Signature

 Ali Kamal
 Bsc, Pet. Eng. Baghdad Univ. Iraq. Petroleum Dpt.
 Msc, Koya University, Kurdistan.
 Assist Lecturer
 Petroleum Engineering Dept.
 Faculty of Engineering
 Koya University.
 Tel: +964(0)770 1449721
 Email: ali.kamal@koyauniversity.org

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 CHAPTER 1
SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN
RESERVOIR ENGINEERING

1.1 INTRODUCTION

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Primary functions of a reservoir engineer, namely,

• Estimation of hydrocarbons in place,

• Calculation of a recovery factor and

• Time scale to the recovery;

• The description of the calculation of OIP concentrates largely on the

determination of fluid pressure regimes.

• Primary recovery is described in general terms by considering the

significance of the isothermal compressibility's of the reservoir fluids;

• while Recovery factor and attachment of a time scale are illustrated by

describing volumetric gas reservoir engineering.

• This chapter finishes with a brief quantitative account of the phase

behaviour of multi-component hydrocarbon systems.

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• Fluid pressure regimes
.
• To understand the volumetric behavior of oil and gas
reservoirs as a function of P, knowledge of the physical
properties of reservoir fluids must be gained.

• These fluid properties are usually determined by laboratory

experiments on actual reservoir samples.

• In the absence of experimentally measured properties

correlations must implement.

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•Reservoir fluids:
•• Natural gases
•• Crude oil systems
•• Reservoir water systems

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 CHAPTER 1
FUNDAMENTALS OF RESERVOIR FLUIDBEHAVIOR

• Naturally occurring hydrocarbon systems found in petroleum

reservoirs are mixtures of organic compounds that exhibit
multiphase behavior over wide ranges of pressures and
temperatures.
• These differences in phase behavior, coupled with the physical
properties of reservoir rock.
• Petroleum engineers have the task to study the behavior and
characteristics of a petroleum reservoir and to determine the
course of future development and production plan that would
maximize the profit.
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 CHAPTER 1

CLASSIFICATION OF RESERVOIRS
AND RESERVOIR FLUIDS

• Petroleum reservoirs are broadly classified as oil or gas

reservoirs.
• These broad classifications are further subdivided depending
on:

• Initial reservoir pressure and temperature

• Surface pressure and temperature of the
production
• The mixture composition

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 CHAPTER 1

Pressure-Temperature Diagram

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• To fully understand the significance of the P-T diagrams, it is necessary to
identify and define the following key points on these diagrams:

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• Depending upon initial reservoir pressure pi classified into
the following categories:

1. Undersaturated oil reservoir.

3. Gas-cap
reservoir.

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 Reports
needed
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 Reports
needed

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• Gas Reservoirs
Based on their phase diagrams and the prevailing reservoir conditions, natural gases
can be classified into four categories:
• Retrograde gas-condensate
• Near-critical gas-condensate
• Wet gas
• Dry gas

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•Retrograde gas-condensate reservoir.
• If the reservoir temperature T lies between the critical
temperature Tc and cricondentherm T of the reservoir fluid, the
reservoir is classified as a retrograde gas-condensate reservoir.

• This category of gas reservoir is a unique type of HC accumulation

in that the special thermodynamic behavior of the reservoir fluid
is the controlling factor in the development and the depletion
process of the reservoir.

• Why Unique?.

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As the reservoir pressure declines isothermally during production from
the initial pressure (point 1) to the upper dewpoint pressure (point 2), the
attraction between the molecules of the light and heavy components
causes them to move further apart further apart.
As this occurs, attraction between the heavy component molecules
becomes more effective; thus, liquid begins to condense.
This retrograde condensation process continues with decreasing pressure
until the liquid dropout reaches its maximum at point 3. Further
reduction in pressure permits the heavy molecules to commence the
normalvaporization process.
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 Reports
needed

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 Reports
needed

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 •CHAPTER 2

•RESERVOIR-FLUID
PROPERTIES

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 • To
. understand the volumetric behavior of oil and gas reservoirs
as a function of P, knowledge of the physical properties of
reservoir fluids must be gained.

• These fluid properties are usually determined by laboratory

experiments on actual reservoir samples.

• In the absence of experimentally measured properties

correlations must implement.

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• Reservoir fluids:
• • Natural gases
• • Crude oil systems
• • Reservoir water systems

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 PROPERTIES OF NATURAL GASES
• A gas is defined as a homogeneous of mixture fluid of low
viscosity and density that has no definite volume but expands to
completely fill the vessel in which it is placed.

• Hydrocarbon gases like methanes, ethanes, propanes, butanes,

pentanes, and small amounts of hexanes and heavier.

• Nonhydrocarbon gases (i.e., impurities) like carbon dioxide,

hydrogen sulfide, and nitrogen.

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• These properties include:
•

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 BEHAVIOR OF IDEAL GASES

• The kinetic theory of gases assumes that gases are composed

of a very large number of particles called molecules.

• It is also assumed that these molecules have no attractive or

repulsive forces between them, and that all collisions of
molecules are perfectly elastic (not permanent).

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• Based on, a mathematical equation called equation-of-state

derived to express the relationship existing between P,V, and T
for a given quantity of moles of gas.

• This relationship for perfect gases is called the ideal gas law and
is expressed mathematically by the following equation:

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 Example 2-1
• Three pounds of n-butane are placed in a vessel at 120°F and
60 psia.
• Calculate the volume of the gas assuming an ideal gas behavior.

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Example 2-2

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• Petroleum engineers are usually interested in the
behavior of mixtures.

• And the overall physical and chemical properties can be

determined from the physical properties of the
individual components in the mixture by using
appropriate mixing rules.

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• The basic properties of gases are commonly expressed
in terms of the apparent molecular weight, standard
volume, density, specific volume, and specific gravity.

• These properties are defined as follows:

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Apparent Molecular Weight

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 Standard Volume
• In many natural gas engineering calculations, it is convenient to measure
the volume occupied by l lb-mole of gas at a reference pressure and
temperature.
• These reference conditions are usually 14.7 psia and 60°F as a standard
condition.
• The standard volume is then defined as the volume of gas occupied by 1
lb-mol in that condition.
• Applying the above conditions to Equation 2-1 and solving for the volume,
i.e., the standard volume, gives:

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Density

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Specific Volume

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Specific Gravity

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Example

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Steps

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Example 2-4

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Solution

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 .

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