CHEMTCAL BoNDT NG Rage i -9

Introduehion Date
agei Page

A she Rnd arnoden fakes place

energyAeleased

02 0 Due fo &tabllity energa o amolecde

tU_be laser

cR3(B) Resm oKond rnotio fo ctan t4ilt

CO C)inergeleseAether c pxace
Ve

CS(D) act (Sn mghes

Lonic bond e tared ba He tafel of e

2. Valency expre4) Canbnng Capacito

(0-8(R) De andund a ehe9 neleased duia

bndcmatiea Lo culed Kand energ
actbased elefiihea
CO-3 Atd Atart) to approach eaCh ofher Lohen
Mudes + e charse)et me atan delecrod
( - e arse ) _attrec 22ah ohmer

20 Bnd enery af ced bamd ia colon'es -

Sik ca
 Corodemey Date

Poge2 Pag

L C) Ceralency . conini Capaeity ofan

e n Joi t murnbe oe ingunc
Stee or e U t e d t c h e

2 C) Smokes AhouW corolency 26 rnak

Ccu

CO:3 T SE4 cesral ectoun hos '1o'e -

aefts a hypenMoleat compauud

C4 _ SEcE

oof R 3

e
C N 8.p. 2 p: 4

8 pl p : a 6

Caeleacy a P=s
-

-
 Date
poge

Coleey =_ 3

e-y Be ha y e (
it octet in Beu 4
Tt an hypovaleat co2pund

-8 onmne tate Nel3s 3PS

HrAt eritedotate

3s 3P 3d
n ComlenCy 3 3npeivede)

C
Ma Comlenay pt a 21dpelodelevet
4 3ham lby Cabm)

4
8 3
(1 N 3
S Caund
stede 3 s 3p 3d
Coraleey 22
(SE)
 excited a

3s Coaleney Se)_
2 ected At ote

3S 3P 3d
Cavalee, 2 6 SE)

(V P
Coounalatede 1 I777
3s 3P
3unpcied e Coalerey 23 (Pd
escuted 8tate

3S 3p
Caraleaey S.
(vy Xe Coralerey 2 Kef
CaNalensy 24 Xe f4
Caleny 2 6 xe fg-
Coraleey 8 Xe O
 V6T Date
e-4 Page

1 (G Head-om_ rerlop of Ss bltalreuts

into bmd onation'_

Q2 D) Ha) _e i 1s ocbita usluih Canor,

make 2igpna bumal

3 S-p Can nat for I-bmd

Scbital) Con nly nake Signa bnd

N o No S- Lmd foratian takes_placa

SB) reter da note) opheo epreoent

- bmd manlen
6 _ J-bnd Stregth rder
Based on ettet o ovexlap 2P-2P 2 P3dT

0 rder of abamo hrerath

p-np2ns-np > nsns
bmd Strergtn

2P-2p> 2S-2S
 Date
Page

8 Tnter nuclear aus 2- a us L91e)

Pyobita Camnat forn J-bmd bykera

vedap u

A,,D
 Date

P
C9AD S

S S

orathen ke
Place

A,C
1o

dn 2-avs 3ldewive oveclop

-bmd ornah fakes pace from
Cy2-dyz vbtaly
A
2

T-bond

Cerocrerka

12 2_pertod elenet cloent have

any 2d rbital TLey coamt for
any dy-dg bmd (Zeo)

Q13 Co N Can femn 7-ond

( hoah_P-orbtal nteaachas)
,Ng ,h Cam orn )-bmd
e l l hare er (n S-rsital)
 ale

Co14
3)Sisma
2 hnnd

IS 2 T-bmds
 Page 6
Hbmoiotion

G1G miing orbitlA ihyidiAatien

2A fct ed rete nate)

A . hybrd rLital Con hawe max 2e
3rnicd rbitaly (aenerally sp2)

Clam otes)

S No hy bnd _bital make T1-umd

S2 Sp3

Sp3
X/o 2S

Z2 xluo

8 3 + 1 p =Sp
So
 Tete
Page

9©Sque pyranidal gemery appea

Sp%d (lou note)

10 Calid Pl ( d 1 lPel1
Sps sp2

O11 (D inear SP inea

O ctehedral-Sp
Tigonal bipyramidal- Spd
Taguneal planer-sp2

12 A Spd SPr+Py +iz +dz2

( Spd SB+lyPz+ d2 +dz

RS,T
SPd s+fty+fz+dry td2 tel
P,R S,T
Sps Sp 5sAt +, t Pz
ST
 13 Xe 9, F

4 +1p.
Xe-
Spd
S-hybnd i t a
L4 f Spid non-plone
S+P t fy +fz+d tdz
Sfa Sp - mon- Poner

Sp3
( oF 2 +2lp 4 Sp3
(i csS 2 + l p 22 SP
H+op 4 Sp
v) P6
Sp 3
V1) So
2o+0lp. SP
vi Sh4 H+1p = S
Sp3d
3 +0P3 sp2
 Dote

2+2lep:= 3 Sp

(X) Nat 2 + olP 2 Sp

3- + olp. 3 Sp2

(iv Co 3 t olp: 3 Sp

So Sp3

xiV Sq Sp3

Xe 2 3le 5 Sp
 VsErR THEORY Date

Pay
eage-8
A VSEPR THEORY NOTESS

CAS 3 8p +2 -p Sp3d

Q:3 Sfa 4 +1o. = Sp'd

p occupie) eguatona poaitia to

gein tasilit,

Xefs 6 + 1 Ap. = 7 Sp'd

(D

istrted ectahe dral

Sape

Sfa Yat p: Sps

Band _pair
 Dafe
Pege

6 2 8-P t 3 lop: S _ Sed4

(P
TBP geovetr
Shape - neaA

Q C Xefa

4+20p: Spd

8 Xef Y-+ 2p Sp?2

Squore plorer (abgve n t e )

Xe S+2y SpdS

Petegoalpla-cr
Xe

2 1P = 3 SP
Sn
 Date
Page-

9 hasma plees geometmy loAeost Litely

ho resutt fro a s o n a l bipramida
electY qeOemy
Recosein TBÉlp:actens egatonia
Pazihc

10 o Nexaggo ekeeton ge etn, of

Caale olelesyfaumd 3ofer

2+2 p Sps
2
BetShape2
S
S

2t2 p 2 Sp3

Bet Shope

Co, 2 + 1 y = SP

BedS hope
ied
 So 2+10P: > Sp2
Bed skapr

i2
A Xeo4 S3Td shape
Xe
O-

(13) Sef4 Spd_ TBP

P s Tetrabedra
Shope

NHO
Sp2 Tetrahed rol

Q13 Cs S=C=S SP Lnea

Previo) pc8e Bet Shepe

SO Sp2
Bet sepe

NEN-ö 2 Sp e o
 Mo SP eor

N3 = SP

T T - TB Spd ea

No SP Tgonal plsne

CC-1 SP inesr 2-apee

6 Speeiey ore
Jneor
14 Xef
Sot2lp Sp'd

OnyinRs gucue
:p OcOpy

2 p : +2

BedBedshape
 Dafe
Page
( ( No,
S Bed shepe

(111 Na
Sp mganal planer

No Neö: Sp neaY
Pc4 Sp3
Tetraedral

Sp Tetrahedral

(V1) S o

Tngonal Pyramida

(viii Sod SP 3 +p
igonal Pyra wda
PS 6olp: SpJ
octahedral

X)N N= NE =N Se near

(xi Xef 2r+3f Spd

(XiD Xeof 3 2 Spd

Xe o
Bet-TShape

(xii Xe a y+1lp
Spd

Xesop See -Sa

 efe
Poqe

iv Xe Oqh S tolp,

O
Xe TRP

X Xela
+Oly. Tetrahedral
Xe

u Xe4 o t 2Jp

Sguare planer
Xe

Vi) Xeo 3+1Lp. Sp3

Xe Togonal Pyravnidal

VII Xeß Spd 3 +2lp

ef Rert -ShaPe
 33

2 p +2 pS
Bemt Shape

2+2LP: SpPS
BetShape
Xxi T
2 t 3p cSpd
e-

inea

Sp
Sp3 242lp
-
8e chape
T

(xxi Tc 4 +2 p Sp3d2

Sa: Plger Shape

 Page

xiv1 Sp3d
See - Sqw

x S 4 +1!p Sp3d

See-So
-F

xvi BE 3top Sp2

Tngolplaner

(XxviXeA St2p Sp'd

xe
fentcqona_planer

(Xvit BFs So+ p.

SpJ
 Date-
Page

Br Sguoce P r a i d a

Xxix)
2 +olf: SP
HCN

XX) So
2 41AP 3
Sp2
O
lnsono planer
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P-254p 33 TNE RT PAIR EFFECT

Aai8e d u to
Lonthonide Co ntothon
Inert paiy effe tt
S 0 b l to
asa4esult o1 hich Innev Ele chon s e

el chons don ot parthcipak i Bondi 9

Heducd
Oxidiser oxidising ogeu
kch 1tself gets

loves fo LoDL O S

ondez)
(s+abiti ty
PT2 > Ptt4
at as OA
thus PLT

0.s nCYeases douon

TLe gLoup
Stobi ty Loez

Tnert baiH Effe t

d u to

PLt2 Psnt2 (stabiuty)

POe

Redu un
Thus
PLt2
+2 7
Sy

6 PbT4
being good
0.A (Inert þai
Effea)
Pt Hlgh s.
A 0.P)
S..P)
God . 4 (High
is a
and TO
I n Group 1y
O.S de Cre 0se douon the grop
Stab ity + y
and Stobility f +2 0 S Incre 0se

D u fo
Inest pau
Efet

0A
18 Ponerful
Pb0 A
Stable So neitmer 0A ,

Snc4 is Relahivey
To Ineit pau effer
Effer
dus
stable
Bt3 is
table
tan PbI
Pb l2

PbI4 is uns

85)
di'scusse d in
as

Tnert Gas
4d 5 pseud o
Snt Ck Contigu7 atin

S2 [kH4d5s

u4" sd 6s 6
Pbt2 [xe
14 5d" 6s 6
[xe]uf
B
Caions
Cations have
Gas Contigurcuhian
Inert
hgh Covalout
high
xPseudo Covalo n t
(have
poLoel.
ve
ver hig polau Sing
hugh
Chayate
S t a b i t i y)
Snt4 S," (
thus t2 aa Redu9 ageT
 Pb0 18 her m ally unstable and de Combos (3
Pb0
to Pbo oity 4eleose 9a s

PbO, 1PbOt Og

Toi iodide Ion

Page 2 6
Sotu oTonic Compounds
bi Ri ty
Thema Stability
and H eahng Effe ut

Sulbhates
1 fhermal stabii dgro ub

< Sy SO <Ba s0 y
Be sOy < Mgsoy < Co sOy

2 Pb (NO3), (s) Pb6 + No t 02 (g)

(s) (9 Cotou7 e ss
Col our e s s

yello s Reddis h
Par am aguehc)

Broo

(Parama9hc
neic Coloured Gases evelvi9
but Cotoure d Param og

When 2 mele heaed =

4 (NO)
 HydLan on
Selubi ty d

SeH vahom

in Ote2
18 Insefuble
4 Co CO3
as ts
Rothce> ydroahon Ener94
Enet 8
Metas are InseBuble
Earm
Kalne
A Caabonalt o
1noot
wola
are Seluble in
AHkali Metod Cabo n a e s
oherea S

Hydeation d Charge
Size

has greates tEx e ut

Thus Ce
Hydtahon

micAAnion
nion.
Lathce Energ
Cose t Monoato
6 In
e
0bser ved
.

18

T.S
Size i n

Thus 0deL Li0> No,0> Rb, O

A
4Pb 0 + 0 NaNO
Pba03
66Pbo+ Og Na Not O
PhOy 7
2Pb0 PbO t O2
 (o2
Ag2CO3 Ag20t
A
Zn CO3
A
Cat CO 2
Ca CO3
Li20 Li20 + CO2
Lito3

i8 The7 maly Stable mpound

No,to
No 2t0
iu depend n
Tonic ompound
t Selubiu ty

OLoutti ce
En erq
hyctrhydr oti en H brocess
þrocess
perarure
C 4H
3Tem

cn
ausan
(4) Pot

Page +
wEAK FORCES

a MoleCul e

1 UNet =0 tn

fouce
dSlze o
B.P Iner mot e cul e
thus Mele Cule

6P 0ud e
2. 6Me B3 n nature 8 Same

N Me3 NFa hhan ornpare M:M 04 SI2e

Meleul

C5 Hi2 CHy
He ? H
(3 Ion -dipele Jnteeacions are stHOgeL hay
Inkrahons

1on-Induu d dipele
FoMCe tkann 7
density T
and As chorge
charge

H20

Dipoe
Induu d

depele n
du to p %ese
liele LH20)nearby

S ize
Size d
doo Mot
M 0
Smallel
nale in
i
mele u l l s bai
Heum

C l a m e aLes

Di pola
-
Oibole fo ces
has
b Londan fouces.

0H
oH

8.P > I 7 I .
8 AS
AS 8anch Increas es keepinu mber e
same Susfaa Aea deCr e as e
atdms
Casbon eak.
fotces betwme
thus Inermele culae

on - 10n
P.E L

lon dipele
PE 2

Dipel- Drpale PE

In dued
Dipol-
Oipele
PE
46
Dibe-l e P.E L
Induc d
4 6
Indua d Dipel

s
Nuble
Noble ga
Setu b l
Seluble

fe leas t
Hetium i8
Calhraes
C R a m r c t e s

does
not foum
fosum
t
as
a s

Page - 8
HYDROGEN BOND ING

Stuengtn Hydrog41 bond

1 H202
H20 7
HE 7 0-S -1
fMost E.N
 Culat foncep.
0 Mdec I nInfe mole

M. M
Hydrogen Bnd
Foy ce o

Solid O
aatte
e
Due to
to Exlen si veHy drogeg bendig in
a
a sa
fo Hmed,
a
med
Ice
eTc e. Cage be tLu tur are

decrease n Ice
hene densitg
Hesult velume
and Vice versa
fomah

Surfae Area decre as e

ASbaancig Zncrea&u,

thus In t e mole
Culai foM ces ocakons

H 6ndig in
NH PH3 Intu mele Culal
NH
H2o H2Te

CH3O CH3
CH Coo NO H

Hbnd en di

CHy SirHy <Ge Hy

As M M
Tntamele Culae
 Fe H- F

6 N
F b Mot

40 HCN

Int mele
Cula Hydogon bend
as

I n o m o te CuoL

H bondi

is tomed
6Membered 94g

H
H

to O
d
3 H ata Lo
atos. an
Q r o 3O
in Lney mole Culas
forticipake
bondig9
y crogey

In k a m e l e c u l o e H B
10) C H5OH H 0
In amoleculou
C-C - CH
- H
OH Interr.
 NO2 Inti0

CooH Ine

NO2
IneY
HO

IneY
CHNH

CHaCoo H InteL

N02 Ne tm e Y

CH-H

Inter

F
Tnta

tInte Y

CH-C-H
Nu tmeY
 Page 30

NCERT EXEM PLAR

1 C02
St
N 0 but dfk o ¬EN

HI H I is Lo w

Net # O
H20 H
H
Dipol
# o (bus =0 and
Nt
.

SO Lona pauy

Cance Somepar

Each omer

bond 0Hde
OHde

Hydrogen
6asedom
EN ato
ENg
2 Stuenghm
Stuengm
Ho7 NH3 7 aUlehe d to H
H-F
a f fe tt
trt SsO
o
ben d d als af le
Hydrogen bon
NUmbeu
ut
6 P
overa 0de

207 HE H
H b cnd S
b d wcalc)
2 H
y Hbond b ends
 dw to Resona n Ce

3- Cha19e

ois nb uted n 4 0

ato m
touma C ha7ge on o
mus Aveyage

= -045

N.

'o.
B.P 4 2 on N

LP d

i side atoms Tera hed r ap

8HyBHu Sp3

Side afdms Be e
B ntt
Lim 2
sp3
NH
THigo na
Sp Kim 3 Si de atom
lanat

Cide atdms yramidal.

S3 Di
3
 14

H H
14
bond 5
C bnd 19

C - C

H H

2 2

22s n2p n2p T2Pz

2
2s
Na

2
2bx i2by
O2

2 p 2 (n2b n2b) (nP

nab)
12px 12P
B2
Stake
pau ed Stoake
n
thus 0 has a l l e e cod
8 AM0give MoleCul sondy
ha s hydrogtn bond
H0

Na 2
2
x T2 by

to Above
ntorreut Refer
(
SelwiCn

O
ha s 6.0
Be and He

( Bent
NO

ce Co
Sp2
Tgonal pla nal
Res onan ce
Bond o4 del

- 0-66
Charge =-
Average foumal
n Eauh

n
Tonic Cenpounds
mdut E m i ty InMlLey

9uou Soluin
 there (IS
) IIn Res on c fi O Canonic ol stAu tures
Arrangement eletons
18 diffeLence

haveve same numbe

and O
0 E9ethons

o4de l-S
thussqme
bend

Co
eleChov1 S
has lu

c
thus 8 Iso ele Chhon
wi No t

nd N2

Is2 2s 2p6
16) AA
Bei Inert Gas
i be A
StableHo
its

S Halo g
3s 3b
C
Stab fom C
and C
behoeen
OCet
Compound OLdet to (omblle
In
3 in bom
 Non metal s
bom bei 9
i take place
Shari
elscons
e

I s s 2p4
oHbital
sS
atdmic
5 togive
O atdm over o b
Eath
o M o k e c u l a s 2
DAb itcUs
D b i t a s

Is e
Bom have

N o Con Flgurcuj
C

thus Same 04deL

Bnd
ame
thus

less
Less hrg
hhg y
el
e le
ecco
0nyS
s
T olal
To a!
(
MoleCulu
2 AL
to t4
gual
0

spd
SF4
Spd2

IF5
SP
No,T

NHy sp
 Hot
Pyramidal .
(sp3) 1

HCECH
Lineor (sP)

Angula (sp3)
O2

TetLahe dial
NH

HE
Hydrogen bon d

Resonance
03
LiF
TonicSelid

Covalen t Selid
C