliminated in order to flee from being an undeveloped society. For him,
every contemporary attempt had to include the principle of secularism. Sultanate, caliphate, sharia,
religious education and capitulations had to be obliterated. The ideas people create relevant to themselves
and their environment are partially in the form of BELİEF and partially KNOWLEDGE.

____________________________________

One of the most important principles that Atatürk formulated was the principle of reformism or
revolutionism. This principle meant that Turkey made reforms and that the country replaced traditional
institutions with modern institutions. It meant that traditional concepts were eliminated and modern
concepts were adopted. The principle of reformism went beyond the recognition of the reforms which
were made.

____________________________________

Turkish people were changed to a nation from

being a religious community by Atatürk.
Atatürk's confidence in the Nation was
unlimited. He defended the idea that every
revolution would be achieved with the Nation
but not despite the Nation. His belief was that
every novelty would exist eternally only if it
adapted by the Nation. He kept repeating that
whoever identified himself as a "Turk" within
the boundaries of the country represented the
"Turkish Nation" and that the Nation would be
called so. Sovereignty will unconditionally
belong to the nation No power, external or
internal strength would be able to confiscate
this from the hands of the Nation. The nation would be educated to sacrifice their lives when necessary.

_________________________________

Kemal Atatürk made clear in his statements and policies that Turkey's complete modernization was very much
dependent on economic and technological development. The principle of statism was interpreted to mean that the
state was to regulate the country's general economic activity and the state was to engage in areas where private
enterprise was not willing to do so, or where private enterprise had proved to be inadequate, or if national interest
required it. In the application of the principle of statism, however, the state emerged not only as the principle
source of economic activity but also as the owner of the major industries of the country.

_______________________________________

The Kemalist revolution was also a social revolution in term of its content and goals. This was a
revolution led by an elite with an orientation towards the people in general. The Kemalist reforms brought
about a revolutionary change in the status of women through the adoption of Western codes of law in
Turkey, in particular the Swiss Civil Code. Moreover, women received the right to vote in 1934. Atatürk
stated on a number of occasions that the true rulers of Turkey were the peasants. This was actually a goal
rather than a reality in Turkey. In fact, in the official explanation given to the principle of populism it was
stated that Kemalism was against class privileges and class distinctions and it recognized no individual, no
family, no class and no organization as being above others. Kemalist ideology was, in fact, based on
supreme value of Turkish citizenship. A sense of pride associated with this citizenship would give the

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needed psychological spur to the people to make them work harder and to achieve a sense of unity and
national identity.

ATATURK'S REFORMS

Complete the sentences using the appropriate forms of the words in the boxes above the paragraphs.

The New Language

wear use take difficult than within

The most ____________change in any society is probably a language reform. Most nations never attempt
it; those who do, usually prefer a gradual approach. Under Atatürk's Leadership, Turkey undertook the
modern world's swiftest and most extensive language reform. In 1928, when he decided that the Arabic
script, which _______________ by the Turks for a thousand years, should be replaced with the Latin
alphabet. He asked the experts: " How long would it ________ ? " Most of them replied: " At least five
years. " " We shall do it ," Atatürk said," _______ five months "

The Clothing Reform

With the clothing reform, women stopped ___________ veils; they started to wear modern women 's
clothing. Men started to wear hats rather _________ the fez.

Secularist Reforms

include empire to for republic rather

to from abolish non with

In 1922 the new nationalist regime _____________ the Ottoman sultanate , and in 1924 it abolished the
caliphate , which the Ottoman sultanate had held _____ centuries. Thus, for the first time in Islamic
history, no ruler claimed the spiritual leadership of Islam ; this was still the case in the late 1980s. The
withdrawal of Turkey , heir to the Ottoman Empire , as the presumptive leader of the world Muslim
community was symbolic of the change in Turkey 's relation ____ Islam. Secularism or laicism (Laiklik in
Turkish) was one of the " Six Arrows " of Atatürk 's blueprint for modern Turkey ; these founding
principles of the _________, usually referred to as Atatürkism or Kemalism , were the basis for many of
the early republican reforms. As Islam had formed the identity of the Ottoman ___________ and its
subjects, so secularism molded the new Turkish nation and its citizens. Establishment of secularism in
Turkey was a process of distinguishing church _______ state or the religious from the ____-religious
spheres of life. In the Ottoman Empire , all spheres of life were theoretically ruled by religious law, and
religious organizations did not exist apart from the state. The reforms bearing directly on religion were
numerous. They ________ the abolition of the caliphate ; abolition of the office of seyhülislam ( Islamic
ruler); abolition of the religious hierarchy; closing and confiscation of the dervish lodges, meeting places,
and monasteries and outlawing of their rituals and meetings; establishment of government control over the
Evkaf, which had been inalienable under Sheriat ( Islamic rules); replacement of Sheriat with adapted
European legal codes; closing of the religious schools ( Medresses ); changing from the Islamic to the
Western calendar; outlawing the fez for men and frowning on the veil for women , both garments

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 associated _____ religious tradition; and outlawing the traditional garb of local religious leaders. The
nationalist regime made attempts _____ give religion a more modern and more national form. The state
also supported use of Turkish ______ than Arabic at devotions and the substitution of the Turkish word
Tanri for the Arabic word Allah . The opposition, however, was strong enough to ensure that Arabic
remained the language of prayer .

Woman's Right

be in to be on launch equal from

With abiding faith in the vital importance of women in society, Atatürk ________ many reforms to give
Turkish women _____ rights and opportunities. The new Civil Code, adopted in 1926, abolished
polygamy and recognized the equal rights of women in divorce, custody, and inheritance. The entire
educational system _____ the grade school ____ the university became coeducational. Atatürk greatly
admired the support that the national liberation struggle received from women and praised their many
contributions: " In Turkish society, women have not lagged behind men _____ science, scholarship, and
culture. Perhaps they have even gone further ahead. " He gave women the same opportunities as men,
including full political rights. In the mid-1930s, 18 women, among them a villager, _____ elected to the
national parliament. Later, Turkey had the world's first women supreme court justice.

Ataturk's Works on Turkish History

Following the reform of the script, which was meant to be a kind of nationalism in the cultural field,
Atatürk concentrated his attention ____ history. He established the Turkish Historical Society in 1931.
Here, Turkey 's history _____ thoroughly examined and evaluated.

" Culture is a basic element in being a person worthy of humanity,"

"The governments’ most creative and significant duty is education."

"The major challenge facing us

is to elevate our national life to the
highest level of civilization and
prosperity."

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