Philo Reviewer

PHILO (1st Sem.
Midterms) inquires into the whole of a being and his

ideas about hermeneutics.
Philosophy - A rational activity that
teaches us to search for truth and hold on Book: Being and Time
to beliefs we can defend.
Hermeneutics of Facticity - the way
Philosophical Questions - Questions that people interpret things as they encounter
reflect on our life perspectives. them in different ways.
Philosophical Etymology - Love of Faculty of Reason - allows us to pursue

wisdom. our questions.
Wonder - beginning for it stimulates us to Rational Capacity - so we come nearer to

venture into philosophy. Nagtataka. the truth.
Wander - Naggagala.
Socrates - philosophize in the market
Dialectics - Socrates way of arriving at known for socratic method recognized
truth through systematic exchange of through: Plato and Xenophon.
opinions.
- art of refutation A. Socratic Legacy
- exchange of ideas There are three claims of
Socrates from Plato’s dialogues
2 Types of Questions in Apology and Protagoras, are
Particular - a specific question. worth noting:
Universal - involves many other 1. “Know thyself”
uestions. 2. “The unexamined life is
not worth living”
Metaphysics - one of the main branches of 3. “Virtue is knowledge of
beings of beings. good and bad”
Aristotle’s Books These 3 claims is related to one another

- Ta meta ta physika and attempts to persuade you of the
- Meta(beyond) physika(physical) value of philosophical reflection.
Plato Books
- The Republic
- Apology Socratic Method - cooperative
- Protagoras argumentative dialogue.
B. Socratic Method
Martin Heidegger - the philosopher 1. To pause (reflect)
who claimed that a philosophical question 2. To really think (introspect)
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3. To share our thoughts by Pilosopo’s faulty reasoning is even
conversing (to engage/be open) found entertaining.
Socrates was an excellent teacher Fallacy - a term of erroneous reasoning

although he= did not even look at or mistaken idea.
himself as one.
The pilosopo in this sense is indeed a
He is very good in asking questions. danger to philosophy.
He was effective in making his
“students” think for themselves. Genetic Fallacy - discrediting the source
/ origin.
Socrates knew that his role as a
gadfly(annoys those who do not bother Equivocation - to deceive or mislead
to find truth) is important. someone through ambiguous language.
Socrates enjoined others to pondor on Red Herring Fallacy - diverts attention.

philosophical questions because himself
was seeking wisdom. Argumentum ad hominem- attacking
individual instead of seeking to disprove
Philosophical reflection - enlightens the truth of the statement.
us and makes us better persons.
In Rizal’s Noli me Tangere we find the
Situatedness - destiny of our lives character Pilosopo Tasyo
Pilosopo Tasyo is similar to Socrates.

B. Pilosopo as a Social Critic
Aristotle
In the philippine context, we have a term - student of Plato and became the
that is close to the notion of a mentor of Alexander the great.
philosopher that “pilosopo” has come to - founder of ‘Lyceum’ in athens.
be understood as having a negative - claimed that rational faculty is the
meaning. best element in us.
“Pilosopo” refers to someone who

reasons poorly. Types of Wisdom
A. Theoretical Wisdom - necessary
The pilosopo’s poor reasoning is not truth
necessarily condemned by society. B. Practical Wisdom - realm of
action
2. Anaximander
“Ideal speculation vs. True 3. Anaximenes
experience”
Thales: water - everything is water
Politics - Ruling and managing people.
Anaximander: boundless
Arrogance - belief that one have figured - Apeiron in greek which means
out everything. infinite.
- Spatial theory or Idea of Space
Ignorance - those in search for truth are
conscious of their own ignorance. Anaximenes: Air - account for change
- Revealed in actions. & life.
Philosophical Activity - cure to Pythagoreans: Number

ignorance.
Atomist: Atom
To gain wisdom, one must:
1. Be Reflective Theocentric View (Medieval period)
2. Take time to introspect - Theo - World is secondary to God
3. Examine beliefs - The church sustained man’s
intellect
Philosophical Thought in 3 views
1. Cosmocentric Avicenna (latinized)
2. Theocentric - “Ibn Sina”, First muslim
3. Anthropocentric philosopher
- The existence of beings traced to
Cosmocentric View (600 BC - 600 AD) God.
- Ancient philosophers wondered St. Thomas Aquinas
about the kosmos. - Author of Summa Theologica -
- “Arche” - greek for “starting point” contains explanation of christian
or “source of life” faith.
- Famous for 5 ways of proving
“Where did all things came from?” God.
Cosmology - the study of nature of the Anthropocentric View (1500 - 1900

world, would be a substance Modern Period)
responsible for the multiplicity of things. - Anthropos in greek
- “Centered on Man”
Pre-Socratic Philosophers - Characterized by subjectivity and
The Milesian Philosophers individualism.
1. Thales - Result of rise of modern science
and diminished authority of
church in the 17th century. Enlightenment led to rise of
individualism
Bertrand Russell - made man realize
the practical utility of science as a Factors that lead to the Intellect
technique, rather than a doctrine that Transformation of the West
explained the nature of the world. Enlightenment
- Challenged Church Authority

- Scientific Revolution
Medieval Philosophy - Moral Relativism
- philosophy in the middle ages. - Black Death
From the fall of the western - Skepticism
roman empire in the fifth century - Individualism
AD to the Renaissance in the - Economic, Political and Social
sixteenth century. Changes
- Essentially monotheistic - belief - Resentment (Middle Class)
in one God.
Basic Features of Modern Philosophy
Deism - belief in the existence of a - Autonomy of Reason
supreme being. - Perfectibility and progress
- Ability t discover causality
The Black Death (Bubonic Plague) - Principles governing nature, man
and social science
Science Advanced in Northern Europe - Assault on Authority
- Cosmopolitan solidarity of
Feudalism - dominant social system in enlightened intellectuals
medieval period. - A disgust with nationalism
From Dogmatism to Humanism - bible Age of Enlightenment - 18th Century

stated that the sun moved through the in Europe and America
sky and denounced Galileo’s teaching.
Reality - things that appear to us in this
Heliocentrism or Heliocentricism - world.
Model of earthland planets that revolves
sun. Philosophical Reflection - the world as
lived, experienced as phenomenon.
Geocentrism - earth at the center.
Science - through experiments. Narrow.
The Ninety-Five Theses (1517) - Martin
Luther Philosophy - uses raw experience.
Broad. Jacques Derrida a French
Philosopher
Empiricism - knowledge derived from
sense-experience.
Deconstruction Philosophy/ Textual
Immanuel Kant Criticism
- What is morality
Famous work: On Grammatology
- Morality is knowing good and
bad. Derrida's philosophy challenged
traditional views in philosophy by
Universal Law / Categorial looking at structures of language to
Imperatives - everybody doing the open up limitless interpretations.
same thing.
Virtue is knowledge of good and bad. Aristotle - Syllogisms

- A deductive argument of a certain
Concept of Human Freedom
form where a conclusion is
1. Man
inferred from two premises.
2. World
- A formal argument in logic that is
3. God
formed by two statements and a
conclusion which must be true if
the two statements are true.
Journey to Truth EXAMPLE:
1st Argument: All men are human.
Rene Descartes - “Father of Modern
Philosophy.” 2nd Argument: All humans are mortal.
Conclusion: Therefore all men are
Skepticism - knowledge with clear and mortal.
distinct ideas can be acquired with
certainty.
We’re not supposed to believe all views
His idea about 'notion of
presented to us as true.
indubitability' /certainly true or
inarguable. We need to distinguish the ‘false’ from
the ‘true’, or the ‘illusions’ from the ‘real’.
Descartes' Latin book: Meditations on
First Philosophy where his famous
Doxa - opinion
'cogito, ergo sum' (I think, therefore I
Episteme - knowledge
exist) can be found.
Opinion AGREEMENT, to be SIMILAR, or
- ‘We are entitled for our own EQUAL to SOMETHING
opinion’
- No one will be in a position to Linguistic Turn
correct us in our beliefs because - Alfred North Whitehead
there would be no need to verify
them. Context Principle
- They are opinions, and as such, - Bertrand Russell
we do not need to justify them.
Sense - to be understood as meaning
Justification (connotation or intention in logic)
- It is a different case, however,
when we claim that our belief is Reference - ‘referent’ pertains to what is
true. referred to or the denotation (also
- We are required to explain our known as extension)
reason. Miscommunication
- To know is to be able to give
rational justification. Ludwig Wittgenstein
- Rational beings are held - ‘Language-game’
responsible for their thoughts at - The meaning of language is to be
the same way that they are for found in its use
their actions. - To understand meaning, people
must be playing the same game.
Falsehood that are believed by many

‘Are we in the same page?’
● Good looking men and women,
Phenomenology & Existentialism
has no problem with love
relationship.
Rene Descartes
● That money means happiness.
- ‘Cartesian Methodic Doubting’
● The earth is flat.
“The most important thing about
Questions of Truth and Opinion existence is to give importance to
the things that your mind
Correspondence Theory perceives because it proves your
- Oldest model of truth existence.”
- True prepositions (statements)
are those that correspond with Consciousness is Intentional
reality
Edmund Husserl
Be in CONFORMITY, be in - forerunner of Phenomenological
Movement
“We are our choices.”
“Consciousness is -J.P. Sartre
consciousness of something.”
Existentialism Phenomenology - is
What is Phenomenology? designed to make us see what every
existing thing means to someone.
Phenomenology
- Investigation of the essence Unveiling Truth through Methods
(meaning) or the nature of Schools of Thought as Useful
material things or things that Ladders
appear to us.
- Phainomenon = appearance Hermeneutical Role
- Logos = reason/ study of
Study of Phenomenon - anything that Hermeneut - someone who performs
exists of which the mind is conscious. hermeneutics
Essence=Attributes=Meaning=Purpose Hermeneutical Role

- Etymology: god Hermes, whose
Noema - when one sees an object, it role is to deliver messages, and
will have an object which in this seeing so an exact meaning of the
as meant. message is expected to be
conveyed.
Noesis - the intentional act that - A philosopher, by nature of his
presents that object as you meant it. responsibility to communicate
ideas that are hallmarks of
Essentialism - finality of things. wisdom, must make sure his
message is understood well.
Natural Attitude & Transcendental - The hermeneutical tradition offers
Attitude many sets of guidelines and
principles on how to proceed.
Natural Attitude - when we are
comfortable with the things we know. ‘On Hermeneutics’ Claim to Universality’
Jurgen Habermas
Transcendental Attitude - when we try Theory of Communicative Action
our best to direct our consciousness to
investigate the essence of every Hermeneutics
phenomenon. - Is about one’s capability for
making linguistic communication
Existentialism understandable.
- “Existence precedes essence” - Is at work in the trying to make a
decision on practical questions.
Philosophical Hermeneutics - is a Existential Phenomenology
hermeneutical reflection which is in the - Investigating every phenomenon
service of: skillful understanding and as meaningful to the subject who
explication; and convincing and is involved in the situation.
persuading. - Not just to look for essences, but
to look for meaning to the subject
Philosophical Analysis (George who cannot be a detached spe
Edward Moore & Bertrand Russell)
- The idea is that an analysis of Epoche - bracket or suspend the usual
language reveals thought. ideas that you know about that thing or
- Analytic philosophers uncovers object.
the logical structures that underlie
our statements. Emmanuel Jal - The worst people on
earth are not only those who commit
‘All men are cheaters’ evil, but those who stand by and turn a
The statement needs to be clarified by blind eye.
asking whether we are talking about
some men or all men. Mark Twain - Whenever you find
‘Some men are cheaters.’ yourself on the side of the majority, it is
time to pause and reflect.
Phenomenological-Existential
Method Memories of Socrates III 9.5
- From phenomenology, we have Xenophon - knowledge is a virtue,
learned to bracket our natural ignorance is a vice
attitude about phenomena in
order to move to a Dalai Lama - Where ignorance is our
phenomenological attitude that master, there is no real peace
will make us able to do a
reduction of the phenomena in Jacques Derrida - Find the meaning
mind. behind things you see. Deconstruct
- Do the reduction proper. Look for
the essences or ideas that Immanuel Kant - Sapere aude (Dare to
remain in your consciousness in ask)
relation to the object you are
conscious of. This involves a long Claude Levi-Strauss - The right man
process of a kind of meditation; it poses for the right questions
takes you beyond the ordinary
knowledge that you have learned J.P Sartre
in natural science and in - We are our choices.
simplistic psychology. - Existence precedes essence.
- I think therefore I exist.”
Immanuel Kant - if you punish a child

for being naughty, and reward him for
being good.”
Context - it is only in the context of a

sentence that a word has a meaning
(Dummet, 1993)
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PHILO (1st Sem.

Midterms) inquires into the whole of a being and his

Philosophical Etymology - Love of Faculty of Reason - allows us to pursue

Wonder - beginning for it stimulates us to Rational Capacity - so we come nearer to

Aristotle’s Books These 3 claims is related to one another

Socrates was an excellent teacher Fallacy - a term of erroneous reasoning

Socrates enjoined others to pondor on Red Herring Fallacy - diverts attention.

Pilosopo Tasyo is similar to Socrates.

“Pilosopo” refers to someone who

Philosophical Activity - cure to Pythagoreans: Number

Cosmology - the study of nature of the Anthropocentric View (1500 - 1900

- Challenged Church Authority

From Dogmatism to Humanism - bible Age of Enlightenment - 18th Century

Virtue is knowledge of good and bad. Aristotle - Syllogisms

Falsehood that are believed by many

Essence=Attributes=Meaning=Purpose Hermeneutical Role

Immanuel Kant - if you punish a child

Context - it is only in the context of a

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