-1

]]earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó}}

bk&m;? w&m;? oHCm? rdb? q&mwdkYtm;
þ"r®pmpkjzifh &dkaopGm uefawmhyg\/

edpöonmESifhtedpöonm

a'gufwm pdk;vGif (rEÅav;)

]0dok'd¨r*f}
"r®vrf;0dyóemtzGJYom;rsm;twGuf
xkwfa0onf/
("r®vrf;0dyóemtzGJY - rEÅav;)
 -2

]]edpöonmESifhtedpöonm}}

jrwfpGmbk&m; av;oacsFeJYurÇmwpfodef;
yg&rD a wG j znf h ? tepf e mcH pG e f Y v T w f c J h w mu
owå 0 gawG opö m av;yg;ud k r*¾ i f & S p f y g;eJ Y
odapcsiv f yYkd g/ opömav;yg;udk odbYkd qdw k mvnf;
r*¾if&Spfyg;udk jynfhpHkatmiftm;xkwfEdkifrS edAÁmef
rsufarSmufjyKNyD; opömav;yg;udk odcGifh&wmyg/
ed A Á m ef u d k r*f Ó Pf e J Y r suf a rS m uf j yK od w ,f v d k Y
qdkygw,f/ trSefu obm0BuD;udk ÓPfeJYawGU
oGm;wmyg/ rsufjrifawGUwmawmh r[kwfygbl;/
 -3

obm0qdw k ehJ Ad mÁ efukd r*fÓPfeYJ awGUoGm;wmyg/

obm0qk d w J h e d A Á m ef e J Y r *f Ó Pf wpf o m;
wnf; jzpfoGm;wmudk rsufarSmufjyKw,fvdkY qdk
ygw,f/ edAmÁ efqw kd hJ obm0Bu;D xJukd ÓPfua&muf
oGm;wmyg/ udk,fu wpfae&m&mudk a&mufoGm;
ovdrk sKd ;awmh r[kwyf gbl;/
'Dawmh r*fÓPfeeYJ Ad mÁ efqw kd m r*fÓPfu
raem? edAmÁ efu "r®m&k?H raemeJ"Y r®m&kq H w kd m tm&Hk
eJ Y p d w f y gbJ / 0d y óem&I w k e f ; uawmh raemu
t&IÓPfeJY t&IcH ½kyfemrftm&HkawGudk &I&wmyg/
t&Ic½H yk ef mrfawG csKyNf ird ;f oGm;&if edAmÁ efutpm;xd;k
oGm;wmyJ/ ½kyef mrfcsKy&f if edAmÁ eftpm;xd;k w,f/ tJ'D
rSm avmukw&å m edAmÁ efukd r*fÓPfeo YJ cd iG &hf w,f/
r*fÓPfqdkwm raemrSmjzpfwm/ edAÁmefu"r®m½Hk?
'Dawmh raem'Gg&eJY "r®m½Hu k ta0;Bu;D r[kwb f ;l /
 -4

tm&Hek pYJ w d yf /J
'gaMumifhrkdY raem'Gg&eJY"r®m½HkqdkNyD; oifyg
w,f/ toif&vnf; cufygw,f/ 'gayrJh uReaf wmf
wdkYtaeeJY trsm;qHk;uvnf; tawG;eJYaeMuwm
rsm;w,f/ raemuawG;&if ig? olwyg;? a,mufsm;?
rdef;rpwJhynwftm&Hk ("r®m½Hk)eJY awG;aewmu
rsm;ygw,f/ rsupf ed jYJ rifaeayrJh jrifwmudrk ajymbJ
rjrif & wmawG b J pOf ; pm;ajymMuw,f / tJ ' D
rjrifwJh ynwftm½HkawGudk raemeJY qifjcifNyD;
ajymaewm/ ypöKyÜefqkdwm pu©K0dnmPfeJYjrifwJh
&l y g&H k y J & w,f / twd w f t m&H k u d k raemeJ Y jyef
qifjcifrS od&w,f/
omrmefvlwpfa,mufu qifjcifwmudk
raemvdkY rodEdkifbl;/ igpOf;pm;w,f? igqifjcif
w,fvyYkd J odwm/ tckoifxm;awmh qifjcifw,f
 -5

qd k w m raem0d n mPf y J / 'D a wmh OyrmtaeeJ Y

raem0dnmPfeJY qifjcifvdkuf&if a&Twd*HkapwD
awmfyHkBuD;ay:vmw,f/ tJ'g raem0dnmPfeJY
qifjcifwkef;cPyJ&Sdw,f/ qifjcifNyD;wmeJY r&Sd
awmhb;l / (qifjcifwmu a&SUpdwf? qifjcifNyD;&if
r&dSbl;vdkYodwmu aemufpdwfyg/)
'gayrJh &efukefrSm a&Twd*HkapwDawmfBuD;
&Sdw,f? odvm;qdk&if odwmaygh/ bmeJYodvJqdk&if
onmeJY rSwfxm;wm/ &efukefrSm a&Twd*Hkbk&m;
&Sw
d ,fvYkd odwmu ]tNrJ&Sdaew,f}qdw k hJ edpt ö ,l
av; ygaewmudk owdrjyKrb d ;l /
t&ifwkef;u uRefawmfwdkYrSm tEko,
udavomqdk&if em;rvnfEdkifbl;/ udavomqdk
wm raemuHeJYjzpfwJh avmbpdwf? a'gopdwfpwJh
ud a vomawG u d k y J y,f & r,f v d k Y y J xif c J h w ,f /
 -6

tckawmh udavomu oHk;rsdK;&Sdw,f/ um,uH?

0pD u H a wG e J Y v G e f M uL;wJ h u d a vomu (0D w d u ú r -
ud a vom) ? tJ'gudk oDvukodkvfeJYy,f&w,f/
raemuH r S m x<uwJ h avmbpd w f ? a'gopd w f
awGu (y&d , k | me-ud a vom)? tJ'gudk orm"d
ukov kd ef YJ y,f&w,f/
aemuf u d a vomwpf r sd K ;u (tEk o ,
ud a vom)vdkY ac:w,f/ ynmjzpfwJh 0dyóem
ukov kd f r*fuo k v kd ef YJ y,f&w,f/ tvGeef m;vnf
&cuf y gw,f / pmayvd k tEk o ,ud a vom
(7)yg;qdk&ifvnf; omrmefvlawGu rvdkufEkdif
awmhbl;/ wu,f 0dyóem½Iawmhvnf; tJ'D
tEko, udavomqdkwmBuD;u awGY&wmvnf;
r[k w f / avmbpd w f a wG v d k ? a'gopd w f a wG v d k
xif x if & S m ;&S m ; awG Y & wm r[k w f b l ; qd k a wmh
 -7

vnf; em;vnf& awmfawmfcufygw,f/

'gud k b ,f v d k o if E d k i f v mvJ q d k a wmh tEk
o,ud a vomu b,f v d k j zpf w wf v J q d k & if
jrifcdkuf? Mum;cdkufrSm r½Ird&if ypöKyÜefw&m;awG
tay:rSm NrJw,fvdkYxifwJh udavom udef;oGm;
w,f/ 'gqdk&if ypö K yÜ e f u d k ½ I a ewJ h 0d y óemu
w'*F y [mef eJY tJ'Dtudef;udavomudk y,fEdkif
ygw,f/
jzpfcdkufrSm owdeJYr½Ird&if ]NrJ NrJ w ,f}qdkwJh
udavomudef;oGm;awmh tJ'DjrifwmawGudk pGJNyD;
jzpfwJh ]Ceynwf}u "mwfyHk½dkufxm;ovdk pdwfrSm
NrJ w J h t aeeJ Y x if & S m ;aewwf w ,f / 'gaMumif h
omreftm;jzifh pOf;pm;&if (NrJ a ewJ h o abm) eJY
pOf;pm;wwfw,f/ (ed p ö o nm)vdkYac:w,f/ tJ'D
edpoö nmudk owdy|mefeUJ y,f&wmyJ/
 -8

'gaMumifh jrifpOf? Mum;pOf? eHpOf? pm;pOf?

awGY xdpOf? oGm;pOf? &yfpOf? xdik pf Of? auG;pOf? qefpY Of?
BuHodpOfrSm jzpfqJ y pö K yÜ e f ½k y f e mrf w &m;awG u d k
]tedpö? 'ku©? tokb? tewå}vdkY odjrifatmif ½IrSwf
&wmyg/ tu,f í r½I r S w f v d k Y & d S & if ]NrJ w ,f ?
csrf ; omw,f ? wif h w ,f w ,f ? rd r d t vd k t wd k i f ;
NyD ; pD ; Ed k i f w ,f } vd k Y x if N yD ; om,mwyf r uf w J h
wPS m j zpf v mvd r f h r ,f / t,l r S m ;wJ h ' d | d v nf ;
jzpfvdrfhr,f/ tJ'DtcgrSm pdwfu wPSm-'d|dwdkY&JU
tvdktwdkif; BuHpnf tm;xkwfygawmhw,f/
Oyrm &efukefrSm a&Twd*Hkbk&m;BuD; &dSvm;
qd k & if &d S w maygh q d k w mu rS w f x m;wJ h o nmu
tNr&J w dS ,fvYkd rajymayrJv h nf; pdwrf mS tNr&J adS ewJh
oabmu ygaew,f/ tJ'g tEko,udavom
qdw k hJ tude;f "mwf ygoGm;w,f/ ygoGm;vdYk ygoGm;
 -9

rSe;f udk rodvu kd b f ;l / Nrw

J ,fqw kd hJ (edpöonm) nm)av;eJY
,lxm;vdu k w f m odawmif rodvu kd bf ;l /
'gaMumifh 0dyóemrSm tedpö½I-tedpö½Iqdk
ayrJhvnf; edpövdkY,lvdkufwmudkodrS 'DedpövdkY,l
xm;wJh &kyfemrfawG[m wu,fawmh tedpöawG
yJvdkY odjrifoGm;rSmyg/ tckawmh edpöt,l jzpf
oGm;wmudk rodvdkufbl;/ Oyrm udk,frSm bm
a&m*g&dSw,fqdkwm rodbl;/ olrsm;u 'Daq;
aomufqv kd Ykd aomufvu kd w
f myJ/ tJ'D oabmrsKd ;
jzpfaew,f/ uk, d rfh mS a&m*g&dvS Ykd &drS eS ;f udk rodb;l /
trSeu f edpo ö nmeJY &kyef mrfawGukd Nrw J ,f
vd k Y , l x m;wJ h t,l r S m ;ud k y ,f & rS m / 0d y óem
oabmu odraf rGUvGe;f w,f/ tJ'D tEko,udav
omudk vlawGem;vnfatmifu opfyifwpfyif&JU
tjrpf e J Y wif p m;ajym&ygw,f / tjrpf & S d a e&if
 -10

ajray:rS m tyif a yguf r ,f / tyif a yguf w ,f

qdw
k m pdwx f rJ mS avmbpdw?f a'gopdwaf wG x<u
vm&if tyifaygufwmyJ/ toD;awG? tyGifhawG
u um,uH? 0pDuaH wGeYJ vGeMf uL;wJh udavomyJ/
'DvdkrS em;vnfwm? ajray:rSm tyifraygufayrJh
ajrBuD ; xJ r S m tjrpf & S d a ew,f / tJ ' g tEk o ,
udavomyJ/ uRefawmfwdkY raemuHrSm avmb
pdwf? a'gopdwf awGjzpfrvmayrJhvnf; tjrpfudk
rEIwf&ao;bl;/ t&[wår*feJY ry,f&ao;orQ
&[EÅmrjzpfao;bl;qdk&if (tEk o ,ud a vom
tjrpf)&Sad ew,f/ 'Dvekd m;vnf&ygr,f/
tEko,udavomudkajym&wm wtm;
cufygw,f/ 'Dawmh udavomtjrpfqw kd m b,fvkd
od&rSmvJ? ajrBu;D xJrmS qkad wmh jrifvnf; rjrif&bl;/
OyrmeJ Y a jym&if NrJ w ,f q d k w J h t ,l a v; wpf c k
 -11

&Sdaew,f/ &efukefrSm a&Twd*Hkbk&m;BuD; &Sdw,f

qd k w m bmeJ Y r S w f x m;wmvJ / onmeJ Y r S w f x m;
wm? onmuodyfta&;BuD;w,f/ cE¨m½Iaxmifh
u pOf ; pm;&if (onmwpf r sd K ;yJ twd w f u d k
jyefrSwfrdw,f/)
avmurSm uReaf wmfwaYkd jymwJo h nmawGu
ork w d r S m ajym½d k ; ajympOf t aeeJ Y ajymaewm/
onmud k cE¨ m wpf c k t aeeJ Y o d N yD ; ajymqd k a e
wmawmhr[kwfbl;/ (onmud k N rJ w J h t aeeJ Y , l N yD ;
ajymaeMuwm/) jzpfwdkif;ysufaewJh cE¨mtaeeJY
odwmawmh r[kwb f ;l / onmudk cE¨mÓPfa&muf
odwmawmh r[kwaf o;bl;/
tck uRefawmfwdkY 0dyóemtm;xkwfwJh
ae&mrS m onmud k cE¨ m taeeJ Y p Of ; pm;&rS m yg/
omref p Of ; pm;yH k e J Y rwl a wmh w mud k a jymwmyg/
 -12

onmjzpf a y:zd k Y tm&H k u aus;Zl ; jyK&ygw,f /

onmay:rSvnf; tm&Hu k kd rSwrf w
d myg/ tJ't D m&Hk
r&d S w meJ Y onmvnf ; r&d S a wmh y gbl ; / 'D a wmh
onmqd k w m rNrJ ? qif ; &J ? tpd k ; r&wJ h cE¨ m yJ /
pOf ; pm;&if cE¨ m ½I a xmif h u owd e J Y p Of ; pm;yg/
uRefawmfwdkY rSwfwdkif;-rSwfwdkif;[m onmqdkwJh
cE¨m&Svd Ykd tm&Hu
k kd rSwrf ad ewmyg/ tck uReaf wmf
wdkYu ighonmtaeeJY t,lrSm;NyD; pOf;pm;aevdkY
w&m;u y&rwfe,ftxd a&mufrvmwmyg/
cE¨mqdwk phJ w
d u
f vufwpfjzpfrmS uka# wpf
odef;jzpfygw,f/ wpfcPav;qdkayrJh onmawG
jzpfysufoGm;wmu tpktaygif; tpOftwef;BuD;
jzpfomG ;w,f/ ]wpf}vdMYk um;wJt h cgrSmvnf; wpfoH
wnf;rxifeJY/ wpfoHNyD;wpfoH tpm;xdk;aewJh
toH½yk f tpOftwef;Bu;D jzpfomG ;wm/ tpktaygif;
 -13

(Ceynwf)jzpfaerSvnf; avmurSm wnfvdkY&

wmav/ ½kyftpktaygif; emrftpktaygif; (Ce
ynwf)awGu orkwed ,frmS awmh avmuyJ/
uReaf wmfwu Ykd edpo
ö nmudk 'Dvt kd xd rodr;f
qnf ; Ed k i f M uao;bl ; / Oyrm rif ; td r f & S d v m;vd k Y
ar;&if &Sdygw,fvdkY ajzw,f/ b,fem;rSm&dSw,f
vdYk 'Dtrd u f kd (tNrJ&SdwJhtaeeJY pOf;pm;)oGm;wm yJ/
ed p ö o nmygaew,f / om;orD ; &S d v m;vd k Y a r;&if
&Sdygw,fq&m/ b,fESpfa,mufvJ? oHk;a,muf/
b,fvkd pOf;pm;wke;f arG;uwnf;u tckcsed t f xd
&Sdaew,fvdkY edpöonmeJYajymaewm/ 0dyóemu
tJ'D NrJw,fvdkY xifwJh (ed p ö o nm) nm)? tESpfom&
&dw
S ,fvx Ykd ifwhJ (twåonm)udk y,f&rSmav/
a&T w d * H k b k & m;BuD ; ud k rsuf p d a v;rS d w f N yD ;
qifjcifMunfhprf;yg/ pdwfxJrSm bk&m;yHkawmfBuD;
 -14

ray:bl;vm;? ay:wmaygh/ 'gayrJh rsufpdav;

rS d w f q if j cif w ,f q d k w mud k u raem0d n mPf e J Y
ol&Y UJ tm&Hrk eS ;f odyNf y;D rodMubl;/
0dnmPfay:cdkufrSm oltm½HkeJY olY0dnmPf
ay:wmyJ/ 0dnmPfvnf;csKyfa&m tm½Hkvnf;csKyf
wmyJ/ Nrv J m;-rNrb J ;l ? wpf0nd mPfNy;D wpf0n
d mPf
tpm;xdk;aeawmh jywfw,f-pJw,fvnf; r&Sdbl;/
cdkifw,f-NrJw,fvnf; r&Sdbl;/ tm&HkeJY taMumif;
wdkufqdkif&if pdwfjzpfw,f/ taMumif;uif;&if
csKyfaysmufw,f/ tedpöeJYtewåvu©Pm xif&Sm;
oGm;NyD/ 'Dae&mrSm (tm½H k & S d r S 0d n mPf j zpf w ,f /
0d n mPf j zpf r S v nf ; tm½H k u d k o d w ,f / tm½H k e J Y
0d n mPf a wG u cd k i f j cif ; ? NrJ j cif ; vnf ; r&S d b l ; /
jywf j cif ; ? pJ j cif ; vnf ; r&S d b l ; qk d a wmh 'd | d u d k
todeJYjyKwfaeygNyD/)
 -15

edpöt,l ,lyHk,lenf; oHk;rsdK;&Sdw,f/ 'd|deJY

vnf ; ,l w ,f / onmeJ Y v nf ; ,l w ,f / pd w f e J Y
vnf;,lw,f/ NrJw,fvkdY ,lwJht,loHk;rsdK;&Sdw,f/
'd|deJY,lwmudk ('d | d 0 d y Ü v mo) t,lrSm;w,fvdkY
ac:w,f / onmeJ Y t rS w f r S m ;wmud k ( o n m
0d y Ü v mo)vdkY ac:w,f/ pdwfeJYuvnf;NrJw,fvdkY
todrmS ;wmyJ/ tJ'gukd (pdwå0dyÜvmo)vdaYk c: w,f/
pmvdu k trSm;oH;k rsKd ;eJY rSm;aew,f/
'gayrJh t"du vufonfw&m;cHu onm
yJ/ pdwfeJYtodrSm;ayrJh 0dnmPfu twdwfrjyef
wwfbl;/ NrJw,fqdkwm onmuyJ twdwfudk
rSwfrdwm/ NrJwJhtaeeJY NyD;cJhwmawGudk jyefrSwfrd
wmuonmyJ / onmu b,f o l e J Y a ygif ; vJ q d k
cE¨mig;yg;udkjyefpOf;pm;Munfh&if cE¨mig;yg;jzpf
wdkif;rSm pdwfrygbJ b,fcE¨mrS rjzpfbl;/ 'Dawmh
 -16

'Donmu pdwfeJYtNrJaygif;w,f/ onmjzpfwdkif;

pd w f u ygw,f / twd w f u d k j yef N yD ; rS w f r d w mu
onmwpf c k y J & S d w ,f / (onmu NrJ w J h t aeeJ Y
rS w f w m)
m)/ 'Dawmh pdwfuvnf; NyD;cJhwmawGudk
NrJwJhtaeeJY todrSm;oGm;wmyJ/ pdwfeJYonmeJY
tod r S m ;? trS w f r S m ;wJ h t ay:rS m xyf q if h N yD ;
('d|dqdkwJht,lrSm;) jzpfay:vmwmyJ/
'gaMumifrh Ydk jrwfpmG bk&m;u onmrSm xif&mS ;
vGef;vdkY ]ed p ö o nm? twå o nm? ok b onm?
okconm}
onm}awGuykd ,fzYkd tedp&ö ?I 'ku&© ?I tokb&I?
tewå&v I Ykd a[mcJw h m xifygw,f/
'Dawmh 0dyóem½Iw,fqw dk m tedpo ö nm
eJY edpo
ö nmudyk ,fEikd zf ?Ykd tewåonmeJY twåonm
udyk ,fEikd zf uYkd ta&;tBu;D ygw,f/ aemufqufNy;D
ÓPf&ifhusufoGm;&if okbonmuae tokb
 -17

onm? okconmuae 'ku©onmtjzpf ajymif;

oGm;rSmyg/ 'gu tEko, udavom tjrpfawGukd
tqifq h ifh y,fowfomG ;wmygy /J
&efukefrSm a&Twd*Hkbk&m;BuD;&dSw,fqdkwm
od v m;? od y gw,f q &m&,f ? od r f * k w å & uk e f ;
awmfay:rSm tNrJ&dSw,fqdkwJh (ed p ö o nm) eJYajym
wmyJ/ om;orD;awG&Sdvm;? &Sdwmayghq&m&,f
qdk&if edpöonmbJ/ 'Donmu ukd,hfpdwfxJrSm
ay:wm/ raemrSm NrJwJhtaeeJY t,ljzpfoGm;wm/
trSefu tm½HkeJYpdwfbJ/ 0dyóemu twGif;½I&
wm/ cE¨ m ÓPf a &muf q d k w m ud k , f h c E¨ m rS m
0dnmPfay:&m owdeJY½I&wm/ tvG,fqHk;rdEdkif
wmu raem0d n mPf e J Y od r I u xif & S m ;w,f /
pu© K 0d n mPf w d k Y ? aomw0d n mPf w d k Y ? Cme
0dnmPf? ZD0gS 0dnmPfwu Ykd kd owdjyKrzd u
Ykd awmfawmf
 -18

cufygw,f/ raem0dnmPfNyD;&if txif&Sm;qHk;u

um,0dnmPfygyJ/
wu,fawmh obm0BuD;u tedpöygyJ/
tjyif r S m &S d a ewmu obm0awG a v/ a&T w d * H k
bk & m;BuD ; qd k w mvnf ; "mwf B uD ; av;yg;jzpf w J h
twG u f tjyif u &moD O wk at;ae&if v nf ;
a&T w d * H k b k & m;oG m ;prf ; Munf h at;wmyJ / ae
xGufvmwmeJY ylwJhawaZm"mwfawG azmufjyef
vm&if bk&m;Bu;D vnf; ylvmrSmyJ/ obm0Bu;D u
tNrJajymif;vJaeovdk ("mwf B uD ; av;yg;jzpf w J h
a&Twd*Hkbk&m;BuD;vnf; tNrJajymif;vJ)aewm ygyJ/
rNrJ y gbl ; / obm0xJ r S m ted p ö y J & S d w m/
'gayrJh uReaf wmfwYkd (raemu odvdkufwJhtcg edpö
onm)jzpfwJh NrJwJhoabm tEko,udavomu
onm)
arG;uwnf;u ygNy;D om;jzpfaeygNy/D
 -19

pdwf&JUobm0rSm tEko,udavomu
ygvmNyD;om;/ pdwfudkpdwftwdkif; xm;vdkYr&ygbl;/
tEko,udavom&dSaevdkYvnf; arG;zGm;vmMu
wm/ t&[wår*feYJ udavomudk tukeyf ,fNy;D oGm;
wJh &[EÅmt&Sijf rwfBu;D awGrmS aemufxyf y#doaE¨
r&Sad wmhb;l / cDPmZmwd? Zmwduek o f mG ;Ny/D
'gaMumifh uReaf wmfwrYkd mS arG;vmuwnf;u
tEko,udavomygvmwm aojcmw,f/ ygvm
wJ h t wG u f pd w f u d k p d w f t wd k i f ; xm;vd k Y r &ygbl ; /
a&vdkyJjrifh&mu edrfh&mqif;oGm;rSmyJ/ olYoabm
ol a qmif w ,f q k d w m uRef a wmf w d k Y p d w f a wG r S m
tjrpf&Sd&if tyifaygufrSmyJ/ 'Dudavom tjrpf
udk Ekwzf t
Ykd wGuf bk&m;&Sif yGiahf wmfrv l mwmyg/
jrwfpGmbk&m;&JU0g'u tewå0g'? tewå
qdkwmbmvJ? obm0yJ/ tewåqdkwmobm0?
 -20

a&Twd*Hkbk&m;BuD;uvnf; obm0xJrSm tewå?

"mwfBuD;av;yg;u jzpfwdkif;ysufaewmyJ/ 'gayrJh
uRef a wmf w d k Y u a&T w d * H k a pwD a wmf B uD ; ud k NrJ w J h
taeeJY onmu ,lvdkufwm/ a&Twd*HkapwDawmf
Bu;D udk tckvnf;&Sd w,f/ t&ifwek ;f uvnf; &Sw d ,f/
a&Twd*Hkbk&m;vdkYqdkayrJh &Sdwmu"mwfBuD;av;yg;?
tckvnf; 'D"mwfBuD;av;yg;? t&ifwkef;uvnf;
'D"mwfBuD;av;yg;yJ/ 'D"mwfBuD;av;yg;udk NrJwJh
taeeJ, Y x
l m;wmu edpo ö nmyJ/ tJ'gu uReaf wmf
wdkYpdwfrSm tEko,"mwf&Sdaeawmh a&Twd*HkapwD
awmfBuD;udk (NrJ w J h t aeeJ Y y J raemuod ) aewm/
obm0xJu "mwfBuD;av;yg;jzpfwJh a&Twd*HkapwD
awmf B uD ; u rNrJ y gbl ; / tNrJ j zpf y suf a ewmyg/
raemu edpöonmeJo Y m trSwrf mS ;aewmyg/
tJ't
D wdik ;f yJ? om;orD;awG&v dS m;qd?k om;
 -21

orD ; awG & S d w ,f q d k & if om;orD ; awG u d k NrJ w J h

taeeJY,lvdkufNyD/ tjyifu om;orD;awG&JU ½kyf
awGemrfawGrSm b,femrf½kyfrS rNrJbl;/ obm0
BuD;xJrSm edAÁmefuvGJNyD; bmrSrNrJbl;/ jzpfwdkif;
ysufaewJhtwGuf tedpö? udk,fhtvdktwdkif;vnf;
jzpfwm r[kwfbl;/ olYoabmolaqmifNyD; jzpf
aewJhtwGuf tewåyJ/ xifomjrifomygw,f/
'gayrJh uRefawmfwdkY pOf;pm;vdkufwdkif;[m NrJwJh
taeeJ?Y tcdik t f rm tESpo f m& &dw S t hJ aeeJY raem
u pOf;pm;w,f/ edp?ö twåe, YJ al ew,f/ 'gaMumifh
ed p ö o nm? twå o nmawG e J Y r S m ;aewJ h t wG u f
t&du S t
kd &dt
S wdik ;f trSeu f kd rjrifEikd af wmhb;l /
vl w pf a ,muf [ m arG ; vmNyD ; aoonf
txd pdwf&Sdvm;? pdwf&Sdw,f/ ao&if pdwf&Sdao;
vm;? aorSawmhq&m&,f b,fpw d &f adS wmhrmS wke;f /
 -22

tJ'u D srS cdik w

f ,f? Nrw
J ,f? jywfw,f? pJw,fqw kd hJ
'd|td ,l jzpfvmwm/ onm0dyv Ü moaMumifh jzpfwikd ;f
ysuaf ewJh &kyef mrfukd yk*K¾d vo f wå0gtaeeJY Nrw J ,f
vdkYvnf;,lw,f/ tvdktwdkif;jzpfw,fvdkYvnf;
,lw,f/ ao&if r&daS wmhb;l vdv Yk nf; ,lw,f/
'D a wmh OyrmtaeeJ Y (white board)
ay:rSm avmu owfrw S cf sujf zpfwhJ rsO;f aMumif;udk
(ta&mif v d k Y rod b J ) rsOf;aMumif;vdkY tcdkiftrm
t&dS,lvdkufw,f/ ta&mifudk cdkifw,f NrJw,f
,lvdkufw,f/ rsOf;aMumif;qHk;oGm;wJh [dkbufrSm
rsO;f aMumif; &Sad o;vm;? r&Sb d ;l qdak wmh ta&mifukd
jywfw,f pJw,f ,lovdjk zpfomG ;w,f/ trSeaf wmh
onmu rsOf ; aMumif ; vd k Y trS w f a y;vd k u f v d k Y
wu,f & S d w m pu© K 0d n mPf e J Y j rif w m tqif ; yJ /
pu©K0dnmPfeJYjrifNyD; aemufvdkuf raemrSm owd
 -23

uyfv&Ykd &dS if (owdu tqif;udktqif;)vdYk t&dS udk

t&dt S wdik ;f odEikd yf gw,f/
uRefawmfwdkY teufa&mifrsOf;aMumif;udk
tqif;vdo Yk &d if tjzLa&mif (white board)uvnf;
tqif;ygyJ/ 'Dawmh teufa&mif rsOf;aMumif;
qH k ; oG m ;vnf ; (white board) &J U tjzLa&mif
awGudkvnf; tqif;vdkYod&if wpfa&mifNyD;wpf
a&mif tpm;xdk;aevdkY ta&mifawG[m tpvnf;
r&So d vd?k tqH;k vnf; r&Sad wmhygbl;/
'gaMumifrh Ykd tpGe;f ESpyf g;qdw
k mvnf; 'DrsO;f
aMumif;av;udk rsOf;aMumif;vdkY ,lvdkufwmeJY a&SSU
tpGef;? aemuftpGef;u&SdoGm;NyD/ tpGef;ESpfyg;yJ/
pu©K0dnmPfodovdk aemufvdkufraemrSm owd
&S d & if rsOf ; aMumif ; r[k w f a wmh b J ta&mif v d k Y
od v d k u f & if jywf w ,f ? pJ w ,f v nf ; r&S d b l ; /
 -24

teufa&mifNy;D &if tjzLa&mifvmw,f/ wpfa&mif

Ny;D wpfa&mif tpm;xd;k aewmrdYk tpGe;f qdw k mvnf;
r&Sdawmhbl;/ tpGef;ESpfyg; vGwfoGm;wmeJY tJ'D
tpGef;ESpfyg; vGwfoGm;wmudkodwJhÓPfu rZÑdr
y#dy'g (or® m 'd | d t jrif r S e f ) jzpfoGm;NyD/ rZÑdr
y#dy'gqdkwJh tv,ftvwfvrf;qdkwm orkwd
e,f u b,f v d k o d v J q d k & if tpG e f ; ES p f c k
Mum;u tv,f w nf h w nf h v d k Y em;vnf x m;Mu
w,f/ trSeu f tpGe;f vGwaf tmifow d hJ ÓPfuom
rZÑrd y#dy'g jzpfwm/ tJ'D ÓPfuykd J r*¾i&f pS yf g;vdYk
ac:ygw,f/
tckajymoGm;wJh (white board)ay:u
teufa&mif rsOf;aMumif;av; OyrmeJY y&rwf
tqif;a&mufatmif pwifNyD; ac:vdkufwmyg/
'gayrJ h 'D y &rwf a &muf a yrJ h rNyD ; ao;ygbl ; /
 -25

(white board) tjzLa&mif j rif w k e f ; uvnf ;

tqif;eJY pu©K0n d mPf wpfpjkH zpfw,f/ teufa&mif
rsOf ; aMumif ; jrif w J h t csd e f r S m vnf ; aemuf
tqif;eJY pu©K0dnmPfjzpfygw,f/ tjzLxyfNyD;
jrif w J h t csd e f rS m vnf ; tqif ; eJ Y p u© K 0d n mPf
xyfjzpfw,f/ 'Dawmh tqif;qdkwJhtm½HkeJY pu©K
0dnmPfawG[m cdkifjcif;? NrJjcif;r&Sdovdk jywfjcif;?
pJ j cif ; vnf ; r&S d b l ; / wpf c k N yD ; wpf c k tpm;xd k ;
aew,fvYkd ÓPfjrif wpfcjk zpfomG ;w,f/
½kyef mrfawG&UJ wpfcNk y;D wpfck tpm;xd;k aewJh
oabmudk wpfqifNh y;D wpfqifh odjrifem;vnfomG ;
rSmyg/ jzpfwdkif;ysufNyD;awmh aemufwpfck-aemuf
wpfcu k tpm;xd;k aewmyJ/ ½kyef mrfawG tpm;xd;k
aewJh obm0jzpfpOfwpfcu k kd odjrifomG ;wmygyJ/
tJ ' D o bm0jzpf p Of r S m 'D ½ k y f e mrf a wG [ m
 -26

bmaMumifhjzpfwmvJqdkwJh ½kyfemrfwdkY&JUtaMumif;
udk odrf;qnf;wwfwJh ÓPfvdkvmw,f/ 'D½kyf
emrf a wG [ m bmaMumif h j zpf w mwk e f ; qd k a wmh
uHaMumifhjzpfwm/ uHutaMumif; jzpfwJh½kyfemrf
awGu tusdK;yJ/ 'D½kyfemrfawGjzpfaeorQawmh
oHo&muqHk;rSmr[kwfbl;/ 'DuHu bmaMumifh
jzpfwmwkef;qdkawmh Oyg'gefaMumifh? Oyg'gefbm
aMumifhjzpfwmwkef;qdk wPSmaMumifh? 'DwPSm
bmaMumifhjzpfwmwkef;qdk&if cE¨mig;yg;udk cE¨m
ig;yg;vdYk [kww f ikd ;f rSepf mG rodv?Ykd a&SUpdwrf mS jzpfwhJ
cE¨mig;yg;udk [kwfwdkif;rSefpGmodwJh aemufpdwfu
owd r vd k u f E d k i f & if tEk o ,ud a vom wPS m
0ifwmygyJ/
'Dawmh aemufpw d rf mS owd&&dS if a&SUpdwrf mS
jzpfwchJ E¨mig;yg;udk Nrw J t hJ aeeJY r,lawmhwhJ twGuf
 -27

tEko,udef;vdkY r&awmhbl;/ owdr&SdvdkY&Sd&if

tEko,udavom udef;oGm;wJhtwGuf jyefpOf;
pm;wdik ;f Nrw
J thJ aeeJY pOf;pm;awmhwmyJ/
tJ'DwPSmtjrpfwG,frSawmh tcsdefra&G;
tyif a yguf r ,f / avmbpd w f ? a'gopd w f ?
arm[pdwf udavom jzpfr,f/ udavomjzpf&if
uH j zpf r ,f / uH j zpf & if aemuf b 0? aemuf c E¨ m
tusd K ;ay;r,f / aemuf b 0? aemuf c E¨ m tusd K ;
ay;aeorQ oHo&mb,fawmhrS rqHk;bl;/ 'DoH
o&m rqH;k wmudb k J jrwfpmG bk&m;u 0#fvaYkd c:wm/
'D 0 #f v nf w mu qif ; &J w ,f / 0#f o H k ; yg;qd k w m
udavo0#f? ur®0#f? 0dygu0#fwnf;[laom 0#f
'ku©cyfodrf; oHo&mrD;awmuf? rD;vQHBuD;tNyD;
wdkif Nidrf;Muygapukefownf;qdkNyD; rif;uGef;q&m
awmfb&k m;Bu;D qkay;ygw,f/
 -28

uRefawmfwdkYu oHo&mrD;awmufBuD;udk
rjrifbl;/ oHo&m rD;awmufBuD;qdkwm rD;[kef;
[kef; awmufaewmvdkawmh rsufpdeJYrjrif&bl;/
oHo&mvnfjcif;u qif;&Jw,fqdkwm ÓPfeJYyJ
jrif&wm/ 'Dawmh tEko,udavomudk y,fEdkif
rSvnf; uHutusKd ;ray;wm/ tEko,udavom
ry,f E d k i f o a&G U 'D u H a wG u tusd K ;ay;aer,f /
wpf b 0NyD ; wpf b 0 tusd K ;quf a y;aerS m yJ /
bk&m;&SifyGifhvmwmu 0dyóemw&m;tm;xkwf
Ny;D tEko, udavomtjrpfy,fzYkd yGiv hf mwmyg/
tEko,udavom b,fvdky,frSmwkef;/
a&SUpdwfrSmay:wJhcE¨mudk aemufpdwfu owdjyK
Ed k i f v d k Y & S d & if tEk o ,ud a vomy,f N yD ; om;yJ /
0dyóemÓPfeJYu w'*Fy,fwm/ r*fÓPfurS
tNyD;y,fw,f/ 0dyóemÓPfr&bJeJY r*fÓPf
 -29

b,fawmhrSrvmbl;/ w'*Fy,frvkyfyJeJY tNyD;

y,fvyk v f rYkd &bl;/ 'Dvkd em;vnf&ygr,f/
y#dpöorkyÜg'fqdkwmu Ak'¨&JU(tewå)0g'
jzpfwJh taMumif;eJYtusdK;udk oifwmyJ/ zefqif;
&Sif? wefcdk;&Sifr&Sdbl;/ tvdkvdkjzpfwmvnf;r&Sdbl;/
jzpf o rQwd k i f ; [m taMumif ; t&if ; cH & S d w ,f v d k Y
y#dpo ö rkygÜ 'f½aI xmifu
h oifcw hJ m/ tck owdy|mef
½IaxmifhurS tusifhjzpfwJh a&SUpdwfudk aemuf
pd w f u owd u yf z d k Y oif & wm/ owd y |mef & S d r S
owdonf ÓPftm; a&S;½Ixif&Sm;vmvdrfhr,f/
ÓPfjzpfvmawmh or®m'd|dOD;pD;wJh r*¾if&Spfyg;eJY
edAmÁ efukd rsuaf rSmufjyKEikd yf gr,f/
rSwfcsuf - owdy|mef (4)yg;[lonf um,?
a0'em? pdw?å "r®wüYkd ]wifhw,fonf? csrf;om onf?
N r J o n f ? t w å [ k w f o n f }}[ k xif r S w f a om
 -30

(trS w f o nm) wdkYudk (y,f j cif ; ud p ö N yD ; aponf )

jzpfaomaMumifh owdy|mef (4)yg;[k qdt k yf\/
t&d , r*f Ó Pf w d k Y jzpf a y:aomumvü
rlum; þaAm"dyu©d,w&m;wdkYwGif (ed A Á m ef v Qif
tm&Hk&dSaom) wpfyg;wnf;aom ]owd}udyk if ]um,?
a 0 ' e m ? p d w ? å " r ® }}tp&d S a om av;yg;
aomtm&HkwdkYü (wif h w ,f o nf ? csrf ; omonf ?
NrJonf? twå[kwfonf[k xifrSwfaom trSwf
onm) ponf w d k Y u d k y,f j cif ; ud p ö N yD ; aponf \
tpGrf;jzifh ]owdy|mefav;yg;}[lí qdt k yf\/
(0do'k rd *f - jrefrmjyef? r[mpnf q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D )
(18.12.2014)aeY waumif;ausmif;wdu k f
ü ajymMum;aom a'guf w mpd k ; vG i f (rEÅ a v;)\
eHeufcif; "r®aumufEw k cf suf jzpfygonf/
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