A Summer Internship Project Report

On
Python programming

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
with specialization in
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Under the guidance of

Prof. Minakshi Halder

Submitted by
AVISHEK CHAKRABORTY
Roll No. 0863EC191010
on date 27/11/2021

Submitted to
ACROPOLIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH, INDORE (M.P.)
– 452001
Session: July June 2021
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. Avishek Chakraborty, roll no.0863EC191010 is a student of

B.E. specialization in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Acropolis
Institute of Technology and Research, Indore has presented on Individual training on
“python programming” for the award of Bachelor of Engineering from Rajiv Gandhi
Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya for the academic session 2021-2022

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 Acknowledgement

It is our proud privilege and duty to acknowledge the kind of help and
guidance received from several people in preparation of this report. It would
not have been possible to prepare this report in this form without their
valuable help, cooperation and guidance.

I would like to express my heart full gratitude to KODNEST who helped me in

sharpening my thinking by cheerfully providing challenging comments and
questions. Without the individuals have provided, this project would have lost
much of its refreshing realism. I’m also thankful to the management and all
employees of Acropolis Institute of Technology & Research, Indore. This
project wouldn’t have seen the light of the day without the immense support of
my guide Prof. Minakshi Halder for showing her keen interest, constant
guidance and encouragement throughout, in the completion of this project
without which it would have not been possible to fulfill the requirements of the
project assigned to me.

Last but not the least, we wish to thank our parents for financing our studies
in this college as well as for constantly encouraging us to learn engineering.
Their personal sacrifice in providing this opportunity to learn engineering is
gratefully acknowledgement.
 Table Of Contents

Introduction

1.1 Python...............................................................................................................................1-2

1.2 Scripting Language...........................................................................................................2-3

1.3 Object Oriented Programming.........................................................................................3-3

1.4 History of python..............................................................................................................3-4

1.5 Behind the Scene of Python.................................................................................................... 5-5

Data Types & Operator

3.1 Data Type…………………………..................................................................................5-6

3.2 Variables………………..................................................................................................6-6

3.3 String.................................................................................................................................6-7

3.4 Python Operator................................................................................................................7-8

3.4.1 Arithmetic Operator........................................................................................................8-8

3.4.2 Comparison Operator.....................................................................................................8-9

Tuple & List

4.1 Tuple..............................................................................................................................9-11

4.1.1 Accessing Tuple Values.....................................................................................11-11

4.1.2 Built in Operation................................................................................................11-12

4.1.3 Built in Tuple Functions.....................................................................................12-12

4.2 List.................................................................................................................................12-15

4.2.1 Accessing List Values..........................................................................................15-16

4.2.2 Built in Operation.................................................................................................16-16

4.2.3 Built in Functions................................................................................................16-16

Loops & Conditional Statements

5.1 Loops...........................................................................................................................16-21

5.1.1 Loops Definition...........................................................................................16-17

5.1.2 Loops Example.............................................................................................17-18

5.2 Conditional Statement..................................................................................................18-18

5.21Conditional Statement Definition..................................................................18-18

5.2.2 Conditional Statement Example.................................................................19-20

5.3 Function......................................................................................................................20-20

5.3.1 Syntax & Examples......................................................................................20-21

Uses & Scope of python.

6.1 What can we do With Python?.....................................................................21-21

6.2 Who Uses Python Today?.............................................................................22-22

6.3 Why do People use python?........................................................................23-23
Python

Python is a widely used high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming

language. Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability, and its syntax allows
programmers to express concepts in fewer lines of code than would be possible in
languages such as C++ or Java. The language provides constructs intended to enable clear
programs on both a small and large scale.

Python supports multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative

and functional programming or procedural styles. It features a dynamic type system and
automatic memory management and has a large and comprehensive standard library.
Python interpreters are available for installation on many operating systems, allowing
Python code execution on a wide variety of systems.

Scripting Language

A scripting or script language is a programming language that supports scripts, programs

written for a special run-time environment that automate the execution of tasks that could
alternatively be executed one-by-one by a human operator.

Scripting languages are often interpreted (rather than compiled). Primitives are usually
the elementary tasks or API calls, and the language allows them to be combined into
more complex programs. Environments that can be automated through scripting include
software applications, web pages within a web browser, the shells of operating systems
(OS), embedded systems, as well as numerous games.

A scripting language can be viewed as a domain-specific language for a particular

environment; in the case of scripting an application, this is also known as an
extension language. Scripting languages are also sometimes referred to as very
high-level programming languages, as they operate at a high level of abstraction, or
as control languages.
Object Oriented Programming Language

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept

of "objects", which may contain data, in the form of fields, often known as attributes; and
code, in the form of procedures, often known as methods. A distinguishing feature of
objects is that an object's procedures can access and often modify the data fields of the
object with which they are associated (objects have a notion of "this" or "self").

In OO programming, computer programs are designed by making them out of objects that
interact with one another. There is significant diversity in object-oriented programming, but
most popular languages are class-based, meaning that objects are instances of classes,
which typically also determines their type.

History

Python was conceived in the late 1980s, and its implementation was started in December
1989 by Guido van Rossum at CWI in the Netherlands as a successor to the ABC
language (itself inspired by SETL) capable of exception handling and interfacing with the
Amoeba operating system. Van Rossum is Python's principal author, and his continuing
central role in deciding the direction of Python is reflected in the title given to him by the
Python community, benevolent dictator for life (BDFL).
“Python is an experiment in how much freedom programmers
need. Too much freedom and nobody can read another's code;
too little and expressiveness is endangered.”

- Guido van Rossum

Behind The Scene of Python

About the origin of Python, Van Rossum wrote in 1996:

Over six years ago, in December 1989, I was looking for a "hobby" programming
project that would keep me occupied during the week around Christmas. My office ...
would be closed, but I had a home Computer, and not much else on my hands. I decided
to write an interpreter for the new scripting language I had been thinking about lately: a
descendant of ABC that would appeal to Unix/C hackers. I chose Python as a working
title for the project, being in a slightly irreverent mood (and a big fan of Monty Python's
Flying Circus).
 Data Type

Data types determine whether an object can do something, or whether it just would not
make sense. Other programming languages often determine whether an operation makes
sense for an object by making sure the object can never be stored somewhere where the
operation will be performed on the object (this type system is called static typing). Python
does not do that. Instead, it stores the type of an object with the object, and checks when
the operation is performed whether that operation makes sense for that object

Python has many native data types. Here are the important ones:

Booleans are either True or False.

Numbers can be integers (1 and 2), floats (1.1 and 1.2), fractions (1/2 and 2/3), or even
complex numbers.

Strings are sequences of Unicode characters, e.g., an HTML document.

Bytes and byte arrays, e.g., a JPEG image file.

Lists are ordered sequences of values.

Tuples are ordered, immutable sequences of values.

Sets are unordered bags of values.

Variable

Variables are nothing but reserved memory locations to store values. This means that
when you create a variable you reserve some space in memory.

Based on the data type of a variable, the interpreter allocates memory and decides what
can be stored in the reserved memory. Therefore, by assigning different data types to
variables, you can store integers, decimals or characters in these variables.

Ex: counter = 100 # An integer

assignment miles = 1000.0 # A floating

point name = "John" # A string

String

In programming terms, we usually call text a string. When you think of a string as a
collection of letters, the term makes sense.

All the letters, numbers, and symbols in this book could be a string.

For that matter, your name could be a string, and so could your

address.

Creating Strings

In Python, we create a string by putting quotes around text. For example, we could take our
otherwise useless

• "hello"+"world" "helloworld" # concatenation

• "hello"*3 "hellohellohello" # repetition

• "hello"[0] "h" # indexing

• "hello"[-1] "o" # (from end)

• "hello"[1:4] "ell" # slicing

• len("hello") 5 # size

• "hello" < "jello" 1 # comparison

• "e" in "hello" 1 # search

Python Operator

Arithmetic Operator

Meaning
Operator
Example

+ Add two operands or unary plus x+y

+2

- Subtract right operand from the left or unary minus x-y

-2

* Multiply two operands x*y

/ Divide left operand by the right one (always results into x/y
float)
% Modulus - remainder of the division of left operand by the x % y (remainder
right of x/y)

// Floor division - division that results into whole number x // y

adjusted to the left in the number line

** Exponent - left operand raised to the power of right x**y (x to the

power y)

Comparison Operator

> Greater that - True if left operand is greater than the right x>y

< Less that - True if left operand is less than the right x<y

== Equal to - True if both operands are equal x == y

!= Not equal to - True if operands are not equal x != y

>= Greater than or equal to - True if left operand is greater than or equal x >= y
to the right

<= Less than or equal to - True if left operand is less than or equal to the +x <=
right y
Tuples

A tuple is a sequence of immutable Python objects. Tuples are sequences, just like lists. The
differences between tuples and lists are, the tuples cannot be changed unlike lists and tuples use
parentheses.

Accessing Values in Tuples:

To access values in tuple, use the square brackets for slicing along with the index or
indices to obtain value available at that index. For example − tup1 = ('physics',
'chemistry', 1997, 2000); tup2 = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ); print "tup1[0]: ", tup1[0] print
"tup2[1:5]: ", tup2[1:5]

When the above code is executed, it produces the following result − tup1[0]:

physics tup2[1:5]: [2, 3, 4, 5]

Basic Tuples Operations

Tuples respond to the + and * operators much like strings; they mean concatenation
and repetition here too, except that the result is a new tuple, not a string. In fact, tuples
respond to all of the general sequence operations we used on strings in the prior chapter
−
Python Expression Results Description

len((1, 2, 3)) 3 Length

(1, 2, 3) + (4, 5, 6) (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) Concatenation

('Hi!',) * 4 ('Hi!', 'Hi!', 'Hi!', 'Hi!') Repetition

3 in (1, 2, 3) True Membership

for x in (1, 2, 3): print x, 123 Iteration

Built-in Tuple Functions

Python includes the following tuple functions −

SN Function with Description

1 cmp(tuple1, tuple2) Compares elements of both tuples.

2 len(tuple) Gives the total length of the tuple.

3 max(tuple) Returns item from the tuple with max value.

4 min(tuple) Returns item from the tuple with min value.

5 tuple(seq) Converts a list into tuple.

List

The list is a most versatile datatype available in Python which can be written as a list of
comma- separated values (items) between square brackets. Important thing about a list is
that items in a list need not be of the same type.
Creating a list is as simple as putting different comma-separated values between
square brackets. For example − list1 = ['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000]; list2 =
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ]; list3 = ["a", "b", "c", "d"];

Similar to string indices, list indices start at 0, and lists can be sliced, concatenated and so on.
Accessing Values in Lists:
To access values in lists, use the square brackets for slicing along with the index or indices
to obtain value available at that index. For example − list1 = ['physics', 'chemistry', 1997,
2000]; list2 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ]; print "list1[0]: ", list1[0] print "list2[1:5]: ", list2[1:5]
Output: list1[0]: physics

list2[1:5]: [2, 3, 4, 5]
Update: list = ['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000]; print

"Value available at index 2 : " print list[2] list[2] =

2001; print "New value available at index 2 : " print

list[2]

Output: Value available at index 2 :

1997 New value available at index 2 :
2001
Delete: list1 = ['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000]; print

list1 del list1[2]; print "After deleting value at index 2 : "

print list1

['physics', 'chemistry', 1997, 2000]

Output: After deleting value at index
2 : ['physics', 'chemistry', 2000]
Basic List Operation
Python Expression Results Description

len([1, 2, 3]) 3 Length

[1, 2, 3] + [4, 5, 6] [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] Concatenation

['Hi!'] * 4 ['Hi!', 'Hi!', 'Hi!', 'Hi!'] Repetition

3 in [1, 2, 3] True Membership

for x in [1, 2, 3]: print x, 123 Iteration

Built-in List Functions & Methods:
SN Function with Description

1 cmp(list1, list2) Compares elements of both lists.

2 len(list) Gives the total length of the list.

3 max(list) Returns item from the list with max value.

4 min(list) Returns item from the list with min value.

5 list(seq) Converts a tuple into list.

Python includes following list methods

SN Methods with Description

1 list.append(obj) Appends object obj to list

2 list.count(obj) Returns count of how many times obj occurs in list

3 list.extend(seq) Appends the contents of seq to list

4 list.index(obj) Returns the lowest index in list that obj appears

5 list.insert(index, obj) Inserts object obj into list at offset index

6 list.pop(obj=list[-1]) Removes and returns last object or obj from list

7 list.remove(obj) Removes object obj from list

8 list.reverse() Reverses objects of list in place

9 list.sort([func]) Sorts objects of list, use compare func if given

Loop definition
Programming languages provide various control structures that allow for more complicated
execution paths.
A loop statement allows us to execute a statement or group of statements multiple times. The
following diagram illustrates a loop statement −

Python programming language provides following types of loops to handle looping requirements.

Loop Type Description

while loop Repeats a statement or group of statements while a given
condition is TRUE. It tests the condition before executing the
loop body.

for loop Executes a sequence of statements multiple times and

abbreviates the code that manages the loop variable.

nested loops You can use one or more loop inside any another while,
for or do..while loop.

Loop Example:
For Loop:
>>> for mynum in [1, 2, 3,

4, 5]: print ("Hello", mynum

Hello 1
Hello 2
Hello 3
Hello 4
Hello 5
While Loop:
>>> count = 0 >>while(count< 4):

print 'The count is:', count = count

+1

The count is: 0

The count is:

1 The count
is: 2 The
count is: 3
Conditional Statements:

Decision making is anticipation of conditions occurring while execution of the program and
specifying actions taken according to the conditions.
Decision structures evaluate multiple expressions which produce TRUE or FALSE
as outcome. You need to determine which action to take and which statements to
execute if outcome is TRUE or FALSE otherwise.

Python programming language provides following types of decision- m a k i n g statements. Click

the following links to check their detail.

Statement Description

if statements An if statement consists of a Boolean expression followed

by one or more statements.

if...else statements An if statement can be followed by an optional else

statement, which executes when the Boolean expression
is FALSE.

nested if statements You can use one if or else if statement inside

another if or else if statement(s).
Example:
If Statement:
a=33
b=20
0
If b>a:
print(“b”)
If...Else Statement:
a=200
b=33
if b>a:
print(“b is greater than a”) else:
print(“a is greater than b”)

Function

Function blocks begin with the keyword def followed by the function name and parentheses ( ( )
).
Any input parameters or arguments should be placed within these parentheses. You can
also define parameters inside these parentheses.
The first statement of a function can be an optional statement - the documentation string of the
function.
The code block within every function starts with a colon (:) and is indented.
The statement return [expression] exits a function, optionally passing back an expression to
the caller. A return statement with no arguments is the same as return None.

Syntex:
Def
functionname(parameters):
“function_docstring”
Function_suite
Return[expression]

Example:

Def printme(str):
“this print a passed string into this function” print str
return

1. # Function definition is here

def printme( str ):
"This prints a passed string into this function"
print str return;

# Now you can call printme function printme("I'm first

call to user defined function!") printme("Again second
call to the same function")

SCOPE OF PYTHON

1 - Science
- Bioinformatics

2 - System Administration
- Unix

- Web logic

- Web sphere

3 - Web Application Development

What Can We do With Python?

1 - System programming

2- Graphical User Interface

Programming

3 - Internet Scripting
4 - Component
Integration
5 - Database
Programming
6 - Gaming, Images, XML , Robot and more
WHO USES PYTHON TODAY?
• Python is being applied in real revenue-generating products by real companies.
• Google makes extensive use of Python in its web search system, and employs
Python’s creator.
• Intel, Cisco, Hewlett-Packard, Seagate, Qualcomm, and IBM use Python for hardware
testing.
• ESRI uses Python as an end-user customization tool for its popular GIS mapping products.

WHY DO PEOPLE USE PYTHON?

• The YouTube video sharing service is largely written in Python.
• Python is object-oriented o Structure supports such concepts as
polymorphism, operation overloading, and multiple inheritance.
• Indentation o Indentation is one of the greatest futures in Python.
• It's free (open source) o Downloading and installing Python is
free and easy o Source code is easily accessible
• It's powerful o Dynamic typing o Built-in types and tools o
Library utilities
o Third party utilities (e.g., Numeric, NumPy, SciPy) o
Automatic memory management
• It's portable o Python runs virtually every major platform used
today o As long as you have a compatible Python interpreter
installed, Python programs will run in exactly the same manner,
irrespective of platform.
 Conclusion

I believe the trial has shown conclusively that it is both possible and desirable to use
Python as the principal teaching language:

o It is Free (as in both cost and source code).

o It is trivial to install on a Windows PC allowing students to take their
interest further. For many the hurdle of installing a Pascal or C compiler on
a Windows machine is either too expensive or too complicated;
o It is a flexible tool that allows both the teaching of traditional procedural
programming and modern OOP; It can be used to teach a large number of
transferable skills;
o It is a real-world programming language that can be and is used in academia
and the commercial world;
o It appears to be quicker to learn and, in combination with its many libraries,
this offers the possibility of more rapid student development allowing the
course to be made more challenging and varied;
and most importantly, its clean syntax offers increased understanding and enjoyment
for students.
I have even created a virtual personal assistant with the help of this amazing
programming language named it Silvia. This personal assistant can take few certain
voice commands and execute that.