St) abd belo re MOV SAS ALLEN Mathematics CHAPTER-5 INEQUALITIES ‘The relation between two unequal numbers (real numbers) is called an inequality. A quantity x is said to be greater than the quantity y, if x —y is +ve. The quantity x is said to be less than quantity y, if x — y is -ve. ‘The symbols > and < are used for greater than and less than respectively. ‘Some Important Properties Property-1 : Ifa >b,b ><, thena > ‘we have, ac = (a= b) + (b= Since, a > b and b > ciie., (a~b) and (b ~¢) are +ve. arc In same way, we can prove that if, we are given a b,thenatc>b+e we have (a +o) ~ (b+ =a~b= 4ve ftd>b+0 Similarly, we can prove that a>b) alb oo? anda xe>bxe ce a-c>b provided c is +ve, Similarly, we can also prove that, if a ct#d,thnatb-cod or -c-d>-a-betc Property-4 : If the sides of an inequality be changed the sign of inequality is reversed, if a > b, then bea Property-5 : If both sides of an inequality are multiplied or divided by same +ve number, the sign of inequality remains unaltered. Ifa>b, then a—Dis 4ve ie., a~b > 0 multiplying both sides by x where x > 0 we have, x (a-b) > 0 or xa = xb > 0, Hence proved. Again, dividing both sides of a ~b > 0 by x, where x > 0 Le., mutiphing both sides of a> 0 by 4 where x > 0, we get te-v>0022>0 a or 252 xx Hence proved & Similarly, we can prove that if a 0, then xa < xb, a< Property-6 : If both sides of an inequality be multiplied by a -ve quantity, the sign of inequality is reversed. Ira >b, then a~b is +ve multiplying both sides by -x, we get =xla = b) = ve or xa + xb or ~xa + xb < 0 or ~xa < -xb i.e.-xla) < —x(b) Hence, proved, 111Pre-RMO Similarly, we can prove that if a 0, then ~ x(a) > ~ x(b) 1 Property-7 : If a and b are two +ve numbers and a > b, then = a> Oand b> 0, so ab>0 Also, it is given that a > b Dividing both sides of this inequality by ab, where ab > 0, So, by property 5 Property-8 : If a, > b,, a,> by, a, > b, then a, +a, +... $a,>b, +b, + sve bs Ifa, > by, then a, —b, > 0 Similarly, a, - b, > 0, ‘Adding these, we get a, -b) + f@-b) +... +(@,-b) > 0 of a, +a, 4. Fa)— +b, +... +b) >0 ora, +a, +. +a, > b, +b, +o. +b, Concept : We know that given any 2 distinct real numbers a, b. Either ab But to decide whether itis the former inequality or the latter for an given pair of real number often requires use of certain facts in clever way, For example, 2° , 3° if 0 0, 2" < 3" (2 < 3) But these inequalities as such do not help to compare 2° and 3° On the other hand, Bae P= B+ 3x2+ 341 <2 42h +4 x2 D4 242 X24 2 = 2.2 = 2 of course 2° = 32 and 3° = 27 are easily computable and is evident that 2° > 3° If however the indices m, n of 2", 3° are very large, it is necesarry to think of smaller indices from which we ‘could derive the inequality of larger indices. eg. We know that 2° > 3° We immediately deduce Qoxi2l = 68 5 gox121 = ga Also, 27 > 3* vv BB > BH = 4x3 >3xR = 3 Hence, 2 > 3 (raising power to 100). Like that another simple deduction in the routine IaH > Bas = 3H > 00 Ex.1 Which number is greater (31)! or (17) 2 Sol. Now, 31 < 32 Raising the power to 12 +b, for all +ve a's and a,—b, > 0 (31) < (32) = siei Gy? Which is greater (1507 or (20000) x (100) ? ‘We know (150)? = 150 x 150 x 150 10 x30 x30 x 125 = 27000 x 125 Now, 27000 x 125 > 20000 x 100 Hence, (150)° > 20000 x 100 Raising the power to 100 (150) > (200007%° x (100) Show that (1.01) > 1000 We can write 1.01 as (1 + 0.01) Now, (1+ 0.01) > 1 + 0.08 [es (L+ xp > 1+ nx) = (1.01)! > (1 + 0.08) = ((1 + 0.08) > (1 + 0.4) = (1+ 0.475 > (1 + 0.4) = (1.4) [> (1 + 0.08) = (1 + 0.4)) Now, (14) > (2.7 > 74 = 2401 > 1000 “(101% > 1000 Prove that m? + 1>m?+m,m+1andm>~-1 ‘We consider difference of (on? + 1) = (m? + m) (m® ~ m?) - (m ~ 1) Pm ~ 1) ~ (m— 1) = (m= 1) (m= 1) n= 1) (m-1) (m+ 1) (m- 1F (m + 1) = The expression is positive Hence m+ 15m? +m, Ix, y > 0, then prove x° + y° > x'y + x¥y unless Consider x° + y> — x'y — ay! F — xy) + (ye — xy") {x — y) — vx - vy) = =) - v9) 2 + ¥F) (x? = y7) Ox = y) 2 + yx — yP Ox + y) Wa > b and xis ¢ve, then prove -— Consider the difference bex b _Dla+x)-alb+x) _bx-ax _ -x(a-b) Bx) Bi>+x) bles) (a-b) atx a bbe) Be bex dD Hence proved. es | | <}Pre-RMO ALLEN 1 Ex.7 Ifx > 0, then prove x + = = 2 Sol. Consider difference of x + i @-2x+1 = (x-1? a 7 1 x > Ogiven (xk -1Pis>0. > x4 7-220 forx>0 a. S t So, xX+— =2forx=1 : Note : Similarly, if x < 0, then x + 2 <-2 combining the above inequalities, 22x we get, +5) Ex.8 Show that ala - b) (a - ¢) + b{b ~ ¢) (b — a) + c(c ~ a) (c ~ b) cannot be ~ve, Sol. Whenever we have symmetrical expression in a, b, c then without loss of generality we can assume: azbec ala - b) (a ~ ¢} + bib - c) (b - a) + ele - a) (c- b) = b) [fa? — b) + (be ~ ac] + c (e-a) (C-b) = @-b)[@-b) x@+b-o) +e (e-a) (c-b) (a-b¥ (a+ b-) +c (e- a) (e~b) -bFa+b-d+ca-db-d= He As a>b>e b-cis ve a-cis +ve = c, then it is zero. ala ~ b) (a ~ ¢) + blb ~ c) (b — a) + cfc ~ a) (c - b) It cannot be -ve Ex.9 For real a, b, c show that a? + b? + cf > ab + be + ca Sol. a? +b +22 ab+be+ca Multiply 2 on both sides, we get 2a? + 2b? + 2c? > Zab + Boe + 2ca = 2a? + Db? + 2c? — Dab — 2b - 2ca 20 = (a? — 2ab +b) + (b? - 2be + 4) +c? Bac +c) 2 0 = (a- bP +o ch + (c-aP 20 Hence proved Ex.10 Prove that at + bt + ct > alb? + bie? + cat, Sol. We know that {a — bllala ~ c) ~ blb - c)] + ele ~ a) (- b) (a — bila? — b? cla — by] + fe - a) (- b) 4 1 a+ b+czabt bere a) Now, we can write at + bt + cf as (a? + (WF + (cP Let a ) b (3) ¢ (4) Using (1), we get w+ v4 wt uv + vu + uw Substitute the value of u, v, w, we get at + bY + che ab? + bie + Cat SO Enest) abd been re MOM Set AS Ex Sol. Ex12 Ex.13 g Mathematics Prove that afb? + b’c? + cla? > abc (a +b +0) Let ab=u be=v a Now, we have Wt v4 we wv + ww + uw Substitute the value, we get ab? + béc? + cZa? > (ab) (be) + (be) (ca) + (ab) (ca) = alb? + bic’ + Ca? 2 abc fa +b +0) Hence proved. Without using A.M. and G.M. z & & >Va+vb+Ve. Let £ v Ke = ve € a b As we know that ule vi + wt 2 uv + ww + uw Similarly vw? = Wor = fe we Je fre>0) . Likewise uw = Ja ("a> 0) We get fe £ fEenine 2? bee? For real a, b, ¢ > 0, without using A.M. or GM, Prove 7-4 PR AEH) afb? | bic? | cla? Ste ova ated (1) Now, we know that att be + ch > ab + be toa 2) +. From (1) and (2) ate? Bee | ca? ra > abt be +acPre-RMO Maximum Principle (a) Whenever we write x > a, this is analysed as a’ is the minimum value of x. (b) Whenever we x (k~b) we read as (k ~b) is minimum value of S. Now, suppose we have S=k+x Maximum value of S = k + maximum (value of x) = k +b Minimum value of S = k + minimum (value of x) = k +a 1 Ex.14 Let y= —j—, x+0 Now, Sg, max(x+ +5] a Now, max{ x+4+5] om (tes 3 -24+5=3 1 nkH ST S-2VKCOMathematics ALLEN x+y=1,x>0,y> 0 then without using A.M. prove Z 2 pe O O ke + y) = 12 4y [exty 1 pws -() Abo, x>0,y>0 = xy>0 @ From (1) and (2) O F+8+5 1 > gt8e4 25 = = bs = 41St) abd belo re MOV SAS Mathematics First fundamental special concept We know (a - b}? = 0 = a? + bY Zab > 0 = a? +b? = 2ab = 2a? + Db? 2 a? + be + Zab = 2a? + b4)> (a +b) seemed eee a+b? 1 ap PZ eth (1) Second special fundamental concept ~bpe0 at + bt — 2atb? > 0 at + bY 2 at? 2at + 2b4 > a + bt + Zarb? 2lat + bi) > (a? + bY atsb! 1). wee 2 el Third special fundamental concept eave Ve s0 2 Viral +y+bF (+ both sides are +ve) + Squaring, we get xb yh tart be + QJ a ye Var ab® 2h + a + ly + bY => 2x2 ey? Va? +b? = 2ax + 2dy = PEPE bax + by ) If ax + by <0, then (1) is true and given inequality is true. Ifax + by 2 0, then squaring (1) 62 + 9 fa? + BA) > fax + byl? ‘which on arranging becomes (ax - by? 20 which is true. Result is proved. Fourth special fundamental concept We have, (a ~ b)? 2 0, a, b are +e a + bY ab > 0 a? + b> Zab Fifth special fundamental concept We have proved earlier a+ bi+c@zab+be+ca Now, we can write (a+b +c ~ 2ab ~ 2be ~ 2ac > ab + be + ca or (a +b + oF > Slab + be + ca) or (Stbtef od tbs ber cl es | | 5Pre-RMO 2 2 be bre eta atb Ex.16 Without using A.M. and G.M., prove zatbte Sol. Fromusing above fundamental concept a+b? 1 We have, ab ?Z eth) a cr 1 bee Zer4 us +a? 1 and cra 2g eta) (3) Adding (2), (3) and (1) eee ee abl bite Ste at bec + + avb * bee * cra i at+bt btect ctrat Ex.17 Without using AM. and GM., prove y+ 7z——p tyr Bab + be + ca Sol. Fromsecond fundamental concept Spt a Fee +b a bt+ct oraz era @ ne aa geal @) Adding (1), (2) and (3), we get at+bt dict ct+at | o ae oe rear Tet te %) Also, a? + bP +c? 2 ab + be +ca 2) at+b* btect chtat Ex.18 a,b, c are +ve, prove that Hrd + ee F lable +b) + bel +d + cale + all Sol. From fourth fundamental concept, we have a? +b? > abla +b) a bi + ch > belb +o) 2 ci +a? > calc + a) 3) Adding (1), (2), (3), we get = 2a’ +b? + 3) > abla + b) + belb + c) + calc + a) PHO +ER Z [ada +b) + ded +c) +cale + al 0(St) abd bein re MOV OS AS Ex.19 Sol. Ex.20 Ex.21 Ex.22 g Mathematics Given that the real numbers x, y and z satisfies the condition x + y + find the maximum value of foxy 2) = VOx+13 + YBy +5 + 82412 Using the AM-GM inequality, we have eye) = JOxe13 + 9Sy 5 + Bard - PE a Pw 2 2x+13,4 345, 82412 4 242 +24242 4 9 (ee 7 qktyta+ 7-8 3 1 ‘The equality is achieved at x= 5, y= Land z= 5 Given that a, bd and e are real numbers such that atbtctd+e=8 and eter ds et= 16 Determine the maximum value of [el (where ['] denotes greatest integer function) We shall apply the following inequality: War rb ++ Aer b+c+d? 8-eanda? +b? +c? +d? = 16~e%, we have 4(16 - 4) 2 (8 - e)? ie, elSe~ 16) < 0. Thus 0 <¢ = 16/5. Note that if a = 6/5,we have e = 16/5. Hence [el = 3. Let x and y be real numbers satisfying the inequality Sx + yb dxy + 24 < 10x-1 Find the value of x + y. The inequality is equivalent to (x - 5+ (25 -yPs 0. ‘Thus we must have (x— 5) = 0 and (2x ~y) = Let x, y, zbe real numbers such that Sincea+b+e+ hence x +y=5 +10 = 15. xtytze1 and x+y42=1 Let m denote the minimum value of x° + y* + 2°. Find 9m, Itis clear that Ix1, Iyl, 121 <1. Note that y-2=x(1-x) +y(l-y) +l -2) Without loss of generality, assume that 2 < 0. Then x = (I -y) + (-2) > O and similarly y > 0. Since Onxtyte- we have -1/3 310 (2174 < 310 (3174 = 310 (4) None of these a_i 4. Without using tables, find that 7525 *jogzq is always greater than (yo Qa (3/2 a2 5. Leta, b,c be real numbers with O+~ is greater than or equal to (6 (29 (3) 12 as Ifa, b, ¢, dare four non-negative real numbers and a +b +c +d = 1 then ab + be + cd is less than equal to qa (2 (33/2 a1 8. For any three positive real numbers a, b and c, find the sign of a® + b? + c2 — ab - be ~ ca (1) is positive or equal to zero (2) is negative or equal to zero (3) is neither positive or negative (4) can not be found 9. For any real numbers x, y, 2 find minimum value of x# + y! + 24 — x%y2— x222— y? (yo Qa (92 43 a,b ie 10. For positive a, b,c, find minimum value of BEEI we en ae 2 el (2.2 11. If a, b, c, d are positive real numbers find minimum value of (@+b +e Soe apecad ao (24 8 (4) 16 2,(St) abd belo re MOV SAS Mathematics SE Ifx, y, z are positive unequal reals x < y < z, then which of the following is true ? Palak xeyen 2 2.2.2 2 2 xtaytadt 2 ge z KNyhZ x 13. nis natural number greater than 1, and nz | Vn+7, Vn+10 Vn+13 avS) nv6 nv9 nelz fav (DA=B (QA=28 QAB 14. The minimum value of the terms of the sequence E 6 fe, [96 fo, foe (95. [96 6 BER Ve'V9 6 *V95 © (D6 7 8 a4 15. aand b are the roots of the quadratic equation x2 + Ax — where x is the unknown and 2.is a real parameter. The minimum value of at + bis (1) 22 Ane (3) V2 (4) 2+V2 16. For positive unequal a and b, then which of the following is true ? (1) ab? > a8 + 2b3 (2) 3ab? < a3 + 2b3 (3) ab? = a® + 2b? (4) None of these 17. Ifaandb are real positive distinct numbers. Then which one is true ? (1) a% + ab? > at + b# (2) a% + ab? = at + b# (3) a% + ab? < at + bf (4) None of these 18. If aandb are positive real numbers such that ab = 1, then the least value of the expression (1 + a)(1 +b) is (2 (2)3 (34 (a5 19. Ifa, b, care the sides of a triangle, then ayer ae Deneeetc bec-a cha-b arb-e (<3 23 (22 (<2 20. Ifa? +b? +c? = 1, then for ab + be + ca, which one is true ? 1 1 (1) -3 sab tbe east (2) Zs abtbe+easl (3)-2 0 and (9999) = 3333. Also, for all m, n. ffm +n)=f(m)=f(n)=0 or 1 Determine sum of all the digits of f(2005). 100 _y 200 22. Let x and y be postive integers such that To 7-< = 2 23. Let f(x) = ax? + bx + c, wherea, b and c are integers. Suppose that {(1) = 0, 50 <{(7) < 60, 70 <{(8) <80, and 5000k < {(100) < 5000 (k + 1) for some integer k. What is 3k? 24, Given that x and y are positive integers such that 56 s x + y < 59 and 0.9 < > < 0.91, find the value of (v+2) ra) ANSWER KEY Que! 1 2 3 4 5 617189 |10] 11] 12] 13] 14/15 Ans.| 3 2 1 4 4 2)4}1 173} 44) 314) 4 Que! 16 [17 | 18 | 19 | 20 Ans.| 2 3 3 2 1 21.20 22.03 23.27 24.38 124