IT SLIGO EXTRACTS FROM EUROCODE 2 & MISCELLANEOUS DESIGN DATA -1-

BEng Civil Engineering (Level 7)

Higher Cert Civil Engineering (Level 6)
Year 2
STRUCTURAL DESIGN 202
EXAMINATION HANDOUT
BAR AREAS
Sectional areas of groups of bars (mm2)
Bar Number of bars
size
(mm) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
8 50 101 151 201 251 302 352 402 452 503
10 79 157 236 314 393 471 550 628 707 785
12 113 226 339 452 565 679 792 905 1018 1131
16 201 402 603 804 1005 1206 1407 1608 1810 2011
20 314 628 942 1257 1571 1885 2199 2513 2827 3142
25 491 982 1473 1963 2454 2945 3436 3927 4418 4909
32 804 1608 2413 3217 4021 4825 5630 6434 7238 8042

Sectional areas per metre width for various bar spacing (mm2)
Bar Spacing of bars (mm)
size
(mm) 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
8 670 503 402 335 287 251 223 201 183 168
10 1047 785 628 524 449 393 349 314 286 262
12 1508 1131 905 754 646 565 503 452 411 377
16 2681 2011 1608 1340 1149 1005 894 804 731 670
20 4189 3142 2513 2094 1795 1571 1396 1257 1142 1047
25 6545 4909 3927 3272 2805 2454 2182 1963 1785 1636
32 10723 8042 6434 5362 4596 4021 3574 3217 2925 2681

EN1990: EUROCODE 0 - BASIS OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN

Permanent action Variable action

γM factors for ULS (Gk) (Qk)
(Persistent & transient design situations)
Unfavourable Favourable Unfavourable Favourable

1.35 1.0 1.5 0

EN1992: EUROCODE 2 - DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES

Part 1-1 General rules and rules for buildings

Table 2.1N Partial factors for materials for ultimate limit states

DESIGN SITUATION γc for concrete γs for reinforcing &

prestressing steel
Persistent & Transient 1,5 1,15
FOR EXAMINATION PURPOSES ONLY March 2014
 IT SLIGO EXTRACTS FROM EUROCODE 2 & MISCELLANEOUS DESIGN DATA -2-
4.4.1 CONCRETE COVER
4.4.1.1(2) cnom  cmin  cdev (Eqn 4.1)

4.4.1.2 Minimum cover, cmin

4.4.1.2(2) The greater value for cmin satisfying the requirements for both bond and environmental conditions
shall be used.

4.4.1.2(3) In order to transmit bond forces safely and to ensure adequate compaction of the concrete, the
minimum cover should not be less than cmin,b given in Table 4.2.

Table 4.1: Exposure classes related to environmental conditions (Part table)

Class Description of environment Indicative examples where exposure classes may occur
2 Corrosion induced by carbonation
XC1 Dry or permanently wet Concrete inside buildings with low air humidity.
Concrete permanently submerged in water.
XC2 Wet, rarely dry Concrete surfaces subject to long-term water contact.
Many foundations.
XC3 Moderate humidity Concrete inside buildings with moderate or high air humidity.
External concrete sheltered from rain
XC4 Cyclic wet and dry Concrete surfaces subject to water contact, not within
exposure class XC2

Table 4.2: Minimum cover, cmin,b, Arrangement of bars Minimum cover cmin,b*
requirements with regard to bond Separated Diameter of bar
Bundled Equivalent diameter øn
* If the nominal maximum aggregate size is greater than
32mm, cmin,b should be increased by 5mm

4.4.1.2(5)The minimum cover values for reinforcement in normal weight concrete taking account of the
exposure classes and the structural classes is given by cmin,dur.

Recommended values of cmin,dur for EXPOSURE CLASSES

reinforcement from Table NA.6 of Irish
X0 XC1 XC2 XC3 XC4
National Annex to EN1992-1-1:2005:
cmin,dur (mm) 10 15 25 30

5.3.2 GEOMETRIC DATA

5.3.2.1 Effective width of flanges (all limit states)

5.3.2.1(2)The effective width of flange should be based on the distance l0 between points of zero moment.
5.3.2.1(3) The effective flange width beff for a T beam or L beam may be derived as:

beff   beff ,i  bw b (Eqn 5.7)

where beff ,i  0,2bi  0,1l0  0,2l0 (Eqn 5.7a)

and beff ,i  bi beff (Eqn 5.7b)

beff,1 beff,2

b1 b1 b2 b2
bw
b
FOR EXAMINATION PURPOSES ONLY March 2014
 IT SLIGO EXTRACTS FROM EUROCODE 2 & MISCELLANEOUS DESIGN DATA -3-
6.2.2 MEMBERS NOT REQUIRING DESIGN SHEAR REINFORCEMENT

6.2.2(1) The design value for the shear resistance VRd,c is given by:

 
VRd , c  CRd , c k 1001 f ck 3 bwd
1
(Eqn 6.2a [modified])

with a minimum value of VRd , c  vmin bwd (Eqn 6.2b [modified])

200
where k  1  2,0 with d in mm
d
Asl
1   0,02
bwd
Asl = Area of tensile reinforcement which extends ≥ (lbd + d) beyond
the section considered
bw = smallest width of the section in the tensile area (mm)

The recommended value for CRd,c is 0,18/γc and for vmin is given by expression (6.3)N

vmin  0,035k 2 f ck
3 1
2
(Eqn 6.3N)

6.2.3 MEMBERS REQUIRING DESIGN SHEAR REINFORCEMENT

6.2.3(1) θ is the angle between the concrete compression strut and the beam axis perpendicular to the shear
force.
6.2.3(2) The angle θ should be limited. The recommended limits are given in Expression (6.7N).
1 ≤ cot θ ≤ 2,5 (Eqn. 6.7N)

7.3.3 CONTROL OF CRACKING WITHOUT DIRECT Steel Stress Maximum bar spacing
CALCULATION (N/mm2) (mm)
7.3.3(1) For reinforced …. slabs ….., specific measures to for wmax =0.3mm
control cracking are not necessary where the overall 160 300
depth does not exceed 200 mm and the provisions of 200 250
9.3 have been applied. 240 200
7.3.3(2) Crack widths are unlikely to be excessive if… the 280 150
the provisions of Table 7.3N are complied with. 320 100
360 50
Lightly Highly
Span/d
7.4 DEFLECTION CONTROL stressed stressed
36 %
34
Where other stress levels are
used, the values ……should 32 fck = 50 K= 1.0
(Simply supported span)
be multiplied by 310/σs. 30
It will normally be 28
conservative to assume that: 26 fck = 40
310 500

 f yk As,reqd / As, prov 
24
s 22
fck = 35

20
fck = 30
For flanged sections where fck = 25
18
the ratio of the flange breadth
to the rib breadth exceeds 3, 16

the values of l/d should be 14

multiplied by 0,8. 12
0.4% 0.6% 0.8% 1.0% 1.2% 1.4% 1.6% 1.8% 2.0%
Percentage of tension reinforcement
For beams and slabs, other
than flat slabs, with spans exceeding 7 m, which support partitions liable to be damaged by excessive
deflections, the values of l/d should be multiplied by 7/leff (leff in metres).
FOR EXAMINATION PURPOSES ONLY March 2014
 IT SLIGO EXTRACTS FROM EUROCODE 2 & MISCELLANEOUS DESIGN DATA -4-

Recommended values STRUCTURAL SYSTEM K

for K are given in Simply supported beam, one spanning simply supported slab. 1,0
Table 7.4. End span of continuous beam or one-way continuous slab. 1,3
Interior span of beam or one-way spanning slab. 1,5
Cantilever 0,4
8.2 SPACING OF BARS

8.2(2) The clear distance (horizontal and vertical) between individual parallel bars or horizontal layers of
parallel bars should be not less than the maximum of k1 × bar diameter, (dg + k2 mm) or 20 mm where
dg is the maximum size of aggregate.
Note: The value of k1 and k2 for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex. The
recommended values are 1 and 5 mm respectively.

8.4 ANCHORAGE OF LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT

8.7.3 Lap length

8.7.3(1) The design lap length is: lo = lb,rqd ×α6 (Eqn 8.10 Modified)

Values of α6 are Percentage of lapped bars relative <25% 33% 50% >50%
given in Table 8.3. to the total cross-sectional area
α6 1 1,15 1,4 1,5
NOTE: Intermediate values may be determined by interpolation

9.2.2 SHEAR REINFORCEMENT

Asw 0.08 f ck0.5bw

9.2.2(5) Minimum value of Asw/s:  (Eqn. 9.5[modified])
s f yk

9.2.2(6) The maximum longitudinal spacing between shear assemblies should not exceed sl,max.
The recommended value is given by Expression (9.6N)
sl,max = 0.75d (Eqn. 9.6[modified])

9.3 SOLID SLABS

9.3.1.1(2) Secondary transverse reinforcement of not less than 20% of the principal reinforcement should be
provided in one way slabs. In areas near supports transverse reinforcement to principal top bars is not
necessary where there is no transverse bending moment.

9.3.1.1(3) The spacing of bars should not exceed smax,slabs.

Note; The value of smax,slabs for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex. The
recommended value is:
 for the principal reinforcement, 3h ≤ 400 mm, (2h ≤ 250mm in areas of max moment).
 for the secondary reinforcement, 3,5h ≤ 450 mm, (3h ≤ 400mm in areas of max moment).
EN1992-1-2 STRUCTURAL FIRE DESIGN
Standard Minimum dimensions(mm)
fire Possible combination of a and bmin
resistance where a is the average axis distance and Standard fire Minimum dimensions(mm)
bmin is the beam width resistance One-way spanning slabs
Simply supported beams
A B C D REI 60 hs 80
R60 bmin 120 160 200 300 a 20
a 40 35 30 25 REI 90 hs 100
R90 bmin 150 200 300 400 a 30
a 55 45 40 35 REI 120 hs 120
R120 bmin 200 240 300 500 a 40
a 65 60 55 50 REI 240 hs 175
R240 bmin 280 350 500 700 a 65
a 90 80 75 70
FOR EXAMINATION PURPOSES ONLY March 2014
 IT SLIGO EXTRACTS FROM EUROCODE 2 & MISCELLANEOUS DESIGN DATA -5-

MISCELLANEOUS DESIGN INFORMATION

DESIGN FOR BENDING AT ULS

SINGLY REINFORCED DOUBLY REINFORCED

K bal 0.167 (=0.152 for 20% redistribution) zbal  0.82d

K
M
As 
K  K bal  fck bd 2
bd 2 f ck 0.87 f yk d  d 

Kbal f ck bd 2
z  d  0.5  0.25  K  As   As
 1.134  0.87 f yk zbal

M d
As   0.171
0.87 f yk z d

DESIGN FOR SHEAR AT ULS

 VEd  Asw VEd

  0.5 sin 1    450 
 0.18bw d 1  f ck 250 f ck  s 0.78df yk cot 

CRACKING

f yk Gk   2 Qk
Steel stress under quasi-permanent loading: fs  
1.15 1.35Gk  1.5Qk
Typical values of quasi-permanent value 2 for imposed loads: (EN1990, Table A1.1):
 Domestic, residential areas 0,3
 Office area 0,3
 Shopping areas 0,6

Minimum Concrete Mix Exposure Class XC1 XC2 XC3 XC4

Selected values from Table NA.6 of the Minimum strength C25/30 C28/35 C30/37 C30/37
Irish NA to 1992-1-1:2005

Anchorage Lengths Concrete fck 25 30 35 40

(Based on Equation 8.3) KA 40 36 32 29
Anchorage length lb,rqd = KA × bar size. NOTE: For “poor” bond conditions, divide values by 0.7

Minimum Longitudinal Concrete fck 25 30 35 40

Reinforcement As,min /btd As,min /btd 0.0013 0.0015 0.0017 0.0018
(Based on Equation 9.1N)

Minimum Longitudinal Concrete fck 25 30 35 40

h ≤ 300mm 0.0021 0.0023 0.0026 0.0028
Reinforcement As,min /Act
(Based on Equation 7.1) h ≥ 800mm 0.0014 0.0015 0.0017 0.0018
Act = Area of concrete within tensile zone. Notes: Values for h between 300mm and 800mm may be interpolated.
FOR EXAMINATION PURPOSES ONLY March 2014
 IT SLIGO EXTRACTS FROM EUROCODE 2 & MISCELLANEOUS DESIGN DATA -6-

MOMENT AND SHEAR COEFFICIENTS FOR USE WITH ONE-WAY SPANNING SLABS
[Source: Concise Eurocode 2]

Coefficient Location
End support/slab connection Internal supports and spans
(Pinned end)
Outer support Near middle of At 1st interior At middle of At interior
end span support interior spans supports
Moment 0.0 0.086 - 0.086 0.063 - 0.063
Shear 0.40 - 0.60 - 0.50
Design moment = coeff × n × span2
Design shear = coeff × n × span
where n = γGgk + γQqk where gk and qk are characteristic permanent and variable actions in kN/m.
Conditions Applicable to one-way spanning slabs where:
 The area of each bay exceeds 30m2,
 Qk ≤ 1.25Gk
 qk ≤5 kN/m2
 Substantially uniform loading (at least 3 spans, minimum span ≥ 0.85 maximum span.

SIMPLIFIED RULES FOR CURTAILMENT OF REINFORCEMENT

[Source: Standard Method of Detailing Structural Concrete]
2H16 (recommended size)
SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM

U-BAR = 50% span steel. 100%

(Tension lap with top & 50% 50%
bottom steel)
0.08L 0.08L
L

0.1L or 45×dia
(whichever is greater)

SIMPLY SUPPORTED
U-BAR SLAB
Same diameter (Slab depth ≥ 150mm)
as bottom steel

500mm or tension lap (Distribution steel not shown)

(whichever is greater)

CONTINUOUS SLAB
0.3L 0.3L
(Restrained at external support) 0.1L or 600 0.1L or 600
(whichever is (whichever is
(Distribution steel not shown) smaller) smaller)

U-BAR 100% 50% U-bars 50% 100%

Area = half the bottom
steel at midspan 100% 50%

500mm or tension lap 0.2L

50mm (whichever is greater) L

FOR EXAMINATION PURPOSES ONLY March 2014