Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by severe acute respiratory

syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The first known case was identified in Wuhan, China, in
December 2019.[7] The disease has since spread worldwide, leading to an ongoing pandemic.[8]

Symptoms of COVID-19 are variable, but often include fever,[9] cough, headache,[10] fatigue,
breathing difficulties, and loss of smell and taste.[11][12][13] Symptoms may begin one to fourteen
days after exposure to the virus. At least a third of people who are infected do not develop
noticeable symptoms.[14] Of those people who develop symptoms noticeable enough to be classed
as patients, most (81%) develop mild to moderate symptoms (up to mild pneumonia), while 14%
develop severe symptoms (dyspnea, hypoxia, or more than 50% lung involvement on imaging), and
5% suffer critical symptoms (respiratory failure, shock, or multiorgan dysfunction).[15] Older people
are at a higher risk of developing severe symptoms. Some people continue to experience a range of
effects (long COVID) for months after recovery, and damage to organs has been observed.[16] Multi-
year studies are underway to further investigate the long-term effects of the disease.[16]

COVID-19 transmits when people breathe in air contaminated by droplets and small airborne
particles containing the virus. The risk of breathing these in is highest when people are in close
proximity, but they can be inhaled over longer distances, particularly indoors. Transmission can also
occur if splashed or sprayed with contaminated fluids in the eyes, nose or mouth, and, rarely, via
contaminated surfaces. People remain contagious for up to 20 days, and can spread the virus even if
they do not develop symptoms.[17][18]

Several testing methods have been developed to diagnose the disease. The standard diagnostic
method is by detection of the virus' nucleic acid by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain
reaction (rRT-PCR), transcription-mediated amplification (TMA), or by reverse transcription loop-
mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) from a nasopharyngeal swab.

Last week saw the lowest number of COVID-19 deaths since the early days of the pandemic, but
some countries are still witnessing ‘serious spikes’ which are putting pressure on hospitals.

“Our ability to monitor trends is compromised as testing has significantly reduced”, the UN World
Health Organization’s (WHO) director told journalists in Geneva.

Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus reiterated that higher testing and sequencing rates are vital for
scientists to track existing variants and to identify new ones as they emerge.

“At present there are a number of Omicron sub-lineages we’re following closely, including BA.2, BA.4
and BA.5 and another recombinant detected, made up of BA.1 and BA.2”, he said.
The latest sub-lineages BA.4 and BA.5 have been reported in a number of countries, including South
Africa and some European nations, WHO lead epidemiologist Dr. Maria Van Kerkhove informed.

“There are less than 200 sequences available so far and we expect this to change…We are tracking
(the virus) very closely to see if there is any uptick in case detection, but (so far) we haven’t seen any
change in epidemiology or severity”, she highlighted.