STD: XII PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION MARKS: 40

DATE:dd/mm/yyyy EM II SOLUTION DURATION:2½ hrs

Q.1 Fill In The Blanks ( Any Four )

(a) Transformer transforms both voltage and current from primary to secondary. 1

(b) The rotor in universal motor is armature type . 1

(c) Three phase slip ring induction motor has wound rotor. 1

(d) The slip speed of a 4 pole, 50 Hz synchronous motor at its full speed is 0 RPM 1

(e) Synchroscope is used for parallel operation of alternators. 1

(f) Conservator maintains oil level in transformer tank. 1

Q.2 Attempt any three of the following

(a) Explain the construction of C.T. with neat circuit diagram.
Ans)
 (i) Current transformer is step up transformer used in conjunction with low
range ammeter to measure current in high voltage A.C circuits.
(ii) This transformer steps down the current in a known ratio.
(iii) C.T has primary coil of one or more turns of thick wire, connected in series
with the line whose current is to be measured.
(iv) Sec consists of large number of turns of thin wire and is connected to ammeter
terminals.
(v) According to voltage this transformer is step up transformer.
(vi) But it’s obvious that current will be step down.

(b) Which motors are used in

(i) Mixer (ii) Ceiling fan
Ans) (i) Mixer - Universal motor
(ii) Ceiling fan - Capacitor start/ run or shaded pole type

(c) Give the advantages of electric heating.

Ans)
1) Cleanliness –No dust, dirt, ash.
2) Absence of flue gases-No atmospheric pollution.
3) Ease of control-Simple, accurate and reliable temperature control.
4) Automatic protection- Using suitable switchgears, automatic protection against
over currents or over heating can be provided.
5) Uniform heating- Heating with no oxidation is possible.
6) Efficiency is more.
7) Better working condition-Noiseless operation and radiating losses are low.
8) Safety- Safe and respond quickly.
9) Less maintenance.
10) Low attention is required.
11) Operational charges are less.

(d) Name various methods of speed control of 3 phase induction motors.

Ans)
From stator side :
1. Speed control by changing frequency
2. Speed control by changing poles
3. Speed control by changing the applied voltage
From rotor side :
1. Speed control by Rheostatic method
2. Speed change by cascade control
3. By injecting e.m.f. in the rotor circuit.

(e) Write a short note on direct arc furnace.

Ans)
 In Direct arc furnace, charge acts as one of the electrodes and charge is
heated by producing arc between the electrodes and the charge.

1. Electrodes are graphite or carbon

2. Temp is 20000C
3. Cost –cheaper.
4. Operation –simple
5. Uniform temperature
6. Running charges are less.
Application–Production of high grade steel and melting of metals.

Q.3 Attempt any three of the following

(a) Define synchronous speed. Calculate the synchronous speed of 3 phase, 50 Hz, 440 V , 10
Poles induction motor.
Ans)

Def : The speed of rotating magnetic field at a standard frequency is called synchronous
speed (NS). It is given by
NS = 120 f / P
f = Supply frequency in Hz and P = No. of Poles.

Given Data : f = 50 Hz , P = 10
NS = 120 f / P
NS = 120 x 50 / 10
= 600 rpm

(b) Draw neat circuit diagram of single phase energy meter.

Ans)
(c) Explain the working of electrical resonance type frequency with neat
diagram.
Ans)

Working:
1. When the frequency is more than normal the fixed coil has more inductive
reactance ( XL = 2π fL ) therefore less current through fixed coil and more current
through moving coil as capacitive reactance ( XC = 1/ 2πfc ) is less. The moving coil
moves away from the fixed coil such that Xc becomes equal to XL and pointer show
high frequency.
 2. When the frequency is low the X C > X L therefore the moving coil moves
towards the fixed coil such that Xc becomes equal to XL and the pointer shows
low frequency.

(d) Explain the working principle of single phase transformer.

Ans)

1. Transformer works on the principle of mutual induction.

2. When primary winding is excited by AC supply, it will carry primary current I1 and
will produce alternating magnetic flux (Ø). This flux will link with the primary winding
itself to produce self induced emf (E1).
3. This alternating flux will complete its path through the common magnetic core and
will link with the secondary winding, which will induce mutually induced emf (E2) in
secondary winding.
4. These emf will drive secondary current (I2) when load will be connected across it.

(e) Write any four applications of synchronous motor.

Ans)

Poly phase synchronous motor find extensive applications.

1.Power factor correction : Over-excited synchronous motor (synchronous condenser)

having leading power factor are widely used for improving power factor.
2. Constant speed – constant load drives : Driving D.C. generators, rubber mills, textile
mills, pumps, ship-propulsion, compressors.
3.Voltage regulation : Because of inductive loads the voltage at the end of long
transmission lines varies greatly. As a voltage regulator, synchronous motor is used.

Single phase fractional H.P synchronous motors are widely used in clocks and
stroboscope.
Q.4 Attempt any two of the following
(a) 1. Name various methods of finding losses in transformer. Explain any one with
neat circuit diagram.
2. Ans)
1. Tests on transformer(Indirect Methods of testing)
a. For finding out performance of transformer following tests are carried out
b. Open circuit test for finding out core losses.
c. Short circuit test for finding out copper losses.

No load Test or Open circuit Test:

3. The purpose of this test is to determine no load loss or core loss and no load
primary current.
4. One winding of transformer generally HV winding is kept open and other is
connected to supply of normal voltage and frequency.
5. Wattmeter W, Ammeter A, voltmeter V are connected to L.V. winding.
6. With normal voltage applied to primary normal flux will be set up.
7. Normal iron losses will occur in the core which are recorded by wattmeter.
8. As primary no load current Io is small copper losses are negligibly small in
primary& nil in secondary.
9. Hence wattmeter reading represent core loss.
10. High resistance voltmeter is connected across secondary.
11. The reading of voltmeter gives induced emf in secondary.
12. This helps find out Transformation ratio k.
Observation Table :

OR

Short Circuit Test :

a) In this test, one winding; generally low voltage; is solidly short circuited
by a thick conductor or through an ammeter.
b) A low voltage usually 5 to 20% of normal voltage is applied to the primary
 winding.
c) Since in this test applied voltage is small % of normal voltage, flux is also
small % of normal value.
d) Core losses are small and wattmeter represents full load copper loss.
Observation table :

WSC = Copper Loss

(b) Compare slip ring induction motor with squirrel cage induction motor.
Ans)

Squirrel Cage I.M Slip Ring I.M

1. Starting torque is poor
2. Running torque is good
3. Less maintenance is required
4. Capacity is low
5. Speed can be changed by changing poles
6. Used for lathe machine, printing
machine
7.External resistance cannot be added in
the rotor
circuit.
8. Power factor is low 0.6 to 0.8.
9. Mechanically strong.
10. Slip is less.
1. Starting torque is good
2. Running torque is not so good
3. More maintenance is required.
4. Capacity is high
5. speed can be changed by adding
resistance in rotor
circuit
6. Used in lifts, cranes
7. Additional resistance can be added in the
rotor
circuit.
8. Power factor is high 0.8 to 0.9.
9. Mechanically not so strong.
10.Slip is more.
(c) Explain dielectric heating with neat sketch.
Ans)

1.When non-metallic substances such as wood, plastics are subjected to an alternating

current, dielectric loss occurs. The dielectric loss is utilized to heat the non-metallic
substances.
2.When charge in the form of sheet is kept between the two plates connected across
supply, electric capacitance is formed. The heat dissipated due to capacitance is best
utilized.
3.Wooden sheets are glued together by this method. It is also used for food processing
.The contents of tinned food can be easily processed by dielectric heating, without
producing much heat, avoiding any possible damage to the contents.
4.Dielectric loss is proportionalto frequency andvoltage. Frequency is to 10 to 30 MHZ
and voltage is 20 kV to 30 kV.

Applications:-
1. Processing of wood.
2. Textile Industry.
3. Dyeing process.
4. Sterilizing medical material
5. Processing of food:
(i) Roasting of seeds
(ii) Chocolate industries
Q.5 Attempt any two of the following

(a) Compare core type transformer with shell type transformer.

Ans)

Core Type transformer Shell transformer

a) In core type transformer winding surrounds

a considerable part of core
b) Only one magnetic path
c)Leakage flux is less
d)Useful for high voltage a)Core surrounds considerable part of
e)Cooling is effective winding.
f)Easy for repairs b)Two magnetic paths
g)Weight is less c)Leakage flux is more
d)Useful for low voltage
e) Cooling is less effective
f) Difficult for repairs
g) Weight is more

(b) Explain with neat circuit diagram working of D.O.L starter.

Ans)

Direct online starter

1.This is called direct on line starter because when the starters is switched
‘ON’ the motor is connected directly to the supply lines.
2.The working voltage of N.V.C is 440 V
3.It is suitable for motors upto 5 H.P.
4.The starter has a magnetic coil ‘A’ wound on the attracted armature type of
relay. When switch is on it gets energized and the armature ‘B’ is attracted.
 The set of contacts ‘C’ in the contactor are made ‘on’ and supply is given to
the motor.
5.If supply fails the coil releases the armature and motor is disconnected
from supply.
6.If motor is over loaded the strips ‘D’ bend downwards disconnecting the
motor from the supply.

(c) What is meant by calibration? How will you calibrate D.C. voltmeter.
Ans)

Calibration : “Calibration means comparison with the standard instrument to find out
the error in the instrument throughout its range.”
Calibration of voltmeter by comparison methods :

In this both the voltmeters are connected in parallel with a variable rheostat which
varies the voltage to the desired value. At different positions the standard and faulty
values are noted. Error and percentage error can be found out.

(a) Circuit diagram

Vs - standard voltmeter

Vf - Faulty voltmeter
Error = Vs −Vf

𝑉𝑆−𝑉𝑓
% Error = X 100
𝑉𝑠

Sr. No. Vs Vf Error = Vs −Vf % Error =

𝑉𝑆−𝑉𝑓
X 100
𝑉𝑠

If the error is negative the meter is fast.

If the error is positive the meter is slow.
Accordingly the values can be added or added or subtracted from the readings obtained
 after using faulty meter. The following Graph can be plotted :

Q.6 Attempt any two of the following

(a) Define synchronising. What is the necessity of parallel operation of

alternators ? Explain the conditions for parallel operation of alternator.
Give the names of methods of synchronising.
Ans)
Definition of Synchronization of Alternators : The operation of connecting an
alternator in parallel with another alternator or with common bus-bars is known as
synchronizing.

Necessity of parallel operation of Alternators :

1. If the load demand of electric power is increased then 2nd ,3rd set of alternator
can be switched on for sharing the increased demand of power.

2.This is economical to run two smaller units with full capacity at higher
efficiency rather than one larger unit on low load with lesser efficiency.

3. For repair and routine maintenance work stand - by alternator may be switched
on.

4. In case of fault stand by machine can be introduced and faulty machine can be
disconnected.
Conditions for parallel operation :

1. Phase sequence of the incoming machine must be the same as phase

sequence of the running machine or bus-bars.

2. Frequency of the incoming machine must be the same as bus-bar.

3. Voltage of the incoming machine must be the same as bus-bar voltage.

Phase sequence can be checked by synchronoscope or phase sequence indicator

or 3-lamp methods. Frequency can be checked by frequency meter. Voltage can
be checked by suitable for voltmeter.
 Methods of Synchronization :

1. Lamp Dark Method

2. Lamp Bright Method

3. By Synchronoscope

(b) A 100 KVA transformer has full load copper loss of 3 KW. Iron loss of 2 KW.Find the
efficiency of the transformer at ---
(i) Full load unity power factor
(ii) Half load 0.5 power factor
Ans) Given data - KVA = 200 F.L.Cu loss = 3 KW Iron loss = 2 KW
(i) % Efficiency at full load =

𝐊𝐕𝐀 𝐑𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐗 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐗 𝐂𝐎𝐒 ∅

𝐊𝐕𝐀 𝐑𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐗 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐗 𝐂𝐎𝐒 ∅+𝐏𝐢+𝐏𝐜𝐮 (𝐅.𝐋)
𝐗 𝟏𝟎𝟎 ------- 1 mark

𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑿 𝟏
= 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟎 ------- 1 mark
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑿 𝟏+ 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 +𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎

= 95.24 % ------- 1 mark

(i) % Efficiency at Half load =

𝟎.𝟓 𝐗 𝐊𝐕𝐀 𝐑𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐗 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐗 𝐂𝐎𝐒 ∅

𝟎.𝟓 𝐗𝐊𝐕𝐀 𝐑𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐗 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐗 𝐂𝐎𝐒 ∅+𝐏𝐢+𝐏𝐜𝐮 (𝐇.𝐋)
𝐗 𝟏𝟎𝟎 --1/2 mark

𝟏
Pcu at half load = Pcu(F.L) X ( ) 2 ------- 1/2 mark
𝟐

Pcu at half load = 0.75 KW ------- 1/2 mark

𝟎.𝟓 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑿 𝟎.𝟓

= 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟎 ------- 1/2 mark
𝟎.𝟓 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑿 𝟎.𝟓 + 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 +𝟕𝟓𝟎

= 90.09 % ------- 1 mark

(c) Explain why synchronous motors are not self starting ? What are methods of
starting. Explain any one in brief.
Ans)

1. When a 3- phase stator winding is fed by 3- phase supply then a magnetic flux of constant
 magnitude but rotating at synchronous speed is produced.
2. D.C. voltage from exciter is supplied through brushes and slip rings to the rotor. Thus rotor poles
are formed as N and S.
3. Suppose the stator poles are at that instant situated at points A and B, the two similar poles N of
rotor and Ns of stator as well as S and Ss will repel each other and rotor tends to rotate in the
anticlockwise direction as shown in the figure.
4. But half a period later, stator poles having rotated around interchange their position. Ns attracts
S and Ss attracts N. Hence, rotor tends to rotate clockwise as shown in (a)

5. Rotor is not subjected to unidirectional torque owing to large inertia. Rotor cannot respond
to such quickly reversing torque with the result it remains stationary.
Different methods of starting synchronous motor.
1. PROVIDING DAMPER WINDINGS –

1. Damper winding consist of copper bars placed in slots provided on pole faces of salient rotor poles.

2. These copper bars are short circuited with the help of short circuiting ring on both the ends.

3. This winding is similar to squirrel cage winding.

4. At starting, field winding is kept unexcited and motor is not loaded. Three phase voltage is applied to
stator winding.
5. The rotating flux produced links with short circuited damper winding and induces emf in it as per
Faradays first law of electromagnetic induction.
6. Motor starts as a three phase induction motor.

7.When it acquires near to synchronous speed the D.C. excitation is switched ON and the motor is pulled
into synchronism and runs as synchronous motor. This motor is called as Induction start synchronous run
motor.

2. USE OF PONEY MOTOR – It is a small induction motor which can be geared to the synchronous
motor. This induction motor drives the synchronous motor and when the speed is nearly
synchronous speed the
D.C. excitation is made on to the rotor, the motor pulls up into synchronism at the same time the
induction motor is switched off and may be disconnected detaching its gearing.

3. EXCITER USED AS A D.C. MOTOR – Exciter can be run as a D.C. motor. Supply may be separately
available. This will drive the synchronous motor up to the required synchronous speed then the
exciter is switched ON and the rotor is pulled into synchronism.

4. D.C. GENERATOR AS A LOAD OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR CAN BE RUN AS D.C. MOTOR – The (load)D.C.
generator is run as a D.C. motor to drive the rotor of synchronous motor, when the rotor of
synchronous motor reaches synchronous speed the exciter is switched ON and the rotor is
pulled into synchronism. Now the same synchronous motor drive this D.C. generator.