Welcome

to
Presentation
on
Guidelines
for
Proof checking
K Mohan
 Guidelines
for
Proof checking
3
Outline

The Problem

 Buildings
 RCC members
 Truss

4
The Problem

 Detailed Drawing - No
 SBC - No
 Designs - No
 W/S & Electrical Dwg - No
 Time - Not at all

 Pre Tender activity - Minimum

 Post tender Activity - Maximum

5
Result

 Cost overrun
 Variation

Common Reason
 Executed as per Designs issued by Central office.

6
Cause

 Under Estimated ?

 Over Designed ?

7
 Estimate

Estimate Estimate
Sanction Design
Preparation Preparation

Design Tender Tender Sanction

8
Estimate

• Without design ?

 How to proof check

9
 Design Proof check

Loads & Analysis x

Dimensions & Size Dimensions & Size

Steel requirement Steel requirement

Detailing x

10
Buildings

RCC Members
Steel

Concrete
11
 Dimension

• Rcc Member
• Relevant Code ?

12
 Building

• 1) IS 456 : 2000 Plain & Reinforced Concrete Code of Practice.

• SP 34 : Hand Book on Concrete Reinforcement

& Detailing

13
 Design Mix
2) Group
Designation
Grade
Compressive
Specified Characteristic
Strength of
150mm Cube at 28 Days
in N/mm2

Ordinary M10 10
Concrete M15 15
M20 20
Standard M25 25
Concrete M30 30
M35 35
M40 40
M45 45
M50 50
M55 55
High M60 60
Strength M65 65
Concrete M70 70
M75 75
M80 80
Building

 Important Element

Variation Occurs
Footings - Base for Distribution of load

• 3 Forces

 Upward pressure - bending

 Punching shear

 Bearing stress

16
Footings

• Upward pressure -bending

Bending
• Depth -BM

• Steel –BM
• 0.15% min

17
Footings -Punching shear

• Insufficient depth

18
Footing - Bearing stress

19
Footing Size

• SBC

• Public buildings - 1.0 t/m2

• Residential Buildings - 0.50t/m2

21
Footing depth

px
d = ------
p + tc x

d =effective depth (m )
P = upward pressure / SBC ( t /sqm )
x =projection from face of column (m )
tc= allowable shear stress in concrete (17.33t/sqm )
22
Footing depth

px
d = ------
p + tc
x

20 x 1
d= ------
20 + 17.33
de = 0.53 m D = 0.60 m 23
 Footing Reinforcement

ast
Spacing = ---------- x 666
D

24
Footings –Bearing stress
• Point load
• Cushion effect

• Bearing stress =0.45 √ A1 /A2

≤2

25
 Footings –Bearing stress

• If footing depth is

less than Ld of highest Dia of Reinforcement.

 Bearing stress - reduced by providing

* Pedestal

26
Combined Footings
Footing Size (span 5.0m x 3.6m bay)
SBC 10 t/m2
No. of L(m) B(m) D(m)
floors
G+1 2.60 2.60 0.40
G+2 3.10 3.10 0.50
G+3 3.60 3.60 0.60

G+4 4.10 4.10 0.70

G+5 4.40 4.40 0.75

29
Footing Size (span 5.0m x 3.6m bay)
SBC 15 t/m2
No. of L(m) B(m) D(m)
floors
G+1 2.10 2.10 0.45
G+2 2.60 2.60 0.50
G+3 3.00 3.00 0.60

G+4 3.30 3.30 0.70

G+5 3.60 3.60 0.75

30
 Columns
• Dimensions - spacing
- Orientation
* 6%

• Plan
 Concrete cover - is the least distance between the surface of
embedded reinforcement and the outer surface of the concrete

Concrete cover for reinforcement - protect against corrosion and

resistance against fire.
 NOMINAL COVER TO MEET DURABILITY REQUIREMENTS
(Clause 26.4.2 of IS 456-2000)

Exposure Nominal Concrete Cover in mm

Not Less Than
Mild 20
Moderate 30
Severe 45
Very Severe 50
Extreme 75
Note :
1. For main reinforcement upto 12mm diameter bar for mild exposure the nominal cover
may be reduced by 5mm.
2. Unless specified otherwise, actual concrete cover should not deviate from the
reputed nominal cover by +10 of -0 mm.
3. For exposure condition 'Severe' and 'Very Severe', reduction of 5mm may be made,
where concrete grade is M35 and above.
4. However for a longitudinal reinforcing bar in a column nominal cover shall in any
case not be less than 40mm, or less than the diameter of such bar. In the case of
columns of minimum dimension of 200mm or under, whose reinforcing bars do not
exceed 12mm, a nominal cover of 25mm may be used. For footings minimum cover
shall be 50mm.
 * Cover to reinforcement
Nominal cover to reinforcement including links

Foundation 50mm

Columns 40mm

Beams 25mm

Slabs 20mm

NOTE :
columns of minimum dimensions of 200 or less
reinforcing bars do not exceed 12mm a
nominal cover of 25mm may be used.
Column Size (span 5.0m x 3.6m bay)
G+1

Spans B(mm) D(mm) % of

Steel
5m 230 450 1.80

6m 230 450 2.00

7m 230 600 2.00

8m 230 600 2.50

35
Column Size (span5.0m x 3.6m bay)
G+2

Spans B(mm) D(mm) % of

Steel
5m 230 450 2.20

6m 230 450 2.80

7m 230 600 2.50

8m 230 600 3.00

36
 Staircase

Span ( m ) 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00

Waist Slab 150 165 180 200

( mm )

37
Staircase

• Slabless – tread riser

• Thickness -10cm

38
 Beams

 Bending moment
 Torsion
• 60B
* 4%
Span to depth ratio (l/d)

* Cantilever =7
* Simply supported = 20
* Continous =26
Beams failures
a. Flexural (or Bending) Failure

b. Shear Failure

figure 1
Beam

Span (m) 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00

Cross
Section 230x300 230x380 230x450 230x450 300x530 300x600
(mm )

42
Beam – depth
Sl NO Member Span/Depth ratio % of Steel

1 Plinth beam 15 to 18 1%

2 Tie beams 18 to 20 1%

3 Floor beams 12 to 15 1.25-1.5%

4 Grid beams 20 to 30 1.25-1.5%

5 Cantilever Beams 7 to 10 2%
43
Slabs
Deflections
L/d
Cantilever=7
Simply suported= 20
Continous =26

Steel =0.12%
Slab - depth

Span ( m ) 3.00 3.50 to 4.50 5.00 6.00

Depth ( mm ) 130 150 175 200

45
Slabs - depth (excluding cover )
Sl.No Member Span/Depth ratio

1 One way simply supported slab 24

2 One way continuous slab 28

3 Two way simply supported slab 35

Two way continuous slab (Shorter

4 38
span)
5 Cantilever slab 10

6 Two way ribbed slab (shorter span) 25-30

46
Reinforcement

47
Steel

 Columns - maximum 6%
 Beam - maximum 4%
 Slabs -minimum 0.12%
 Reinforcement
Quantity Diameter of
Sl.No Member % of Steel
Kg/m3 Bars

10/ 12 /16
1 Column footings 0.4 -0.6% 50/100
mm

2 Rafts 1.75% 150 16-20 mm

3 Grade beams 1.25% 125 12 mm,16mm

4 Plinth beams 1.0% 100 12 mm

49
 Reinforcement
Quantity
Sl.No Member % of Steel
Kg/m3 Diameter of Bars

16mm, 20mm,
5 Columns 2.5 - 3% 200-250
25mm

Lintel
6 1% 125 10 / 12 mm
beams

7 0.75% 60 8mm , 10mm

Chejja
50
Reinforcement
Quantity
Sl.No Member % of Steel Diameter of Bars
Kg/m3
8 Canopy slabs 1.5% 125 10mm

9 Staircase waist slabs 0.4 – 0.6% 60-100 12mm or 16 mm

12mm, 16mm ,
10 Beams 1.8-3% 150-250
20mm ….

51
 Reinforcement
Quantity
Sl.No Member % of Steel Diameter of Bars
Kg/m3

11 Slabs

a) One way 0.3% 80 8-10 mm

b) Two way
0.25% 100 8-10 mm
(rectangle)
c) Square slab
0.4% 150 10-12 mm
4-6 m size

52
Reinforcement quantity
• Reinforcing steel, on an average, is about 85-150 kg/m3.

• Steel consumption in reinforced concrete buildings varies

between 25 kg/ m2 and 70 kg/m2

 For estimate 5 kg/sft

50 kg/m2

53
Reinforcement quantity

• Of the total steel quantity in a building

 15 % in foundations
 30 % in columns
 20 % in beams
 35 % is in slabs

54
Steel in Buildings ( kg/sqm )

Sl No Description Qty of Steel

(kg/ sqm )

1 Residences With Load bearing Walls 10 -20

2 Flats & Hostels 30 -50

3 Public building & offices 40 -70

55
Steel requirement

Foundations
15%
Slabs
35%
Columns
30%
Beams
20%

Foundations Columns Beams Slabs

56
Steel requirement - Footings 15 %

12mm
25%

Diameters

10mm
75%

10mm 12mm

57
Steel requirement - Columns 30 %
8mm
5%
12mm
10% 25mm
15% 25mm

16mm 20mm
Diameters 10%
16mm

12mm

20mm 8mm
60%

58
Steel requirement - Beam 20 %

8mm
10%
20mm
12mm
16mm
15%
Diameters 12mm
20mm
60% 8mm
16mm
15%

59
Steel requirement - Slabs 35 %

12mm
25%

Diameters
10mm
75%

10mm 12mm

60
Budget Procurement (50 kg/m2)
Member % steel Break up
% Dia of bars
Footings 15% 10 mm 75 %
12 mm 25 %

Columns 30 % 25 mm 15 % 20 mm 55 %
16 mm 10 % 12 mm 10 %
8 mm 10 %
Beams 20 % 20 mm 60 % 16 mm 15 %
12 mm 15 % 8 mm 10 %
slabs 35 % 10 mm / 12 mm 25%
8 mm /10 mm 75 %
61
Cement Quantity in Buildings:
 Cement consumption -- 3.5 to 4 bags / m2

• Out of the total concrete quantity in buildings

 20 % in foundations
 10 % in columns
 15 % in beam,
 50 % is consumed in slabs
 05 % in items such as staircase, lintels, and sunshade
62
Cement requirement
Staircase, Lintels
5%

Foundations
20%

Columns
Consumed in Slabs 10%
50%
Beam
15%

Foundations Columns Beam Consumed in Slabs Items such as Staircase, Lintels & Sunshade 63
Estimate
• Civil • DG set
• Elec • Lift
• W/s & sanitary • Quality assurance
• Fire Protection • PMC
• Interiors • Tender premimum
• Furniture • Price escslation
• Peripheral development • GST
• Soil testing

64
 More laps – fewer flaps

Economising on laps does not always save money - long bars need support

Bar lengths to the height of concrete lifts - bars are supported by the forms

Courtesy : Please be practical for easier construction - reinforcement

 Think to scale – leave room

Bars are a lot thicker than - The conventional line on the drawing

When reinforcement is heavy or complicated ,think ! - Can it really all be got in ?

Courtesy : Please be practical for easier construction - reinforcement

Leave room for vibrator .. !

Courtesy : Please be practical for easier construction - reinforcement

 Chair me up ….. !

Courtesy : Please be practical for easier construction - reinforcement

 Lapped bars - can create problems

Where bars are lapped - Check whether concrete can go in

Courtesy : Please be practical for easier construction - reinforcement

 DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF BARS
The development length Ld is given by :
Normal Lap Length
Ø s
Ld = 4 T Ld
bd

Where
Ld
=
Ø = nominal diameter of the bar
= stress in bar at the section considered at design load
T bd= design bond stress
Notes :
1) The development length includes anchorage values of hooks in
tension reinforcement
2) For bars of sections other than circular, the development length
should be sufficient to develop the stress in the bar by bond
Lapped Bars

Ld
SPLICES/COUPLERS
Reinforcement Couplers

Cranked Bars

Bars from
column below

Slab
Kicker
Laps in reinforcemrnt
 Staggered

 Can be
• Same dia of bar
• Couplers
• Welding
• All the above
Detailing

• Design - concept

• Detailing - communication

• Outcome - structure.

75
Detailing
 Between design and construction.

• Correct placement of reinforcement

 locations
 spacing
 diameter
 profile

 Prepare drawing properly & accurately

 label bar and show its shape for clarity

76
Beams

77
Beams

78
Beams

79
Beams

80
Beams

81
Beams

82
Beams & slabs

83
Beams

84
85
Beams

86
Beams

87
Beams & slabs

88
Beams

89
90
Straircase

91
92
93
Cost Breakup

 Cost of Labour - 30 to 35 %

Cost of Materials - 65 to 70 %

94
Improper cover
96
97
• Appropriate detailing and good Construction
 can cover even a Bad design to some extent
 produce sound and Stable Structure

But

• Bad detailing and construction

-can never save /overcome even the Best design
Aim

Safety Quality

Time/cost

99
Height of Innovation

100
Height of Innovation

101
Last word

 Civil Engineering is 50% common sense.

 Judgment of an engineer is more important ,

than computer output.

102
Material Quantity /sqm
Sl No Description Qty of Steel / sqm

Cement
Residential 15 kg
1
Offices 50 kg

2 Bricks 250 -300 Nos

3 Sand 0.5 – 0.70 cum

4 Aggregate 0.40 cum

105