Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Group 1 Members:
Artiaga, Alexis S.
Atienza, Joylen M.
Balagtas, Camille P.
November 2020
DEFINITION OF PHILOSOPHY
Traditionally philosophy is defined as love of wisdom because it came from two Greek
words philos (love) and Sophia (wisdom). You might find it strange to connect love to
philosophy. You might think of philosophy as a purely intellectual discipline which has nothing to
do with love. You might believe love is romance, poetry, intense passion in which you are willing
to lay down your life. But you will see that philosophy can also be pursued passionately. In fact
some people like Socrates died for truth. It is this centrality of love to philosophy that we call
people who engages in philosophy as philosophers (lovers of wisdom).
ORIGIN OF PHILOSOPHY
Greece is the birthplace of philosophy in the West. To be more precise it is the ancient
Greek city of Miletus in the Western coast of what is now Turkey that gave birth to philosophy. It
is in this city that the first philosopher in the West, Thales, lived. Thales is the Father of
Philosophy in the Western civilization. He lived between 624 and 546 BCE a contemporary of
the Lydian king Croesus and the statesman Solon (Stumpf and Fieser,2008). What made
Thales a philosopher is his desire to know the ultimate stuff that makes up the different things
we perceived. You see when we look at the world, we encounter different things: people, trees,
clouds, mountains, rivers, etc. Now Thales believed that despite the different things we
encounter there is one underlying stuff or substance in which everything is composed. He
believes that there is One in the Many. Thales was the first individual who tried to reduce the
multiplicity into a unity (Jones,1969). But his explanation of natural phenomena is devoid of
gods and goddesses of the old religion of Greece. It is completely rational. It represents a
departure from the mythological religion of Greece. Thales approach highlights the difference
between religion and philosophy. Religion rests on faith while philosophy rests on reason.
PHILOSOPHICAL ACTIVITY
First in terms of scope philosophy involves the widest generalizations (Rand, 1982).
While people concern themselves with shoes and clothes, the latest gossip about their favorite
celebrities, their crushes, philosophers concern themselves with big issues pertaining to the
truth, , the good, the just, the beautiful, and the existence of practically all things. While
scientists concern themselves with scientific knowledge, historians with knowledge of the past,
economists with knowledge of supply and demand, philosophers concern themselves with the
nature of knowledge as such (which embraces all types of knowledge previously mentioned and
more).
Second philosophy is all about fundamentals. A fundamental is the root cause that
explains almost everything in a given context. To understand this imagine that knowledge is like
a building with levels. Now the higher level depends on the lower levels (Peikoff, 1991). If
somehow the lower level crumbles then all the higher levels that rest upon it will collapse. A
fundamental is like the lower floor that supports everything above it. That kind of support is
exactly what philosophy provides. If somehow philosophical ideas like consciousness and
existence disappear then knowledge of any kind will not make any sense because there will be
nothing to know (existence) and no one to know (consciousness).
Third philosophy is driven by the desire to integrate things in to a one coherent whole.
As the celebrated philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel said “The true is the Whole
(Peikoff, 1991).” If you notice Thales wants to reduce the multiplicity of things into a single stuff.
He desires to find the One in the many.
CONCEPT OF PHILOSOPHY
Who is a philosopher?
“…A philosopher… has…[a] structure of thought unified by a purpose for his own life and for
mankind.” Will Durant, The Story of Philosophy
Plato in his book (Republic) too said " He who has a taste for every sort of
knowledge and who is curious to learn and is never satisfied may be justify termed a
philosopher."
Philosophers are commonly called “thinkers,” but really, that is not an adequate
definition of a philosopher. A philosopher looks at the world in wonder. He seeks the underlying
meaning of things; he wants to understand it and codify it into a system of thought. If he
succeeds in this task, he often feels compelled to share his system with the world, even
knowing it is likely futile. This is because he loves the world, despite the difficulty it has given
him.
Few philosophers think that - Every Rational person is philosopher. Because every
rational person has many philosophical questions i.e. who am I? where have from I
come? what will after death? what is life? who has created the world? etc. Everybody wants to
get answer of these question.
MEANING OF PHILOSOPHY
PHILOSOPHY AS AN ACTIVITY
Human being has a unique facility to reason, it stems from our self-conscious ability to
know that we exist. We are not like computers which simply manipulate information and
are not self-aware.
Philosophy involves thinking in abstract ideas.
This sort of thinking helps us to ask questions that concern our existence in relation to
our place as individuals in a puzzling world.
1st: It allows us to work out whether the question is meaningful (And that we are
justified of in pursuing an answer.
2nd: It help us to work through the problem, obtain a conclusion and decide whether
that conclusion is valid. Whether or not the conclusion is true will depend on the truth
contained in the argument.
PHILOSOPHY AS A SCIENCE
CHARACTERISTIC OF PHILOSOPHY
FUNCTIONS OF PHILOSOPHY
1. Normative- The word normative refers to the norms or standards. So, the normative
functions of philosophy mean setting of norms, goals, principles standards and etc.
According to Taneja, “When a man is faced with the difficulties, strains and stresses,
contradictory situations, unforeseen circumstances and intriguing problems, philosophy
enable him to consider the pros and cons at correct solution”
2. Speculative- Philosophy strikes a synthesis within the array of facts and bits of
knowledge gathered from various sources. It leads the man from common sense
approach to rational and perspective approach.
3. Critical- It classifies concept, tests hypothesis, establishes consistency, presents unity
of outlook and inspires logical reasoning.
PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE
Philosophy of language is the reasoned inquiry into the nature, origins, and usage of
language.
For Analytic Philosophers, it is concerned with four central problems: the nature of meaning,
language use, language cognition, and the relationship between language and reality.
For Continental philosophers, it tends to be dealt with, not as a separate topic, but as a part of
logic, history or politics.
REFERENCE
Gottlob Frege (German Philosopher, Logician, and Mathematician) was an advocate of a
mediated reference theory. Theories of reference, it is an investigation into how
language interacts with the world. Frege divided the semantic content of every
expression including sentences, into two components: sense and referents.
o The sense of a sentence is the thought that it expresses.
o The referents are the objects in the world that words pick out.
Bertrand Russell (British Philosopher) held that the only directly referential expressions
are the logically proper names.
5 BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
1. EPISTEMOLOGY
“Episteme”= Knowledge, understanding
“Logia”= Science, Study
What is knowledge?
Knowledge is justified, true belief. It means that:
1. The person must be able to justify the claim
2. The claim itself must be true.
3. The person must believe in it.
2. METAPHYSICS - Derived from the Greek meta ta physika ("after the things of nature");
referring to an idea, doctrine, or posited reality outside of human sense perception. In
modern philosophical terminology, metaphysics refers to the studies of what cannot be
reached through objective studies of material reality.
3. AESTHETICS - is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and appreciation
of art, beauty and good taste. It has also been defined as "critical reflection on art,
culture and nature". The word "aesthetics" derives from the Greek "aisthetikos", meaning
"of sense perception".
5. LOGIC - Logic (from the Greek "logos", which has a variety of meanings including word,
thought, idea, argument, account, reason or principle) is the study of reasoning, or the
study of the principles and criteria of valid inference and demonstration.
Group 2 Members:
MORAL STANDARDS VS NON-MORAL STANDARDS
Morality may refer to the standards that a person or a group has about what is right and
wrong, or good and evil. Accordingly, moral standards are those concerned with or relating to
human behavior, especially the distinction between good and bad (or right and wrong) behavior.
MORAL STANDARDS – are norms that individuals or groups have about the kind of actions
believed to be morally right or wrong as well as the values placed on what we believed to be
morally good or morally bad. It has connection in morality about the rightness or wrongness of
an action. Moral Standards normally promote “the good” that is the welfare and well-being of
humans as well as animals and the environment.
NORMS + VALUES
General values Enduring beliefs about
about actions or what is good and
= MORAL STANDARD
behaviors. desirable or not.
Ex. Killing innocent Ex. Helping the poor is
people is wrong. good.
Cheating in exam is
bad.
NON-MORAL STANDARDS- these standards refer to standards by which we judge what is
good or bad and right or wrong in a non-moral way.
Examples:
Standards of etiquette- by which we judge matter by good or bad.
The Law- by which we judge something as legal or illegal.
Standard of Aesthetic- by which we judge art as good or rubbish.
It deals with matters we think can seriously injure or benefit humans, animals,
and the environment.
Moral standards are not established or changed by the decisions of authoritative bodies
or persons such as nations’ legislative bodies. These values ought to be considered in the
process of making laws. In principle therefore, moral standards cannot be changed nor nullified
by the decisions of particular authoritative body. One thing about these standards is that it’s
validity lies on the soundness or adequacy of the reasons that are considered to support and
justify them.
It means that everyone should live up to moral standards. To be more accurate, it entails
that moral principles must apply to all who are in the relevantly similar situation.
If one judges that act A is morally right for a certain person P, then it is morally right for
anybody relevantly similar to P. This characteristic is exemplified in the Golden Rule, “Do unto
others what you would them unto you (if you were in their shoes)”.
5. Moral standards are based on impartial considerations; hence moral standards are fair
and just.
Moral standards do not evaluate standards on the basis of the interest of a certain
person or group but one goes beyond personal interests to a universal standpoint in which each
person’s interests are impartially counted as equal.
These moral standards are generally, put forth as injunction or imperatives such as “Do
not kill”, “Do unnecessary harm” and “Love your neighbor”. These principles are proposed for
use, to advise, and to influence to action. This feature is used to evaluate behavior, to assign
praise and blame, and to produce feelings of satisfaction or of guilt.
If a person violates a moral standard by telling a lie even to fulfill a special purpose, it is
not surprising if he/she starts feeling guilty or being ashamed of his behavior afterwards. On the
contrary, no much guilt is felt if one goes against the current fashion trend.
DILEMMA
Moral Dilemma
Moral dilemma is a situation that begs a person to choose between two or more alternatives
with equal weight wherein both alternatives are either good or both are evil, but the person
cannot do both or all actions.
The difference of moral dilemma from dilemma is that it concerns about the goodness or
rightness of our choices.
If you've heard of ethical dilemma, it's difference to moral dilemma is ethical dilemma is
choosing the greater good and lesser evil. Meaning, ethical dilemma is about rules. If there’s a
dilemma about following rules vs. breaking rules, then you have an ethical dilemma.
1. The person or the agent of a moral action is obliged to make a decision about which course
of action is best.
3. No matter what course of action is taken, some moreal principles are always compromised.
In moral dilemmas, the moral agent "seems fated to commit something wrong, which implies
that she is bound to morally fail because in one way or another she will fail to do something she
ought to do. In other words, by choosing one of the possible moral requirements, the person
also fails on others." - Benjiemen Labstin
Three levels of Moral Dilemma:
1. Individual/Personal Dilemma.
- Conflict arrives when a person is asked to choose between two values for him/her, it entails
choosing between one's duties to his/her loved ones or for another person.
- When your decision in a situation where there is moral conflict is the cause of either your own
or another person/s' potential harm.
Example:
A girl is driving along the road and she stopped at an intersection. On her right side, she saw a
bunch of children inside a day care bus. On her left side, she saw a truck without a driver, and it
will going to hit the day care bus. The dillema in this situation is whose live/s will she choose, if
she dodge the truck, it will cause her life but the children's lives will be saved, but if she move
forward, the truck will hit the day care bus and it will cause the children's lives.
2. Organizational Dilemma.
- When a member or members of the organization is in a situation where there is moral conflict,
and the decision will potentially harm either some members of the group or the entire
organization itself.
Example:
There's patient A, who's been comatose and confined in the hospital for 8 months and has a
little chance of surviving. On the other rooms, 4 patients from an accident are needing
immediate attention, they need major internal organs for example the heart, lungs, the liver, and
pancreas; these are the organs they need immediately. If those patients are given the organs
they need, they have a high chance that they will survive. If you are the doctor, and patient A
has no family or relatives left, patient A's hospital bill is already large, and patient A's organs are
healthy. So the moral dilemma is, are you willing to sacrifice the life of patient A to save the lives
of the 4 other patient?
3. Structural Dilemma.
- It affects a network of institutions and operative theoretical paradigms like universal care,
juvenile laws, and immigration. This type of dilemma can affect a community and even society
at large.
- When a person or group of people who holds high-level positions in the society faces a morally
conflicting situation wherein the entire social system is affected.
Example:
A man is running for the position of town mayor. During the campaign period he promised the
indigenous people in his community to help protect the virgin forest just to gain their votes. But
at the same time he also seeks financial support from a mining corporation and he promised to
support the corporation's mining projects for economic development if he won the election.
Fortunately, the man won the election. Now, he is faced with the dilemma of fulfilling his promise
to the indigenous people and at the same time allows the mining corporation to destroy their
forest so they can get big amount of funds for new projects that can help improve the
community and the economy.
FREEDOM is the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance
or restraint, and the absence of any factors that blocks decision-making.
Freedom of assembly
Freedom of association
Freedom of education
Freedom of movement
Freedom of religion
Freedom of speech
Based on the definition of freedom, a person with freedom can act how he/she wants
to or say what he/she wants without any restraint. FREEDOM is predominantly an inner
construct. The legendary Holocaust survivor, Viktor Frankl said: “Everything can be
taken from a man but one thing: the last of the human freedoms – to choose one’s
attitude in any given set of circumstances, to choose one’s own way (in how he
approaches his circumstances).”
In other words, to be free is to take ownership of what goes on between your ears, to
be autonomous in thoughts first and actions second. Your freedom to act a certain way
can be taken away from you – but your attitude about your circumstances cannot –
making one's freedom predominantly an internal construct.
On the other hand, LIBERTY is the state of being free within society from oppressive
restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views.
LIBERTY is predominantly an external construct which is categorized into two: the
NEGATIVE and POSITIVE LIBERTY.
POSITIVE LIBERTY is the possession of the capacity to act upon one's free will.
For example, The Bill of Rights is a charter of negative liberties – it says what the
state cannot do to you. However, it does not say what the state must do on your behalf.
This would be a positive liberty, an obligation imposed upon you by the state.
VALUE OF FREEDOM
For the individual, freedom is a pre-requisite for spiritual and moral growth.
A person who as they grow older is not given more and more responsibility and
the freedom that goes with it does not fully mature. Human beings are treated as
moral agents because they are held to be responsible for their actions. If a
person is not free then they are not responsible. For example, if someone is
physically forced to pull a trigger and kill someone they are not treated as a
murderer. Freedom enables a person to make decisions that will affect their
future. It gives them the chance to take or not to take opportunities that occur
instead of having such decisions made by someone else. Thus, freedom enables
a person to become responsible, following their own lights, pursuing and creating
beauty, truth and goodness.
It means that people are not controlled and not part of someone else's
plans and purposes. On the contrary, as long as they do not break the law, a
system of general rules that apply to everyone, they can live where they choose,
follow whatever career they wish, buy, sell and trade without restriction, read and
write what they like, espouse whatever beliefs and opinions they hold, associate
with whomever they wish and form clubs, groups, and parties without seeking
anyone's permission. In short, the freedom to follow their conscience. Such a
person would naturally live within the moral law. Of course, if a person breaks the
law committing murder or stealing, they can expect a fair trial followed by an
appropriate punishment.
INNER AUTONOMY
FREEDOM can also signify inner autonomy, or mastery over one's inner condition.
This has several possible significances according to Susan Wolf:
There is an even more internalized type of freedom. In a play by Hans Sachs, for
example, the Greek philosopher Diogenes speaks to Alexander the Great, saying: "You
are my servants' servant." The philosopher has conquered fear, lust, and anger,
whereas Alexander still serves these masters. Although the king has conquered the
world without, he has not yet mastered the world within. This kind of mastery is
dependent upon no one and nothing other than oneself.
One important issue is: Does inner freedom always issue in a good result? The
answer unfortunately is in the negative in reality. However, people such as Saint
Augustine said that the type of freedom which is attained by saints beyond this world
always results in good things because it is the libertas (liberty) in the sense of
being non posse peccare (not able to sin). According to him, it is different from
the posse no peccare (ability not to sin) which Adam and Eve possessed even before
their fall.
Philosophy of Freedom
We must not trade off the legitimate rights and interests of any human being for anything else.
Morality is a question of choice. Every situation will come. There are factors to be
considered:
1. Decision-Making; through multiple questions upon yourself, it is noticeable
before engaging in a certain action, someone must think of cause and effects of
a certain action.
2. Values Applied; refers to the cultural appropriations for a certain field , a
workplace, or in a community where someone belongs.
Hence, you must not be judged for a single action, but must be enriched with several
decisions considering what is ethically right or wrong. You must not be judged based on
the denotative means of freedom, but with true freedom.
Sources:
https://fee.org/articles/immanuel-kant-and-the-philosophy-of-freedom/
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Santa Cruz Campus
S.Y. 2020-2021
College of Engineering
Group 3 Members:
CULTURE
Edward B. Tylor defined culture as a complex whole which includes knowledge, belief,
art, law, morals and other capabilities and habits acquired by the people as members of
the society.
ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
a) Spoken Language
b) Written Language
c) Non-verbal Language
3. Values- It is defined as culturally defined standards that people use to describe what
is desirable, good and beautiful and that serves as broad guidelines for social living.
-Character Value
-Work Value
-Personal Value
4. Beliefs- It refers to specific ideas that people hold to be true. While values refer to
abstract motions of what is desirable, beliefs are more specific ideas of what is true or
false.
5. Norms-These are rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its
members.
b) Mores- coined by William Summer which refers to norms of great moral significance
Components of Culture
Culture is divided into two basic components: the things that we think and the
things that we have.
Non-material Culture, are the things that we think. It is the ideas, beliefs, and
knowledge created by members of society.
Material Culture on the other hand, are the things that we have. It is the physical
things that members of a society create.
Material culture is the tangible aspect of culture while non-material culture refers
to intangible aspect.
Characteristics of Culture
1. Culture is learned.
Culture is being passed down from one generation to another. It is said
that no individual is born with a sense of his culture. We can learn culture by
observation, listening, and asking.
Example:
The use of po and opo and pagmamano to the elders is some that
were taught to us by our parents. Another is how native people teach their
children to hunt for boys and cook for girls.
2. Culture is shared.
Meaning no culture belongs to an individual. The people living in the same
society share the same culture and it can also be exchange.
Example:
The people living in the Philippines use the same language.
Another is, if you marry someone from another country you and your partner will
likely exchange or adopt each other’s culture.
3. Culture is cumulative.
It is passing shared knowledge from one generation to another and being
added to what is existing that changes and develop culture.
Example:
The evolution of transportation, before we use horses to travel but
now we have cars, busses, trains, and more.
4. Culture is dynamic.
Meaning culture is not permanent. It responds to motions and actions
within and around them.
Example:
Anything that is related to Korea became very popular in our
country and most of us tend to learn their language and culture that our country
learned to adopt.
5. Culture is diverse.
People interpret their culture however they want and act from their social
location. And it is something we should be careful of to avoid assuming that their
culture is the only practical or right way.
Example:
When we greet people in the Philippines we say hi or shake their
hands, but in countries like Japan they bow as a signed of greeting or respect.
Another is how Muslims and American clothed themselves, Muslims covers their
whole body including their hair and except their eyes while Americans usually
wear revealing clothes, but is does not tell that the other is right and another is
wrong.
6. Culture is a whole.
It is a system with many mutually interdependent parts. For example, the
choice of a marriage partner involves many different parts of a culture such as
religion, economic class, age, education and ideals of beauty and romance.
CULTURAL DIVERSITY
HIGH CULTURE
- This refers to cultural patterns that distinguish a society’s elite. This is what we
usually call as high-end culture, those that are lived and experienced by rich and
famous.
POPULAR CULTURE
- This refers to the cultural patterns that are widely held by a society’s population.
SUBCULTURE
COUNTERCULTURE
- These are cultural patterns that strongly oppose what is widely accepted within a
society.
CULTURAL CHANGE
INVENTION
- It is a process of cultural change wherein new cultural item, which can be either
material or non-material aspect are created.
DISCOVERY
DIFFUSION
VIEWS ON CULTURE
ETHNOCENTRISM
the practice of judging another culture by the standards of one’s own culture
looks at its own culture as more superior to others
a belief that one’s group is at the center of everything and all others are sealed
and rated with reference to it
XENOCENTRISM
the practice of judging of one’s own culture based on the standards of others
contrary to ethnocentrism, it looks at its own culture as inferior compared to
others
CULTURAL RELATIVISM
CULTURAL RELATIVISM
is the ability to understand a culture on its own terms and not to make judgments
using the standards of one’s own culture
promotes understanding of cultural practices that are not typically part of one’s
own culture
values may be considered as right, appropriate and moral in its own cultural
setting
a view that no one’s culture is superior than another culture when compared to
systems of morality, law, politics, etc.
CATEGORIES
ABSOLUTE
everything that happens within a culture must and should not be questioned by
outsiders
CRITICAL
it creates questions about cultural practices in terms of who is accepting them
and why
ADVANTAGES
3. Preserves Cultures
DISADVANTAGES
Group 4 Members:
dela Torre, Lorraine
In Filipinos, how one greets is determined by the age and relationship of the people.
When greeting strangers, a soft handshake accompanied with a smile is common among
men. Among women, a smile and a hand wave is the usual greeting. Close friends and
family may accompany a handshake with a pat on the back. Females may hug and kiss to
greet each other. Typically, people greet each other by saying, ‘kumusta kayo’ (‘how are
you?’ in Tagalog). If the person you are greeting is older than you but within the same
generation, it is expected that you will refer to that person as 'kuya' for males and 'ate' for
females. These terms do not have direct translations into English.
Mano
The common gesture used to greet is known as ‘mano’, often referred to as ‘bless’ in
English. Mano is performed as a sign of respect towards elders and as a way of accepting a
blessing from the elder. It is usually done towards those who are older by two generations or
more. For example, a niece will perform the mano gesture to her aunt. Similar to kissing a
hand, the person offering a mano will bow towards the offered hand and press their
forehead on the hand. Sometimes they will ask ‘mano po’ to the elder in order to ask
permission to perform the gesture. It is usually performed when visiting an elder or upon
entering a house or gathering. Although the mano gesture is still widely used, some Filipinos
have replaced the gesture with the ‘beso-beso’ (a cheek to cheek kiss).
B. Family Values
Family is considered to be the foundation of social life for most Filipinos. The nuclear
family is the core family unit however bonds are often tight knit among extended family
members. Indeed, people may be encouraged to have a relationship with their aunts and
uncles that is just as strong as the relationship with their parents. Close familial relationships
often go beyond one’s genetic connections or bloodlines to incorporate distant relatives,
close neighbours or friends. For example, it is common to hear people refer to distant
relatives or non-relatives with familial terms such as ‘tita’ (aunt), ‘tito’ (uncle), ‘lola’
(grandmother) and ‘lolo’ (grandfather). One instance is when a grandchild refers to their
grandparent’s friend or cousin as lola or lolo.
Filial Piety
Expectations and practices of marriage are heavily shaped by the Catholic Church.
Marriage is understood as a milestone and it is expected that individuals will one day marry
a suitable partner. Having children out of wedlock is generally frowned upon in Filipino
society. Thus, many couples will marry prior to giving birth to their child to avoid social
repercussions. Monogamy is the norm and divorce is both socially stigmatized and illegal.
However, views on marriage are changing. For example, there is now more acceptance of a
person’s choice to remain single if they wish to be so.
Basic Etiquette
Filipinos tend to dress modestly, especially when in public. It is expected that the elderly
and those of a higher social status are treated with respect. Given large family sizes and
typically small living quarters, Filipinos are generally not demanding of privacy. Within one
family, possessions are typically thought to be communal and shared. Thus, it is expected to
be open about one’s possessions and space. Many Filipinos avoid blasphemy and cursing
as it may cause themselves to lose face. Filipinos typically have a relaxed approach towards
timekeeping and punctuality. It is common for Filipinos to arrive an hour or two hours after
the designated time. This is commonly referred to as ‘Filipino time’. However, Filipinos will
observe punctuality in a formal context such as important business meetings, appointments
or when visiting the doctor.
Visiting
Do not refer to the woman of the house as ‘hostess’ as this has an alternative meaning
in the Philippines that is offensive. It is common practice to remove one’s shoes
before entering someone’s home. The host may offer you slippers to wear inside the home.
Try to accept any refreshments offered. Refusing them is considered impolite. To display
their hospitality, Filipinos will often use their finest crockery and cutlery when they have a
visitor. It would be polite to comment on it out of acknowledgement for their efforts. If there is
a visitor, Filipinos are reluctant to take the last serving of any shared food served at a meal.
If someone is eating and someone walks past, many Filipinos will offer the person passing
by to stop and eat. However, this is not a literal offer but rather out of respect.
Eating
Nearly all meals are served with rice. If a meal is not served with rice, it is normally not
considered a main meal but rather a snack. Many Filipinos eat with their hands or with a
spoon and fork. However, they will often try their best to accommodate for their guests by
finding suitable cutlery for their guest. It is considered rude to lean on one’s arms when
present at the dinner table.
Filipinos may allow food to go cold before eating it as they wish to have all the dishes
present on the table before serving. It is common to leave food at the table just in case
someone else arrives or is hungry later.
Gift Giving
Presentation is important, so Filipinos will take considerable effort to make sure their
gifts are well presented and wrapped. Filipinos will often put a lot of thought into their gifts
and will give sentimental, thoughtful and/or practical gifts. Gifts are generally not opened
when received. Often one will thank the giver and set the gift aside.
Do’s
Observe hierarchical relations determined by age and status. Showing respect is a core
part of Filipino culture and is often demonstrated through speech. Show an interest into the
wellbeing of your Filipino counterpart’s family. In the Philippines, family is an important
component in an individual’s life. Acknowledge your counterpart’s education and English
proficiency. Many Filipinos are fluent in English. Avoid talking to them in overly simplified
English as this may be interpreted as patronising. Smile when meeting people. Filipinos are
renowned for being joyful people who try to show warmth where they can. Compliment
people’s efforts and hospitality. For Filipinos, hospitality is an essential component of
interaction and they will often go to extreme lengths to be hospitable to their company.
Do Not’s
Approach questions about income, standard of living or things that would often be
considered personal in Australia with sensitivity. These topics are not always welcomed in
discussion. However, it is not uncommon for Filipinos to ask questions relating to age, work
and level of education to ensure they address you correctly in future interactions. Avoid
directly criticising the Philippines as a country. This may not be well received and criticisms
from a foreigner may be interpreted as an insult. Do not publicly display signs of anger,
raising your voice or shouting in front of those older or superior to you. Any confrontational
or aggressive behaviour may bring hiya (shame or embarrassment), tarnishing your
reputation. Try not to be offended if your Filipino counterpart makes frank comments about
people’s body shape. Unlike in Australia, it is not considered taboo or rude to make
comments such as, “Oh, you’ve put on weight” or "Do you have a boyfriend/girlfriend?".
Such comments are not intended to be hurtful, invasive or offensive.
Source:
https://culturalatlas.sbs.com.au/filipino-culture/filipino-culture-do-s-and-don-ts#filipino-culture-do-
s-and-don-ts
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Santa Cruz Campus
S.Y. 2020-2021
College of Engineering
Group 5 Members:
Garin, James Franco
Garrote, Marvin
Guico, Justin
Taxation (Justice and Fairness)
What is Fairness?
What is Justice?
Attributes:
Blindfolded
Scale
Sword
What is Taxation?
TAX RATES
- Governments vary the tax rates to distribute the tax burden between individuals or classes of
the population involved in taxable activities.
Established on the principle of ability to pay, a fair share means those earners of the lower-income
bracket should not be taxed as much as those of the high-income bracket.
PRINCIPLES
1. Horizontal Equity
2. Vertical Equity
- The idea that a tax system should distribute the burden fairly across people with different
abilities to pay.
a) Proportional tax - takes the same percentage of income from all people.
Tax on Purchases
Tax on Property
Tax on Wealth
Tax on Income
Tax on Purchases
Sales Tax
is a tax paid to a governing body for the sales of certain goods and services.
Excise Tax
Excise taxes are internal taxes that are levied on the sale of specific goods and services, such
as alcohol, fuel and tobacco.
Tax on Property
Estate Tax
Inheritance Tax
The estate's liabilities are subtracted from The beneficiaries are liable for paying this tax,
the overall value of the deceased's property although a will sometimes provide that the
to arrive at the net taxable estate. estate should pick up this tab as well.
Gift Tax
- A gift tax is a federal tax applied to an individual giving anything of value to another
person.
Income tax
- Income tax is a type of tax that governments impose on income generated by businesses and
individuals within their jurisdiction.
- A corporate tax is a levy placed on a firm's profit by the government. The money collected from
corporate taxes is used as a nation's source of income.
- Tax rates increases depends on the income of the corporation.
- The corporate income tax is one of the most controversial types of taxes.
- Each corporation should carry its fair share in taxation for each fiscal year.
Financial Controller
Tax Evasion
Tax Avoidance
- Happens when tax payers exploits some legally permissible alternative methods of assessing
taxable property or income in order to reduce tax liability.
Global Corporation
Multinational Corporation
Source:
http://jmbm.blogspot.com/2016/09/taxation-when-principles-of-fairness.html?m=1
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Santa Cruz Campus
S.Y. 2020-2021
College of Engineering
Group 6 Members:
Hutalla, Ricky Jr.
Lucilo, Bryan E.
What is morality?
Morality derives from the Latin moralis meaning customs or manners. In general
meaning, morality is principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or
good and bad behavior. In biblical meaning, morality follows the pattern of faith directly,
the "how one is to act" is related to an encounter with God through faith. Moral living is
response to the Logos or Word of God.
It’s important to consider how the two terms have been used in discourse in
different fields so that we can consider the connotations of both terms. For example,
morality has a Christian connotation to many Westerners, since moral theology is
prominent in the church. Similarly, ethics is the term used in conjunction with business,
medicine, or law. In these cases, ethics serves as a personal code of conduct for people
working in those fields, and the ethics themselves are often highly debated and
contentious. These connotations have helped guide the distinctions between morality
and ethics. Ethicists today, however, use the terms interchangeably. If they do want to
differentiate morality from ethics, the onus is on the ethicist to state the definitions of
both terms. Ultimately, the distinction between the two is as substantial as a line drawn
in the sand.
Origin of Morality
Morality also overlaps with Law and Religion but shouldn’t be confused with them.
1. Morality and law. Morality and law are not the same although of course they
overlap. Law might be thought of as a public codification of morality for a culture,
although certain laws in that system, or even the system itself, might be deemed
immoral, e.g., apartheid. Law is not a necessary attribute of morality although
morality may well be thought to be a necessary attribute of law.
2. Morality and religion. Is morality dependent upon religion? Can you be moral and
non-religious?
Why should human beings be moral? Why should human beings do what is right?
https://www.britannica.com/story/whats-the-difference-between-morality-and-
ethics#:~:text=Both%20morality%20and%20ethics%20loosely,certain%20community
%20or%20social%20setting.
https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/basics/ethics-and-morality#the-stages-of-moral-
development
https://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/855/875571/IM_PDF/im_ch01_1.pdf
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Santa Cruz Campus
S.Y. 2020-2021
College of Engineering
Group 7 Members:
Matti, Andre Charles
Plaza, Emmanuel P.
Feeling and Reason
Feelings
Upsurge of feelings is natural and what we do with them is what makes us ethical
or unethical.
Feelings and intuitions or what we call as “moral emotions” play a major role in
most of the ethical decisions people make.
1. Ethical Subjectivism
2. Emotivism
It is a naive version pf ethical subjectivism. This version says that a moral belief
is true if it is held with sincerity and conviction.
To say that an act is right, or a person is good, is merely to emote, just to
express emotion.
There are pieces of evidences to support the idea that emotion is also a necessary
component leading to ethical decisions and ethical behavior. The arousal of emotion
influences moral reflection and ultimately moral behavior.
Feelings cannot be solely relied upon, but feelings and reason may complement each
other. So, while we may believe that our moral decisions are influenced most by our
philosophy or religious values, in truth our emotions play a significant role in our ethical
decision-making.
Reason
One of the classic definition of human being as a species is that Man is a rational
animal. When we say humans are rational animals we don’t mean that every person is
rational all the time in the sense of being logically or objective, because sometimes a
person can make a decision without being reasonable or logical. But what we are
talking about is that man is capable of thinking, and using logic, it’s always there in us.
All of us have this capability that’s why we can say that we are a rational animal.
Because we have the capacity to think we have what we call reason.
Cognitive bias - a systematic error in thinking that occurs when people are
processing and interpreting information in the world around them and it affects
the decisions and judgments that they make.
Age – the more knowledge we have the more we can think objectively and
logically. Let’s say for example since we are already in college we can say that
we might have a greater knowledge than those who are younger than us which is
those who are in primary school or even high school. We can also say that older
people that have more experience to various things in life, making them more
mature and that makes them think more objectively than those younger than
them. So that’s why it can affect reason.
Beliefs - An acceptance that something exists or is true, especially even one
without proof. This almost the same as cognitive bias. Sometimes we are incline
to focus more on the information that supported our point of view
Feelings - an emotional state or reaction. I think we can’t separate reason to
feelings, I believe a person can’t purely be rational, our feelings always affect our
way of thinking. But I think it should be balance, our feelings and being rational
should be balance. Let’s say when our feelings and emotions is greater than our
capabilities to think more rational we tend to become impulsive, sometimes we
don’t look for facts before we act and that results to being irrational, but when you
balance being rational to your feelings I think it can help us think morally and
ethically and it make us more humane in our reasons and decisions. So I think
when we balance our feelings or our heart to our mind we can make the best
decisions.
Ethical Reasoning
Ethical/Moral Impartiality
The plausibility of identifying the moral point of view with the impartial point of
view, or of defining morality in terms of an impartial observer, presumably lies in
the thought that such views capture the idea that morally speaking, every person
is equally important. Whatever such conceptions may get wrong, then, one thing
they seem to get right is the idea that there is a close and important connection
between moral impartiality and equality.
Consequentialist moral theories and Impartiality - Consequentialist moral
theories hold that moral evaluations and justifications must ultimately be
grounded in the value of the consequences of the actions, rules, policies,
strategies, character traits, etc. that are being evaluated
Deontological moral theories and Impartiality - Many deontologists insist
that consequentialism errs by failing to accord proper significance to the
moral agent as an individual. Deontology is a theory that suggests actions
are good or bad according to a clear set of rules. Its name comes from the
Greek word deon, meaning duty. Actions that obey these rules are ethical,
while actions that do not, are not.
DECISION MAKING
Meanings
Don’t jump to solutions without first identifying the ethical issue(s) in the situation.
There may be multiple ethical issues – focus on one major one at a time.
Define the ethical basis for the issue you want to focus on.
IDENTIFY THE AFFECTED PARTIES
Think about potential positive and negative consequences for affected parties by
the decision. Consider what your decision would be based only on consequences
– then move on and see if it is similar given other considerations.
Consider what your relevant community members would consider to be the kind
of decision that an individual of integrity would make in this situation.
What specific virtues are relevant in the situation?
Think about how your decision will be remembered when you are gone.
Even though the prior steps have argued for a highly rational process, it is always
good to “check your gut.” Intuition is gaining credibility as a source for good
decision making – knowing something is not “right.” Particularly relevant if you
have a lot of experience in the area – expert decision-making
DECIDE ON THE PROPER ETHICAL ACTION AND BE PREPARED TO DEAL WITH
OPPOSING ARGUMENTS
Group 8 Members:
Patawe, Limbert
Quindoy, Mariefe L.
Will
Reason
Will
Will, generally, is the faculty of the mind that selects, at the moment of decision, a
desire among the various desires present; it itself does not refer to any particular desire,
but rather to the mechanism responsible for choosing from among one's desires. Within
philosophy, will is important as one of the parts of the mind, along with reason and
understanding. It is considered central to the field of ethics because of its role in
enabling deliberate action.
Why the will is as important as reason in ethics?
Within philosophy, will is important as one of the parts of the mind, along
with reason and understanding. It is considered central to the field of ethics because of
its role in enabling deliberate action.
- Immanuel Kant's theory of the will consists of the will being guided subjectively by
maxims and objectively via laws. The former, maxims, are precepts of what is
considered pleasurable, displeasurable, or neither.
- We can divide the world into beings with reason and will like ourselves and things
that lack those faculties. ... Moral actions, for Kant, are actions where reason leads,
rather than follows, and actions where we must take other beings that act according to
their own conception of the law into account.
Reason
- Reason is the general human capacity for resolving, through reflection, the
question of what one is to do
Theoretical Reason
Theoretical reason, interpreted along these lines, addresses the considerations that
recommend accepting particular claims as to what is or is not the case. That is, it
involves reflection with an eye to the truth of propositions, and the reasons for belief in
which it deals are considerations that speak in favor of such propositions’ being true, or
worthy of acceptance.
Practical Reason
Practical reason, by contrast, is concerned not with the truth of propositions but with
the desirability or value of actions. The reasons in which it deals are considerations that
speak in favor of particular actions being good, or worthy of performance in some way.
- Nature law this is mean the Nature of Morality not the Nature law
2 Here we can see two contraposed concepts of law. Natural law (and reason) is the
first concept and legal positivism (and free will) is the second concept of law. In this
discussion will follow on those factors throughout history that have determined the
emergence of such contraposed concepts as reason and will. The discussion will have
its basis in certain theories related to the tradition of natural law and in certain theories
related to the tradition of legal positivism.
Now this is where reason kicks in. Reason is more or less the ‘purpose’ of an
individual in their life. Either it be long term or short term, a reason is something than
every single living being seek for every single day. A reason can change from time to
time. Every single one with their own free will is looking for a reason to live. Although
there is a bigger chance that a person will not achieve all the desired results in his
hands. They still hold on to that ‘reason’ or purpose on why they decided to do such
things.
As a summary to the comparison, all individual has their own free will. If an
individual has a free will, then he will continuously find a reason on how to use his will
and freedom. An individual needs a will (freedom) in order to move. A reason on the
other hand is the end goal or the purpose of every individual who has a will.
MORAL THEORY
- It provides us with very general forms or standards, that can make help us make
sense of our moral experiences, judgement and principles.
- explains why a certain action is wrong -- or why we ought to act in certain ways
ETHICAL SUBJECTIVISM
CULTURAL RELATIVISM
ETHICAL EGOISM
DIVINE COMMAND THEORY
VIRTUE ETHICS
KANTIAN THEORY
UTILITARIANISM
ETHICAL SUBJECTIVISM
- What is right and wrong vary from individual to individual; there is no independent,
objective morality.
CULTURAL RELATIVISM
- we recognize that morality differs in every society, and is a convinient term for
socially approved habits
ETHICAL EGOISM
- It is the normative ethical position that moral agents ought to act in their own self-
interest.
- Is the view that morality is somehow dependent upon God, and that moral
obligation consists in obedience to God's commands.
VIRTUE ETHICS
- Right and wrong are characterized in terms of acting in accordance with the
traditional virtues.
KANTIAN THEORY
UTILITARIANISM
MENTAL FRAMES
- Mental frame is a frame through which we view the world. We attend to what is
inside our frame, oblivious sometimes to what occurs inside our frames, which can lead
to dangerous blind spots.
- Frames can be useful insofar as the direct our attention toward the information we
seek. But they can also constrict our peripheral vision, keeping us from noticing
important and perhaps, opportunities. Once liberating, mental models can become
shackles.
Framing Bias/effect
Framing Bias
- The framing bias gives a selective (framed) and simplistic picture of reality. This
leads to flawed decisions with unwanted effects. This has some relation with heuristic:
Cognitive Bias
- Cognitive bias where people decide on options based on whether the options are
presented with positive or negative connotations; e.g. as a loss or as a gain. People
tend to avoid risk when a positive frame is presented but seek risks when a negative
frame is presented.
- Is the principle that our choices are influenced by the way they are framed through
different wordings, settings, and situations.
- Since attention is a limited resource, people have to be selective about what they
pay attention to in the world around them.
Actor-observer bias: This is the tendency to attribute your own actions to external
causes while attributing other people's behaviors to internal causes.
Anchoring bias: This is the tendency to rely too heavily on the very first piece of
information you learn.
Attentional bias: This is the tendency to pay attention to some things while
simultaneously ignoring others.
False consensus effect: This is the tendency to overestimate how much other
people agree with you.
Halo effect: Your overall impression of a person influences how you feel and think
about their character. This especially applies to physical attractiveness influencing how
you rate their other qualities.
Self-serving bias: This is the tendency to blame external forces when bad things
happen and give yourself credit when good things happen.
The Dunning-Kruger effect: This is when people who believe that they are smarter
and more capable than they really are. For example, when they can't recognize their
own incompetence.
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Santa Cruz Campus
S.Y. 2020-2021
College of Engineering
Group 9 Members:
Revilla, Erika A.
Salvador III, Antonio E.
Sarmiento, Mary Grace C.
Soriano, Deejay C.
KANT AND RIGHTS THEORY
A. KANTIAN ETHICS
Immanuel Kant
• Immanuel Kant is a German thinker and regarded by many as the most
significant philosopher in the modern era. His major contributions to ethics can
be found in his two major works entitled “The Foundation of the Metaphysics
of Morals” and “The Critique of Practical Reason”.
Kantian Ethics
• Kant categorically rejects that ethical judgments are based on feelings. For
him, feelings even serve as obstruction to our discernment from right and
wrong. His ethical theory instead bases moral judgments on reason alone,
Kantian Ethics
1. Good Will
• Kant believes that when we wish to determine the moral status of an action, we
consult reason. An act either accords with reason or it does not. If it accords
with reason, we must do it, if not, we must avoid it.
2. Maxim
• Maxim is a general rule or principle which serves as a guide to action.
Two Classes of Maxim
1. Hypothetical Imperative
• Hypothetical Imperative is a rule for obtaining some desire ends.
2. Categorical Imperative
• Categorical Imperative commands a person to act in a particular ways
regardless of what goals one looks for or what one’s ends may be.
B. ANALYSIS OF KANTIAN ETHICS
• Sensible and plausible - many have said that ethical system of Immanuel
Kant was sensible and plausible because if this kind of behavior was applied
universally people will be emotionally strong and could easily cope up on this
cruel world. However, golden rule “Do unto others what you want others do
unto you” was also applicable on Kant’s system and that situation that we
choose others to experience might get back to us one day.
• Lack of solution to instances - there is a conflict of duties, for example, a
person promise to keep a secret, and then another person ask him about it.
He cannot tell the truth without making his promise. But Kantian ethics
inflexibly demands that he ought to do both always, and in all circumstances,
which in this case is logically impossible.
• Inconsistent - because Kant completely disregarded the consequences of
moral evaluation of actions. Not all situations have the consequences that are
easy to deal with.
C. RIGHTS THEORY
Rights Theory
In law, Immanuel Kant proposed the principle of rights. He saw a
distinctive correlation, yet difference between the intent of the law and the
enforcement of the law.
For Kant:
The principle of rights theory is the notion that in order for a society to be
efficacious “government must approach the making and enforcement of laws
with the right intentions in respect to the end goals of the society that it
governs. Members of society agree to give up some freedoms for the
protection enjoyed by organized society, but government cannot infringe upon
the rights that citizens have been promised.”
Right based ethics - is a broad moral in which Kant’s principle of theory is
included. The concept of right based ethics is that “there are some rights,
both positive and negative, that all humans have based only on the fact that
they are human”
Mill’s Utilitarianism
• John Stuart mill is the most famous proponent of Utilitarianism after Bentham.
• Made the doctrine the subject of his philosophical treatise (Utilitarianism)
published in 1863
• Like Bentham, He advocates the ‘Greatest Happiness Principle’ which states
that it is the greatest happiness of the greatest number that is the measure of
right or wrong.
• He Differs from Bentham
• Mill rejects the purely quantitative treatment of the principle of Utility.
• He Introduces the so-called secondary Principles
• He Believes that past experiences teach us which kind of action promote
happiness and which do not.
• Secondary principles serve as practical rules, giving knowledge about the
tendencies of actions when no better information is available.
- “It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be
Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied.”
- “Happiness and Unhappiness are the basis of good and evil.”
C. AN ANALYSIS OF UTILITARIANISM
Comparing it to Kantian Ethics
1. Utilitarianism is a direct negative reaction of Kantian Ethics
2. Kant is based on motive.
3. Utilitarianism is based on the consequence
As a moral theory, utilitarianism is attractive because:
1. It matches the views we tend to hold.
2. Anchored in pain and pleasure concept.
3. Simulate cause and effect.
• Utilitarianism also allows for exception to the rule if justified by the
consequence. Take the case of lying to protect another from sure danger.
- For Kant this is transgressing.
The theory nonetheless receives criticisms.
1. It is not easy to foresee with certainty the consequences of an action.
2. Demands to perform computation.
• Moreover, utilitarianisms principle that the total number of outcomes should be
considered before an act can be declared right or wrong is problematic.
• If we take account only the immediate amount of pain and pleasure we may be
misguided.
• If we can determine the rightness or wrongness, we have to wait considerably
long.
• By giving moral importance exclusively to the consequences of an action, it
may also bring about complication.
D. BUSINESS FASCINATION WITH UTILITARIANISM
• Utilitarianism basically teaches people that a decision regarding business
conduct is good if and only if that decision generates the greatest good for the
greatest number of people.
• Good is defined as the net benefits.
• Moral Choices must be evaluated by calculating the net benefits.
• One good example is a pharmaceutical company.
• Business executives normally embrace this approach.
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Santa Cruz Campus
S.Y. 2020-2021
College of Engineering
Group 10 Members:
Umali, Maika S.
Vitalicea, Micaela A.
Vivas, Eunice E.
NATURE OF GLOBALIZATION
"The planet we live in, is now an incredible shrinking planet." - Alex Macgillivray (2006)
WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION
1. Globalization means the speedup of movements and exchanges (of human beings,
goods, and services, capital, technologies or cultural practices) all over the planet.
2. The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence
or start operating on an international scale.
3. Globalization is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies,
and governments worldwide.
A form of applied ethics or professional ethics that examines ethical principles and moral
or ethical problems that arise in a business environment.
Applies to all aspects of business conduct and is relevant to the conduct of individuals
and entire organizations.
Aims at inculcating a sense of value orientation within company's employee as to how to
conduct business responsibly.
Based on the statement of Shariffm, Ismael, it relies on three (3) forces for development:
PROCESS OF GLOBALIZATION
TYPES OF GLOBALIZATION
IMPACTS OF GLOBALIZATION
POSITIVE IMPACTS
1. The share and transfer of technological know-how and best practices of multinational
companies to the local industry. Technological progress is a key driver of improvements
in incomes and standards of living. Therefore, the way technology spreads across
countries is central to how global growth is generated and shared across countries.
2. The opportunities presented to the local labor market and industry to penetrate foreign
markets and have their share in it. It allows companies to find lower-cost ways to
produce their products. It also increases global competition, which drives prices down
and creates a larger variety of choices for consumers. Lowered costs help people in both
developing and already-developed countries live better on less money.
3. The intensive competition drives countries to level-up their competitive advantage and
strengthen its economic structural base. Competition can be related to product and
service cost and price, target market, technological adaptation, quick response, quick
production by companies etc. When a company produces with less cost and sells
cheaper, it is able to increase its market share.
4. The free-flow of resources that are made available and accessible through free trade
and merging economies. It increasingly free flow of ideas, people, goods and services.
5. The interconnectivity and close partnership brought about by institutional linkages, and
facilitated by the communication and transportation network brought by technological
advancement.
NEGATIVE IMPACTS
1. The damaged culture caused by forced reorientation and adoption of international
standards and incompatible foreign cultural practices. The globalization of technology
destroys local culture and making the world more similar. This is also known as cultural
unification. Globalization also brings new values that are not dear to us. Apart from all
the benefits globalization has had on allowing cultural exchanges it also homogenized
the world’s cultures. Now many cultures are able to interact with each other which cause
the individuality of that culture to fade.
2. The expanding corporate empire, international financial institutions hold governments
and people of poor countries hostage to secure concessions. Global terrorism can stem
from the adverse effects of globalization, imbalance of power, disparity of players, and
power vacuum. Failed states, separatist minorities and radicals use terrorism as warfare
in order to counterbalance the power gap or to consolidate their authority.
3. The fact that there are winners and losers in the globalization setting as not all societies
equally benefit in the arrangements of unequal playing fields.
4. The gap between the rich and the poor has widened due to capitalist exploitation over
cheap labor and price manipulation.
5. The consequences of open borders are prone to laundering, drug trafficking, sex
trafficking, human trafficking (illegal immigrants), etc.
1. Ethics create credibility with the public. A business that is ethically good will attract more
customers/investors. They will be respected even though a person barely knows them.
Public's feedback will surely affect the business.
2. Ethics give management credibility with employees.
a. If you work for a company that has a good background, it will also reflect on you as
an employee. Values are supported to be a common language to bring leadership
and its people together.
3. Ethics help better decision making.
a. An ethical attitude helps the management make better decisions. Even though it
takes them longer because respect for ethics will force the management to consider
various aspects like economic, social and ethical.
4. Ethics and profits
a. A company that is inspired by ethical conduct is also a profitable one. And because a
company that is ethically good will attract more customers.
5. Law cannot protect the society, ethics can.
a. People in an industry often know the dangers in a particular technology better than
the regulatory board so it is up to the ethics of those people who are in charge to be
ethical.
1. Labor Standards
a. Child Labor is one of the biggest problems in the world and it is still rampant in most
developing countries because big organizations chose to outsource their workforce
because it is low cost. Work safety is also a problem because other countries don't
even treat their workers right.
2. Environment Standard
a. As the technology progresses, problems also arises. The abused of using the natural
resources that it started to be rare, especially in society with poor environmental
regulations. Some emerging countries even chose to lower their environmental
standards just to attract foreign investors.
3. Human Rights
a. Corporations sometimes face dilemmas linked to operations in countries with
governments accused of violating human rights. For example is Google and their
agreement with China to censor words like Tiananmen Square and Dalai Lama.
4. Cultural Diversity
a. Principles of international law hold that corporations ought to respect the customs
and culture of the communities where they operate. Even though it is against their
belief, corporations still need to follow the laws of the country where they are
operating and follow their culture.
5. Corruption
a. Corruption became more rampant as the globalization started. Bribing low-level
bureaucrat became normal.
Government's Response
The response of governments to the new scenario of international business was
an attempt to manage the globalization process by creating transnational norms for
corporations. In general, these initiatives only achieved limited results because nobody
exists with transnational political authority and enforcement capability. The difficulty of
finding common intercultural values and the pressures of special interests to keep global
economy free of regulation also affected the efficacy of government initiatives to
influence corporate behavior.
Civil Society's Response
Global civil society actors have had some success in enforcing sanctions on companies
engaging in unethical behavior, mostly through activism against abusive practices. Soft
law influences corporate behavior, not through legal sanctions, but through awareness
campaigns and boycotts.
Corporations' Response
While philanthropy and charity were always present in the business world, the
idea that corporations have a moral obligation toward stakeholders beyond shareholders
is quite recent. Corporate leaders began paying attention to corporate citizenship in the
late 1990s, following waves of anti-globalization protests.
The main response of corporations to the moral challenges of globalization has been the
development of global codes of ethics. The majority of individual company codes and
industry-wide standards emerged after the mid-1970s.