An Introduction to

Cost Terms and Purposes

 APA ITU BIAYA ?

Sumber daya yang dikorbankan untuk

COST mencapai tujuan tertentu.

COST Sesuatu yang ingin diukur biayanya

OBJECT

COST Unit aktivitas yang menyebabkan

DRIVER perubahan pada biaya
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 Cost Terminology
• Actual Cost – a cost that has occurred
• Budgeted Cost – a predicted cost

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2-3
 Steps in Costing
1. Accumulating Cost
Accumulating costs is the way that costs are
measured and recorded.

2. Assigning Cost

Assigning costs is the way that a cost is linked to

some cost object.
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 Cost Assignment Methods

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 Product Cost
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 Production and Nonproduction Costs

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Product Costs Versus Period Costs
Product costs include Period costs are not
direct materials, direct included in product
labor, and manufacturing costs. They are
overhead. expensed on the
income statement.
Inventory Cost of Good Sold Expense

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Balance Income audio
Income
Sheet Statement Statement
COMPARISON COSTING METHODS

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 INVENTORY VALUATION
Units in beginning inventory 0
Units produced 10,000
Units sold ($300 per unit) 8,000
Variable costs per unit
Direct materials $ 50
Direct labor $100
Variable overhead Variable Selling
Expense $1
Fixed costs
Fixed overhead per unit produced $25
Fixed selling & administrative $100,000

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 How do variable &
absorption costing affect
performance evaluation?

Variable costing ensures that direct

relationship between sales & income
holds whereas absorption costing
does not.

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 Cost Management Systems
• Functional-Based
– Assumes a linear production cost behavior
– Assigns costs to organizational units

• Activity-Based
– Emphasizes tracing over allocation
– Identifies non-unit-based activity drivers

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