PERSON
 it refers to a corporation, organization,
partnership, association or other entity construed
to be governed by particular law
 is any of the three groups of pronouns with
corresponding verb inflections that distinguish the
speaker (first person), the individual addressed
(second person) and the individual or thing
spoken of (the third person).
 it is any of three separate individualities
constituting the trinity: the first person (The
Father), the second person (The Son), and the
third person (The Holy Spirit)
HUMAN
 is defined as a rational being endowed with
composite characteristics (physical, mental,
spiritual and emotional) as distinct from lower
animals.
Ecclesiastical-belonging to or connected with the
Christian religion
ORIGIN OF PHILOSOPHY
Greece is the birthplace of philosophy in the West. To
be more precise it is the ancient Greek city of Miletus
in the Western coast of what is now Turkey that gave
birth to philosophy.
Thales (624 and 546 BCE)
 first philosopher in the West
 is the Father of Philosophy in the Western
civilization
 a contemporary of the Lydian king Croesus
 the statesman Solon
Studying Thales makes us realize that philosophical
activity is characterized by three things:
a. First in terms of scope philosophy involves the
widest generalizations
b. Second philosophy is all about fundamentals.
fundamental is the root cause that explains almost
everything in a given context.
c. Third philosophy is driven by the desire to
integrate things in to a one coherent whole
SOCRATES
 was the big-city philosopher in ancient Athens.
 Accused and convicted of corrupting the youth,
his only real crime was embarrassing and irritating
a number of important people. His punishment
was death.
 Socrates didn't write books; he just liked to ask
probing and sometimes humiliating questions,
which gave rise to the famous Socratic Method of
Teaching.
 This street-corner philosopher made a career of
deflating pompous windbags.
What is the most important writing of Socrates?
None. As Socrates did not write philosophical texts,
the knowledge of the mas, his life, and his philosophy
is entirely based on writings by his students and
contemporaries
PLATO
 An aristocratic man with plenty of money and a
superb physique, Plato at one time won two
prizes as a championship wrestler. Actually, the
man's real (and little known) name was Aristocles;
Plato was just a nickname given to him by his
friends, whose original connotation made
reference to his broad shoulders.
 Plato became an enthusiastic and talented
student of Socrates and wrote famous dialogues
featuring his teacher verbally grappling with
opponents.
 Our wrestler believed in the pre-existence and
immortality of the soul, holding that life is nothing
more than the imprisonment of the soul in a body.
In addition to the physical world, there is a
heavenly realm of greater reality consisting in
Forms, Ideals, or Ideas (such as Equality, Justice,
Humanity, and so on).
Plato founded school named Academy. What was the
name of the school founded by Aristotle?
Lyceum- was a gymnasium and public meeting place
in Classical Athens named after the Apollo Lyceus,
“wolf-god” of the grove that housed the Lyceum
ARISTOTLE
 Aristotle was Plato's best student.
 He went on to become the very well-paid tutor of
Alexander the Great - probably the highest paid
philosopher in history.
 Aristotle started his own philosophical school
when he was 50 years old. Although he lived only
ten more years, he produced nearly a thousand
books and pamphlets, only a few of which have
survived.
 This great thinker was called a peripatetic
philosopher (peripateo = "to walk around")
because he liked to lecture to his students while
taking a walk. Another group of philosophers
were called stoics because they preferred sitting
around on porches (stoa) when they shot the
breeze.
 A key theme in Aristotle's thought is that
happiness is the goal of life. Aristotle was a good
deal less other-worldly than Plato. He voluntarily
went into exile from Athens when conditions
became a bit politically dangerous for him, in his
words, "lest Athens sin twice against philosophy."
 The founder of logical theory, Aristotle believed
that the greatest human endeavor is the use of
reason in theoretical activity. One of his best
known ideas was his conception of "The Golden
Mean" - "avoid extremes," the counsel of
moderation in all things.
MAJOR BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
Ethics
 Greek term "Ethos" which means moral
philosophy (human conduct).
- Deals with norms or standard of right and wrong
considered "prescriptive" prescribe what people
ought to do rather than describes what people do.
Aesthetics
 Greek Word "Aisthetikos" which means Sensitive
or Perspective.
- Concerned with analysis of aesthetic experience
and the idea of what is beautiful.
Epistemology
 Greek word "Episteme" which means knowledge
major concern empiricism (given by experience)
or rationalism (given by mind prior to experience)
Logic
- Rules or principles that govern reasoning
(deduction and induction)
Metaphysics
- After physics (Nature Of Reality)
HOLISTIC PERSPECTIVE
- the concept of “whole as greater than the sum of
its parts” has ancient roots.
Holism
- It is a scholarly word that originated from the
Greek “holos‟, meaning whole.
- The tendency in nature to form wholes that are
greater than the sum of the parts through creative
evolution
PARTIAL POINT OF VIEW
- It is a perspective that is based on one of the
component parts of a whole
- is a perspective that looks at reality based on a
single or partial component of a system whereas
the holistic perspective tries to broaden the
understanding of reality by taking considerations
of other possible causal agents or factors
The human person must accept that he is not alone in
this world. As a social and political being he is
oriented towards other people and their company.
Hence, he must relate himself in three ways:
1. He relates himself to others.
2. He relates himself to society and the world.
3. He relates himself to the environment.
Three (3) reasons why the human person relates
himself to society
1. survival- the state of continuing to live or to exist
2. Gregariousness- the quality of enjoying the
company of other people
3. Specialization
There are five (5) determinants on how the human
person relates himself to the world.
1. Genetics play only a small role in the human
person's relationship with the world.
2. Self-image- A human person find his own level. A
human person with a negative self-image will
expect the worst, damage relationship and find
others similarly negative
3. Life experiences affect his relationships with the
world. The human person responds to what he is
prepared to believe
4. Attitudes and Choices- The human person has a
limited control over his experiences but he has
complete control over his attitudes.
5. Friends and Associates - The human person's
friends and associates affect his relationships with
the world.
Truth
- it refers to faithfulness to an original or standard
as well as being in line with fact or reality.
Propositions
- is a statement about the world or reality.
Propositions may or may not carry truth.
Knowledge
- is the clear awareness and understanding of
something. It is the product of questions that
allow for clear answers provided by facts.
Facts
- are propositions or statement which are observe
to be real or truthful
- is something concrete that can be proven
- are statements that are observed to be real or
truthful
Claim
- is a statement that is not evidently or immediately
known to be true.
- are statements that require further examination
to determine their truthfulness.
Systematic Doubt
- is employed to help determine the truth. This
means that every statement, claim, evidence, and
experience is scrutinized and analyzed.
Doubt
- has a very important purpose in philosophy as it
drives our desire to discover the truth.
Belief
- is true if it can be justified or proven through the
use of one’s senses.
Opinion
- is less concrete. It's a view formed in the mind of a
person about a particular issue. In other words, it
is what someone believes or thinks, and is not
necessarily the truth.
 Opinion is something intermediary between
knowledge and ignorance. While Public opinion is
the intermediate faculty which seizes the things
that float between the two extremes (Plato)
 Opinion applies to what, being true or false, may
be other than it is: in fact, opinion is the
apprehension of an immediate and unnecessary
premise (Aristotle)
 Opinion, founded in the probable, perhaps also
the name of knowledge (Leibniz) Opinion is a
belief that is conscious of being insufficient both
subjectively and objectively (Kant) An opinion
gives for truth something that has been said,
although sometimes they are absurd words,
which mean nothing, impossible to understand
(Hobbes) Public opinion is the convergence of the
opinions of the greatest number of people in a
community, so that they form a common and
dominant feeling, exerting diffuse pressure
(Freund)
Examples Of Fallacies
a. Ad hominem- attacking the person presenting the
argument instead of the argument itself
b. Appeal to force- using the threat of force or an
undesirable event to advance an argument.
c. Appeal to emotion- using emotions such as pity
or sympathy
d. Appeal to the popular- the idea is presented as
acceptable because a lot of people accept it.
e. Appeal to tradition- the idea is acceptable
because it has been true for a long time.
f. Begging the question- assuming the thing or idea
to be proven is true; also known as circular
argument.
g. Cause-and-effect- assuming “cause-and-effect”
relationship between unrelated events
h. Fallacy of composition- assuming that what is
true of a part is true for the whole
i. Fallacy of division- assuming that what is true for
the whole is true for its parts.
EXAMPLES OF BIASES
a. Correspondence bias or attribution effect-
tendency to judge a person’s personality by his or
her actions, without regard for the external
factors or influence.
b. Confirmation bias- tendency to look for and
readily accept information which fits one’s own
beliefs or views and to reject ideas or views that
go against it.
c. Framing- focusing on a certain aspect of a
problem while ignoring other aspects
d. Hindsight- the tendency to see past events as
predictable, or to ascribe a pattern to historical
events
e. Conflict of interest- a person or group is
connected to or has a vested interest in the issue
being discussed.
f. Cultural bias- analyzing an event or issue based
on one’s cultural standards
Although philosophy is an organized body of
knowledge, the subject matter of philosophy is
questions, which have three major characteristics;
1. Philosophical questions have answers but the
answers remain in dispute.
2. Philosophical questions cannot be settled by
science, common sense, or faith.
3. Philosophical questions are of perennial intellectual
interest to human beings.
Critical Thinking is the careful, reflective, rational and
systematic approach to questions of very general
interest.
Scientific method also leads to wisdom and truth
because it uses an evidence-based approach to come
up with its conclusion.
There are about nine (9) methods or tools of
philosophy. These are:
1. Conceptual Analysis.
2. Logical Analysis
3. Method of Systematic Doubt
4. Phenomenological Method
5. Philosophical Dialogue.
6. Historical Method
7. Comparative-Descriptive Method
8. Comparative-Constructive Method
9. Deconstructive Method
Socratic and dialectic method are based on a
discussion between two or more people who may
carry differing views but wish to pursue the truth by
seeking an agreement with one another.
Scientific method
- is a process of determining truth or knowledge
through experimentation, inductive and deductive
reasoning, and hypothesis or theory testing
- also called empirical method
- is a process of determining truth or knowledge
through experimentation
Logic
- is the truth based on reasoning and critical
thinking.
- It includes analysis and construction of arguments.
- It serves as path to freedom from half-truths and
deception
DEDUCTIVE REASONING
In this type of reasoning, conclusion comes first,
followed by main points, and the last will be the
supporting data, facts, examples, and evidences.
General idea comes first before the specific or
particular idea.
INDUCTIVE REASONING
In this type of reasoning, supporting data, facts,
examples, and evidences come first followed by the
main points and conclusion will be the last part. This is
the vice versa of the deductive reasoning because
particular idea comes first before the general idea.
human being is someone whose categorization has a
clear origin
Cognitive Self
- which is something within that cannot be
physically seen
- is concerned with the what of a person, which
comprises a person's belief, desire, dreams, and
goals
Physical Self
- the who of a person
- deals with the fundamental aspects of the human
way of existence and encompasses a person's
bodily type, strength, and looks
Allegory a story, poem, or picture that can be
interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a
moral or political one
The body may limit us from doing things, but
definitely the soul has the capability to rule over us.
Man- it is generally and commonly defined to
represent the entire human race
Human- a term used to refer for various classifications
and species. For a living man, human is under the
classification of Mamalia
Human Being- a term used to separate man from
other Human Classifications like animals.
Person- refers to an individual who possess self-
awareness, self-determination, rational mind, and the
capacity to interact with other and with
himself/herself.
Personhood- a general term refers to the state of
being a person with unique, sacred and ethical status
within him/herself.
Human Nature- a general term refers to the deepest
and natural behaviour of a person that distinguish
human from animals. A collective trait that formed
and considered the very essence of humanity. Nobody
can be considered man without human nature.
A human person is typically with a body which is
tangible and has three components composed of
SOUL, MIND and SPIRIT
Embodied spirit is an animating core living within
each of us.
As an embodied spirit human beings demonstrate
these following qualities (Abella, 2016):
1. Self- awareness
- it is the ability of one’s consciousness to look
inward thus discovering the presence of a self
2. Externality
- A human person is able to connect and interact
with another person, an animal or an inanimate
object
3. We are not determined by others
Self-Determination is the capability of persons to
make choices and decisions based on their own
preferences, monitor and regulate their actions, and
be goal oriented and self-directed
4. Dignity
- a human person has an inherent value and
importance
Transcendance
- existence or experience beyond the normal or
physical level
- often refers to an experience with the divine or
God, which is conceived as absolute, eternal, and
infinite
Negative theology and mysticism recognizes the
limits of conceptual understanding or linguistic
articulation of that which transcends the phenomenal
world. Negative theology in particular is an example
of an attempt to describe what is transcendent by
negating what is finite and relative.
St. Thomas Aquinas- a philosopher and one of the
greatest theologian in the Catholic Church in the 13th
century
The Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Paths. For
example, “The Eightfold Path” of Buddhism
1. Right view- a correct understanding of the nature
of things, specifically the Four Noble Truths;
2. Right intention- eliminating thoughts of attachment,
detestation, and harmful intent
3. Right speech- abstaining from verbal offenses such
as lying, divisive speech, unforgiving speech, and
irrational speech
4. Right action- refraining from physical offenses such
as murdering, thieving, and sexual misbehavior,
5. Right livelihood- evading trades that directly or
indirectly damage others, such as trading slaves,
weapons, animals for butchery, intoxicants, or poisons,
6. Right effort- forsaking undesirable states of mind
that have already arisen, preventing undesirable
states that have yet to arise, and sustaining positive
states that have already arisen.
7. Right concentration- single-mindedness.
8. Right mindfulness- consciousness of body, feelings,
thought, and phenomena.