ethical concerns about extinctionfactorTopics for panel discussion 

(Test 2)
1. What are some of the reasons that a species become threatened or extinct? What
are some examples of conservation efforts? Discuss. 
2. Give an example of a historical site, a document, or an artefact. Discuss the benefits
of studying history. 
3. What is your viewpoint about gene editing? Discuss.  
4. How important are business strategies to the success of a company? Discuss the
effects of one of the following: pricing, marketing, company goals, mergers and
acquisitions. Include an example of a company that you know. 
5. Discuss the effects of global warming.
6. Based on your knowledge of fluid dynamics, do you think the size and frequencies of
tsunamis will change because of global warming. Discuss.

It’s good to see you all here.

There are ….. members in our team. We are ….(your names here)
My topic is … There are …parts in our presentation:……

welcome back to the podcast mammal world

I'm here was Doctor Kate Goodman and we're talkin about elephants please continue to
explain to our audience how are elephants different from other animals
first elephants are the largest land mammal on earth and they have the biggest brain of any
land animal that ever lived
this makes them really intelligent so they're also able to make and use tools
they're also very social and family relationships are important to them
they like to be with other elephants but males and females live in different social worlds
which is a little unusual for social animals
the female is the matriarch she's the boss the one with the most power in the herd
herd of elephant grandmother's sisters daughters and babies usually stay together their
whole lives but males almost always leave and live alone or in male herds
it's really interesting that elephants are matriarchal
elephant lives are far from easy
they need to make a lot of daily decisions
it's the female leader who does this
she needs to build and keep close relationships with everyone in her herd
a matriarch has to care for and be liked by all so that when problems come up the herd will
follow her
the amazing thing is that elephants understand how important it is to help and care for one
another like us
sometimes the decisions are more serious
they are a matter of life and death therefore she needs to have the most knowledge and
experience to help her her survive
and that's why she's often the oldest and largest
 OLDUVAI GORGE MACHU PICCHU

-The fossils found in Olduvai Gorge have
told us something about our origin
-They didn't have a written language
-Modern humans evolved in Africa about
200,000 years ago
- archaeologists have difficulty often have
both modern and ancient characteristics
fossils of many other older human species
have been found in Africa
- hominids lived side-by-side
Question:
-Which of these species led to Homo
sapiens and which ones died out
- Did Homo sapiens come from one or more
than one of those species and where did
this happen
● didn't have a written language which
makes it difficult to be sure what
really happened in Machu Picchu
● it was built by the Inca
● Not sure what it was built for and
why there are many different ideas
● it was for royal families to enjoy as
well as to hide from their enemies
or maybe it was for astronomers to
study the night sky
● a good reason that the Inca chose
to build Machu Picchu in that special
but very difficult location
● There's the other mystery of why
after all that work the Inca
suddenly left after only 100 years.
● Some archaeologists believe it as
he's killed all the people
● To this day Machu Picchu is still a
mysterious archaeological site a lot
of unanswered questions

elephants are huge and powerful animals

adults weigh about 10,000 pounds that's the weight of more than 60 people and as you may
know some people use them to help with work today I'm going to look at how humans and
elephants live and work together
to people it seems that all elephants are the same but in fact each one is different, some are
leaders, some are less popular, some more social etcetera
Studies have shown that elephants have an understanding of who they are and what their
place is in the herd
we also know that they're able to communicate this social information to one another
they are animals with very strong emotions which can be seen in the soft loving touch of a
mother's trunk on her calf or in the anger of an elephant bulb fighting an enemy
the fact that elephants have large Social Circles and develop friends is unusual in the animal
world
they also help one another in times of need and are known to do the same for humans and
other animals

Sure go ahead you just said that elephants care about people but I've heard stories where
elephants hurt people sometimes destroying their home
why would they do that if they are so empathetic
 Not that long ago the answer to that question would have simply been those elephants are
crazy but scientists have been studying elephants have begun to see that they almost only
attack people when they've been hurt by them in the past so a new thinking is that
elephants choose who and what to attacked
what we're discovering is it elephants decide to attack after something bad happened to
them and that's quite amazing if you think about it
for example if a group of humans hunter to herd of elephants the elephants will fight back
but they do not always do this right away instead they often attack at a later time
elephants feel something and then planned to do something about it in the future
so they can be empathetic sure but they can also get angry and violent as well this also
shows that they are very intelligent they can plan an attack not just react right away
anyway in normal situations elephants live in nature so living around humans isn't exactly
natural and sometimes people make them work
therefore if elephants decide not to do what we want we're the ones in trouble but usually
they don't

I'm going to talk about the different elephant groups

first there's the family an elephant family is the smallest group in elephant society
this family consists of as many as 50 elephants with a few mothers then there are bonding
groups these are groups of two or more families
they are usually greater than 50 individuals total
families and bond groups all share the same land in good season when there's a lot of food
and water multiple family and or bond group meetup to become one big group called a clan
a clan can consist of several 100 elephants and they move around together eating looking
for water and being social
it's possible to that more than one clan will get together but either way during these times
they meet old friends and make new ones elephants have also been known to change clans,
bond groups and families after these meetings
I find this behavior of getting together as a clan very interesting so I want to ask you what do
you think it says about elephants
well you said and I also read that clans only come together in good season so that means a
lot time may pass before some elephants see one another
the fact that they can remember each other after a long time shows me that they have good
memory also elephants must be very good at having relationships with others outside their
family
how else could they come together after such a long time apart and because they change
families they must know how to create and maintain new relationships
interesting, there able to recognize other elephants and places after many many years
they're also known for being very empathetic animal that is they care for each other both
inside and outside the family
1 What are some advantages and disadvantages of de-extinction

M: Today we will discuss the issue of advantages and disadvantages of de-extinction .

M: First we will talk about the advantages of de-extincion , N1 , I want to hear you.

+ N1 có thể trả lời: There may be environmental benefits to consider with extinction. There
are a number of damaged and threatened ecosystems around the world that are struggling
with plant and animal extinction. If we follow this process, the advantage to consider includes
recovery. By creating the balance in the biome again that nature needs, we could see some
environmental benefits begin to develop.

M: Oh that’s sound great , and N2 , What do you think about N1’s Answer.

+N2 có thể trả lời : I completely agree with that opinion but I want to add more.
It could help to reduce or eliminate some of the issues that we are encountering in the world
today when there are too many predators or too much prey. It also provides a unique
opportunity to experience the past. There is a definite advantage to consider when getting to
hang out with the species that have been gone for hundreds, if not thousands, of years. To see
them alive and kicking again would be a tremendous accomplishment for humanity.

M: Oh, that right and that is the advantages of de - extincion , what about disadvantages ?
N3 , can you answer for us ?

+N3 có thể trả lời: I think your comments are very good but i would like to add some of my
ideas about the downside of extinction is that now one of the main reasons why animals go
extinct is man-made to exploit them. For example, seaweed, they are one of the plants that
help the earth balance its ecosystem, but humans are destroying them quickly, causing the
sea to pollute the aquatic species. can live. If we begin the work of perdition, aren't we still
exploiting life for purposes that are exclusive to us?

M: Oh, I think everything has its good and bad sides . When we carefully examine the pros and
cons of de-extinction, it is clear that there are open-ended conclusions that both sides can
draw upon as they make their argument . but I think de-extincion more beneficial . It gives us
the foundation for more technological advances and the information generated from
glotinction would help us preserve more species. Since then we know how to protect the
animal world and help the earth become more beautiful

2 What can we do to protect wildlife? Should school teach children about protecting wildlife

M: We all know that Wild animals are extremely valuable natural resources, making an
important contribution to creating ecological balance and ensuring a healthy living
environment for humans. Therefore, the elders must have the responsibility to protect wild
animals and create habitats for these animals to be preserved and developed.
And do you know what we can do to protect them? N1
+N1 có thể trả lời là : First, for me to protect wildlife we need stricter regulations to protect
natural areas and the wildlife that live there. For example, we should stop cutting down trees
in the rain forest. National parks are a good idea because they attract tourists while protecting
wildlife.

M: Oh, yes , I can agree more , and N2, how about you ?

+ N2 có thể trả lời là : Second, I think in order to protect wildlife we should stop destroying
natural habitats and propagate the protection of wild animals. such as tigers, rhinoceros,
elephants. The pollution and waste that we create also has an effect on animals

M: Yes, that’s right, and I think that school teach children about protecting wildlife.

N3 có thể trả lời là : Of course, it is very necessary. children should learn to take care of the
natural environment I think schools have taught children about endangered species and the
destruction of rainforests, so hopefully future generations will better job of protecting wildlife

3 Human intelligence is defined by our ability to solve problems, use tools, plan for the
future, and much more. Do you think animals are intelligent?
M: I want to say that I agree with all of you that animals are very intelligent species. Many
animals have special cognitive abilities that allow them to excel in their particular habitat, but
they are not usually solve new problems. For examble, Parrots are thought to be as smart as a
human child. These birds solve puzzles and also understand the concept of cause and effect. It
can copy what people say. Is that right ? N1, what do you think ?

N1 có thể trả lời: - I like your opinion and I would like to add something about intelligent like
pigs, it can solve mazes, understand and display emotions, and understand symbolic language.
Piglets grasp the concept of reflection at a younger age than humans. Six-week-old piglets that
see food in a mirror can work out where the food is.

M: Yeah, most of them have their own perception and language , hey N2 , can you tell more
about a certain animal.

N2 có thể trả lời : Of course, I will talk about gorillas ,This is one of the most intelligent
animals in the wild. According to scientists, they possess incredible intelligence when they can
create and use tools to hunt in groups. In addition, chimpanzees are also capable of handling
many complex personal problems. Some studies also show that this animal also has the ability
to learn sign language to communicate with humans, they can also remember someone's
name even though they have not seen each other for many years.

N3: That’s sound grade, N3 , I will tell you about dolphin They are known to be one of the
smartest animals in the world. According to the researchers, dolphins have complex social
bonding behaviors. They organize the herd, set up a hunting strategy and assign the roles of
individuals in the herd to spy and watch out for the enemy. In addition, dolphins have the
ability to acquire language and empathize. This animal can save the lives of many people in
danger or mourn for their fellow human beings when a member of the flock dies.
4 More wild animals are in danger of being extinct in the 21st century. Some people think
that preventing these wild animals from dying out is a waste of resource. To what extent do
you agree or disagree.

M: More wild animals are in danger of being extinct in the 21st century. Some people think
that preventing these wild animals from dying out is a waste of resource. To what extent do
you agree or disagree , N1 , I want to hear you
+ N1 có thể trả lời : The government provides funds and other support so they can be saved.
This is only because they feel that every animal or plant has the right to be saved. Each animal
has its own role to support the environment. So, just like humans, animals are equally
important in ecosystems and have the right to live equally. For example, we can see
threatened animals such as tigers and rhinos, they can also be killed for their parts for sale.

M: Exacly , N2 , do you agree with N1?

+ N2 có thể trả lời: I would like to add to N1's comments, investing in the conservation of
other life forms will have a positive impact on human society in the long run. The ecology of
this planet is complex because all living things, regardless of their size, interact with each
other. Provided a species is extinct, there is a direct impact on nearby plants or animal groups,
which can lead to ecosystem disruptions. As a result, people may suffer unexpected natural
disasters caused by broken chains

M: All of you are right, stopping wildlife protection could mean that we ourselves are
threatening our future as a species, so financial support for nature conservation is not a waste
of money. The role Wildlife is an extremely valuable natural resource, making an important
contribution to creating ecological balance and ensuring a healthy living environment for
humans. Therefore, the elders must have the responsibility to protect wild animals and create
habitats for these animals to be preserved and developed.

5. Do you think we can learn about modern societies by studying our past?
Leader: Good morning everyone, today we have a small discussion about history. I think the
topic of studying the past is a rather interesting topic. We have discovered the origin of human
from East Africa. And before talking about this topic, I think we need to know what is history?
Member 1: In my opinion, history is the knowledge and study of the past. History is the story of
who we are, where we come from, and has the potential to reveal where we are headed.
History is important to learn as it’s essential for all of us to understand. Yourself and the world
around you. I think that!
Leader: What about your guys, do you agree with .1.?
Member 2: I agree with .1. Furthermore, history helps us to understand today's problems by
asking deeper questions about why things are the way they are. Studying history allows us to
observe and understand how people behave and society. For example, we are able to evaluate
war, even when a nation is at peace, by looking back at previous events.
Leader: Yes, thanks .1., .2. With history, we can know who we are? where we from? And we can
understand more information in the past.
So what are the advantages of studying our past?
Member 3: I think studying the past will help us to explain the origin of everything and tell us
more about human evolution. For example, studies of fossils excavated from the Olduvai Gorge
site have demonstrated that humans originated in East Africa, and the Machu Picchu site
suggests that humans have been using simple tools for 500 years ago.
Leader: I think your comment is great. Now, just to summarize, I’d you to take a look at the main
point again. From studies of the past, we can explain the origin and formation of some ancient
civilizations and i can be sure that we can learn about modern societies by studying our past

6. Should we do experiments on animals. What would happen when some species become
extinct?
Leader: Animal experiments are known as experimental research methods that help and
develop many fields, especially treatment before applying to humans. Let's learn about animal
testing, so you can see a variety of things. First, do you think it's ethical to experiment on
animals?
Member1: From an ethical point of view, animal experiments are considered cruel and
inhumane. Animals used in experiments are often forced to eat, live in conditions of lack of food
and water, and are traumatized to study the healing process. I think it terrible.
Leader: Do you agree with .1.?
Member2: I agree with .1. but animal experiments also have many benefits: Animal experiments
have greatly contributed to the development of many treatments and saving lives. And when
the animals were tested, we had pain relief and died painlessly. I think this sacrifice is worth it.
Leader: Yes, thank .1.,.2. animal experiments is not humane and it’s achievements also change
our minds. But if we keep experimenting like this. What would happen when some species
become extinct?
Member3: If we test on animals without control, extinction will happen. More or less it will
affect the ecosystem and will affect human health. Some species may lose food or plants may
die without the animal . It's something we don't want to happen, so let's do it in allow.
Leader: Yes, I think everyone's opinions are reasonable. Animal experiments have certain
advantages and disadvantages, but medical history demonstrates the importance of these
experiments. Therefore, the "should or should not" debate on animal experiments has so far
been unresolved.

7 Do you think it is important to study history? And why are there many children who do
not like to learn history? Suggest some ways to motivate students to learn history at school.
Leader: During my high school days, perhaps the most impressive subject was History. Much
impressed by the History subject showing the heroic wars to protect the country. And I think
history is important. Through history, we can learn how past societies, systems, governments,
cultures and technologies were built, how they operated, and how they have changed. The rich
history of the world helps us to paint a detailed picture of where we stand today. But nowadays,
some students don't like to study history, what do you think about it?
Member 1: In my opinion, determined history is also a difficult subject to learn, because it takes
a lot of memory, especially events associated with numbers over the years. This subject is too
bored. The date/month/year data and the content are easy to make listeners feel sleepy. And
some students say it has no practical application.
Leader: Yes, memory, bored, not practical. Those are the problems! So what should we do to
motivate students to study history at school?
Member 2: History is one of the most interesting subjects, but only if teachers find effective
teaching techniques to convey information, develop thinking for their students. We can connect
history with life. let's try out activities such as visiting the Museum, to the ruins to try working as
a historian. Where students can interact directly with some of the events and interact with the
artifacts.
Member 3: I agree with .2.. We need to innovate teaching methods, bring it closer to life. use
documentaries, audio materials, or study in the field. We can create games about history in the
lesson. It will help students remember and retain information more easily. So let's make our
students love History more because History deserves it!

8 What are some benefits of learning about ecology?

Leader: Good morning everyone, today we have a small discussion about ecology. I think the
topic of Ecology is a rather interesting topic. Before talking about it, we need to understand the
definition of Ecology. Ecology is the study of the relationships between living organisms,
including humans, and their physical environment. Ecology considers organisms at the
individual, population, community and ecosystems. Ecology is a branch of biology. So what are
the benefits of learning ecology?
Member 1: In my opinion, when we learn about ecology, we learn many important things in life
about climate stability, clean air, ecosystems that provide oxygen, water and food. In addition,
the ecosystem is also the habitat of wild animals. It ensures water source.
Leader: Do you agree with .1.?
Member 2: That’s right, and I think Ecology provides new knowledge of the interdependence
between people and nature that is vital for food production, maintaining clean air and water,
and sustaining biodiversity in a changing climate.
Leader: Yes, thank .1., .2.. Learning about ecology, we know more about the role of ecology and
dependence between human and nature. What do you think .3.
Member 3: I think everyone's opinions are reasonable. Ecology is a subject that plays a very
important role in the life of organisms. It creates the principles and orientations for human
activities towards nature in order to develop an increasingly advanced civilization in its modern
sense, that is, without damaging the world's life and quality of the environment. Each of us
should learn about ecology!

TRS401 SPEAKING QUESTIONS

INTRUCTIONS.
There are two parts in the speaking test.
Part 1: Panel Discussion
A group of 3 to 4 students randomly picks up a topic from the list. They have 3 minutes for
preparation and 5 minutes for their discussion.

Part 2: Individual Response

There are 26 questions for Individual Response. Choose one for each student and the amount
of time for this session is from 1 to 2 minutes.

PART 1

9.What environmental problem concerns you the most? What are

the causes, effects and solutions for this?
- Global warming is the long-term heating of Earth's climate system, primarily
fossil fuel burning, which increases heat-trapping greenhouse gas levels in Earth's
atmosphere.
- Causes: Global warming occurs when carbon dioxide (CO2) and other air
pollutants collect in the atmosphere and absorb sunlight and solar radiation that
have bounced off the earth’s surface.
- Effects: Global warming is increasing and make extreme weather. For
example, warming is causing more rain to fall in heavy. Heat waves have become
more frequent and intense, while very cold days have decreased.
“Global warming” refers to the rise in global temperatures due mainly to the
increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. “Climate
change” refers to the increasing changes in the measures of climate over a
long period of time – including precipitation, temperature, and wind patterns.

10.Why is 'design thinking' important for user's experience with

products, apps or services?
Design Thinking, much like the user experience design process, helps designers
identify the most pressing needs of users. It also address complicated design issues
from multiple angles. Making a product or website useful, easy to use, and
enjoyable.

11Many people believe that zoos are cruel and should be

prohibited to operate. Other, however, believe that they have the
ability to protect animals. Which idea do you support?
I think the zoo has both a good side and a bad side. For example, when the animals
are at the zoo they can receive dedicated care, food and medical treatment.
But when at the zoo they have to live in a confined environment, not free. And this is
pretty bad.
But also because there is a zoo, children can see animals in real life.
And that is my opinion. Anyway, everything has two sides.
12Do you agree that creating HYBRID ANIMALS is against nature
and that it may lead to negative effects? Give examples to support
your view.
I agree with this idea. For example, on a farm in Southern California, USA, people are
currently raising a special type of mouse. They look no different from normal mice, but
inside they have human neuron.
Although the rat brain contains less than 1% of the human brain, the mice have built better
structures to fight neurological diseases. However, public opinion has also raised many
questions, for example, if the mouse brain contains 100% of the human brain, where will
the disasters go, especially ethical issues.

13For some people learning about history does not have huge value
in the modern world. Do you agree or disagree?
I do not agree with this opinion because history is very important to people, history has
great value in any era. Only through history we know why we appeared, only through
history we know about ancient cultural values, and know about our ancestors.
Just like in our country Vietnam, through history, we can understand the heroic battles for
the nation, thereby showing respect to the previous generation.

14In this modern world, people believe that saving endangered

species is just a waste of time, energy, money and effort. To what
extent do you agree or disagree?
I disagree because saving endangered animals helps us better understand the animal
world, helps maintain biodiversity, balances ecosystems and helps future
generations can see rare animals in real life.
And above all, this is an extremely moral act that everyone should participate in. This
activity can help us to love and understand animals better.

15In Vietnamese Education, is studying history important? How can

teachers teach history in a more interesting way?
In Vietnam, learning history is very important. History helps each person understand their
own values and national identity. Above all, Vietnam's history is very heroic, we study
history to show respect to the previous generation who brought us peace with blood and
tears, with fierce battles.
To make learning history more interesting, I think teachers can use mind maps, create eye-
catching slides and add games to the lesson, using lots of videos and vivid images.
16"Genetic Engineering can make the life of humans better." Do
you agree or disagree?
In my point of view, I support gene editing because gene editing brings many benefits.
And more than that, we are in a very advanced era in medicine and technology. So I
think gene editing will be very popular one day.
For example, gene editing technology is known as a future solution to improve
productivity and quality of agricultural products. Many countries that approve gene
editing technology like Brazil, Indonesia,...
There are a number of plants like corn that have been genetically modified to protect
themselves against pests and weather
Gene editing could make people smarter, prevent disease and even help them live
longer in the future.
And another great thing about genetic modification is that it can prevent extinction. I
believe that it can give us important knowledge about what species became extinct.
Perhaps this technology will be popular in the future and help people solve many
problems. That’s all. Thank you.

17Are you in favor of animal experimentation? What would happen

if some animals disappear on earth?
I'm not in favor of animal experimentation because it's ethically relevant. Animals
provide biodiversity and it would be terrible if one species disappeared.
We should also remember how much biodiversity makes us feel happy! Everyone enjoys a
walk in the woods, or visiting a nature reserve, or even watching our favorite animals on
television. Think how miserable it would be if there weren't so many animals and plants to
share the world with!
1. In some cities, large part of lands is preserved for historical reasons. Some people
believe that these lands should be transformed into modern infrastructure instead.
Do you agree or disagree?

18 Discuss some advantages and disadvantages of genetic

engineering. Explain your viewpoints with specific reasons and
examples.
In my point of view, I support gene editing because gene editing brings many benefits.
And more than that, we are in a very advanced era in medicine and technology. So I
think gene editing will be very popular one day.
For example, gene editing technology is known as a future solution to improve
productivity and quality of agricultural products. Many countries that approve gene
editing technology like Brazil, Indonesia,...
There are a number of plants like corn that have been genetically modified to protect
themselves against pests and weather
Gene editing could make people smarter, prevent disease and even help them live
longer in the future.
And another great thing about genetic modification is that it can prevent extinction. I
believe that it can give us important knowledge about what species became extinct.
Perhaps this technology will be popular in the future and help people solve many
problems. That’s all. Thank you.

19 If rich people can take advantage of CRISPR (Gene editing to

become smarter, faster, stronger) this will create an unfair society.
Do you agree or disagree?
I don’t agree with this statement. Because rich people have the right to use their assets the
way they want. They have the right to use gene-editing technology if authorized. However,
when they use this technology they will also have to accept risks. Because each of us has a
unique set of genes that are suitable for each body. Gene editing on humans will have both
good and bad sides but this is an individual decision based on their financial ability. So it
cannot be said that this makes society unfair.

20How do humans negatively affect animals? What are some ways

to protect them?
Humans have a lot of negative effects on animals. For example, humans use a lot of land, cut
down forests, burn forests, causing animals to lose places to live, lose food sources, making
it difficult for them to survive. Some species are also hunted illegally.
We need to be aware of the importance of animals and join hands to protect them. By
spreading the word about the importance of animals, teach the next generation to love and
care for animals because animals play an important role in ecosystems around the world.

2. What are effective business ways to reach your customers?

An effective business way to reach customers is to focus on customer reviews, along with
good UX, good promotion strategy. And also should focus on the design of the product,
understand what the customer really needs and create your own brand.
For example Apple, they did a very good job at this, they made customers mention tablets
using the word ipad instead of the tablet. It was a huge success for this brand.

3. In recent years, hunting is being practiced to control the population of the animals,
like the dolphins in Taiji, Japan. What do you think are the moral and social issues
this act has brought to the global community especially the animal activist? Do you
agree/disagree with this practice? Why?
I agree with this action. Controlling the number of hunts is ethically significant. Doing this
helps protect animals from extinction, helping to preserve the world's biodiversity.
Especially for animal activists, they can protect animals thanks to everyone's help, the job
will be easier.
 4. Our everyday experiences are based on how we interact with nature. As a person,
how do you connect to your environment as part of a system called ecology? Share
some of your best practices that you think makes you a responsible human being,
and why?

5. Discuss some possible steps to produce a successful class presentation.

6. Discuss some ways of protecting natural habitats for us and our next generations.
The government should enact stricter laws on environmental protection.

PART 2
1. If you were an animal, would you like to live in a zoo or the wild?
2. What is DNA? Why is DNA important to us?
3. Why do you think more and more species of animals are becoming endangered
today?
4. Would you like to edit your DNA to be smarter and/or look better?
5. What makes a good design?
6. What are the challenges of starting your own business? Give examples.
7. People say that user experience is better than design. Do you agree?
8. Do you agree that technology improves business through innovation?
9. Explain 2 ways businesses make money.
10. What is an ethical concern of the issue of de-extinction?
11. Why are lakes important?
Lakes are of great importance to mankind. They regulate the flow of river. During the rainy
season, they prevent flooding and during the dry season they help to maintain the flow of
water. They moderate the climate of the surrounding areas and maintain an aquatic
ecosystem and help in developing tourism.

UNIT1: ENDANGERED SPECIES.

1. What is DNA? Why is it important for life?
- DNA is an extremely important molecule for not only humans, but for most other
organisms. DNA contains genetic material and genes - that's what makes us unique.
- DNA, abbreviation of deoxyribonucleic acid, is an organic chemical of complex
molecular structure that is found inẽ all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and in many
viruses. DNA codes genetic information for the transmission of inherited traits.
- DNA contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive and
reproduce. To carry out these functions, DNA sequences must be converted into messages
that can be used to produce proteins, which are the complex molecules that do most of the
work in our bodies.
2. Would you like to change your DNA to be smarter? Why? Why not?
I think I’m not interested in changing my own DNA to be better because it makes my body
less stable. Each individual has a different type of genes, and each gene is suitable for this
body. If we try to change it and don’t care about the connection of the gene, it’s very
dangerous for the body; and not luckily, you can die.
3. Would you take Consequentialist approach or Deontological approach to judge an
action? Why?
I think I’ll take deontological approach to judge an action. When any actions are discussed,
the rules and humanity are the most important. If they’re tested and implemented without
many criteria, if it suddenly fails, these actions can’t continue, and many people won’t
approve them because they don’t ensure they’re safe and convenient for customers.

4. Are you for or against CRISPR (a gene editing technology)?

I’m for CRISPR because it’s very potential and useful. With the advanced development,
scientists and researchers can explore and find more new methods and technologies in gene
editing - they’ll make it safe, useful and accessible to everyone in the world.

5. What are the dangers and benefits of gene editing?

● Dangers:
- It would change how we would need to approach population control.
A longer life isn’t always practical. We might open the doors to having more children,
require higher levels of medical care for a longer time, and increase the economic costs of
each family unit. There could be problems with job availability, economic disparity, and a
lack of agricultural space to support everyone.
- It would reduce the amount of genetic diversity in the world.
If we start eliminating the potential diseases and illnesses that are currently part of our
genome, then the amount of genetic diversity in the human race would slowly fade. Human
genetic editing could help to delay the fade that would undoubtedly result over time, but it
would not erase it entirely.
- It does not eliminate the risk of a mistake happening.
Small changes to a growing baby could have a disruptive effect that we might be unable to
predict with our current resources. Changing the genetic profile to eliminate disease might
create miscarriages, birth defects, or a greater risk of stillbirth. That’s why a careful
approach to this subject is absolutely necessary.
● Benefits:
- We could get rid of hereditary disease.
There are numerous diseases that require a genetic predisposition for their existence. That
means a person’s risk for developing cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, and other problems can
be reduced because of this technology. Even smaller issues, such as eczema, could be
resolved because of this proactive intervention. It could lead to treatments for people who
are born without them as well.
- Food requirements could be changed through human genetic engineering.
This technology could help us to solve the looming food insecurity problems as our
population grows because we could engineer profiles that have fewer food requirements.
We could reduce our destruction of natural habitats, stop overgrazing, and even make the
items we eat healthier because of how the food interacts at a cellular level.
- Every child would have a chance to be born healthy.
Human genetic engineering can stop illness or disease before the child is born. Parents face
a difficult choice when their doctor tells them that their child could face chronic pain, a
lifetime of disabilities, or other health issues. The technology behind the engineering
process could eliminate this issue, virtually guaranteeing that every child could be born
healthy.

UNIT2: DESIGN THINKING.

6. What strategies do businesses often use to make money?
There are many effective strategies used by businesses to make revenue. Here are some
examples:
- Company missions: Define the purposes of the company, the reasons why that
company was born and the basis for its existence and development. It proves the usefulness
and meaning of the company's existence to society.
- Pricing: Takes into account segments, ability to pay, market conditions, competitor
actions, trade margins and input costs, amongst others. It is targeted at the defined
customers and against competitors.
- Mergers and acquisitions (M&A): In merger, two organizations join forces to become
a new business, usually with a new name; whereas with the acquisitions (also called take
over), one business buys a second and generally smaller company which may be absorbed
into the parent organization or run as a second company.
- Marketing: Refers to activities a company undertakes to promote the buying or
selling of a product or service. Marketing includes advertising, selling, and delivering
products to consumers or other businesses.

7. Talk about a successful company that you know. Why is it

successful?
- I’ll share one of the biggest and most successful companies in the world - Samsung.
Now Samsung basically relies on four different growth strategies i.e Market Penetration,
Market Development, Product development and Innovation.
- Samsung’s success is largely based on its brand management processes. From its
early days of repositioning the brand from a cheap manufacturer to a brand of class and
quality, Samsung has had a consistent policy of basing all activities in line with its brand
strategy. The company has set an example for the whole industry in brand stewardship, with
the chairman himself constantly managing and nurturing the brand.
8. It's said that businesses add value to the world. Do you agree with this opinion?
I totally agree with this statement. Businesses are providing more and more value to the
world.
- Business produces different products, which are sold or supplied to the society. The
creator creates and creates things, but processing, the individuals or business does
reprocessing and preservation and ultimately new utility is created. So business provides
goods and services to the society.
- Business continuously makes research on alternative uses of resources, develops
new products and methods, and makes new innovations.
- Business contributes to social development also. Business growth increases national
income, which contributes to social development. Profitable corporations provide a lot of
money as corporate taxes in the hands of the government, which the government uses in
the development activities of the country.
9. What is UX (user experience)? What is the objective of UX design and the key stages of
the design process?
- UX, abbreviation of user experience, encompasses all aspects of the end-user's
interaction with the company, its services, and its products.
- Objective: Making a product or website useful, easy to use, and enjoyable.
- Key stages: User research, design and testing.
10. What features of the iPhone made it a great product?
- Focuses on the whole:
+ See the customers need -> make innovative products that customers don’t know but
enjoy using
+ Give best UX
+ Testing
- Make easy-to-use products
- Make designs for users - in the apps, products and services.

UNIT3: ELEPHANTS.
11. How do elephants show feelings like anger, sadness and happiness? What about other
animal species?
- When an elephant wants to frighten another elephant, it bends its ears back.
- If they're angry, they fight and push each other with their bodies, but they can also
be very loving and will gently touch one another to show their love, especially mothers and
their calves.
- Animals’ signals in showing feelings are changes in muscle tone, posture, gait, facial
expression, eye size and gaze, vocalizations, and odors (pheromones), singly and together,
indicate emotional responses to certain situations.
12. How do humans communicate?
Humans use signals, words, bodies, sounds and voices to communicate. Examples:
- Some sounds/gestures are natural, which are understood by humans all over the
world.
- Humans can laugh or cry.
- Use many words to create new ideas from sth we listened or heard.
- Stomp the feet when they are angry or hurted.
- Use 2 or more signals together to make complex meanings.
13. How do elephants and other animals such as dolphins, dogs and mice communicate?
They use many gestures, sounds and other signals to communicate. Some animals have very
unique ways to communicate with each other. For example, elephants can use vibration -
that is called seismic communication.
14. Compare the way humans and elephants make sounds and hear sounds.
● Make sounds:
- There are similarities between humans and elephants. Both have a larynx (or voice
box) in their throat. Air that is pushed out from the lungs travels over the larynx and makes
the vocal cords (which are part of the larynx) move—similar to the way a flag moves in the
wind. This movement makes sound, which can then be changed by the tongue, mouth, and
trunk (with elephants) to make more exact sounds for communication.
- Differences: The vocal cords in an elephant’s larynx are much longer, thicker, and
looser than a human’s -> elephants can create low-frequency rumbling sounds.
● Hear sounds: Humans can’t hear low-frequency rumbling sounds created by some
animals like elephants, whereas elephants’ hearing range is wider and larger. This is because
the size of their skulls limits the size of their ear canal, eardrums, and middle ear. Animals
with larger skulls generally have larger ears, and so they can hear lower-frequency sounds
than humans.
15. It's said that our ability to communicate has led us to where we are today. What
exactly does this mean? How has human communication changed the world that we live
in?
Throughout history, humans have developed and improved their communication.
Communication helps people connect together and develop the world. The more effort we
put into communicating effectively and meaningfully, the more opportunities we will have
to understand and to be understood, to listen and to be listened to, and so on.

UNIT4: HISTORICAL SITES.

16. Talk about an important historical site in your country that you know.
The place I’ll talk about is The Temple of Literature. It is a temple dedicated to Confucius in
Hanoi, northern Vietnam - it was built in 1070. The temple also hosts the Imperial Academy,
Vietnam's first national university.
It is a place of study rather than a religious landmark. There are five courtyards at the
temple, two brimming with landscaped gardens, the third is home to a large pond known as
the Well of Heavenly Clarity, the fourth courtyard is called the Sage Courtyard and features
a statue of Confucius and a house of ceremonies, and the last courtyard is Thai Hoc in which
stands a large drum and bell tower. This historical site is ranked as one of Hanoi’s most
important cultural places and is steeped in Vietnamese history.
17. Talk about an important historical site in the world that you know.
The Great Wall of China is the top ten new wonders of the world 2012. The wall was
constructed to protect China and its people from Huns and barbarians and also restrict the
entry of invaders coming from the Silk Road. The construction of the wall started during the
Qin dynasty at 221 BC. It took more than a hundred years to complete The Great Wall. The
wall started deteriorating with the passage of time because of natural disasters, strong
winds, dusts and storms. It was constructed again in the 15th century by Emperor Meng
Tien. The Great Wall of China is an amazing work of mankind of all time.This Wall showcases
Chinese expertise, their strength and hard work. It is the only man-made structure visible
from outer space to the astronauts.
18. Would you like to travel to see great historical sites such as the Tomb of 10,000
Warriors? Why/ Why not? What other famous sites would you like to see in the world?
I’d like to travel to see great historical sites. Regardless of our fields of study or interests,
visiting historical sites can lead to a deeper engagement with historical events and give us
an opportunity to develop a fuller appreciation for those who lived before us. For example,
in the Tomb of 10,000 Warriors, we can learn about the history of the Qin region,
mysterious things about the Tomb complex and technologies in the Tomb - which proved
that people in the past were as advanced as in modern life.
19. Should we study history? Why/ Why not?
We need to study history because of the following reasons:
- You can’t build a framework on which to base your life without understanding how
things work in the world. History paints us a detailed picture of how society, technology,
and government worked way back when so that we can better understand how it works
now.
- To understand who you are, you need to develop a sense of self. It tells you the story
of how your nation, city, or community came to be everything that it is; where your
ancestors came from and tells you who they were.
- History isn’t just an essential introduction to your own country, ethnic heritage, and
ancestry. It’s also a valuable tool when it comes to understanding those who are different
from us. Global, national, and regional history books help us understand how other cultures
affect our own.
20. It's said that a people without the knowledge of their past history, origin and culture is
like a tree without roots. What does this mean? Do you think it's true for humans?
Without a strong root system, trees would not be able to stand tall and withstand high
winds; and people do, too. History is very important in human’s life and evolution. History
paved the way for what life we are actually living now. History demonstrates that
circumstances and technologies change, but humans still want the same things that they
wanted in previous civilizations: wealth, security, happiness, power, spiritual and social
fulfillment, etc. Therefore, when we know the past, we can improve our life and make our
life more sustainable and happier.

UNIT5: LAKE- ECOLOGY- PROCESS.

21. Why does an object float and another sink in water? Explain.
The density of an object determines whether it will float or sink in another substance. An
object will float if it is less dense than the liquid it is placed in. An object will sink if it is more
dense than the liquid it is placed in.
22. How does gravity affect the flow of fluids?
Gravity strongly affects fluid behaviour by creating forces that drive motion, shape phase
boundaries and compress gases. One significant gravity-driven motion is buoyancy-induced
flow in which lighter, less dense molecules flow upwards while denser molecules flow down.
23. Explain how to make a cup of tea?
To make a cup of tea, you need a kettle, water, teapot, tea bag and cups.
First you fill the kettle with water. Then heat the water and put the tea bags in the teapot.
After the water boils, turn off the heat and pour the hot water into the teapot. So let the tea
dissolve in the water, pour the tea into the teacups and enjoy the tea.
24. Explain fluid dynamics, buoyancy and displacement
- Fluid dynamics: How fluids, gases and liquids move.
- Buoyancy: The force in water that makes sth floats.
- Displacement: The gravity makes the object push the water out of the way.
25. What causes a tsunami? How does a tsunami happen?
When earthquakes occur, the floor or plates of the ocean moves. This releases a lot of
energy into water. The energy pushes the water up and becomes waves on the water
surface. These waves start moving outward. The wave then gets closer to land where the
water is shallow. By the time the waves arrive on land, they are huge walls of water. Now
they hit the shore and destroy everything in their way.
26. How to make a supersaturated solution of sugar and water.
- Start with a saturated solution.
- Then heat the solution to make it supersaturated.
- When the temperature is higher, we can start adding more sugar and add enough to
make a saturated solution.
- Next, slowly make the warm saturated solution cooler.
- If you do this correctly, the solution will hold all of the sugar, even at lower
temperatures, and the result will be a supersaturated water-sugar solution.
27. What is global warming? What causes global warming and the effects it has on the
weather?
- Global warming is the long-term heating of Earth's climate system observed since
the pre-industrial period (between 1850 and 1900) due to human activities, primarily fossil
fuel burning, which increases heat-trapping greenhouse gas levels in Earth's atmosphere.
- Causes: Global warming occurs when carbon dioxide (CO2) and other air pollutants
collect in the atmosphere and absorb sunlight and solar radiation that have bounced off the
earth’s surface. Normally this radiation would escape into space, but these pollutants, which
can last for years to centuries in the atmosphere, trap the heat and cause the planet to get
hotter. These heat-trapping pollutants - specifically carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide,
water vapor, and synthetic fluorinated gases - are known as greenhouse gases
- Effects: Global warming is increasing the frequency and intensity of some types of
extreme weather. For example, warming is causing more rain to fall in heavy downpours.
There are also longer dry periods between rainfalls. This, coupled with more evaporation
due to higher temperatures, intensifies drought. Wet places have generally become wetter,
while dry places have become drier. Heat waves have become more frequent and intense,
while very cold days have decreased.
28. What is evaporation? How does temperature affect it? Describe the process of dew
forming.
- Evaporation is the process by which liquid water on the earth surface becomes a gas,
and evaporation is how water gets into the atmosphere.
- Evaporation happens at any temperature, but higher temperatures make water
evaporate faster. This is because more water vapour can be held in the air at higher
temperatures.
- Process of dew forming: During those times of year, water easily evaporates during
the day. Then at night, when temperatures start to cool, the air can't hold so much vapor.
So that water comes out of the air and forms on different things: leaves, car windows, grass.
This is called dew and it forms on things at a certain temperature.