SPECIAL CONCEPTS AND

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
SPECIAL CONCEPTS

• LOGISTICS AND SUPPLY MANAGEMENT-The basic difference between

Logistics and Supply Chain Management is that Logistics management is the

process of integration and maintenance (flow and storage) of goods in an
organization whereas Supply Chain Management is the coordination and
management (movement) of supply chains of an organization.
• DISTRIBUTION AND MATERIAL MOVEMENT-This takes stored materials
and transports them to where they need to go. The issues in this involve moving
materials; including loading, unloading and transportation, as well as keeping
track of the stock and how it is used. This type of management controls the
movement of supplies from a central warehouse to the stores that sell the product
to the public.
• PRODUCTION LOGISTICS AND MANAGEMENT-This manages the stages of
combining distributed supplies into a product, such as coordinating what is
needed to make or put together something. This involves the staging of materials
at the right time to work with the building of a product. This stype of logistics
management falls in the realm of product management.
• REVERSE LOGISTICS AND PRODUCT RETURN-This is about the
management of reclaiming materials and supplies from production. For example,
on a construction site it involves the removal of excess material and returning
those materials to one’s stock. It can also refer to the return of unwanted or
unused products from the end customer seeking a refund.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Review of related literature gives a basis for any research. Unfortunately, there are not
much studies conducted in this field of Logistics Management.Following are the
available related studies undergone in the area of Logistics Management.Chang-Ing and
1-Jin (2015) show the relation between average logistics cost per item,consumer demand
and the interrelationship between them are analyzed. Commodities are distributed
through a depot directly or through single intermediate terminal to many retail
establishments. Minimizing average logistics cost, or maximizing total supply subject to
the demand supply equality determines the optimal density of retail establishments and
local terminals. The envelope curves for the optimal configuration strategies
corresponding to different values of total market area and terminal cost are derived.

Neil and Jim (2015) look at the emerging issues in reverse logistics system. There
1s a fundamental shift in waste management responsibility from the private waste
management industry and local governments towards manufacturers, distributors and
retailers. In the recent years the responsibility of manufacturers has been extended to
cover the entire life of certain products.The enforcement of environmental legislation
becomes more stringent and an increasing number of customers are demanding to take-
back of their old products. Companies are beginning to focus on possible distribution
channels for the return of their products i.e. Reverse logistics.Council of Logistics
Management (2015) defined that logistics is 'part of the supply chain process that plans,
implements, and controls the efficient, effective forward and reverse flow and storage of
goods, services, and related information between the point of origin and the point of
consumption in order to meet customers requirements. Johnson and Wood's definition
(cited in Tilanus, 2016) uses five important key terms', which are logistics and supply-
chain materials management, physical distribution, logistics, inbound management, to
interpret. Logistics describes the entire process of materials and products moving into,
though, and out of firm. Inbound logistics covers the movement of material received
from suppliers. Materials management describes the movement of materials and
components within a firm. Physical distribution reters to the movement of goods outward
from the end of the assembly line to the customer. Finally, supply-chain management is
somewhat larger than logistics, and it lnks logistics more directly with the user's total
communications network and with the firm’s engineering staff.
The commonality of the recent definitions is that logistics is a process of moving and
handling goods and materials from the beginning to the end of the production, sale
process and waste disposal, to satisfy customers and add business competitiveness. It is
the process of anticipating customer needs and wants; acquiring the capital, materials,
people, technologies, and information necessary to meet those needs and wants,
optimising the goods or service-producing network to fulfil customer requests; and
utilizing the network to fulfil customer requests in a timely way (Tilanus, 2016). Simply
to say, "logistics is customer-oriented operation management.

Wang and Tyan (2016) refer the involvement of Global third-party logistics in e
commerce and globalization. An effective global supply chain (GSC) management
seeking to secure market share. Global third-party logistics (3PL) has developed into an
alternative for the needs of global collaboration. In this, the authors present a new
application of collaboration in Global Supply Chain execution, namely collaborative
transportation management (CTM) that can reduce delivery time and to improve delivery
reliability. A case study is illustrated the application of CTM by a 3PL provider in a
notebook computer GSC. The implementation results show that the delivery cycle time
and the total cost are simultaneously reduced.

Alan and Van Remko (2016) brought a conceptual development in logistics and supply
chain management in "lean thinking" and "agility. Cranfield School of Management has
been at the forefront of these developments and has benefited enormously from the
ground breaking work in this field.

Kee-Hung and Cheng (2016) describe the supply chain performance (SCP) in transport
logistics by service providers in the transport logistics industry in Hong Kong. The
industry in this study encompassing firms involved in the business of serving the physical
flows of goods from a point of origin, i.e. shippers, to a point of destination,
i.e.consignees,in a supply chain.The firms include those in sea transport,freight
forwarding, and air transport and thirdparty logistics services. The authors mention that
they have conducted a cross sectional survey with firms in the industry to evaluate their
perceived Supply Chain Performance in transport logistics and the attached importance
from both cost and service perspectives. This study envisages managerial insights for
firms in the industry to understand their SCP in transport logistics and benchmark areas
for performance improvement.

Makukha and Gray (2017) communicate that Logistic Service Providers claims that they
are the strategic partners but they are unable to provide the service required. The most
existing logistics partnerships are still operational rather than strategic in nature. Many
logistics partnerships being operational in nature are known as "Strategic" without not
understanding of the term, and the influence of a logistics partnership on a shipper's
strategic moves and competitive positioning has not been researched thoroughly

(Bhatnagar&Viswanathan.G,2017, International journal of Physical Distribution &

Logistics Management, 30.(1).pp. 13-34). A Delphi investigation reveals that although
large companies from logistics partnerships, the perceptions of partnership formation
motives, inhibitors and orientation by shippers and Logistics Service Providers (LSPs)
are likely to differ. The failure to integrate on a strategic level suggests a lack of strategic
management knowledge by relevant managers.

Larson and Halldorsson (2017) introduce by describing four unique perspectives on the
relationship between logistics and Supply Chain Management. Results of an International
survey of logistics/SCM experts are reported. 200 questionnaires were sent to leading
logistics educators. Based on experts opinion, cluster analysis conducted and confirms
that the existence of the four perspectives on logistics versus SCM re-labeling,
traditionalist, unionist and intersectionist.

Miguel (2018) indicates performance measurement systems truly applicable in Logistics

Management and control. The impact of using performance measurers on management
style has been largely neglected. The author sets out to explore this gap using an
approach based on Simons' diagnostic versus interactive modes of control. The author
aimed at describes the changes in logistics management and control compared with the
situation in the rest of the firm. A case study method was undertaken involving a medium
sized ceramic tile manufacturer. The results show that a clear interactive use in the
logistics area, while in nonlogistics department's performance measures is used
diagnostically.

Sajed and Gunilla (2018) describe the impact of logistics on environment. Environmental
implications of logistics systems is one of the future challenges to logisticians. This paper
explores the logistics and supply chain management (SCM) discipline to see how the
scientific community handles this challenge. The preliminary literature has revealed that t
there are weak ties between the logistics/SCM discipline and the environmental
discipline. The analysis indicates that the literature seems to be unbalanced: knowledge
about assessing impact of logistics on environment is missing, and most emphasis is on
'impact of environment on logistics. From the reverse logistics literature knowledge
about implementation has been drawn, the same has been described by scholars as
explanatory and anecdotal. When comparing the subject logistics/supply chain
management and environment with other subjects in the logistics literature, less attention
has been paid to "Logistics/Supply Chain and environ"

Khalid and Richard (2018) reveal that Ports are recognized as a potential for logistics
centers. Conceptualizing ports from a logistics and supply chain management approach,
it is possible to suggest a relevant framework of port performance. The integrated
approach of Logistic Management (LM) and Supply Chain Management (SCM) are for
cost reduction and customer satisfaction. The logistics approach often adopts a costs
trade-off analysis between functions, processes and even supplies chains. The approach
also could be beneficial to port efficiency by directing port strategy towards relevant
value-added logistics activities: A proposed framework is tested in a survey of port
managers and other international experts.

Gepfert H Alan (2018) opines that Lack of management foresight when making major
decisions on distribution facilities and operations can deprive a company of needed
flexibility for future changes and thus lock it into a deteriorating profit trend. The author
adds, "Such a lack of foresight almost always goes hand in hand with a failure to
recognize logistics as a distinct function of the business and to integrate the planning and
operating activities of the company's functional divisions in the light of a logistics
analysis". This study shows that the system approach recommends in this article
describes how top managers can utilize the OR computer capabilities to detect significant
profit improvement opportunities in the logistics function.

Angappa and Bulent (2018) highlight that Effective Performance measurers and metrics
are essential for effectively managing logistics operations in a global economy. For
improved organizational competitiveness the managers have to develop suitable
performance measurers and metrics to make the right decisions. A question has raised
that whether traditional performance measurers can be used and out of them which ones
should be given priority for measuring the performance in a new enterprise’s
environment. Some of the traditional measurers and metrics may not be suitable for the
new environment wherein many activities are not easily identifiable. Measuring
intangibles and no financial performance measurers pose greater challenge the so-called
knowledge economy. Measuring them so critical the successful operations of companies
Considering the importance financial measurers intangibles, the authors have determined
key performance measurers and supply chain logistics operations.

John Bowen examine the changing geography warehouses India between 2010-2017. The
distribution examined discern the degree which the expansion warchousing has
gravitated towards places with superior accessibility in the nation's air, maritime,
highway transportation networks. analyses indicate the number warehousing
establishments 2010 and 2017 the number warehousing establishments across sample
143 metropolitan counties strongly correlated county-level measures accessibility in air
and highway and to These results could useful to communities interested harnessing this
dynamic the development.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Methodology

Research methodology is the specific procedures or techniques used to identify, select,

process, and analyze information about a topic. In a research paper, the methodology
section allows the reader to critically evaluate a study's overall validity and reliability. The
methodology also includes an explanation of your data collection process. For instance, if
you perform experimental tests on samples, conduct surveys or interviews or use existing
data to form new studies, this section of your
Research Design
Research design is the framework of research methods and techniques chosen by a
researcher. The design allows researchers to hone in on research methods that are suitable
for the subject matter and set up their studies up for success.The design of a research topic
explains the type of research (experimental, survey research, correlational, semi-
experimental, review) and also its sub-type (experimental design, research problem,
descriptive case-study). There are three main types of designs for research: Data collection,
measurement, and analysis.
The type of research problem an organization is facing will determine the research design
and not vice-versa. The design phase of a study determines which tools to use and how they
are used.

SOURCES OF DATA COLLECTION

The success of a study largely depends on the kind of methodologies which was followed
for collecting data. The validity of the study can be improved to a great extent if proper
methodologies are followed. Since this organizational study was descriptive in nature,
data was collected by both primary and secondary sources in the organization.

Primary Data

The sources of primary data are usually chosen and tailored specifically to meet the
demands or requirements of particular research. Also, before choosing a data collection
source, things like the aim of the research and target population need to be
identified.Primary data refers to those data that was collected first hand directly from the
sources by means of
✓ Observations

✓ Time of resource gathering from the General Manager.

✓ Structured or Semi structured interviews with departmental heads.

✓ Discussion with Export Manager

Secondary Data

Secondary data analysis can save time that would otherwise be spent collecting data and,
particularly in the case of quantitative data, can provide larger and higher-quality
databases that would be unfeasible for any individual researcher to collect on their own.
In addition, analysts of social and economic change consider secondary data essential,
since it is impossible to conduct a new survey that can adequately capture past change
and/or developments. However, secondary data analysis can be less useful in marketing
research, as data may be outdated or inaccurate. [Secondary data refers to the data that
was collected by others for some purposes. They were collected by means of:

✓ Company's internal records

✓ Catalogues.

✓ Publications.

✓ Journals.

✓ Official company website.

✓ Wikipedia.

✓ All reference materials available during the period of study.

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Some of the limitations that I had come across while pursuing in Family Plastics and
Thermoware was:

✓ The reliability of the data largely relies on the company's reports and catalogues.

✓ The company has some limitations in terms of disclosing logistics details; hence a
thorough analysis on the procurement of raw materials of the company was not
possible.

✓ Personal bias and prejudices might have affected the quality of information which was
collected.
DATA ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION