Learn English Effectivel Unit I New Words anxiety throughout benefit far-reaching blood pressure focus breathing gently capable improve concentration inner concept lower deliver meditation design reduce faith get rid of reveal efficiency. flexibility union Word Study anxiety (n): feeling worried Waiting for exam results is a time of great anxiety. benefit (n): advantage The physical and mental benefits of Yoga are numerous. capable (adj): able to do things well She is capable of hard work. deliver (v): carry something to somebody We promise to deliver the package within 48 hours. faith (n): trust in something ! have great faith in his promises. focus (v): give attention to something Each exercise focused on different grammar points.Learn English Effectively gently (adv): calmly; mildly The leaves are moving gently in the breeze. inner (adj): inside She doesn't show much of her inner self. meditation (n): the practice of thinking deeply in silence He found peace through Yoga and meditation. reduce (v): make something less or smaller Prices have been reduced by 20% over the past year. concept (n): general idea or notion He can't understand the basic concepts of mathematics.Lea lish Effectively Pre-reading Questions 1. Do you practice Yoga exercises? . 2. How is Yoga practice different from other exercises? 3. What are the physical and mental benefits of Yoga? Yoga Practice of Unity of Mind, Body, and Spirit Gp = 1 Yoga is a system of training the body and the mind. The word Yoga comes from an ancient Sanskrit word meaning “union”. The aim of Yoga is the union of the individual with a greater power. 2 The secret of yoga practice lies in a simple but important word: balance. The whole system of Yoga is built on three main structures: exercise, breathing, and meditation. 3 The exercises of Yoga are designed in a way to increase the strength, flexibility, and efficiency of the body. Breathing techniques are based on the concept that breath is the source of life in the body. 3Learn Engl ectively The Yoga student gently increases breath contr it health and function of both body and mind, These teolepaenetet exercise and breathing then prepare the body and mind for meditation. In this way, the person finds an easy way to a quiet mind that reduces anxiety and stress, resulting in better health, better mood, and better concentration throughout the day. Regular daily practice of all three parts of this structure of Yoga produce a clear, bright mind and a strong, capable body. 4 In the 20th century people in the West became increasingly interested in Yoga. However, Westerners tend to practice Yoga for exercise and relaxation. Yoga helps some people get rid of back pain; others have lowered their blood pressure and heart rate. Yoga also includes different breathing exercises. Deep breathing helps deliver oxygen to the blood. It also helps people to relax. While focusing on breathing, the mind becomes clearer. Because yoga is a form of meditation, it results in a sense of inner peace and purpose, which has far-reaching health benefits. However, the true benefits of yoga will be revealed to you if you have full faith in yoga and be regular in yoga practice. Comprehension Check A. Write 'T' for true and 'F" for false statements. (_) 1. In Yoga practices your mind is more important than your body. (_) 2. Meditation is a way to reduce anxiety and stress. (_) 3. Regular exercise and deep breathing are the first steps to meditation. (_) 4. You will get the best results if you do Yoga practices regularly. B. Give brief answers to the following questions. 1. What is Yoga? 2. What is the secret of Yoga practice? 3. What are the benefits of Yoga practices?‘Learn English Effectively i ir nse of inner peace? |. Why does Yoga practice result in a sense A bed will the true benefits of Yoga be achieved? Vocabulary Practice A. Fill in the blanks with the following words. (One word is extra) deliver benefit reveal inner reduce union pressure 1. She never told me her .. 2. He was under .... teacher. 3. The new bridge has been a true 4. The aim of Yoga is the... greater power. 5. Itis healthy to 6. The boy ... .-. thoughts. from his parents to become a for our people. of the individual with a ...Salt in our food. the morning papers by his bicycle. B. Find synonyms for the definitions. 1. feeling worried ( ) a. meditation 2. able to do things well (_ ) b. concept 3. give attention to something (_ ) c. anxiety 4. the practice of thinking deeply in silence (_ ) d. focus 5. trust in something (_) e. faith 6. general idea or notion () f. capable C. Cloze Passage. Read the choice. Yoga is a system and a Science. It is also a fui body and your..... .. Some yoga poses others are very active and have jumping. ~ Doi - like poses will build concentration Skills, physical ‘trenath, and sseeSuseeeathat will help you in school or at work. Th i ---utha . The Poses will build strong muscles for .. . perfonmerns Gi sports and other activities. Yoga breathing exercises makes you feel calm and........5... .. They will also help you sleep better and 5 Passage and choose the best In way to exercise your are like statue, whileLearn English Effectively wake up in a better mood, ready to face another day with good energy and a smile 4.a. concept __b. balance c. mind d. blood 2. a. source b. breath c. benefits d. movements 3.a. breathing b. efficiency. living d. flexibility 4a. easy b. quiet c. better d. simple 5. a. anxious b. relaxed c. true d. painful Grammar Focus Simple Present Tense He is a tourist. | play football. Simple form of the verb -The simple present tense of the verb to be is: Positive/ Negative T ‘am (not) Am Ta student? ‘m(not) a student |Are you You _are (not! He is (not) he She ‘s (not) happy Is she a doctor? It isn't it book ? We are(not) we. ‘re (not) teachers Are you teachers? (aren't the: More examples: I'm tired. * Your keys are on the table. * Chocolate isn't naturally sweet. * Is your room clean? Yes, itis * Where are the children? —_In the yard.Simple present tense can be used: 4. To talk about things in general They work very hard. 2. To say that something happens all the time or repeatedly or it is true in general. The earth goes round the sun. ee I | ' | sing You donot sing Do you sing? We (don't) we They they He he She does (not) sing h ing? It (doesn't) Does He sing? He sings It More examples: They go shopping on Sundays. Yoga keeps your body strong and healthy. They don't play football every day. George doesn't like tea. Linda lives in London. Do you like chocolate? Yes, | do. Does she make good cakes? No, she doesn't.Exercises Supply the correct form of the verbs in parentheses. 1. Children (to like) chocolate very much. 2.Tom (watch) television every night. 3. Do they «. (play) tennis on Fridays? 4. Peter (to cut) his hair once a month.. «+. (go) to work by bus every day? Ga (be) your mother at home? 7. Regular Yoga practice .. (produce) a clear, bright mind and a strong, capable body. Grammar Test Choose the correct choice. 1, ———-—-—- you hungry? Lunch is ready. a. ls b. Are c. Am d. Was 2. He ------ English well, because he lives in London. a. speaks b. speak c. spoke d. speaking 3. ——----—- she go to Isfahan every month? a. Do b. Does cls d. Did 4. Please --------------- make so much noise. a. doesn't b. didn't c. don't d. Isn't 5. Where -------------- his friends go on Fridays? a.do b. are c. were d. does 6. The students -------------- very happy today. a. is b. are c. does d. do 7. Ann doesn't ------------—- very fresh in class. a. seems b. seem c. seemed d. to seem 8.1 buy those shoes. They are very expensive. a. didn't b. don't c. doesn't d. aren'tLearn English Effectively Unit 2 New Words cookies candy bar sweet bitter cocoa beans tropical pure homemade explorer conquer nobility coating bake originally seed climate Word Study Sweet (adj): having a taste like sugar Sugar should be added to make chocolate sweet. bitter (adj): not sweet Pure chocolate is not sweet, it is bitter. tropical (adj): the hottest and wettest parts of the world Tropical weather can be found near the equator. conquer (v): take control of a country by force Normans conquered England in 1066. Coating (n): a thin layer of a substance covering a surface A coating of chocolate can be used on cakes and cookies. Pure (adj): not mixed These shirts are 100% pure cotton. homemade (adj): made at home | like to eat homemade sweets.Learn English Effectively Pre-reading Questions 1.Do you like chocolate? 2.Do you know how chocolate is made? 3.ls the pure chocolate sweet? Chocolate Chocolate is one of the most popular and delicious foods in the world. 4 Chocolate is one of the most loved foods in the world. It's used in cake, cookies, ice cream, and candy bars. But chocolate isn’t naturally sweet. It's bitter. Sugar has to be added to make pure chocolate sweet. 102 Chocolate is made from cocoa beans. These beans are the Seeds of the cocoa tree. Cocoa trees grow in warm, tropical climates like those in South America, Central America, and Africa. 3 Chocolate came originally from the Americas. The ancient Maya Indians called cocoa beans the “food of the gods”. 4 In 1519, the Spanish explorer, Hernan Cortez, discovered a city built by the Aztec Indians in what is now Mexico. The Aztecs gave Cortez a special drink called “chocolatl”, which meant “warm liquid”. It was the favorite drink of the Aztec king, Montezuma. 5 Cortez conquered the Aztecs and carried cocoa beans back to Spain. There, chocolate became a favorite drink of the nobility, especially after sugar was added. Chocolate then spread throughout Europe and later the rest of the world. 6 Today the top chocolate-producing: countries include the United States, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Germany, the Netherlands, and France. Comprehension Check A. Write 'T’ for true and 'F" for false statements. (__) 1. Cocoa beans are made from chocolate. (_) 2. Cocoa trees grow in central Asia and Africa. (_ ) 3. To Maya Indians cocoa was a holy food. (__) 4. Chocolate was first given to Cortez by the Aztecs. (_) 5. The Spanish used to drink sweet chocolate. B. Mark the best choice. 1. How does chocolate taste? a. Naturally sweet c. Sweet b. Bitter d. Not bitter 2. Who first used cocoa? a. Maya Indians ¢. Africans b. The Spanish d. Both a and b 1Learn English Effectively 3. Cortez carried chocolate back to Spain and the Spanish -------- a. added sugar to it C. spread it throughout Europe b. called it milk chocolate d. botha &c 4, Where do cocoa trees mostly grow? a. In warm tropical climates __c. In South and Central America b. In Africa d. Alll of the above 5. What are the most important chocolate- producing countries? a. Central American countries _c. United States and Europe b. Spain d. South American countries C. Give brief answers to the following questions 1. Why do most people like chocolate? 2. Where do cocoa beans grow? 3. Did the Aztecs drink bitter chocolate or sweet chocolate? 4. How was chocolate taken to Europe? Vocabulary Practice A. Find the words in the passage to match the meanings below. (The number of paragraph is given) - Not mixed (1) 2. not sweet (1) 3. take control by force (5) 4, 5. in the beginning (3) most liked (4) 6. hot and wet weather (2) 7. the most important (6) B. Choose the best choice. 1. The cocoa beans are the ----- ----- of the cocoa tree. a. nuts b. bars c. seeds d. cookies 2. The suitcase was too heavy for her to ---—~ a. add b. carry c. spread d. bake 3. They export their products to markets -------------~- the world a. outside b. during cc. without d. throughout 12Learn English Effectively 4. The new book ---~ _-- a variety of passages and exercises. a. grows b. spreads c. includes d. bakes 5. His movies have become very —~ ——. | a. popular b. natural c, pure d. ancient 6. Scientists are working to -—- accure for Aids. a. coat b. discover c. drink d. add C. Cloze Passage. Read the passage and choose the best choice. Chocolate is a food that is popular throughout the world. Many . baked goods, and drinks contain chocolate. In the 1800s, people 7 how to make tasty chocolate for eating. Chocolate for eating is made by .......3. . extra cocoa butter to chocolate. To make dark chocolate, workers add sugar to this wee4scoss » But they add both sugar and milk to make ....... Besse chocolate. These mixtures may be poured into molds to make different shapes of candy. 1. a. sugar b. beans c. candies d. liquid 2.a.celebrated b. decorated _c. tended d. discovered 3. a. calling b. eating c. producing d. adding 4. a. bar b. mixture c. nobility d. cake 5. a. semisweet b. homemade c. milk d. unsweetened Summarizing Ideas Complete the missing parts with suitable relevant ideas. Chocolate: taste Bitter came originally from for the Aztec Indians brought to Europe by producing countries 13English Effectively Grammar Focus Simple Past Tense He was a teacher. | played football yesterday. Past form of the verb The past tense of the verb to be is: Positive/Negative Question ! | He was (not) late Was he late? She (wasn't) she It it You you We were (not) happy |Were we happy? They (weren't) they More Examples: e Was he at work yesterday? Yes, he was. e Today the weather is nice, but yesterday it was very cold. e They weren’t here last Sunday. e Why were you late this morning? Simple past tense can be used: 1. To talk about something happened in the past. We enjoyed the party last night. 2. To talk about past habitual actions. When | lived in London, | worked in a bank. Note: The past form of the verb is usually regular, i.e ending in-ed: play-played, rain-rained, work-worked, watch- watchedLearn English Effectively or irregular i.e. not ending in —ed (see list of irregular verbs) : go-went, see-saw, come-cameé, bring-brought, , feel-felt Positive Negative Question | 1 played | 1 play | play? You arrived _| You arrive you arrive? He studied | He did not study he — study? She went She — (didn't) go Did she go? It rained | It rain it rain? We came We come we come? They _ slept They sleep they sleep? More Examples: e | enjoyed the party last night. e When | was a child , | wanted to be a doctor. © We did a lot of work yesterday. e Did you see Jim this morning? No, | didn't. e How did you come home? By taxi. Exercises Supply the correct form of the verbs in parentheses. (clean) my room yesterday. ~ (lose) her keys last week. (come) to see us last Friday. ~ (like) chocolate, (have) .l- She They - NOQRONS (sit down). . When | was a child | . Did your parents -----— . Were they at the party last night? . John -------~ a good holiday? / No, they -- (come) into the room, took off his hat, andLearn English Effectively Grammar Test Choose the correct choice. Tel my job last month. a. leave b. to leave c. leaves d. left 2. Did she ----------------- the dishes yesterday. a.washes —_b. wash c. washing d. to wash 3. They -—— ite her to the party last week. a. don't b. didn't c. weren't d. aren't 4. The First World War -- ----- in 1914. a. begun b. begin c. begins d. began 5, ------------ the weather good when you were in Shiraz? a. Does b. Did cls d. was 6. This time last year | ------------ in Paris. a. was b. were c. are d. am 7. The film was good. | --- it very much. a.enjoyed _b. enjoy c. enjoying d. enjoys 16Leam English Effectively Unit New Words accommodate dormitory aspect empty activity furniture actually object according to pizza amount prefer average typical contain recreation require accomplish responsibility privacy introduce Word study accommodate (v): to provide somebody with a place to stay The hotel can accommodate up to 500 guests. according to (prep): as stated by somebody/something You have been in prison according to our records. aspect (n): particular part or feature of something Please , look at every aspect of the problem. average (adj): usual; ordinary An average student may spend ten hours on daily activities, dorm/ dormitory (n): a building where college students live Amin studies at Tehran University and lives in its dorm. furniture (n): tables , chairs or beds in a house or an Office . The furniture is not suitable for this house. 17Learn English Effectively object (n): solid things that can be seen and touched, There were several objects on the floor of the room, typical (adj): normal; usual A typical working day for me begins at 7:30. recreation (n): an activity that you do for pleasure or fun; relaxation My favorite recreation is chess. accomplish (v): achieve; complete something successfully The first part of the plan has been safely accomplished. require (v): need A password is required for entry to the system. 18Learn English Effectively Pre-reading Questions 1. Are you living at a dorm? 2. What do you usually do there? 3. What do the students learn at the dorm? Dorm Rooms 1 What do you feel when you live in a dormitory? At many colleges and universities, students live in dormitories. They sometimes gather to do sports together, have snacks late at night, or just watch TV in the common room. This is a new living situation for most of the students. They learn to accomplish tasks of new types and accept new responsibilities required of an individual. 2 Student dorm rooms accommodate three aspects of a student's life: daily living, study, and recreation. Daily living refers to the time a student spends sleeping, eating, cleaning, and so on, Since the average student spends about ten hours a day on daily living activity, most of the room is filled with living-related furniture: a bed, a sink, 19Learn English and a dresser. Students typically spend less three hours a day, and so the only study-related furnit e Ir The amount of time students spend on recreation varies acoording ts the student. Some students enjoy staying in their room to watch TV or to surf the Internet, whereas others prefer going out. time studying- about 3. Living in dorms can help jump-start your social life. It can form good relationships with roommates and introduce you to a different group of people. Sure, living in a dorm can have its problems: no privacy, crowded bathrooms, or noisy roommates. But most people find that they learned a lot during this hard period of their lives and may be one of the best. Comprehension Check A. Write 'T' for true statements and 'F' for false ones. (_) 1. Every college students lives at a dorm. ) 2. Students cannot have computers at dorms. (_) 3. Students spends less time on studying. () 4, Students can develop a new social life when living in dorms. (_) 5. Living in the dorm is not enjoyable for students . B. Choose the best choice. 1. Which one of the furniture is not living -related furniture? a. Abed b. A sink c. Adesk d. A dresser 2. Different aspects of a student's life at dormitory are a. daily living & study c, study b. recreation d. botha &b 3. ... Fefers to the time a student spends on sleeping and eating and so on. a. Surfing the Internet b. Daily living c. Recreation d. All of the above 4. The underlined word whereas in the text means a. in fact b. and c. while d. if 20Learn English Effectively 5. Based on the text, a dorm may De ..........seeeeeeeeereteeeeeee a. an enjoyable place for many students b. an unsuitable place for all the students c. a place for only daily living activities d. a proper place for making pizza 6. Which one is not the problem of a dorm room? | a. noisy roommates c. having no privacy b. crowded bathrooms d. surfing the Internet C. Cloze passage. Read the passage and choose the best choice, Let me tell you about a(n) ....... ifeeeeeses dormitory in Los Angeles, It's at ULA- the University of Los Angeles. Since ULA is a big , the dorms are large and have many students in them. Most of the students at ULA are eo - California, but some of the students are from abroad. The dormitory has many ... , which are like small apartments with bedrooms, kitchens, and bathrooms. 1. a. school b. company c. European d. college 2. a. university b. garden c. city d. library 3. a. playing b. surfing c. living d. watching 4.a.at b. from c. over d. on 5. a. offices b. classrooms c. colleges d. suites Vocabulary Practice A. Fill in the blanks with the following words. (One word is extra) 21 dormitory password according enjoy recreation accommodate activities 1. Some students surfing the Internet. Be vseses - to John, you were in Yazd last week, 3. The bank will you with a loan. 4. Gardening is a form Of 6.2... eee. 5. There is a. for international students. is required for entry to the system .B, Match the words with their meanings. 1, particular part or feature of sth (_ ) aN dorn 2.normal( ) b. object 3. as stated by sth( ) , aspect 4. solid things that can be seen and touched( ) d. according to 5. relaxation (_ ) e. typical 6. a building at a college containing students’ f. recreation rooms for living and sleeping (_ ) Grammar focus |. Future Tense | will come will+ simple verb We use future tense : 4. When we decide to do something at the time of speaking. ‘| don't know how to turn on the TV’. ‘Really? I'll (will) show you. 2. For actions happening in future without the speakers intention. The sun will shine tomorrow. 3. For expressing predictions and assumptions. (I think, | hope, etc.) I think she will arrive in Tehran at 6 a.m. Question will(not) (won't) It ‘I (not) arrive | will she arrive? 22Learn English Effectively More Examples: Lots of accidents will happen in bad weather. e I'm sure you'll find the letter. e Will you be here tomorrow? e We'll go out when the rain stops. e They won't come to the party next Monday. e Where will you find a dormitory? e When will it get dark this evening? Il. Be going to It is going to rain. be (is, am, are) going to+ simple verb “Be going to” is used: when we have already decided to do something. In other words it is used for planned actions. She is going to visit interesting places in China. I'm going to drink a glass of water. Are you going to visit your parents at the weekend? Where are you going to spend your next holiday? We're going to play a new computer game. Exercises Supply the correct form of the verbs in future. 1. John is engineering. (study) a new program tomorrow. (start) the book tonight. (finish) 4. | see many clouds in the sky. I --. (rain) 5. | hope you ----- (succeed) in your exam. 6. “Where are you goin “|. ---- something for dinner”. (buy) 23Learn English Effectively Grammar Test Choose the correct choice. 4. How much money ~ you give me tomorrow? a. did b. are c. will d.do 2.1) - you outside the hotel in half an hour. a. met b. meets c. meet d. to meet 3, am going -——-—--—--—-—- to Mashhad next week.. a. to travel b. travel c. travels d. travelled 4. Next month -- - seventeen. a. | must be c.|hadtobe d.| have to be 5. | Won't ~-nan about the accident. a. told b.to tell c. tell d. telling I've decided to learn a new language”. “Oh, which language ? a. do you learn c. are you going to learn b. have you learned d. did you learn 7.- you study English next week. a. Is b. Do c. Will d. Are 8. "What are you doing at the weekend"? "| don't know. | ------------—-- go fishing”. a. have to b. must c. might d. will 9. He ------------ .- watch the news at 7 in the evening. a. is b. Is going to c.does d.do 10.1 hope you —------- — your trip. a. will enjoy b. may enjoy have toenjoy d. must enjoy 24Learn English Effectively Unit 4 New words throughout purpose take place harvest occasion strengthen crop greeting parade needy connect generation exchange celebrate rejoice planting tradition calendar Word study throughout (prep): in every part of Thanksgiving is celebrated throughout the U.S. purpose (n): aim; intention; goal The purpose of this exercise is to increase your reading ability. occasion (n): an important event or ceremony | like to meet my friends on special occasions. strengthen (v): make or become stronger Her determination to succeed has strengthened. needy (adj): poor On certain days people collect food, clothing, and money for needy families. exchange (v): give and receive Everyone in the group exchanged telephone numbers, 25Learn Engl take place (v): happen The earthquake took place at 5.00 this morning. harvest (n): gathering the crops Farmers are very busy during harvest time. crop (n): plants for food Sugar has always been an important crop on the island. connect (v): join Connect the speakers to the stereo. rejoice (v): show great happiness; celebrate They rejoiced at their son's success at school. 26Pre-reading Questions 1. What are the well-known holidays in your country? 2. Which holiday do you like most? ; 3. Do you know about other countries’ holidays or festivals? Festivals and Holidays g the Harbin Ice Festival in China, people visit huge ice structures that are lt up with colored lights. 1 People have celebrated different festivals and holidays since ancient times. The earliest festivals seem to have been connected with offerings to the dead. Then, Planting time and harvest time became occasions for special rejoicing. Later, People celebrated the change of seasons with festivals. Nowruz marks the first day of spring and the beginning of the year in the Iranian calendar, 27Learn Engl 2 Many festivals are filled with traditions, like trick-or-treating’ on Halloween or decorating a tree at Christmas. Food still plays a major role in many of today's festivals and holidays. Turkey is usually the main dish for Thanksgiving Day. Boxes of chocolates are a favorite gift on Valentine's Day. 3 The word holiday originally meant “holy day”. Many holidays are still religious occasions, including the Christian festival of Easter’ and the Muslim holiday of the month of Ramadan, Eid-Fitr (feast of fast breaking). 4 Festivals and holidays can help strengthen relationships between people. Neighbors may gather for parades or fireworks. Groups may collect food and clothing for needy members of the community. Family members may spend the day together and exchange gifts. People who live far away from each other may send greeting cards. 5 In fact holidays and festivals connect the present with the past. They give new generations of people the chance to learn about people or events that shaped their culture and tradition Comprehension check A. Write 'T' for true and 'F' for false statements. () 4. Festivals and holidays have been celebrated since very old times. ( ) 2. The earliest festivals were connected to the change of seasons. (_) 3. Turkey is the special dish for Christmas. () 4. For some holidays people may collect food and clothing for poor people. (_) 5. Eid-Fitr is the Muslim's feast for fast breaking. *Halloween is a custom in which children called at neighbors’ houses and threaten to play a trick unless they are given a treat such as candy. ‘Christian festival in spring marking the resurrection of Jesus Chvist. 28B. Mark the best choice. 1. Boxes of chocolate are common gifts on a. Eid-Fitr b. Easter c. Thanksgiving Day d. Valentine's Day 2. Many festivals or holidays are filled with traditions like -----------—. a. decorating a tree at Christmas b. trick-or-treating on Halloween c. eating turkey for Thanksgiving d. all of the above 3. The word ‘holiday’ originally meant 'holy day’ because many holidays ------- 7 a. were connected with the deat b. occurred at the time of planting and harvesting c. were religious occasions d. occasions for eating and rejoicing 4. Muslim holiday of Eid-Fitr is a a. religious holiday b. national holiday c. holiday for the change of season d. both b andc Vocabulary Practice A. Match the words with their meanings, 4. an important event ( b) a. strengthen 2. show great happiness ( ¢) b. occasion 3. veryold (| ¢) c. collect 4. perform a ceremony for a special day ( / ) d. rejoice 5. keep or bring together ( v) ase 6. make strong ( A) g. variety 29Learn English Effectively B. Choose the best choice. 1. The — - of each festival or holiday is different. a. law b. purpose cc. member d. planting 2. Her birthday cake was ----- ----- to look like a flower. a. celebrated b. filled c. decorated d. offered -- sport is football. b. favorite c. Christian d. needy 4. Some festivals are designed to help the poor people in the ---------. 7 a.community __b. tradition c. harvesting d. variety 5. In our country many holidays are ----------- with religious occasions. a.connected _b. explored c. collected d. exchanged 6. Festivals can -- ----- people's relationship with their culture. a. gather b. generate c. include d. strengthen 7. Her ---- job is to train new employees. a. tropical b. major c. dead d, greeting C. Cloze Passage. Read the passage and choose the best choice. There have always.been different dates for the start of the new year because different .......1....... used different calendars. Some peoples based their calendar on the.......2....... of the moon. Other peoples based their calendar on the .......3....... of the sun. In ancient Babylonia the New Year started when the crops started -The Inca .......5....... that the New Year began on the shortest day of the year. ‘In Iran, New Year is in March, on the first day of..... 6....... .The New Year holiday is one of the oldest traditions in the world. 1. a. days b. holidays —_c. ways d. nations 2. a. country b. movement _ c. festival d. variety 3. a. planting b, season c. position d. occasion 4. a. growing b. celebrating c. decorating — d. offerings 5. a. rejoiced b, believed c. brought d. decorated 6. a. tradition b. Halloween c. spring d. purpose 30Learn English ] ively Summarizing Ideas Complete the missing parts with suitable relevant festivals. decorating a tree Christmas trick or treating fast breaking day eating turkey boxes of chocolate first day of spring Christian religious festival NOMSONSA Grammar Focus I. Present Perfect Tense I have played have (has)+past participle A. Present perfect tense is use to talk about: 1. the result of an action in the past which is important for the people in the present Ihave cleaned my room Tradition has established certain days to celebrate. 2. recently completed actions Joe has finished his homework just now. 3. actions beginning in the past and still continuing. We have lived in Canada since 1989. Positive/Negative Question T have(ve) learned T You haven't went Have YU teamed? they has('s) he hasn't written | Has she written? it 34Learn English Effectively B. We often use ‘for’ and ‘since’ when talking about time. For Since (a period of time) (a point in time) 2 minutes 9am. 3 days 7 Monday For six months aie 2004 a long time [have left school We have studied English for two hours. She has gone to Italy since last week. C. We can use the present perfect with just, already, ever and yet. "Do you know where Julia is’? 'Yes, I've just seen her at the library. We have already seen the film. Have you ever driven a car? Has it stopped raining yet? We haven't told him yet. Note. In present perfect tense, yet is used only in questions and negative sentences More examples « People have celebrated festivals since ancient times. | haven't seen him for two months. They have lived in Tehran since my childhood. She's already left home. Have you ever been to India? Sue has just finished her homework. Has John started his new job yet? How long have you been to Europe? 32Learn English Effectively Exercises A. Supply the missing parts with present perfect tense. (buy) a new lamp. (not/plan) our holiday yet. - (you/ lose) your keys? (write) five letters. (not/ see) him for a long time. B. Fill in the blanks with since, for, just, already, and yet. 1. We've ---—- bought a new tent, so we can all sleep inside. 2. This book has -— - arrived, It's what you wanted. 3. Have you called your father -~ 2 4, The teacher has been sick 5. | haven't seen you --. 6. Mary has worked there she finished college. 7. They haven't completed the project ----- =, 8. Iranians have celebrated festivals -—- --- ancient times. Grammar Test Choose the correct choice 1. They have been very busy —— last week. a. for b. since c. yet d. already 2. | —---—— to learn English for years but | haven't succeeded -——-—---. a. is trying- for c. have tried-yet b. tried-since d. were trying-yet 3. She has taught in that school --------- 1998. a. for b. since c. just d. ever 4. Jake has —- finished his homework. He's been waiting for you. a. already b. since c. yet d. last 5. We're -—- - a new computer game. c. going to play d. played a. will play b. play 33Learn En; ffectivel 6. The artist --- -- a picture three months ago. a. draw b. drawn c. drew d. draws 7. Sara ---- - to Ahvaz for two days. a. has gone b. have gone c. gone d. goes 8. Regular exercise -—-------- ---- your body strong and healthy. a. keep b. keeps c. to keep d. have kept 9. | think the weather -- nice this afternoon. a. to be b. are c. were d. will be 34Learn English Effectively Review Test Units 1-4 I. Vocabulary A. Choose the best choice. 1. Westerners tend to practice Yoga for exercise and .. ven a. anxiety b. relaxation c. stress d. blood 2. Solid things that can be touched and seen like glass and woog are a. objects b. metals c. acids d. liquids 3. In my opinion spring is the best ..... 7 a. month b. year c. season d. week 4. These are my .... ... books. I've read them several times. a. average b. harmful c.dangerous _ d. favorite 5. The . ... of the customs is unknown a. festival b. origin c. community d. crop 6. An activity that you do for pleasure or fun is called . oe a.recreation _b. tradition c. collection — d. occasion 7. Deep breathing helps ...........0.0.0. oxygen to the blood.. a. reveal b. deliver c. focus d. benefit 8. I can't stay in here; smoke has . +... the room. a. took b. filled c.contained — d. pushed B. Fill in the blanks with the given words, regularly harvest interesting celebrate gift strong numerous holiday established ancient kind aspects includes 9. The physical and mental benefits of Yoga are........ 10.One of the most . ++» festivals in the worl 11.Sunday is ..... seein Christian countries 12. The book aims to cover all of city life. 13. The watch was my mother’s birth day .... 35 is Nowruz.Learn En; Effectivel 14. You can have different of cakes in the party. 15.1 think it was a(n) .. . film for children. 16. Your job .........se00 checking the post and answering the calls. 17. You will get the best results if you do Yoga practices : 18. Iran has 19.The table is 20. This year’s wheat 21. Iranians a close relationship with China. enough to put the heavy box on it. +++. WaS poor. -... their revolution victory on Bahman 22", C. Match the words to their meanings. (one word is extra) 22. purpose a. not sweet 23. needy b. 24. bitter c. normal 25. typical d. relaxation 26. connect e. goal 27. recreation f. happen g. poor Il. Grammar A. Choose the best choice. 28. Festivals ... people together in a variety of ways each year. a. bringing b. bring c. brought d. will bring 29. Food still ... a major role in many festivals. a. plays b. piaying c. play d. played a0! shop ane ee up early yesterday. a. wake b. woke c. wakes d. waking 31. “Where's Mohammad?” “He's on vacation. He's ............ to Mashhad”. a. went b. go c. goes d. gone 32.1 had a party last night but Paul and Jenny-— come a. won't b. don't c. didn't d. haven't 36Learn English Effectively 33.1 haven't played tennis ............. . along time. a. for b. since c. during din 34.Cocoa trees. ... in warm, tropical climates. a. growing b. grow c. grows d. grew 35.Have you ......... in this town all your life? a. live b. lives c. living d. lived 36. Tom won't ... What you said. a. believes b. believed c. believe d. has believed 37. They arrive tomorrow. a. are b. have c. will d. did 38. Students staying in their room to watch TV. a. enjoying b. enjoyed c. to enjoy d. enjoys 39. The football game . start at 8. a. don't b. doesn't c. isn't d. aren't 40. The students are going ......... English at the language institute. a. study b. studied c. to study d. studying 41. “I'm hungry. I'm going .. a big sandwich. a. eating b. eat c. to eat d. ate 42. “Are Paul and David here at 7? “No, they haven't arrived....... 7 a. since b. yet c. already d. just B. Find incorrect choice. 43. She become bored because her job was boring. a b c d 44. David has worked in the company for 1380. a ob c d 45. We eat dinner in my favorite restaurant last Friday. a boc d 46 . The sky is cloudy, i ‘ains tomorrow. a b c 47. | have took this medication since 1985. a b c d 48. “What were you going to do at 8 o'clock tomorrow moming?” 37Learn English Effectively a b c d 49. When | was young, | can run very fast. a b c od 50. They visit the palace in England five years ago. a b c d IV. Reading comprehension Did you know that you could live without water for only about a week? You probably think your body feels firm and solid because it is full of strong bones and muscles. But in fact 65 percent of your body is made up of water. Because we lose water, we need to keep topping up the amount of water in our bodies. We need between two and three litres of water each day. A. Answer the following questions. 51. How long can you live without water? 52. What is the human body mostly made up of? 53. Why should we top up the amount of water? B. Choose the best choice. BA. oes seseseees of our body is made up of water. ° a2% b. 65% c. 50% d. 3% 55. The body feels strong because it is full of ...... aa a. water b. strong bones _c. muscles d.b &c . OF .......- liters of water is enough in a day. b. 3-4 c. 2-30 d. 30-2 57. Since we lose water, we must drink... ae a. less water b. more water _c. no water d. a little water 38Learn English Effectively Onit 5 New Words escape gravity surface collapse massive disappear astronomer diameter tiny crush down mysterious, meteor invisible Word study gravity (n): the force that pulls things to one another Anything dropped falls towards the ground because of the gravity. disappear (v): vanish; become impossible to see The plane disappeared behind a cloud. massive (adj): very large and heavy; huge An elephant has a massive head. run out of (v): use up; finish a supply I'm afraid we have run out of gas. keep on (v): go on; continue Prices keep on increasing every da y. crush down (v): press or push something so hard that it is damaged Don't crush down the box, there are eggs inside. collapse (v) : fall down suddenly The bridge collapsed under the weight of the train. 39mass (n): a large amount of material A great mass of rock had fallen from the cliff and blocked the road. ray (n): a narrow line of light; beam The Sun's rays can be harmful for our skin. mysterious (adj): difficult to understand or explain; strange A mysterious illness is affecting all the animals. 40Pre-reading Questions 1. What are black holes? 2. How is a black hole made? 3. Is it easy to see a black hole? Amazing Black Holes 4 How many things can you see in the night sky? A lot! On a clear night you might see the Moon, some planets, and thousands of stars. You can see even more with a telescope. You might see stars where before you only saw dark space. You might see that some stars that look white are really red or blue. But scientists believe there are some things in the sky that we will never see. We won't see them with the biggest telescope in the world, on the clearest night of the year. That's because they're invisible. They're the mysterious dead stars called black holes. 2 A black hole is a very strange thing. It cannot send out any. light because of its gravity which is very strong. Anything that comes very .e will fall in and disappear. A black hole is probably made when a f fuel at the end of its life. Then the inside {til all its materials is crushed down to a tiny clos massive star runs out o! of the star collapses unt 41Learn Englis| Effectively volume. While the star is Collapsing, the force of " 1 7 7 ‘avity be very strong and it stops light from escaping and finally thayoiee becomes a black hole. ’ 3 Only about one star in a thousand is massive enou: black hole. A black hole should have at least two Sate eae mass of the Sun. A less massive star cannot collapse in this way because its gravity is not strong enough. A black hole with 10 times the Sun's mass would have a diameter of 60 kilometers. A black hole with the mass of the Earth would be less than 2 centimeters wide! 4 Black holes are difficult to find because they cannot be seen. However, if something is falling in toward a black hole, it becomes very hot and gives off X-rays. Astronomers believe that some of the X-ray stars that they have found may be black holes. Comprehension Check A. Write “T” for true and “F” for false statements. (7) 1. Nothing can escape from a black hole because of the pull of gravity. (° ) 2. When the gravity becomes very strong, no light can be sent out . (fF) 3. When the star is falling, it gets bigger. (° ) 4. Every star is massive enough to be a black hole. (+) 5. The black holes cannot be seen and found easily. B. Mark the best choice. 4. The gravity of a black hole .............00.066 a. is very strong that nothing can escape from it b. makes all the stars crush down c. causes the stars to run out of fuel d. makes the stars disappear 42Learn English Effectively 2. We cannot see some stars in the sky even with the biggest telescope because they are a. massive stars b. really blue or red -c. invisible d. on the clearest night . The entire star's material ... a. keeps on falling *b. is crushed down to a tiny volume cc. can stop the light from escaping d. is heavier than the Sun . The force of gravity at the star's surface ... a. runs out of fuel b. is a very strange thing c. can probably disappear -d. quickly becomes stronger The word mysterious in the first paragraph means... a. ordinary b. bright c. strange d. common . The chance of any star to become a black hole is a. ten times more than the Sun b. at least two times -c. one in a thousand d. atleast three times Which statement is false? a. Amassive star runs out of fuel at the end of its life. b. When something falls into a black hole, it gives off X-rays. -c. The outside of the star falls in on itself and keeps on falling. d. The crushed star's gravity attracts everything even the light. i) » a a a 43Learn English Effectively Vocabulary Practice A. Fill in the blanks with the following words. surface gravity collapsing disappears mass runs out of massive 1. The force which pulls everything down on the Earth is called the... ... of the Earth. 2. Everything that falls into a black hole . 3. The weight of different things depends on their . 4. While the star is ........ , the force of gravity at its surface quickly becomes stronger. 5. When a star fuel, it burns down into itself making a black hole. 6. The explosion made a ............. hole in the ground. B. Choose the best option. Ve ceccceseeeeneeeeee tere are scientists who study about the stars and planets. a. Physicists b. Biologists -c. Astronomers d. Librarians 2. There was a . ..... Of light coming in the room through a narrow opening in the door. a. mass -b. ray c. fuel d. material 3. Although the teacher got very angry, she .... ..talking to her students. a. gave off b. turned down c. took off d. kept on 4, Both cars were completely after the accident. a. picked up -b. crushed down c.ranoutof d. turned on . Newton discovered that the Earth has got a strong ... aude a. surface b. diameter c. astronomer —_d. gravity a 44Learn English Effectivel C. Match the following words with their antonyms, 1. disappear a. weak 2. tiny b. stop 3. probably c. appear 4. keep on d. narrow ~ 5. strong e. diameter 6. wide f. certainly g. huge Cloze passage. Read the passage and supply the missing parts with the words below. give off die burning heat weak You might find it hard to imagine that stars die. After all, our Sun isa star. Year after year we see it up in the sky, . - brightly, giving us .......2....... and light. The Sun doesn seem to be getting old or .......3, - But stars do burn out and after billions of years. As a star's gases burn they ... light and heat. But when the gas runs out, the star stops burning and begins to die. Grammar Focus |. Modals Modals are auxiliaries that come before simple form of the verb. They may refer to past, present or future. Can(/ am able to do something-) It refers to the ability, possibility, or permission for doing something. We can see the moon from here. | cannot(can't) come to the meeting Can | open the door?(request) Could (I was able to do something) He could run fast when he was a child, | was tired last night and couldn't study well. 45Learn English Effectively Could | borrow your book? (request) May/might (It is possible to do something) They refer to the possibility and permissi aa reli tedey ion to do something at the present. May | go to cinema? | might not have enough money to lend him. Must/have to (It is necessary to do something) They refer to the necessity of doing something. Had to refers to the necessities in the past. You must come on time. They have to go to the hospital. She has to work late. | had to get up early yesterday. Should (It is a good thing to do something) It is getting late. We should go home. He shouldn't go to bed so late. You should study your lessons carefully. Exercises Choose a proper modal for the sentences below. 4. It's very late. You (must/can) hurry 2. There are many clouds in the sky. It (might/should) rain soon. 3. When he was a business man, he (can/could) travel to many countries. 4. My son has broken his leg. | (could/must) take him to the hospital. 5. They (have to/ could) start the program tomorrow. 6. | wasn't hungry. | (couldn't/ might not) eat dinner. 7. (Must/ Can) you wait a moment , please? 8. It's a good film. You (may/ should) go and see it. 46Learn English Effectively Grammar Test Choose the correct choice. 1. I'm very tired. | - ----- go to bed now. a. has to b. should c. couldn't d. may not 2. - in the river"? "Yes, he can". a. swimming b. swim c. swam d. swims 3. When | was in London, | -- visit many famous museums, a. could b. can c. must d. may 4. Next month ---------------- seventeen. a.Imustbe b. I'llbe c.lhadtobe d. | have to be 5. There are no buses. We -------------- walk home. a.haveto —_b. could c.do d. are 6. You've got a bad cold. You must -------------- the doctor. a. see b. saw c. to see d. seen 7. "What are you doing at the weekend"? "| don't know. | --—------------ go fishing. . have to b. must c, may d. will 8. "--------------—-- —-- | ask a question"? " Yes, please." a. Must b. Might c. May d. Have to 47Unit 6 New Words bid claim community confirm detail event famous spectacular profile remove restrict rumors Word Study bid (v): offer some money because you want to buy something He bid $10000 for the painting. confirm (v): say that something is true or that something will happen Please write and confirm the date of your arrival. Profile (n) :brief description; short biography The profile can only be viewed by users confined as ‘friends’ expand (v): become bigger, or make sth bigger The learner's vocabulary expands through reading. turn down (v) : reject; refuse something Why did she turn down your invitation? keep in touch (v) : to communication with somebody Let's keep in touch, so turn on the cell phone. originally (adv): in the beginning The school was originally quite small. remove (v): take sb or sth away or off The statue was removed from the museum. 48Leam English Effect restrict (v): limit ; confine Our house is very small, so we had to restrict the number of peopie we invited to the party. spectacular (adj.): wonderful to see There was spectacular view from the top of the mountain.Pre-reading Questions 4. How many friends do you have? 2. How many online friends do you have? 3. How many numbers do you have in your mobile phone? Facebook Friends 1 We met many of our best friends at school and university. Keeping in touch with them can be difficult. Many of us move to another country. How can be in touch with them? May be through a social network! 2 One of the most famous websites in the world today is Facebook. It was created in 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg as a way for old people to keep in touch. It was originally restricted to students at HarvaréUniversity. It then expanded to include other schools and universities, photos and lists of personal interests. The profile can only be viewed by users who are confirmed as “friends”. Users can exchange private or public messages, and keep up-to-date with what is happening in each other's lives. 3 The success of Facebook has been spectacular, and the site claims to have 500 million users around the world, with a large number new users signing up each day. The worth of the site is more than $ 50 billion. It means $ 100 for each user. Facebook is now worth more than Yahoo (which has a $22 billion market cap) and eBay ($37 billion), and almost worth more than both of them combined—and that is before it has even gone public. However, it is still smaller than Amazon ($83 billion) and Google ($193 billion). 4 It seems that almost everyone has a profile on Facebook. Even Prince William created a profile, although he quickly removed it when too many people requested to be his friends. Mark Zuckerberg has no immediate plans to open the service to children under 13.But he says Facebook will continue to require users to sign up with their real names. Facebook is one of several successful “social networking sites” that are currently making headlines. Comprehension Check _ A. Write “T” for true and “F” for false statements. (_) 1. Children younger than 13 are allowed to use faceboook services. (__) 2. Facebook is worth more than two sites, Yahoo and eBay, combined. (__) 3. Prince William is one of the facebook user now. (__) 4, Among Internet companies the value of Google is smaller than Amazon. 51Leam English Effectively B. Mark the best choice. 4, The reason of difficulty in keeping in touch with friends is a. being busy with work b. moving to other country c. meeting friends in schools d. going to the university 2. Face book was originally restricted to students at a. schools b. universities c. Harvard university d. internet sites 3. When users are confirmed as friends, they . a. can make headlines b. can exchange private and public messages c. can keep up- to- date with what is happening d.b&c 4. Face book has been a very successful site because a. it has 500 million users around the world b. the site worth 50 billion $ c. it seems that almost everyone has a profile on Face book d. all of the above Vocabulary Practice A. Fill in the blanks with the given words. connects according profile expand details 1. Everyone can create a.......... .-.. in Facebook. 2. The wire ... the video recorder to the television. 3. Tell me quickly what happened, | don’t need to know all the 4. The church was built in 1395, .. to this book. 5. Metals .... ... When they are heated. 52Learn English Effectively B. Provide equivalents for the following meanings. 1. willing to give information 2. say that sth is true 3. to communicate 4. take sb or sth away or off 5. brief description of a person C. Cloze passage: Supply the missing parts with the words from the text. One of the famous websites in the world today is Facebook. It was in 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg as a It was originally 7 to Students at Harvard versity. It then expanded to include other schools and universities. Grammar Focus |. Word Order He plays the piano. Subject+ verb+ object -In English, in a normal positive sentence the obj sentence should come with the verb. ice the object of the st subject Verb object They — Read news| paper. we layers are playin, football. Ay mother Opened the door. - Adverbs of place, and time come after the verb or object. 53Leam English Effectively Place Ti [They read the newspaper at home every di We went to a party last nig go to bed ea My family has lived Here for ten yea I drink two cups of tea every | Don't eat your dinner very lq Many ofus move _ to another country. The books were sold in the market yesterd Exercises A. Choose the correct option. 1. Mary walks (every day to work-to work every day). 2. They were born (in London in 1978- in 1978 in London). 3. 1 explained (the problem in class- in class the problem). 4. You (your dinner ate- ate your dinner) very quickly. 5. Did (you write- write you) the letters this morning? B. Put the words in order. 1. Can't/ I/ Italian/very well/ speak/ . 2. every day/ do/ we/ the same thing/ . 3. you/ come/ will/ to/ tomorrow/ the cinema/ ? 4. built/ many/ the engineers/ bridges / . Grammar Test Choose the best choice. 1. They ------- to the party but we didn't go. | a. invited us b. us invited c. inviting us d. us invite 2. The government -—--------~- billion of dollars every year. a. spent b. spend c, spending d. spendsLeam English Effect 3.They --—--------—- him in the park yesterday. a. saw b. seen c. was seen d. has seen 4. They -------------- the magazine to your address every month, a. sent b. send c. sending d. sends 5. Rachel is ill, so she —----------to the party tomorrow night. a.didn'tcome b.won'tcome c.doesn'tcome d. hasn't come 6. Liz is from Italy. She -----------—- there all her life. a. lived b. lives c. have lived — d. has lived 7. When I was young, | ------------- run very fast. a.can b. could c. will d. have 8. "Where are the stamps —-"? "In the post office". a. selling b. sell c. sold d. sells 9. Which sentence is correct? a. Did buy you in Tehran that jacket? b. Did you buy that jacket in Tehran? c. You did buy that jacket in Tehran? d. You did buy in Tehran that jacket? 55