INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SLIGO

AUGUST EXAMINATIONS 2020/2021

MODULE: STRU06010-29910 - Structural Design 202

PROGRAMME(S):
SG_ECVIL_B07 Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering
SG_ECIVI_C06 Higher Certificate in Civil Engineering

STAGE: 2

EXAMINER(S):
Bill O'Kelly-Lynch (Internal)
Liam McCarton (External)

TIME ALLOWED: 2 Hours

INSTRUCTIONS: Answer 2 questions. All questions carry equal marks.

Extracts (7 pages) from Eurocode 2 and other relevant design

data are attached at end of exam paper.

PLEASE DO NOT TURN OVER THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE INSTRUCTED TO DO SO.
The use of programmable or text storing calculators is expressly forbidden.

Requirements for this paper:

1. Approved as Online Exam

STRU06010-29910 – Structural Design 202

August Examinations 2020/2021 Page 1 of 10
Question 1
A 6m long reinforced concrete beam is simply supported on 300mm wide masonry walls as shown in
Fig Q1. The beam is of rectangular section and the preliminary cross-sectional dimensions are as
indicated.
6.0m
300mm

Fig Q1
550mm

300mm 300mm

The design information is as follows:

Characteristic loads: Permanent (inclusive of self-weight) = 30kN/m
Variable = 20kN/m
2
Characteristic strength of reinforcement: fyk = 500N/mm
Exposure class = XC3.
Fire resistance = R90

a) Design the beam for the bending.

[24 marks]

b) Given that the shear links are H8 at 250 centres throughout the span, sketch the reinforcement
detail drawing in accordance with the Standard Method of Detailing Structural Concrete.
[8 marks]

c) Reproduce the following bending schedule template in your answer book and complete the
schedule assuming that a total of six beams are required in the building.
[18 marks]

Member Bar Type No. No. Total Length Shape

A* B* C*
Mark and of in no. of each code
size members each bar

mm mm mm mm

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Question 2

The plan for a 150mm thick continuous slab is shown in Fig Q2. The supporting beams are 300mm
wide.
A B C D E F

8m
Fig Q2

4.5m 4.5m 4.5m 4.5m 4.5m

The design information is as follows:

2
Characteristic actions: Permanent (excluding self-weight of slab) = 2.0kN/m
2
Variable = 3.0kN/m
2
Characteristic material strengths: Concrete fck = 30N/mm
2
Reinforcement fyk = 500N/mm

Nominal cover to reinforcement = 25mm

Design the bending reinforcement in the slab and check deflection and cracking.

Sketch the reinforcement details (on a cross-section through the slab).

[50 marks]

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 STRUCTURAL DESIGN 202
EXAMINATION HANDOUT
EXTRACTS FROM EUROCODE 2 & OTHER DESIGN DATA
BAR AREAS
Sectional areas of groups of bars (mm2)

Bar Number of bars

size
(mm) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
8 50 101 151 201 251 302 352 402 452 503
10 79 157 236 314 393 471 550 628 707 785
12 113 226 339 452 565 679 792 905 1018 1131
16 201 402 603 804 1005 1206 1407 1608 1810 2011
20 314 628 942 1257 1571 1885 2199 2513 2827 3142
25 491 982 1473 1963 2454 2945 3436 3927 4418 4909
32 804 1608 2413 3217 4021 4825 5630 6434 7238 8042

Sectional areas per metre width for various bar spacing (mm2)
Bar Spacing of bars (mm)
size
(mm) 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
8 670 503 402 335 287 251 223 201 183 168
10 1047 785 628 524 449 393 349 314 286 262
12 1508 1131 905 754 646 565 503 452 411 377
16 2681 2011 1608 1340 1149 1005 894 804 731 670
20 4189 3142 2513 2094 1795 1571 1396 1257 1142 1047
25 6545 4909 3927 3272 2805 2454 2182 1963 1785 1636
32 10723 8042 6434 5362 4596 4021 3574 3217 2925 2681

EN1990: EUROCODE 0 - BASIS OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN

Permanent action Variable action

γM factors for ULS (Gk) (Qk)
(Persistent & transient design situations)
Unfavourable Favourable Unfavourable Favourable

1.35 1.0 1.5 0

EN1992: EUROCODE 2 - DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES

Part 1-1 General rules and rules for buildings

Table 2.1N Partial factors for materials for ultimate limit states

DESIGN SITUATION γc for concrete γs for reinforcing &

prestressing steel
Persistent & Transient 1,5 1,15

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4.4.1 CONCRETE COVER
4.4.1.1(2) cnom = cmin + cdev (Eqn 4.1)

4.4.1.2 Minimum cover, cmin

4.4.1.2(2) The greater value for cmin satisfying the requirements for both bond and environmental conditions
shall be used.

4.4.1.2(3) In order to transmit bond forces safely and to ensure adequate compaction of the concrete, the
minimum cover should not be less than cmin,b given in Table 4.2.

Table 4.1: Exposure classes related to environmental conditions (Part table)

Class Description of environment Indicative examples where exposure classes may occur
2 Corrosion induced by carbonation
XC1 Dry or permanently wet Concrete inside buildings with low air humidity.
Concrete permanently submerged in water.
XC2 Wet, rarely dry Concrete surfaces subject to long-term water contact.
Many foundations.
XC3 Moderate humidity Concrete inside buildings with moderate or high air humidity.
External concrete sheltered from rain
XC4 Cyclic wet and dry Concrete surfaces subject to water contact, not within
exposure class XC2

Table 4.2: Minimum cover, cmin,b, Arrangement of bars Minimum cover cmin,b*
requirements with regard to bond Separated Diameter of bar
Bundled Equivalent diameter øn
* If the nominal maximum aggregate size is greater than
32mm, cmin,b should be increased by 5mm

4.4.1.2(5)The minimum cover values for reinforcement in normal weight concrete taking account of the
exposure classes and the structural classes is given by cmin,dur.

Recommended values of cmin,dur for EXPOSURE CLASSES

reinforcement from Table NA.6 of X0 XC1 XC2 XC3 XC4
Irish National Annex to EN1992-1-
cmin,dur (mm) 10 15 25 30
1:2005:

5.3.2 GEOMETRIC DATA

5.3.2.1 Effective width of flanges (all limit states)

5.3.2.1(2)The effective width of flange should be based on the distance l0 between points of zero moment.
5.3.2.1(3) The effective flange width beff for a T beam or L beam may be derived as:

beff =  beff ,i + bw b (Eqn 5.7)

where beff ,i = 0,2bi + 0,1l0  0,2l0 (Eqn 5.7a)

and beff ,i  bi bef (Eqn 5.7b)

beff, beff,
1 2

b1 b1 b2 b2
bw
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August Examinations 2020/2021
b Page 5 of 10
6.2.2 MEMBERS NOT REQUIRING DESIGN SHEAR REINFORCEMENT

6.2.2(1) The design value for the shear resistance VRd,c is given by:

 
VRd , c = CRd , c k (100 1 f ck )3 bwd
1
(Eqn 6.2a [modified])

with a minimum value of VRd , c = vmin bwd (Eqn 6.2b [modified])

200
where k = 1+  2,0 with d in mm
d
Asl
1 =  0,02
bwd
Asl = Area of tensile reinforcement which extends ≥ (lbd + d) beyond
the section considered
bw = smallest width of the section in the tensile area (mm)

The recommended value for CRd,c is 0,18/γc and for vmin is given by expression (6.3)N

vmin = 0,035k 2 f ck
3 1
2
(Eqn 6.3N)

6.2.3 MEMBERS REQUIRING DESIGN SHEAR REINFORCEMENT

6.2.3(1) θ is the angle between the concrete compression strut and the beam axis perpendicular to the shear
force.
6.2.3(2) The angle θ should be limited. The recommended limits are given in Expression (6.7N).
1 ≤ cot θ ≤ 2,5 (Eqn. 6.7N)

7.3.3 CONTROL OF CRACKING WITHOUT Steel Stress Maximum bar spacing

DIRECT CALCULATION (N/mm2) (mm)
7.3.3(1) For reinforced …. slabs ….. specific measures to for wmax =0.3mm
control cracking are not necessary where the overall 160 300
depth does not exceed 200 mm and the provisions of 200 250
9.3 have been applied. 240 200
7.3.3(2) Crack widths are unlikely to be excessive if… the 280 150
the provisions of Table 7.3N are complied with. 320 100
360 50
Lightly Highly
Span/d
7.4 DEFLECTION CONTROL stressed stressed
36 %
34
Where other stress levels are
used, the values ……should 32 fck = 50 K= 1.0
(Simply supported span)
be multiplied by 310/σs. 30
It will normally be 28
conservative to assume that: 26 fck = 40
310 500
=
( f yk As,reqd / As, prov )
24
s 22
fck = 35

20
fck = 30
For flanged sections where fck = 25
18
the ratio of the flange breadth
to the rib breadth exceeds 3, 16

the values of l/d should be 14

multiplied by 0,8. 12
0.4% 0.6% 0.8% 1.0% 1.2% 1.4% 1.6% 1.8% 2.0%
Percentage of tension reinforcement
For beams and slabs, other
than flat slabs, with spans exceeding 7 m, which support partitions liable to be damaged by excessive
deflections, the values of l/d should be multiplied by 7/leff (leff in metres).
STRU06010-29910 – Structural Design 202
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 Recommended STRUCTURAL SYSTEM K
values for K are Simply supported beam, one spanning simply supported slab. 1,0
given in Table 7.4. End span of continuous beam or one-way continuous slab. 1,3
Interior span of beam or one-way spanning slab. 1,5
Cantilever 0,4
8.2 SPACING OF BARS
8.2(2) The clear distance (horizontal and vertical) between individual parallel bars or horizontal layers of
parallel bars should be not less than the maximum of k1 × bar diameter, (dg + k2 mm) or 20 mm where
dg is the maximum size of aggregate.
Note: The value of k1 and k2 for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex. The
recommended values are 1 and 5 mm respectively.

8.4 ANCHORAGE OF LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT

8.7.3 Lap length

8.7.3(1) The design lap length is: lo = lb,rqd ×α6 (Eqn 8.10 Modified)

Values of α6 are Percentage of lapped bars relative <25% 33% 50% >50%
given in Table 8.3. to the total cross-sectional area
α6 1 1,15 1,4 1,5
NOTE: Intermediate values may be determined by interpolation

9.2.2 SHEAR REINFORCEMENT

Asw 0.08 f ck0.5bw

9.2.2(5) Minimum value of Asw/s: = (Eqn. 9.5[modified])
s f yk

9.2.2(6) The maximum longitudinal spacing between shear assemblies should not exceed sl,max.
The recommended value is given by Expression (9.6N)
sl,max = 0.75d (Eqn. 9.6[modified])

9.3 SOLID SLABS

9.3.1.1(2) Secondary transverse reinforcement of not less than 20% of the principal reinforcement should be
provided in one way slabs. In areas near supports transverse reinforcement to principal top bars is not
necessary where there is no transverse bending moment.

9.3.1.1(3) The spacing of bars should not exceed smax,slabs.

Note; The value of smax,slabs for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex. The
recommended value is:
• for the principal reinforcement, 3h ≤ 400 mm, (2h ≤ 250mm in areas of max moment).
• for the secondary reinforcement, 3,5h ≤ 450 mm, (3h ≤ 400mm in areas of max moment).
EN1992-1-2 STRUCTURAL FIRE DESIGN

Standard fire Minimum dimensions(mm)

resistance Possible combination of a and bmin Standard fire Minimum dimensions(mm)
where a is the average axis distance and bmin resistance One-way spanning slabs
is the beam width
Simply supported beams
REI 60 hs 80
A B C D
a 20
R60 bmin 120 160 200 300
REI 90 hs 100
a 40 35 30 25
a 30
R90 bmin 150 200 300 400
REI 120 hs 120
a 55 45 40 35
a 40
R120 bmin 200 240 300 500
REI 240 hs 175
a 65 60 55 50
a 65
R240 bmin 280 350 500 700
a 90 80 75 70

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 MISCELLANEOUS DESIGN INFORMATION

DESIGN FOR BENDING AT ULS

SINGLY REINFORCED DOUBLY REINFORCED

K bal= 0.167 (=0.152 for 20% redistribution) zbal = 0.82d

K=
M
As =
(K − K bal ) fckbd 2
bd 2 f ck 0.87 f yk (d − d )

K bal f ck bd 2
z = d  0.5 + 0.25 − K  As = + As
 1.134  0.87 f yk zbal

M d
As =  0.171
0.87 f yk z d

DESIGN FOR SHEAR AT ULS

 VEd  Asw VEd

 = 0.5 sin −1    450 =
 0.18bw d (1 − f ck 250) f ck  s 0.78df yk cot 

CRACKING

f yk G k +  2 Qk
Steel stress under quasi-permanent loading: fs = 
1.15 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk
Typical values of quasi-permanent value 2 for imposed loads: (EN1990, Table A1.1):
• Domestic, residential areas 0,3
• Office area 0,3
• Shopping areas 0,6

Minimum Concrete Mix Exposure Class XC1 XC2 XC3 XC4

Selected values from Table NA.6 of the Minimum strength C25/30 C28/35 C30/37 C30/37
Irish NA to 1992-1-1:2005

Anchorage Lengths Concrete fck 25 30 35 40

(Based on Equation 8.3) KA 40 36 32 29
Anchorage length lb,rqd = KA × bar size. NOTE: For “poor” bond conditions, divide values by 0.7

Minimum Longitudinal Concrete fck 25 30 35 40

Reinforcement As,min /btd As,min /btd 0.0013 0.0015 0.0017 0.0018
(Based on Equation 9.1N)

Minimum Longitudinal
Concrete fck 25 30 35 40
Reinforcement As,min /Act
(Based on Equation 7.1)
h ≤ 300mm 0.0021 0.0023 0.0026 0.0028
Act = Area of concrete within tensile zone. h ≥ 800mm 0.0014 0.0015 0.0017 0.0018
Notes: Values for h between 300mm and 800mm may be interpolated.

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 MOMENT AND SHEAR COEFFICIENTS FOR USE WITH ONE-WAY SPANNING SLABS
[Source: Concise Eurocode 2]

Coefficient Location
End support/slab connection Internal supports and spans
(Pinned end)
Outer support Near middle of At 1st interior At middle of At interior
end span support interior spans supports
Moment 0.0 0.086 - 0.086 0.063 - 0.063
Shear 0.40 - 0.60 - 0.50
2
Design moment = coeff × n × span
Design shear = coeff × n × span
where n = γGgk + γQqk where gk and qk are characteristic permanent and variable actions in kN/m.
Conditions Applicable to one-way spanning slabs where:
• The area of each bay exceeds 30m2,
• Qk ≤ 1.25Gk
• qk ≤5 kN/m2
• Substantially uniform loading (at least 3 spans, minimum span ≥ 0.85 maximum span.

SIMPLIFIED RULES FOR CURTAILMENT OF REINFORCEMENT

[Source: Standard Method of Detailing Structural Concrete]
2H16 (recommended size)
SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM

U-BAR = 50% span steel. 100%

(Tension lap with top & 50% 50%
bottom steel)
0.08L 0.08L
L

0.1L or 45×dia
(whichever is
greater)
SIMPLY SUPPORTED
U-BAR SLAB
Same diameter (Slab depth ≥ 150mm)
as bottom steel

500mm or tension (Distribution steel not shown)

lap
(whichever is
0.3L 0.3L
CONTINUOUS SLAB
(Restrained at external support) 0.1L or 600 0.1L or 600
(whichever is (whichever is
(Distribution steel not shown) smaller) smaller)

U-BAR 100% 50% U-bars 50% 100%

Area = half the bottom
steel at midspan 100% 50%

500mm or tension lap 0.2L

50mm (whichever is greater) L

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 SCHEDULING [Source: BS8666:2020]
Shape code Shape Total length of bar, L, measured along
centre line (mm)
00 A

11 A + (B) – 0.5r – d

Neither A nor B shall be less than P

21 A + B + (C) – r – 2d

Neither A nor C shall be less than P

51 2[A + B + (C)] – 2.5r – 5d

(C) and (D) shall be equal and not more
than A or B not less than P
Where (C) and (D) are to be minimized
the following formula may be used:
L = 2A + 2B + max (16d, 160)

Minimum end projection p

Nominal Minimum mm
size of radius for General bend Links where
bar scheduling (bob) or links end bend
d r where bend <150°
mm mm ≥150°
8 16 115 115
10 20 120 130
12 24 125 155
16 32 140 210
20 70 190 290
25 87 235 365
32 112 305 465

Distance between Deduction

concrete faces (mm)
(mm)
 200 5
NOTE
 400 10 An additional 10 mm should be
deducted when determining the
 1,000 15 cutting length of straight bars
whose ends are to be placed
 2,000 20 between concrete faces
>2,000 30

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