Report No.

Report 38
No. 38

"'."" ."

COLONY AND
COLONY PROTECTORATIC 0F
AND PROTECTORATE KENYA
OF KENYA

GEOLOGICAL
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
SURVEY OF
OF KENYA
KENYA

}-i

GEOLOGY
GEOLOGY
OF
OF THE
THE
MWIN‘GI
MWINGI AREA,
AREA, NORTH
NORTH KITUl
J

KITUI

DEGREE SHEET
DEGREE SHEET 45,
45, SOUTH-WEST
SOUTH-WEST QUARTER
QUARTER
(with
(with coloured
coloured geological map)
geologicalmap)

I)
byy

The
The late
late A.
A. F.
F. CROWTHER, B.Sc.. F.G.S.
CROWTHER, B.Sc., F.G.S.
Geologist
Geologist

I957
1957
PRIN'I'ED
PRINTED BYBY THE
THE GOVL-ZRNMFNi PRiNI'L-‘R, NAIROBI
GOVERNMENT PRINTER, NAIROBI
Prk'c:
Price: Sh.
Sh. If}
10

IS!
 l- { ”Hi“ { )R I)
FOREWORD

The geological survey of the Mwingi area i] E'L‘ii \'\

was \i‘. carried
' out by Mr. Crowther as part of
the primary mapping of Kenya, with the assistance L:‘-\|\'l‘ of funds provided under the Colonial
..,‘. I
\\ LIIL. bring his report to its final stages he was
Development and Welfare Act. Before he could
called up for military training and ... :cmh was retained in the Kenya Regiment. He
subsequently
served with the Regiment in Kenya ii. :11 the
Cilgiz; from [EN-'- beginning of 1953, but unfortunately lost his
life in February, 1954, in ;:a skirmish
akii'mixh withuiLEi terrorists.
Lei" To prevent undue delay in publication,
the first draft of his report hadhmi been
hL‘cu :1 imr‘icicd and
completed :izui amended on his behalf in 1953, but he
had not had the opportunity to in read
run! the- proposed final draft before his death. In preparing
mu} attempt
the final draft every Llncriip‘a was
uh maden;- where possible to preserve the original outline and
2hr ii'cnd ul‘ 1hr
the trend of the :iiilhm’s
author's I.‘Il‘|_!g.i!1\.
thoughts.
Eiic aii'cu
The area cml
east v!
of Muiiigi.
Mwingi, :1a \iilugc
village m‘.
on 1!:c
the run-J
road I'i'nm
from \iii';
Nairobi through Garissa to the
\aii’lilui'l‘.
Northern Pi'mii‘icc
Province m”
of Kcnya
Kenya ;li‘.'Ci Hill I‘ Sm‘flziiiiuiui.
and Italian Somaliland, i‘c-gzimc
became ki‘H-c.‘
known to people in Kenya
wi‘n
on nccuum
account 01‘
of ua g‘ui‘mpczloi‘
prospector's \ mmr
camp r.and. factory
' Jan :1:
at \3 :.i Micro
Nguni kflJi-i‘, .
where chalks, whitening powders
and
and mmcrul
mineral pigmcmx
pigments “cu:
were pi'cgmr
prepared. IUnfortunately
nl'ui‘iiii ': ' little
itlu rim:
else (11'of m.-
mineral. value ' “L- has been
liquid in
found in 111::
the :ii‘cu.
area. i\'3..
Mr. (Crowther's
['U\\ii]L‘!' \ [1‘
reporti gives
biwx (Ia i‘i'j-ci
brief 'ic-JJIJIEE
account 01' of the general‘:=Ci’;i] ut‘uiuux
geology of
Elm
the L»
district,I. \pi‘gial
special amp Nix hcii‘w
emphasis being laid|_iiL. mi
on "afliili:
small iiILEL'r- "
ultra-basic ii‘;‘.1’ii\iui‘n iii
intrusions in |[\ its 431151011
eastern l‘dii.
part.
\ . L‘.. L'
T.
The’ intrusions
|I13I'Li')iL‘-i1\ are
are ul‘
of 'ia .kind
1L! lit-:11
that in numcmm
numerous punsparts Hi of the
the \xurlii
world uir'i‘ ‘»'.i|'.:'.mIL‘
contain valuable ‘
mun
-
.i:
metallic
m.
or nun—meldilic
non-metallic minerals, mi Julia. Lind
and ilmugii
though lhcii'
their 11!'(1\]‘¢'J{\
prospects mu are not1 'riupcii'i
hopeful iin view of the results 1x

“I the: T‘['€\C‘H[
of the present
J HIRE}.
survey, 'it ix. is nu:
not iinpmsihic
impossible 511:1!
that mm: lunxixu prospecting
more intensive Pac- am cal
might reveal
\I‘Crdii
small dept-Hm
deposits ul of \lici‘.
such ulnar-ah
minerals Ll\ as 11:; mi .i\i"t‘\1l‘-\.
mew-it aand
magnesite asbestos.
hii' wmc
For some ycmx i'umnui's Inns
years rumours puixislmi l‘-i
have persisted alt-L- ncwi’rcm‘c
of the occurrence u!‘of gnu: i:. C northern
coal in the iil‘iiiiC i1 parts
|‘-;i!'l~
Mi
of {he
the kiln]
Kitui iiiwz'iui.
district. Mr.Mr. (.Crowther
'm'LhCi' mink"
made Ll.a ape-gm!
special mam“; [iiit‘l] mi
investigation of 2.9.:
the z'cl‘i“:'{cL‘i
reported [iii-JR
finds hall.
but,
:1\
as \‘(3\
was Upctlcd
expected J‘I'UIH
from lhcthe guniog}
geology nl'
of Ehu
the LiI‘CLL
area, \\Li\
was Liiiuhk
unable In Iii‘iLi Lin}
to find any Era-cc
trace v:
of gnu!
coal ur i‘iwxibi}
or possibly
g:‘;l|—ht;il'ing
coal-bearing iWULiK.
beds. iiCl'C L1H]
There can he I‘:I- Linilhi
be no doubt Ii‘:;':'
that L‘i‘u"
coal inul'id
found inin \UL‘i1
such mun
areas Ixis thec relics
[-QEiL‘x of war-
aim-c dumps.
time dumps. .
\\H Li ‘-.\E PULFREY,
WILLIAM
\L.i nhi.
Nairobi, Chid Geologist.
". November,
15th \nxcmhcr 1954.
I”.
 ii‘\i?2\!.‘~
CONTENTS
PAGE
Abstract
I-Introduction 1

II-Previous Geological Work 2

III-Physiography 2

IV-Summary of Geology 4

V-Details of Geology.. 5
I. Basement System 5
2. Pleistocene and Recent 10
3. Intrusives 10
VI-Metamorphism 16
VII-Structures 17
VI IT-Economic Geology. . 19
1. Basement System. . 19
(I) Garnet and sillimanite 19
(2) Limestone and marble 19
(3) Pigments and gypsum 19
2. Ultra-basic intrusions 19
(I) Magnesite. : 20
(2) Anthophyllite asbestos 20
3. Superficial Deposits 20
(I) Sand. . 20
(2) Road-metal 20
(3) Building material 20
4. Alleged coal deposits 20
5. Water. . 20
(I) Surface water 20
(2) Ground water. . 20
IX-References 21

H ‘N'!
ILLUSTRA nONS

Fig. I.-Physiographic units 3

Fig. 2.-Geological Sketch of Kamuthengi hill II
Fig. "3.-Diagrammatic microscope drawings 12
Fig. 4.-Structures in the Mwingi area. . 18
Plate T.-(a) View south from Gai showing peneplains 7
(b) Leucocratic biotite gneiss enclosing melanocratic masses 7
Plate II.-(a) Leucocratic biotite gneiss enclosing folded melanocratic bands 8
(b) Melanocratic biotite-rich band, bent and injected by quartzo-felspathic
material 8
MAP

Geological map of the Mwingi Area, North Kitui (degree sheet 45, south-west
quarter) Scale I :125,000 .. .. At end
,...

\BS'I R \( '!
ABSTRACT

IM- report
The 'cnn: duxuflwx
describes .m an x- AIM-1'»
area in the northern V mm of
part mi the
1“; Kamba
‘mmflm Native\‘mwc Reserve
Rcwl'xc 1in
central Kenya. It' is‘ approximately
a‘mwn ; 1,200 squareAg ‘7‘ o in
miles \ extent
“1;“! \vand
Mi is\ l‘wmxigx
bounded by latitudes
0° 30' S. and 1° 00' S. and by meridians 38° 00' w E. ; and w 30' E.
, M 38° I"wj.\1~~
} Physiographically it can
Al m
be divided into three units: (I) T‘IL‘L‘ L1 w“ in
‘111the Mumoni- mountains ‘7 the 14‘72 \“V-(‘L (2) relatively high
I'm‘ north-west,

ground in the west that is LxW"\Lk"k\' to

‘V\ copsidered [\ZW'K W N
d remnant
\‘L‘ a
U‘ be sm- sub-Miocene
of the :‘cmpkmx which
w,.:¥\'mccnc peneplain,
is also represented by the mw of
the tops w' \Mmu'cu‘. HM :‘mUJ‘wdm ‘H
scattered monadnocks southern half
in the \LMJIILL‘I'li half :H'i
of the area,
Lq‘ v.1"! of
and (3) a low-lying peneplain uuirTum: u age
:V'cwxmui end-Tertiary
M presumed mix"in the 9::1"~'1'1':L111u,‘;_;\1
north and east.
,~ ,‘.‘.
The area is made‘, ‘.‘ up. mainly
11.1’ of highly metamorphosed
.«L and granitized sedimentary rocks
of the Basement System of-East Africa. -It includes calcareous, semi-calcareous, VQHZ pelitic,
semi-peliticg .,.r"\,* nw'T'V‘MLL‘ types.
and psammitic Mp In the east the ‘r: metamorphic
Izm‘mmmplm' numb 1mm twcw
rocks have Exxudcd Ia}
been invaded by
‘,'.fl1iji\t\l£ plugs.
small ultra-basic “Myra, Details
Hum 4‘: In": of
are given w the petrology,
[NUTKUWIAV‘VJA‘ petrography,
wwwpna u"? and {Q‘VIMVH‘L
economic
minerals of the rocks and of the water-supply of the area.

-~
 GEOLOGY OF
GEOLOGY OF THE \lWlXGi AREA
THE MWINGI .-\RE.\
I --l\'I'R()l)L( H()\
I-INTRODUCTION
1‘1; \_'\‘1!i'l‘ " L‘VQ‘CL‘L‘L
The country described in this report is quarter-degree sheet 45 S.W. (Kenya), bounded
"\_\ “ind-b 1°
by latitudes ? 00' S. and 0° 30' S. and by longitudes 38° 00' E. and 38° 30' E. It has an area
m- about
of ghoul 1,200 square miles and lies in the northern portion of the Kitui district of the
Southern Province of Kenya, forming part of the Kamba native reserve.
Itl'. is
w inhabited
Hinfzmm by h) about
.L'PML'. 30,000
Ftwm Wakamba
“ukunitm who_‘ subsist miww by Pg. the
Mic cultivation
g 1L.‘_.m‘1. of maize,
E‘CLIIMKHQi]1i!:CL._\IILtI").
beans and millet, and by herding hurdm; cattle c.1L11c.-.mi gym. At
and goats. \"LHH «~11
\! Nguni 1.1m £1.=1'i~\._w.v-“
on the Garissa road there is a
(“min 1‘“q 1.. y!" ' p_w L‘j' “‘_.'. .. 1 ‘_ ' ." _.,‘' i 1‘. I‘m: 1), .
camp founded by E. G. Powell but -subsequently acquired by Tula Products Ltd., a sub-
sidiary of Diadem Products Ltd., where 'gypsum from the Tula valley, near Garissa, is
processed for the manufacture of plaster of paris, chalks and whitening blocks. Powell also
collected from the roots of certain thorn trees a vegetable' fibre'Whicll be ..baled and sold
under the name "flotite" as an insulator, and originally as a substitute for ktttm\ 111life
belts.
Mwingi is the it‘c main
imm‘. village
wit and has cm.1Pnfiur‘flgun{tuir'kwwmik'
a post office, a market and Indian-owned 1‘ J. HL‘L“ \f‘vL-l"
shops, and.
1‘ the
is U'c scenewax”- of m“ cattle
with auctions.
.L'nmnx. It f'. lies
1 ‘11. the
on 11:: Garissa-Nairobi
(.mzwu. \uw'fi road, which runs :_:vn. n'nxx 1"
across the
southern Du: um of the area and forms\ the
~\‘-.il'.‘.:_"V portion 1h“ main
nun line HTL' of
m' communication
0‘W'.IT.'1\..LM" '.H to the 50 railway
.. at
l'ililxu. 80
Thika, \‘U miles
{1111l J.away. A railway {mu} was Wm planned
Piummd during Aw" ' the [11: 1939-1945
NF“; IV-li ‘mu' war to In run
WC.“through
U"
Gai to LL‘ theL": Northern
\L=I"."1L Province .xcc hm rmiicg‘. was
but the project V‘mtwdmwcfi when
um abandoned "$1193? NH;
only the1%- ~11'x
surveying and
grading of‘Hfic [ml-"Jed has
the rail-bed hm beenNu!" carried
cm m1 out UNI as m far
J'L-J as
m the
111C Mwingi-Katze
\Iw» ‘ g1 "L" road.
Imus. Besides Bows.» the '
Nairobi-Garissa Cumin” road, zumi'. which
\w‘H‘ is \\ maintained
HZLLH'HSHWL‘C by h} the the Public
I’ut‘iu: \\\.“}\w qu'fl 117. there
Works Department, that isix .=a
good system " of Local Native-; Council (mu-13‘. roads Huck that H141 .tr'a‘ Lmihlc during
are usable duhng the Hm dry in weather,
“.czgmct'. but 3511’.
become difficult during the rains.
R1: H falls
Rain mm in m theHTC area
“[111{:7mummm:xmxm‘x.
in two distinct seasons, from (mm March
\Im‘ch to In May,
Mn}. and .md. mmduring ‘ ' November
\mctnhu
«1U December.
and ”camber. The "1 HQ rain,
mm. which ux'mu'n falls
“Mk mainly
numb in 'H the
the evening,
waning. is :\ of
u” the
ihc.heavy H wuwcglmmw
convectional type mm:
mm] the
and mtm‘vm‘: at
In: amount M any Niuuc is
n place mm! Mum‘s; by
ix conditioned h} its i‘wwmxl} to
m proximity 10mg»
high ground. '1 Mai at
a-J Thus \I'Mfl”
_11 Mwingi
,1....,
t.iL.‘x1'|LL-
there
.. .
is an‘ average . L of M' about
in»! 25 \iTLi'ZC\ per
3‘: inches pm year,
you: at Katze Rd";
' chum: 23
about .Hni at
.m...‘~. and
.1 inches, \gml. '
.11 Ngomeni
EC?“ than
less K. '17 15 J 5 inches.
Hwho. Details
Dumflx of m' rainfall
HUMAN records
r'ccm'd~ arc mm in
are given m the
the table 11c l‘cimx.
below.
Ruxmm
RAINFALL Smawmx mm. THE
STATISTICS FOR :m MWINGI
\I‘uzmq AREA
Mt"
:Tukcw from
(Taken from the
[he 1952
I‘ISZ summary
mmmmg report
vupm" of
ul' 1M;- |_;m African
the East -\:';wc:1:'\ Meteorological
\Iclcm‘uiugmai Department)
Hep.

\A“_ IIL'L‘UHC‘L \xc‘L: .‘

-\Jmudc
Altitude RLUHILM
Rainfall ELLI'lj
rainy HUHU‘:1_\
monthly years animal
annual
Siul'vn
Station Mean “-35: No. of mhm‘d‘l
Heaviest , No. of ';:.“H.i'f
Average
I (feet) I 1952
.1 LHJWLN
I days, rainfall,
”:3
I

recorded
I

rainfall
(inches)
,--
I in
I in,,,,,, I 1952 1952
I I I
\uI \w'
\/'.x§ Dixrcnxm'x
Nzui Dispensary 2.5M! 23M" :‘uuunfcd 15'4“ 1H
10 21-45
21.48
I Not I Nov.
Apr.
H“

2,500 I I
I

Katze I.)wpc:‘~ur'_\
Kai/c Dispensary .. I 2.3m» I 22'61*.
2H2: recorded
4.3 15.48
"34 I W
10 I 23.19
\U\.
\gumcm Dispensary
Diapcmnr} .. 3.55“ H 5‘ 1‘ 42"." '
- - II 2,350
Ngomeni .. 11'58 16 4'35
2,500 I
I 43
20-22 I ;;4 I

\x‘l complete,Novembernot included.

'Not \‘L‘H‘Ju‘

(Jn‘uw‘
Owing to the comparatively \uz'ulzwl} hm. low J'LZ
rainfall. mm:
and In to flu:
the .‘M‘ "mun practice
indigenous :‘muttuc H"of mcrgrw
overgrazing
with with? and
3!‘ :‘ cattle
\\ RH" both -r J, gnu»:
goats the \cgchumm is
Ihc vegetation mainly w.
urn-.5111) :hu WM»;
of the Ilmrri-m‘n type
thick thorn-bush xx . ‘h little
(Hm with :\.1|L'
mum. The
grass. The lack bulk of m' aa 3mm
good cmc“ cover ur' nugcuzlimw. as
of vegetation, L‘A isEx cmcmuli} nmwcdbic in
especially noticeable m nhumlmwd
abandoned
cultivated g‘dtd‘ca hm‘
.miud patches, [ed 10
has led to \L‘E' gullying .md
serious 5:“)e and w'nHuuh.
soil-wash, and 11d wm:some L1"c.1«
areas inm the HUMM—
HIC north-
i

westZdl'i‘ severely crm‘lcd.

are \C\L‘I' eroded. The 'I E“: mil Hum cm:
soil now covering :1"5 most
Wm: M '91;- wwg
of the area is red—m .m- wand}
.~ \1a red-brown sandy mm type
and very deep in parts, but but 01‘ of poor {Erwin}. It
wwr fertility. 11 uumh‘i;
consists mainlymummy \vI' quartz ufl‘d
of quart/ iron undo.
and 15m: oxides,
with a darker biotitic facies {Influx nearNew Evnlilc—z'wfi
biotite-rich rocks. ['m‘kx. THC The tops[mm of m“ Mumoni
\Itmmm and ;; L3 Kyaikuyu
K}'LHE\L1_\U
(Gakuyu) have been gazetted mi ax MTV reserves
as forest mw‘ aw m1; and HID the ZULN
tops cf \1
of Muvaroa, iH‘3m.1:!d
mu. Imba and MaiM areC
Ll'

forested; the natural virility rumih coupled

\‘i' growth
1'» of mur‘icd with \‘a 1M a.: slightly
~115Mb higher rainfall MEN-Lt}! due
Um to 7t- relief1m
hm' qua-1'00;
has covered Ihcw tx with
these hills \xiii‘. thick
thick bush
mm whi and in m some
wmc places 111mm mm with trees.
The w“) {rum map
only recent mu? m' 1:1: mm
of the area is I
A that V‘.11“l.~1'L-J in
published. I‘d—H by the
H' 1940 ”1": aarmy, m scale n5
on a1 \m'x- of
1'
1:500,000 'H (I .\.E . No.
(E.A.F. \n. M“.
680, (jim'iwu. THE. The
Garissa, 1945). 111: Wang
map accompanying‘1 111'.» Term mm
this report was mm".-
com-
;‘1
piled :.\:1'.;lcr1;zi
from g‘iwiw. uwmi'niic‘:
aerial photos, controlled h} by a.1 <1'Q‘C1w‘f'
skeleton of MW V'WtVrt‘L‘Lr'u; points surveyed by
trigonometrical ' the
p"""'.
,

Survey Department, augmented by further points fixed by plane-table. The area was
mapped between December 1950 and August 1951 as part of the systematic reconnaissance
geological survey of the Colony. Mapping was made difficult by the heavy bush and soil
cover which effectively conceals exposures in many parts of the area. In the higher and more
densely populated parts in the west, paths and more varied relief enable the geology to be
seen more easily, but in the low ground in the east exposures are poor..

II-PREVIOUS WORK

. So far as is known the first geological reconnaissance of the Mwingi area was made by
E E. Walker on behalf of the Colonial Office in 1902 (Walker, 1903)*. At Kibui (south-
west of Kiormo ?) he found a hill of crystalline limestones, some of which he observed
contained crystals of blue spinel, while other parts contained phlogopite and a yellow
mineral suspected to be chondrodite. Associated with the limestones he found metacal-
careolls'rocks rich in pyroxene and garnet. In the Pia (Tyaa ?) river he noted a cliff formed
by another limestone, in which there were patches of milky opal and veins of quartz. Walker
. . 'dlriib\!d Mumoni and described it as composed of gneisses cut by common coarse-grained
pegmatites containing magnetite crystals up to two inches across. He was unable to find imy
valuable minerals in his traverses. Brown in 1904 travelled northwards from the region of
Mwingi to Mumoni, and thence north-east to the Tseikuru district and the River Tana.
He concerned himself mainly with geography, meteorology and ethnology and made little
mention of rocks or minerals beyond stating that prospectors of the East Africa Syndicate
had passed through the district, but had found no minerals there (Brown, 1906, p. 38)
A rapid reconnaissance of the roads in the area was made by W. D. Harverson in 1934
(Mining and Geological Department, 1935) and short visits were paid by Dr. W. Pulfrey in
1942 and 1946. The latter noted the presence of ultra-basic rocks at Kamuthengi and the
occurrence of recrystallized limestones at Nzui and in the north and west. He also examined
the ochres formerly worked by E. G. Powell south-west of Nziu and south-west of
Mutuangombe.
y
I E I z H\\i()
III-PHYSIOGRAPHY \l’EH
\.\

The area can be divided into three physiographic units; the mountain masses of Mumoni
and Muvaroa in the north-west, moderately high ground with residuals in the west, and a
low peneplain in the north and east with scattered residuals (Fig. I).
The country on the west has marked relief, the pattern of which is based partly on the
predominant N-S strike and partly on the north-westerly trend of many of the rivers. It
is a relic of a peneplain over 4,000 ft. high which now is most closely represented by the ground
in the south-west corner of the area and by the summit levels of Kiormo, Ithumbi, Endui
and Etinda. the remainder having been eroded considerably below its original level. The
erosion surface is an extension of the bevel that passes under the base of the lavas of the
Yatta plateau and which Schoeman (1948, p. 3) has suggested is the sub-Miocene peneplain.
. In the north-west corner of the area Mumoni and Muvaroa attain a height of nearly 6,000
ft. and their summits are considered to be relics of the end-Cretaceous peneplain of Shackle-
ton (1946, p. 2).
From the base of Endui at 2,500 ft. approximately, the ground slopes away eastwards
as a pediment with a gradient of about 50 ft. per mile, but in the eastern half of the area
the lowlands slope eastwards at about 20 ft. per mile. The plain continues eastwards and
north-eastwards to Garissa and Wajir and has been referred to by Dixey (1948, p. 3) as the
.\

end-Tertiary peneplain. From this peneplain isolated monadnocks project as relics of the
sub-Miocene peneplain. It is belived that the peneplains and their residuals developed by
a process of scarp retreat and pedimentation. In the course of time the residuals on the
end-Tertiary peneplain will be gradually removed by erosion, ultimately lewing a perfect
plain. At the same time erosion will eat back into denuded remains of the sub-Miocene
surface, gradually extending the end-Tertiary plain further west. The oldest surface in the
area mapped can be traced only on the tops of the highest hills. Subse;:Juent to its mlturity,
presumably towards the end of the Cretaceous period, there was a general rise of the land
and another cycle of erosion began leading to the form1tion of a lower plain with residuals
of the earlier surface standing up from it. This plain attained maturity in mid-Tertiary
times. At the end of the Tertiary renewed uplift took place, when the older surfaces were
tilted gently seawards and a new cycle of erosion and planation was initiated. The end-
Tertiary peneplain resulted.
---.----
*References are quoted on p. 21.

L"o>-
 3

54
LU'C ulmtwt
'I'J1c1'c are
There almost no [13112111112111 rivers,
11:1 permanent 112111113141: consisting
111: drainage
1'1112A‘. the 111'c_111111111111:111_\‘ 111‘
511119111511; predominantly 11:11::
of water
that 0111).
courses 1113.1
L‘OLai‘fics L‘JI'i‘} a;11‘1‘11cc
only-carry surface water during 111:
11:11:1‘ 1111111; :'.11;1\ 11."
the rains or for1116 11a short :11‘1c1’11 3111*. T.1c
11111: afterwards.
(E11111 tim~ The
only cwcpnnm to
111111 exceptions 111% are
In this {11c headwaters
are the of 1116
116111131‘4161" 111‘ “1.101311 4110:
the Mwengo and Ndatha 1‘:1C1\ 11
\11111111 rivers which rise L111
111011 11%: on
\Iumuni and
Mumoni lune a11 small
and have flow, and
1161'111L111c11t 11511.1.
\1‘11L111 permanent solitary \‘w’flg
and :1a <1111I;11'_\ spring in 111 the bed 01‘
the 11011 the 1'11121'
of 1110 river
have near
Katze Liinda. There
11911: Etinda. T11c1'c1< a main \1;11::'<11C11
is 111111111 watershed in 11“. ‘111L‘
the west of the x17m
11.1351 111'111c 111111 1~'
area that 1111;011:11 by
is followed 11} the
the
\1‘111'111g1—\11\ukuni road,
Mwingi-Mivukoni mud. east c1151. of 11111c11 the
111‘ which 1‘1111 generally
I']\C‘I'\' run
111C rivers south-east atci'ms
1'c1c1“1111‘ \11:1111—€;1<1 across the [11c 1111.161
lower
peneplain 111
11c11c11121111 to {11C of the Tana 111.012
lower reaches 1111110111311
the 10\\L‘1'1'C;LC11C\ West 11111110
river. \\1_\1 of the watershed the I'1\C1'R
1.:\.1I11>11~:L1 [11C 1'1111 1101‘111-
rivers run north-
11c>11<1
west to north, diacrgcnux11111111
1.11111 divergenc~s
111111111 with \1'11111 1115.1115121111:1c
round Mumoni, to join the upper reaches of the T111111R11c1‘.
1.111;“:1 11:.1cf1c4111'111: Tana River.

0.30'5.
.UJ
3 8 017%

a
.0
co
..
...,

fJ Etinda'O,-
s->

0 e
~
o'b ~
~ k“1‘lgean1
~ @A~'
(;)'b

t1 Mombui
A
A" ' @Q’n-HKUT“

~tIKUY~
‘\_/_ "
"1
.
'

\\ .\.

1.1"

L1.I
C
,.,.,
.00
~,.,.,
1"00'5.

m wRer'rr‘ar‘ s c‘ epd‘CVEt-SCC’CJS Peveuar

Remnants of end-Cretaceous Peneplain

~ Remnants of sub Mocene Per1ep1atr:

Remnants of sub-Miocene Peneplain

D ‘ *_1 EndJerUa’f Pemeplar

1—'1‘ End-Tertiary Peneplain

Scale
Scale
01'1 55 10
10 15 Miles
15 Miles
1I 1
L I1 4J

Hg. I.-Sketch
Fig. (11‘ the
map of
1. 45kt‘lrh map plusiugruphic units
l'hivl‘ physiographic
Ihv chief 1n the
unih in aruzi.
\Iuingi area.
11w Mwingi
r
I 4

I,
IV -Sl'.\l.\l.\R\' ()F
IV-SUMMARY OF GEOLOGY
GEOLOGY

l he rocks
The rocks 0;" the tired
of the t'zill into
area fall into three main groups:
three main groups: (1)
it) metamorphic
metamorphic rocks reelw' belonging
belonging iiito
the Basement
the Basement S} stem n!"
System Hist :Xt'i'teti
of East Africa :iiitl
and prex’timetl
presumed to in he
be at Archie‘tti age.
of Archa:an age, (It pm‘t— \t'chtel'i
(2) post-Archa:an
tiltrtt—httsie intrusive
ultra-basic ll]ll‘Ll,\l\€ rocks
rocks inin ata plug
plug ttt Kiit‘lllllltfitlgl‘ mattinwetl
at Kamuthengi, composed tll‘ of tltiiiites.
dunites, unnrthnxitex‘tihd
anorthosites and
serpentine. associated
serpentine, associated with \tith ttitthriplnllite
anthophyllite and ttitd magnesite
iiiztgite<ite rocks,
l'C‘Cl’xS‘ and
tmd large
ittrge xenoliths
\eiitilithx nt‘ pitigiti-
of plagio-
elti$e amphibolite,
clase tuitphibo ite. 11ml and :3)
(3) <tihei'iieizil
superficial tieimsit<
deposits COiix‘lSEiiig millil} Oi'
consisting mainly t'ed—hz‘ouii sandy
of red-brown sand} ,xriilx.
soils.
The Basement
The Basement System Sy<tem two(see Stoeikle}. i943. p.
Stockley, 1943, pi 161)
Hill is
is tia metamorphosed
metttmorpltt’ised Series that is
series that ii
emisidered to
considered to bebe at setlimeiitiir} iirigiii
of sedimentary heeattx‘e at
origin because of the
the Ci)l‘tl]\i\'l1i0li
composition Lind and te\ture
texture of mti<t at
of most of
its component
its component giieissex
gneisses, Ltittl hectttixe iil‘
and because their CL‘ITil‘I'IflLil‘llli}
of their conformability \\ith with the limex‘totie band-1.
the limestone their
bands, their
large-settle banding
large-scale handing and and their tjittiet ii} seditiietitttt‘}
their typically strtiettti‘ex The
sedimentary structures. The rocks
nicks minimising
comprising the the
Sistem are
System are CLIlCtlt'Ct'tth‘. aemi-cttlctirentis. pelitic,
calcareous, semi-calcareous, helitie. semi-pelitic
semi—politic and I)Mt]t‘;lttlli£. llLi
and psammitic, and there
there areare
emitpletely
completely gt‘utltitinsizil
gradational \‘eriex
series hetheeh=
between the main rock
the main ruck types; l'rom etiletireous
types, from calcareous rocks rt’icln to
to
pszimmites and
psammites :ilitl from
i‘i‘niti argillaceous
urgillticerith rocks
i'neki tn tixttttimitex \ll.2
to psammites, viz.:- ,
liti‘iesttine’s
limestones
~
calc-sillicate t't‘L‘lxx
cttle-x‘illicttte rocks g‘dl‘ltL‘I-WiliflllltilIC'lJlL‘tltC gIlCi<SCx
garnet-sillimanite-biotite gneisses
~ /
hornblende-hiotite gr:eisses
hornblende-biotite gtiCiSRCN meltiimertitie biotite
melanocratic hitiiite gneisses
gllCLNSL‘i
~ /
hintite gneixses
biotite gneisses
I
leiienerutie biotite
leucocratic hititite gneisses
giieisses
I
gi‘uhttlites
granulites
The branch of
left~hztiid hraiteh
'I'he left-hand this series
of (illi l\' similar
series is that found
to that
similar to found by HDlIUCN in
h} Holmes \tt'i./ttiithiqtie
in Mozambique
(19W.
(1918, p.p. 58)
58) i.e., biotite grieissex
l.C.. biotite horiihleiitle-hiotite gneix‘xes‘
gneisses-hornblende-biotite amphihtilites L‘éllC-Sllle‘illc
gneisses-amphibolites-calc-silicate
rocks. Ouiiig tn
meld. Owing to the limited time
the limited available tutti
time uniiitthle and the 'iigh degree
the high degree of iiihereiit gtiiti
tit inherent imtmsed
and imposed
\airia'ihility it
variability nu» found
it was I‘Hl\\ibi€ to
litttittl possible to map only the
mzip {ml} ttz'tittdei‘ tutti
the broader and more \\etlv. Iitietl bands.
mute well-defined bands.
All the
All rock» exeept
the rocks except thethe marbles contain ita high
mtii'hlew crintttin of Ltiix'ttlt
pruimrtioii ut‘
high proportion alkali felspar, much ut'
l‘elxpur. much of
“hieh
which probably originated tix‘
prohuhl} originated illeti'iLIi introduced
as material during gruiiitizutit’iii.
Eiitrotiueed dtiiiitg granitization. The llCl\D[1[\ tire
illie felspars are
mi rticlins. t’it‘thoclttx‘e.
microcline, orthoclase, perthite and wtlic
hei‘thite tmti sodic plagioclase, which LIE'C
tiltigiuclzixe. \xliich wmetimcs C\Cnl}
are sometimes evenly Cit»
dis-
s
seminated through the
izittted through the rocks and tit
reel“ zintl at others irregiilzirl) \egregtitetl
t‘liiCh irregularly segregated in pnrph} mhltists. tittgen.
iii porphyroblasts, augen,
clots, schlieren nr
dots; Kehliereii Mimi» ’I‘he
or bands. rtielxx containing
The rocks containing them might when
them might often be he termed mlgtltztiilcx
termed migmatites,
which heeit detiiietl
huxe been
uhicli have defined by Tutner (1949,
h) Turner h. 11)
il‘ti‘r). p. Li\ “ctimpmite
ll) as reel“ in
"composite rocks in \thich
which the etl‘eetx
the effects
of tiietttttiorphism
nJ‘ metamorphism have complicated h}
been Ct,‘l‘t‘.',‘llle\llCLl
hti\e been soaking at
by making rocks in
of rocks migmzitic llUlkl.
iii migmatic by the
or h}
fluid, o:‘ the
development 0t
dexelopmeiit lCIiliL‘lC\ tintl
of lenticles sheets nt‘
and \heets liquid mtigiiiai
of litiuitl According to
magma. . .. .". Aeenrtliiig this \iCllnilifill
to this definition
Llli the
all Basement System
the Basement Sytem rocks ruelxs ut'
of the area, ewept
the their. except the lii'iiestuiies Llllxl
the limestones pusxihl) the
and possibly the other
other
calcareous l‘tiCh\
L’iliL‘iil‘L‘UllN’ could he
rocks, euuld classified ti<
be eltix‘xitietl migmtttites but,
as migmatites as t_ie
hut. ti< interpretation (it
the interpretation term hm
the term
of the has
Subject to
heeii subject
been to some \tirittbilit} in
mme variability reeeitt j-L’Iit'\
lit recent years, the ward has
the word Ekh not ti<ctl in
been used
tint been iii this :‘et'rirL
thix report.
The use
The use of intliezttixe of
terms indicative
of terms tit \tk‘e‘iiic eltisxes of
specific classes nt‘ migmatites siieli 2h
tiiigiitutitm such "Pt’i‘lln’zi‘fftirl tgiirimu“
as "permeation gneisses"
and "injection
and gr. um" (Read
“ruin ii'uii gneisses" Mil. pp.
i‘Retttl 1931, llb‘ rlll is
pp. 118-120) more stiitahle
CUYMlLiL‘l'Cd more
ix considered suitable but, hut. mixing
owing to In
the irregular
the irregular mode mud-e tit felspathization inI“; the
of t‘elx’puthimtitwn the tired
area now heirig entixitlerctl.
:itm being considered, it was not
it was i‘titiiui
not found
pruetiettl to
practical them when
utilize them
tn utilize lntipf‘lligt
when mapping.

Sometime Litter
Sumetime after their deposition the
their dehmitiun the Basement rocks were
System roeim
Basement Syiem were folded and iliultetl
untied. tiritl faulted
Llllki
and intensely mruilel. it
hittne—fnlititetl parallel,
iiitensel} plane-foliated is helzetetL
it I\ in the
believed, to bedding-planes. The
original i‘CtlLllIl‘g-Dlilnci,
the tit-igziitil The
strike of the
Strike 05‘ lt‘lldllt‘l‘t is
the foliation and rtiii>
:‘egtiltir itittl
i\ regular gCIlL‘i'Ltll} north-south
runs generally with Lta gi'tttltittl
itn:'tli~.~.i;ttli with North-east
gradual north-east
wing in
swing in the mirth. 'l‘he
the north. The tlipx‘dips ofat the i‘nlitttiun tire
the foliation \iiritihle. clue
are variable, due toto folding and the
tlilditig and the super-
super-
impmitiuii nt‘miiitii‘
imposition of minor folds contortions. The
and eositm‘tinm.
t‘tiltlx' mitt The metamorphism during the
imposed during
niezitittnrphixii im‘mx'cti the folding
folding
was augmented ':)_\
was augmented granitization. There
by graniti/tttinii. There is H no indication that
iin intltetitiiiii the rocks
that the rocks or or t‘;ii‘t\‘ of them
parts tit them
hictttite completely
bxame molten during
completel) molten pt'ncesx. but
tits process,
tttii'iii; this there i>
l‘Ltl there exttleiiee iii
is evidence in the contortions and
the coiitnrttiiiis and
structures that
time strtiettires
flow the} became
that they plihlle‘i It
heettitte plastic. lt ttiiiistiix
appears to tn tLie writer that
the \\l‘llC|‘ when the}
that \\ltCll were in
they were in
that here etiitiprcascti
the} were
sttite they
tl’ut state compressed round t‘i: melanocratic
i‘titiriti the calcareo-argillaceous hiutda.
mclm ici'titi ‘JtlietIHCiV-eil'glliLlCCt‘LH tilt-aeh
bands, which
solid and
remtuiietl stiiid
remained were t'nltletl
and were and hrnlxeii.
folded .tt‘xi broken.
Sometime after
Sometime alter the iiietttziixiriihixm of
the metamorphism hi the Bux‘emsiit S}\[Cjil.
the Basement System, itit uttx‘ iiiiecteel by
was injected hi tiltrtt-
ultra-
basic plugs at
ljzix’ie plugs Ktitii'titlieiigi, Since
tit Kamuthengi. tltttt time
hinge that tie area
time the htix been
tire: has ermletl :iiii
hemilj. eroded
heeii heavily Ee\el’e_i
and levelled
tittr'itig successive
during perittilx of
\ticces’s’he periods nt' peneplanation, mil: the
eiitln‘" with
iieite'iltirtitini; ending tireaeitt tut}
ll‘.-._‘ present ttmngrttph}. The
day topography. Tl‘e
arm is
area mm covered
39 now tl‘t'tll‘
emeretl mainly red-h
by_» red-brown «.tntlj. soils:
an sandy wittlui soils
\‘lixi similar l‘eei: et'it'reltttet':
ll;l\C been
TwilliN have correlated at :tt
\I'dillhii tel.
Malindi Tllt‘ltttixtfllh 1956,
(c.r. Thompson, i‘-I:h_ p.pt ht)
30) with Pie‘ixit‘CCliC and
with Pleistocene coastal ticpnsite
Regeiii CtklNiLli
tiiitl Recent deposits.

---
--~~ --
 5

V—I)F..T.»\ll..S OF
V-DETAILS OF GEOLOGY
GEOLOGY

1. Basement
1. Basement System
System

The rocks ol
The rocks of the Basement Svsiem
the Basement System can
can he pt: ttogi'L'tpliic'Ltlly di\ided
be petrographically into numerous
divided into numerous
types
types which
which are
are descri'lied
described helo11=ttndL"1
below under thL
the l0llo11'ing
following groupsie
groups:-
(l) crystalline
(I) limestones
ci'ystaliine limestones
12}
(2) calc—silicate rocks
calc-silicate rocks
(3} pelitic rocks
(3) pelitic rocks
{4} semi—pelitic
(4) rocks
semi-pelitic rocks
15} psammitic
(5) psamnfiitic rocks
rocks

Ther map pi 11g was

The mapping inst: Lciently det'
was insufficiently :LIledtto
detailed to enable
11Lte the the working
working out out of
of aa complete
complete strati—strati-
graphical succession.
graphical succession, but it appears
but it appears fromfrom the
the spec
sequence11c ice eltisl1ed
established in In the
the south—
south-westwest part
part o!of
the area
the area that
that it
it is
is broadly
broadly as as follows:-
l‘ollo11-s2W
Feet
{“L‘L’f
lnterhanded
Interbanded psanunitic
psammitic granulitesand
granulites and semi— —pclitic gtneisses..
semi-pelitic gneisses. . 8.500
8,500
Semi-pelitic
Semi-pelitic gncisses.
gneisses, probably
probably withwith part
part passing
passing into into pelitic
pelitic
gneisses
gneisses inin the north~\1'cst
the north-west 1. L. . . . 1 . 1 34.000
24,000
Crystalline limestones and semi—pelitic
Crystalline limestones and semi-pelitic gneisses. gneisses 1 .
. .
.. , ltl.ll(l(l {(?)
10,000 '.']
[ll Crystalline
(I) (‘1'.1'1'1’111’1'5119 linn’stones
limestones occur
occur as isolated lenses
as isolated lenses or lines ol‘
or lines of lenses
lenses mainly in the
mainly in the south-
south-
\1LstLi
westernn anLL
and no: thcrn parts
northern parts ol‘
of the
the 'LLre'LL1I‘L-1os1
area. Most ol‘ of the
the lenses
lenses are
are EU
50 to
to I0!)
100 yards
yards wide
wide and
and they
they
van
vary1-' in
in lennth
length from
from aa quartet
quarter L"i|
of aa mile
mile to
to tan
two miles1
miles. TheThe lenslens at
at Gahie. in the
Gahie, in the centre
centre 01‘
of
the
the meat.
area, is
is both
both solitary
solitary and
and e\ceptional
exceptional inin sixe.
size, as
as itit isis Still
500 yards
yards wide
wide and
and nearly
nearly three
three
miles
miles long.
long. The The soil
soil merlying
overlying the
the limestone
limestone hands is much
bands is mach whiter
whiter than
than that
that resting
resting on
on the
the
gneisscs ol‘
gneisses of the remainder ot‘
the remainder of the area and
the area and contains superficial limestone
contains superficial nodules. while
limestone nodules, the
while the
hush cover
bush cover is is greener
greener but
but more
more stunted
stunted and
and open.
open. The
The limestoncs
limestones var}
vary l'rom
from fine—grained
fine-grained
sacclLaroiLlal
saccharoidal marbles
marbles lo to cL'Jarse~grained
coarse-grained roclLs
rocks, though
though most
most have
have aa grain
grain siie
size ol‘
of about
about aa
quarter
quarter of
of an
an inch.
inch. They
They consist
consist ol‘
of gran Lilai 11mosaics
granular osaics oi
of grains
grains ol‘
of eL'u honate with
carbonate with prominent
prominent
rhomhohcdral
rhombohedral cleavages
cleavages and and twinning.
twinning, with with pink
pink and and white
white calcite
calcite andand dolomite
dolomite in in
proportions varying
proportions varying from nearly pure
from nearly pure calcite
calcite tin
(in specimen
specimen 45 {Ht}. Galui
45/180, Galui hill!
hill) to nearly pure
to nearly pure
dolomite
dolomite (in(in specimen
specimen 45 143. from
45/143, from the lens near
the lens near thethe southwest
south-west corner
corner ol‘of the
the area].
area), as
as
estimated
estimated from
from the the reaction
reaction of‘of crushed
crushed material
material in in cold
cold dilute
dilute hydrochloric
hydrochloric acid.acid. By By using
using
Lemhcrg's test
Lemberg's test tHatch
(Hatch and Rastall. 1951}.
and Rastall, 1950, p. p. 322,!
322) itit was proved that
was proved that inin marbles
marbles ol‘ of inten
inter-
mediate
mediate composition
composition grainsgrains ol‘
of dolomite
dolomite and and calcite
calcite Lu'e
are e1LL1l}i11te1111i\eLl.
evenly intermixed. Scattered
Scattered sparsely
sparsely
in this mosaic
in this mosaic are are Lariahlc
variable amounts
amounts of of lil11c»hearing
lime-bearing allLali—alLiniinous
alkali-aluminous minerals
minerals represented
represented
h} calcic
by calcic plagioclase
plagioclase or or scapolite.
scapolite, inuscot'ite.
muscovite, epidote.epidote, and I‘erromagnesian minerals
and ferromagnesian minerals
represented by
represented by Lliopside.
diopside, hornblende.
hornblende, l‘orsterite.
forsterite, andand serpentine
serpentine and
and chlorite.
chlorite, the
the magnesium
magnesium
hating been
having been provided
provided by by dedolomitization
dedolomitization ol‘ of the
the limestone,
limestone. TheThe limestone
limestone lenses
lenses are
are also
also
sheathed
sheathed by by andand sometimes
sometimes intercalatcd
intercalated with rocks composed
with rocks composed ol‘ of calc—silicate
calc-silicate minerals
minerals
formed b}:
formed dedolomitization (ii
the ClCL‘lolotttlti/‘Ltlitm
by the of the limestone by
the limestone by reaction with silica~bearing
reaction with minerals in
silica-bearing minerals in.
surrounding
surrounding or included sediments
or included sediments. In In some
some instances.
instances, ho'LLeL-er. recr} stallized calcite
however, recrystallized is in
calcite is in
passive contact
passive contact with with quartz.
quartz, as as inin specimen
specimen 315 148 from
45/]48 from the limestone hand
the limestone band on on the road
the road
just
just east
east ol‘
of the River Tyaa.
the River Tyaa, \1'l1erea rccrystalli7cd limestone
where a recrystallized limestone encloses
encloses unaltered
unaltered quart/
quartz grains.
grains,
and
and where
where some
some of of the limestones have
the limestones have notnot been
been completely
completely surrounded
surrounded by by aLL protective
protective
sheath
sheath ofof calc-silicatc minerals. Lack
calc-silicate minerals. Lack ol‘of espisin'es prevented aa determination
expDsures prevented determination ol‘ of the widths
the widths
ol‘ the calc—silicate
of the calc-silicate sheaths
sheaths and
and their passage into
their passage into graniti/ed
granitized rocks.
rocks.
(2)
(2) '17::-
The 1'Lii'L'—.si‘li’r'c.rn'
calc-silicate rocks rocks are usually meso
are usually n1esot_1-'pe
type and
and l‘oliatc-Li.
foliated, and
and inin addition
addition to to their
their
occurrence round
occurrence round thethe borders
borders of of the
the limestone
limestone lenses
lenses, or
or as
as b-Lnds
bands within
within them
them, Lithey
C}.- some—
some-
times
times toim
form extensions
extensions to to the
the limestone
limestone lenses. .nrc1dtrviLLLLaI 11iih
lenses, interdigitating with the
the surrounding
surrounding sedi— sedi-
ments. Calc—
ments. silicate rocks
Calc-silicate rocks not not associated
associated 1.1.itl1
with limestoncs
limestones areare also
also seen
seen inin small isolated
small isolated
bands
bands and and lenses
lenses in in other parts ol‘
other parts of the
the area.
area, the
the largest
largest being
being on h-luvaroa and
on Muvaroa and north—east
north-east
of Gal.
11.“ Gai.
The
The most
most common
common minerals
minerals inin the
the calc—silicate
calc-silicate rocks
rocks are
are pale—green
pale-green toto green
green faintl}.
faintly
pleochroie diopside.
pleochroic diopside, deep-green
deep-green to to brown
brown hornblende
hornblende that
that appears
appears toto bebe secondary
secondary after
after
diopside.
diopside, pale—coloured
pale-coloured epiLlote
epidote and
and clinozoisite.
clinozoisite, plagioclase
plagioclase ofof lahraLlorite-hyto11-11ite
labradorite-bytownite com— com-
position.
position, scapolite.
scapolite, often
often quite
quite large
large crystals
crystals of
of sphene.
sphene, and
and small
small sub—hedral
sub-hedral crystals
crystals Lil‘
of
hrown
brown garnet.
garnet. Quartz.
Quartz, orthoclasc.
orthoclase, microcline.
microcline, apatite
apatite and
and zircon
zircon appear
appear inin less
less calcareous
calcareous
examples,
examples, which
which have probably suffered
have probably suffered some
some granitizatinn.
granitization.
~J

Some idea
Some idea ofiii the
the variation
\ariziiinn or
of the
the cede-silicate rocks is
calc-silicate rocks is obtained from thc
obtained from following esti—
the following esti-
mated volumetric
mated \0lL1fllCII'lC modes.
modes.

45123
45/122 ~15 13—1
45/124 451%
45/141 451(il
45/161 45 I67
45/167 75171
45/171 715176
45/176

% % % % % % %
Plttgioclttsc
Plagioclase ... , ... . 30
30 30
30 30
30 5" it)
10 IE
15 it]
20
Diopsidc
Diopside .. , .., _ 3U
30 - 40
40 (i5
65 25
25 8t‘ -7
Hoi‘nblcndc ..
Hornblende _. .... I:
12 35
35 30
30 7T -777 -7 +
("Ii11010isitc—epidtttc
Clinozoisite-epidote .., i 6(v 35*5 -77 31 40
40 I:
12 35
35
Suzipolitc
Scapolite ... , ... . - -7 - 1'?
15 l5
15 :0
20 It)
10
Quartz.. t
Quarv. ... . ... . It")
20 - - 2I -7 7 30
30 St)
30
Sphene
Sphene .... ..V . 22 -7 7 -7 7 3a It)
10 + 21
Garnet
Garnet .., ..i , -7 -77 I -77 - - 1"
15 33
45 122 On
45/122 ptith to
()n path lmbt‘t. just
to Imba, north of
jih‘t north the Nziu
of the i‘iwr. Borders
V/Eti river. Ll limestone
Bi\i‘ilti\' a Sum.
limcstiinc lens.

1271:“ 44 ill.
‘15

45/124 As 44/122.
4.

7‘75 Hi From
45/141 Hum the
thc valley
\Llllt‘} south
SULllll oftil‘ the
the. Garissa
Cidi'mii road
:‘utid near
nc;ii‘ the
thc bench-mark,
hench—nuii'k. south
\L‘Ulll of
ul'
Kiormo. A
Kiormo. i7\ calcareous
CLllC;ll'CULl'\ gneiss.
gncis<.

7151M Mutui
45/161 \ltitiii hill.
hill.

45 [67 Kandaoni
45/167 kfiittlt'itiiii Ridge
Ridgc near
tiCt’ii‘ Katze.
kttt/C. Float
l'lULtI block.
black
45 [7] From
45/171 h‘nm limestone
llIIICNLUIEL‘ band
build on
UH road
mud about
tihutst three
[lHCC miles
lflllCS south
wutli of
ml Katze.
hut/Ci

715 176011
45/176 i‘mttl. one
On road, iiitc mile
mile north
iitit‘tlt of
ol‘ (izii,
Gai.
Specimen 45/140,
Specimen from the
715 MD. from (,i;ti‘i<\';i road
the Garissa mtith of
roitti south (‘l‘ Kiormo, abundant crptulx'
Ctlnlillll\ Lihtmdtiiit
Kinrniii. contains crystals
Ul\ brown
of hi‘tmn biotite
hittlile associated
LlNNOClLllL‘tl with
\\l[ll large
lttrgc poikiloblastic
tmilxiiuhltixlic grains gi‘tiziix of
ul‘ pale-green
piile7gi‘ccn pyroxene,
1W} 1'0\C[‘.C. gi'cen
green
hnz‘nhlendci splicnc.
hornblende, sphene, largelarge grains
grttim of t‘l‘LIDHIlIC.
apatite, tia perthitic
perthitic felspar
l'clsptii‘ and
and quartz
quartz. Specimen
Specimen 715 16$.
45/164,
from the
from umphihnlitc lens
the amphibolite lcng near K};liltl0. is
tiCLii‘ Kyando, limo-rich rock
15 ita lime-rich miiimwcti n!
rock composed Htill'l} cqutil
of nearly equal
hmpni‘tinns‘ of
proportions diopwdc and
mi diopside hnrnhlcndc with
iind hornblende lC\\'Il1;iI‘:
\xith less ll\CP:l‘CCHE
than five per cent of ul'intci'xtitizil [‘lnIt‘ClLHfi
interstitial plagioclase.
The rock is
The rock \i‘il‘tllul’ to
is similar 0116 described
to one described by Bear 11952.
h} Bear (1952, p. n 1I) {ruin the
l I l from the western side of
\\C\ECI'H Sldc Mumoni
of Mumoni
\U'tllli of
south Miigtithii. and
of Muguthu, and forms part of
[\OI‘IIN part one mi
of ant number of
of aL1 number of isolated, 'tl\'Ll(ill) CUE‘ICOI'tlAHlE.
1\‘0lillC\l. usually concordant,
occurring between
lcnscs occurring
lenses hchwcn Muvaroa\Iiniiron on \‘ltltflOfli and
tin Mumoni and ati pointpaint wtith
south of Kyiiidix Slll'lllill'
nl‘ Kyando. Similar
lenses occur further
lenses occur south at
lin‘thcr muth Mtikiini Lind
at Mukuni KliLlIlll‘li The
and Kitumbi. lcn~cx are
The lenses nut liCi'c
are not associated \\itli
here d\\UL.'lLllC\l with
any culc7sslicute rocks
Ullltfl‘ calc-silicate
L111} other rockx but hut in in central l\llLIl similar
central Kitui incl“ have
\iniiltti' rocks mapped tix’
hccn mapped
htixc been iiiclttn7
as melan-
ocratic lttL‘lCS ul‘
UCI'flIlC facies more normal
of more CLt7>lliCttIC' rocks
normal calc-silicate (Stli‘tdCI'\ 1954,
incl“ (Sanders, 10}.
p. 10).
lLE-lt p.

(3) Pt'i’i'ii'i- rocks

(Rb Pelitic are represented
lilt'y'l\\ are in the
I‘C[WI'C‘,\€I]§Ctl in iiI'L’Ll by
the area siniill bands,
h} small \chlicrcn. clots
l7;tlltl\ schlieren, clots and in
Ecnscs in
and lenses
the scnii7pclitic biotite
tlic semi-pelitic gneiswx and
hit’wtitc gneisses, locull; by
LtIlLl locally web with
h) rocks garnet tintl
with gtirnct \illizimnitc. The
and sillimanite. Thc
Killimunitc always
sillimanite occurs its
{1l\\'d_\Ԥ outir< as fibrous which are
Ul')\l(1l§ which
tihrntis crystals 1170 often aggregated in
oltcn ttggi‘cgaitcd sheaves or
in \ltCétHh or 138“t
bands.
During crntzilli/ntion
During crystallization the thc :tggi‘cgiitm
aggregates were were greatly ;itlbctctl h}
great?) affected \[t‘c‘>\‘ and
by stress and now they tire
iitm 1l1t.‘_\ \tei]
are well
t‘nlitited and
foliated \xcll7tlcliiicd "flow
PL‘SNESS Lla well-defined
:iiid possess sirtictiire” around
"Hm-x structure" the would}
tii‘titiiid the l‘nlititcd felsic
weakly foliated mincmk
l‘cliic minerals
and the
and pink to
thc pink to red which are
garnets which
red garnets sometima present.
the sometimes pi‘mcnt. The occur ‘dx
garnets OCCLH'
'l’hc g;ii‘i‘.ct< round sub-
as round SLll —
hcdrtil cracked
hedral 03513“. usually
cranked crystals, thri‘tigh the
ii‘i‘cgtiliirl) through
distributed irregularly
tiwttll} distributed rural“. but
the rocks, mmctzinm lie
htit sometimes ii:
in poorly
in defined impersistent
ponrl) defined hands.
ln‘lfflct‘\'1\'ICI‘:l bands.

Thu presence
The ni‘ sillimanite
DI‘L‘NCHL‘C of tind garnet
\'llli§fl‘tllll[C and lc;id\' to
gtii‘nct leads range m"
to ’da range ruck types
of rock including:
tyiwsx including:
xillmumite-qttui‘U-l'clsptii‘ gneiss
sillimanite-quartz-felspar tshccimcn 45/7,
gncixs (specimen 45 7. two milm north
mu miles mirth of \Miittii hilllln‘tlltilfi-
l‘l- Waita) sillimanite-
quartz tspecnnen 45/160,
schist (specimen
quartz schist \ltittiiidu rocks),
hcltm Mutanda
45 that, below gneiss tspccimcn
sillinititiite7hitititc gncixs
i‘tickxl. sillimanite-biotite (specimen
715 1771-. foot
45/174, Mumonii. and
u!” Mumoni),
loot of sillimtinitrg; i'nct7hiotitc gnciw
tind sillimanite-gamet-biotite (specimen ~15
gneiss hi‘ccimcn 1MB. Kyando-
45/166B, Kyindo—
(Etii road
Gai ncar Katze
road near turn-on”). garnet-quiti‘iz7i'clsptii‘
Ktitrc turn-off), urtintzlitc (specimen
garnet-quartz-felspar granulite tx‘nccimcn 45/69, [ftimtii‘iL
ncztr Uumaa),
775 (3‘7). near
garnet-biotite gncias’ imccimcn
gurnct-hintitc gneiss (specimen 45/166A, i‘tiiid H‘Ctl?‘
lx’};indo-(,:;ii road
45 INN. Kyando-Gai near Katze iiii'n-iifl‘i.
Kin/c turn-off).

The mults of
Thc rocks Mun‘mni are
of Mumoni pclitic. sillimanite-biotite
C\CClUI\Ltll_\ pelitic,
are exceptionally gncix'scs being
sillimatnitohirvtitc gneisses the
being the
most common
most cumnmn among among them.
them. TheyThe} iirc lOL‘Llll} spotted
are locally shtittcd h)by «mall
small giii'iictx'.
garnets, t'm‘miflg
forming H‘Cks rocks similar
similar
In those
to descrihcd as
those described Sillimtinitc-gtirnct-hiotitc gneisses
1H sillimanite-gamet-biotite Shiiclxlcttih (1946,
h} Shackleton
gncisx‘cs by p. 9)
i‘ W-ltw. p. the
From the
Ur from
Maralal and by
LIE‘C'J and
Martilttl area h} Bear (WEI. p.
Bear (1952, p. 15) from the
lit from mestcrn gidc
the western side of Mirntt‘ini. In
ol‘ Mumoni. addition tu
ll‘: addition to
shcmcs and
i'oliatcd sheaves
foliated hands of
and bands tit~ fibrous sillimiinitc they
Iihrtiiis sillimanite fitikca 0;”
contain flakes
the} contain of biotite and scattered
biotitc and scattered
garnctx; quartz,
garnets, microclinc. with
and microcline,
nligocliis’c and
qtiari7, oligoclase mum. tiptitiic.
ticccsx'or} zircon,
\xith accessory \‘plk‘lle LlHLl
apatite, sphene iron
and iron
ore. They can
ore. They can be regarded as
he regarded as biotite containin3 \iliim
gneisses containm':
biotin: gneisscs iiiitc in
sillim'lllite pi'np.ii‘tit‘iiis mining
in proportions varying
from a
from a truce
trace up tip to about 50
[L3 about 50 per Cunt.
per cent.

IIiiii
 Hair I|
Plate

:I
{Lil View
(a) HUIIIh from
\ its“ south (.'-.1i showing
from Gai |)L‘IIL'|I|:Iil]\.
«.Ilzminu peneplains.

{In Leucocratic
(b) Isintitc gneiss
1.i‘l|{'nl'l;l[il: biotite I
finish». enclosing melanocratic mama.
nucrnlir masses.

"I

111
1
I
----
u.
8

Plan: Jl
Plate H

1m Leucocratic
(a) lxucncmtic biotite
himim gnt‘is\
gneiss rnclnsim;
enclosing I‘nldcd
folded nu'Lmsu‘rLzlic hundx.
melanocratic bands.

(b) himilgurivh band,

\lchlnm'mtic biotite-rich
Ihl Melanocratic bent and
hum]. bent iniwml by
and injected h) quartzo-felspathic mulrriul.
q1mrl/u-flpzlthic material.

~
 -
9

Speeimen
Specimen =15 is composed
45/7 is composed mainly
mainly ol‘
of gneissie
gneissic quartz
quartz and
and aa little
little orthoclase.
orthoclase, with
with the
the
l'oliation planes
foliation planes marked
marked bby‘ many
many ettsil —\yet1tltei‘ed iibres
easily-weathered fibres and
and thin hands ol‘
thin bands of .‘sillimanile.
sillimanite. The
The
Ltuat tz—sillititanite roelL
quartz-sillimanite rock represented
represented byby specimen
specimen 45 I60 was
45/160 was lound
found only
only as
as L1a tlnat
float block.
block. ItIt
is aa txltilc
is white and
and schistose rock that
schistose rock that in
in thin
thin section
section isis seen to be
seen to be composed
composed o-'of L1ua‘.tt7
quartz, site‘Loes
sheaves
L1l'silli1nanite.
of sillimanite, and and secondary
secondary sphene.
sphene.
(-'i}
(4) Thethe semi-pelitic
wand—119.. t‘ gneisses
:rrtt'isst's form
l‘orm aa variable
variable graititi/etl
granitized and and ntetainorpliosed
metamorphosed series series andand
in places
in places havel1a\e nearly
nearly flat
llai foliation
l'oliatiL‘in planes.
planes, while in others
while in others the i‘oli‘Lttiost is
the foliation is highly
highly contort-Ltd
contorted
and
and cut
cut h‘s- ttuittet‘otis minor
by numerous minor Ct‘nss— l‘rttL't‘Lires. The
cross-fractures. The country "formed by
country formed by the
the semi— pelitie rocks
semi-pelitic 1‘1
is usually-
is lon— h-‘iitg and
usually low-lying and soil— entered but
soil-covered, 1111 the:‘e
there are
are oecasional
occasional hills hills andand lL11\‘\L11L11L.‘11L\s
low whale-backs.
The \\l1L1lL.-lJLlL.Ԥ\S usually
The whale-backs usually oeL‘Ln‘
occur wherewhere the rocks are
the rocks are well ban-Lied. when
well banded, when theyihe_' Ltiea.s‘L1oltL1‘.
are also often
highly contorted
highly contorted and and ply-‘gtnalieally
ptygmatically l'olde‘Ll.
folded. The rocks can
The rocks can behe diyitled
divided into into seter‘Ltl lypes 1111.
several types on
their
their L‘olotn‘
colour i11-Lle\.
index, amount
amount and and type
type ol‘of granitiration
granitization and and on on theit‘ mineral e1‘1111positinns.
their mineral compositions, but but
the
the series
series is is soso \at‘iahle
variable that
that seyei'al
several such rock—types may
such rock-types may he be seen
seen in in one
one euros-Lire.
exposure. Due Due to to
this and
this and to to the
the limited
limited time
time a\‘aiE'Ltble
available for for the
the sui‘Ley-
survey itit \\
wasas impossible
impossible to to map
map diyisions
divisions in
in thethe
group.
group. The The mainmain rock
rock types
types are:are: biotile
biotite gneiss‘es‘
gneisses and
and h11r11hlende-plagioel‘ase
hornblende-plagioclase gneisses. gneisses, L\:th
with
Eransitionary hornhlende—biotite
transitionary hornblende-biotite gneisses.
gneisses.
Biotite
Biotite gneisses
gneisses in
in the
the tntl1u—l\'le1‘u
Embu-Meru 'Lirezi
area haxe
have been
been well
well described
described by
by Schoeniai:
Schoeman i'l'JSJ.
(1951,
pp.
pp. [3 lL'1} under
13-16) under the
the heading
heading L‘1l
of titieinatites.
migmatites, and
and lrom
from south -eas‘t l.1nl111
south-east Embu by by RBear ll;11fi
(1952, p.
p. l12).
'
They 1'1re composed
They are composed ol
of L111at‘t7.
quartz, plagioelase
plagioclase, potash
potash ielspar
felspar and
and hintite
biotite 111111
with :1LLes‘so1y
accessory apatite
apatite,
sphene
sphene, /.1i‘L‘1111
zircon and iroit or‘e
and iron ore \\i|.l11rarre
with rarer,. more
more sporadic.
sporadic, rutile
rutile and
and museoxite.
muscovite. inTn some
some L\7
ex-
posures
posures garnet
garnet 11' as lL1L111-Ll.|"11e
was found. The L‘1L1'Lu‘t/
quartz and
and l‘elspar
felspar 1'(which
\\ hieh ha\e
have deLeloped
developed partly
partly as
as products
products
ol'
of graniti/aliont
granitization) harm
form aa gt‘an'LilL‘1se
granulose g1‘L‘1L1nd11111ss
groundmass inin the
the I'UCiKS.
rocks, asas in
in specimen
specimen 45 [33 l'rom
45/133 from the
the
1111t
north part
part ol‘
of the
the central rib or
central rib lt'nurn‘oi. but
of Ithumbi, but the
the ielspars
felspars also
also limit
form T‘Ltf])l‘1:\l'tll1litnl5
porphyroblasts {as (as in
in
specimen
specimen 4S 1‘1 from
45/23 from the
the summit
summit ridge
ridge ol'
of lthumbil.
Ithumbi), angen.
augen, ‘L‘h lieten bands
schlieren, bands or
or peetnatitc
pegmatite-
like
like \‘eins
veins his
(as in
in specimen
specimen ~15
45/3.‘1 from
from near
near Walla
Waita dam}.
dam). The
The \'L ins‘ lolloLL
veins follow the
the toliation
foliation planes
planes
and
and the
the minor
minor c1‘oss~l‘t‘aetures.
cross-fractures. In In the
the larger
larger Lents
veins the
the L'iy-‘stals
crystal sizeie/ is
is much
much L‘L1a1s‘er
coarser and mag—
and mag-
netite
netite and
and biotite
biotite are
are sontL'Limes
sometimes present
present in
in crystals
crystals up
up to
to tln‘
three eentintenes
centimetres across.
across.
.1‘\ common
A common l‘eatui‘e
feature in in the
the leLiL‘L‘iL‘ratie
leucocratic L‘11‘ tltes'1[}pc gnei‘sse‘s
or mesotype gneisses is is the inclusion L11”
the inclusion of irregular
irregular
but sharply
but sharply defined
defined melanoeralie portions round
melanocratic portions round which
which the
the host—rock
host-rock has llnued and
has flowed become
and become
highly contorted.
highly contorted. The The dark
dark inclusions
inclusions are are sometimes
sometimes composed
composed entirely-
entirely 111'
of L‘l:.1L1‘lL—b1‘o\s11.
dark-brown
biotite in
biotite in interweaving
intern-eating flakes
llalxes or of l1iL-1‘1ite
or of biotite and hornblende or
and hornblende or 111‘ ht ‘1ble11de alone.
of hornblende alone, butbut they
they
usually
usually contain
contain plagioelase
plagioclase and potash felspar
and potash lelspar in in addition.
addition. They
They are are arranged
arranged parallel
parallel to to
and
and along
along planes
planes \\whose
hose traces
traces inin outcrops
outcrops follow l‘ollou and
and indicate
indicate the
the general
general structure.
structure. In in the
the
banded types
banded types the
the l1bands
ands sometime
sometimess taper
taper laterally
laterally, but
but are
are often
often displaced
displaced by by sm'tll
small l‘aults
faults or or
even
even sharply
sharply terminated.
terminated. Their Il1ei1 L‘l1L11L1ete1‘isties
characteristics suggestsuggest that
that tlte‘t‘rrepresent
they represent more more calcareous
calcareous
or
or argillaceous
argillaceous bands
bands that
that were
were metamorphosed.
metamorphosed, distorted distorted Lin-LL brolLL-n dining
and broken lolding and
during folding and
sometimes partly
sometimes partly digested
digested during1 et‘anitization.
during granitization.
llornblende—hiotite gnei
Hornblende-biotite sses and
gneisses llt’ll‘lllFlEIldEeplilglUCl’Lhfi gneisses
and hornblende-plagioclase representing more
gneisses representing more
calcaret
calcareous1s members
members 111' the se
of the Lini——pelitiL‘ group
semi-pelitic haye been
group have been described
described by
by Seltoeman
Schoeman tl‘Mb‘.
(1948,
l4. Kitui,
p. 14, Kilui, and l'Jil, p.
and 1951, p. 10,
ltl Embu-Meru)
hnl1n-.\-le1‘n_1and
and by by Bear
Bear 1195:
(1952, p.p. 13,
1.1.sout'11—east tntbui. In
south-east Embu). in
addition
addition toto the
the presence
presence or predominance (1|
or predominance l1o111l1lende among
of hornblende among the the dark
dark minerals
minerals such
such
rocks are
rocks are characteriyed
characterized by
by aa marked
marked sparsity-
sparsity ol~ potash felspar,
of potash l'elspai‘. especially
especially iiiicroeline.
microcline, \Lhicl‘i
which
suggests that they
suggests that they have
hate not been gz‘aniti/ed
not been granitized as much as
as much as the
the other
other 1y pes.
types.
N‘ltsseotile
Muscovite oeeurs‘
occurs sporadic
sporadically :11 in ‘.L1"L1LLs
various i‘LiLlL‘s
rocks throughout
throughout thethe area.
area, but
but is
is present
present in
in
quantity
quantity inin aa quart/rm.use-oyite
quartz-muscovite sLhist
schist at
at Kaikuyu
Kaikuyu lt:ll.
hill. S]1L.‘i-.nen
Specimen 4:145/78 from
from t-that locality
locality
is comp-.sed
is composed entirely
entirely ol'
of \L-ell~s‘oliztte1i
well-foliated c171arse—1-1LLine-Ll
coarse-grained Litartx quartz \Lith
with ocea 1nal
occasional "elspat‘s
felspars and
and
museot ite in
muscovite in flakes.
flakes, thin E‘olia. bands
thin folia, hands and
and lense.
lenses. 011
On the flanks 111‘
the flanks the l1.'"|l
of the hill thethe muse-m ite is
muscovite is
:Lssoeiated
associated with
with biotite
biotite and
and 111‘ 12." away
farther away the
the rock
rock passes:
passes into
into L1a hintite
biotite gneis‘s‘.
gneiss.
[5'1 Ps'rmmntit' gneisses
(5) Psammitic L’Hdmtl’a men
occur as
as hands
bands or lenses :11
or lenses at nume
numerousrotis places
places =.hr-L1ug"1ont
throughout the the .1area,
tea.
\1 ltLte they
where they sometmtes
sometimes form iigh ridges
form high ridges S'lCll
such L1s 1r.ndt1i. \‘lui
as Endui, Mai Lind
and \"lilxogu.
Mukogu, but but more
more usually
usually
l'ot‘n1 low
form low but
but prominent
prominent cragg\
craggy features.
features.
The pt‘eLlL‘Ln‘tinant rock
The predominant i'oek type
type isis aa Liquartz-felspar
‘/.~l‘elsp'L1=‘ granulite
1rantilite which weathers into
which weathers into rounded
rounded
boulders with
boulders with Lia eh at‘acter istie lawn
characteristic fawn win:‘1
colour spotted
spotted 11y by scattered
scattered, sub—hedral,
sub-hedral, black
black magnetite
magnetite
g1L1i11s.
grains. They-
They areare similar
similar to to granttlites
granulites Liesetibed
described by by Shackleton
Shackleton 1'1941’1. p. 12}
(1946, p. l‘1‘om the
12) from the
.\-‘latthews range
Matthews range andand lby
1_\.-' Bear
Bear 1(1952,
WEI. p. 11.. 181
18) I‘rom
from south-east l‘mbu. being
south-east Embu, eomnos‘ed of
being composed of quartz.
quartz,
ntierocline. and
microcline, and Oligoelase.
oligoclase, with with suhh‘edral
subhedral titanithroats—magnetite.
titaniferous-magnetite, and and oee stonttl flakes
occasional flakes of
of
mttseoL-‘ite and
muscovite and biotite
biotite lyinglying1 parallel
parallel to to the faint foliation.
the faint l‘oliation. As As already
already mentioned
mentioned somesome areare
spotted
spotted by by aa few
few garnets.
garnets.
~

lO
10

2. Pleistocene
2. Pleistocene and Recent
and Recent
Over most of
(her most the Lll‘e'd
ol‘ the area and especially on
and especially the end-Tertiary
on the pcncpliiin. there
end—Tertiary peneplain, red-brownn
are red-bro“
there Lire
titlai'txosc soils
quartzose such as
soils such :15 CD\CI'
cover large Lll'CZii of
large areas of East »\l‘rie;i iintl
East Africa lll'C Sltl‘lllill‘
and are similar to soils thut
to soils htue
that have
been correlated
been correlated with Pleistocene sands
with Pleistocene sands nearnear Malindi
Malinth tThonmsmt.
(Thompson, 1956, 1956. p. p. 30),
30). There
There are are
UCCaSlt‘l‘léil tlexelispmenis til
occasional developments of Surlliee limestone tiittl
surface limestone ltttei'itie ii'C\h~ltotie.
and lateritic ironstone, \ihile
while \\where
here Lll'éllllé
drainage ge
has been
has hindered or
been hindered ettitllned there
or confined are black
there are cotton mils.
black cotton below \xhieh
soils, heluti which there tire mmetimes'
there are sometimes
restricted deposits
restricted deposits at gnxum and
of gypsum Lind uehreuus
ochreous emu. clays. Some hciiid> in
Some bands iti the
the valley
tulle} Sells that
soils that
apparently have
apparently ham :1a high
high content
content til of mluhle
soluble Hilts
salts uiL
are used.
used by by cattle
cattle a1<
as Silll-llclx’x'
salt-licks \‘xwhen
hen the};
they areare
ewmetl in
exposed in the
the river
rixei‘ banks.
huitltSi

3. lntrusiws
3. Intrusives
....
The intrusive
The intrume rocks
l'tlxN ennx‘ix't
consist ul' pegiiiutite‘ which
of pegmatites \xhieh vein
min the HuRement System
the Basement S} <tem LlEl'Ll ultral—
and ultra-
haiwe plugs
basic plugs in
in the
the eastern part til
eastern part of the
the Llli‘t
area.

lli l’ttAHiiiiS
(1) PEGMA TITES
'l'lte pfgillitllli‘x vi
The pegmatites of the Basement Sntein
the Basement System eeeur ;1\ numerous
occur as numerou< ~m;ill
small wneurdani
concordant and
and d!»
dis-
cordant \eini. They
eordunt veins. eompmetl of
are composed
The} are mimiie of
L‘t‘lll"!*§3'lilll€tl mosaic
til ait coarse-grained ul‘qutirt/
quartz and l‘elx‘piirx
pntuxh felspars
tiinl potash
\\ilh occasional
with ('VL’L‘11\lUl‘i;ll crystals
er} Killlx‘ ol‘ hintile. muscovite,
of biotite, miisemiie. amphibole
untii‘nihule ttlitl tiiuiul‘eroug magnetite.
and titaniferous magnetite. The lltC
veins nlten follow
\Cllt\ often plauiex tutti
:‘ruetuz'e planes
l‘nlltm fracture were probably
and were formed Lit
hmhuhl} formed lute \tn'
at tia late in the
stage in meta,
the meta-
morpl'zism, An
morphism. Xi exceptional
eweptiunul graphic emphie pegmatite
pegmutite composed
emnpmed only nnh tilof uii;irt/
quartz gt‘dplile‘nll) inter-
graphically inter-
grmxn with
grown \\l1l‘l microcline
tiiiei‘oeléne was \\;l\' found
lt’itiliti west
nest of ml Kyaikuyu.
K};iikii_\ii. It li hiix'
has .ia large
ltiree event
extent Lllltl
and LLDDCLII'R
appears in to
nine a
have :1 ermveiilting i‘elzititiiix'l in to
cross-cutting relationship to the
the country-rocks.
UHL]ll[l'_\-t‘t‘cl\\fl

ill ULTRA-BASIC
(2) Li ii< t~R\\:( l\ i RL \li .\\
INTRUSIONS

lhe ultra-basic
The intrusmnx‘ lie
Lilll'Ll’l‘rzlSie‘ intrusions elme tiigethei‘
lie close in the
together in the eastern part til
eux‘tersi hurt the urea
of the and e‘tilifilxl
area :iittl consist
of:-
iii! the hill
(a) the hill Kamuthengi;
Kitittiitiiengi;
(hi
(b) :1a low
lim unnameq.
unnamed hill,hill smiifi
south ul' lxuinuthengi LlllLl
of Kamuthengi and ju<t :10t nlthe
just north of the (,itii‘ix‘sgi
Garissa road; ruiitl:
'(‘l
(c) :1a low
hm ridge
ridge mutlverut
south-east 01'of the
the hill
hill Tunmagugr
Twamagua.
The three
The three neeuri'eneo’
occurrences tire rniiynlt euuizll}
are roughly equally spacedmueetl on 0r; tia north-south
rmrth—xuuth line line about
about twelve
t~.\ei\e
lllilC‘\ long,
miles lune. Kamuthengi
l\;ititiithei‘.gi being l‘eiitg eeiitruf.
central. The 'l'he total
tutttl ureu
area emered
covered by h} the iiitrtistutis at
the intrusions the three
at the three
luenlities is
localities |.\ ahuut
about five the LlilLl [lll'CciqtlLll'IClh square
and three-quarters litllC‘i. but
square miles, but thethe tltlitl
actual ewmure
exposure is is emremel}
extremely
\mzill. Near
small. little more
ptirtieultirl}. little
Tuninitgtiu particularly,
\L‘Lll‘ Twamagau more than boulders \thieh
lame lmii'stlerx
ihain loose which uiixe Eitiie inr
gave little in-
tiietititin
dication of til thethe underlying
timlerhin;v getting}geology mere \eeir
were seen.
The
The \L‘ll\'
soils ;it at the
the three
three lUCLtllLIL‘,\
localities Lll'Care \er}
very titu‘lx
dark euluuretl
coloured due due to a high et’intent content ul‘ of umphii
amphi-
bule and
bole imii me
zinrl iron ore. ()n On ground l‘iCi\\CCl‘. the
ground between the three lueulitiu where
three localities where therethere are no reek L‘\[}L"<L||'C\
no rock exposures
the milx'
the soils are
are lightlight brown
himx'i iii‘tl mint}. x'iip‘nur'ting
and sandy, supporting ita thick thiek emer cover ol’ lWLil which
of bush, when is l\ typical
[)c‘dl all of the
the
nteinmorphie rocks
metamorphic melu ratherrather than than ml the ultra-basic
of the i;iti‘;i»hti\ie plugs,
whip. ux as \\Ll\
was alsou found :‘uuiitl at l\':;\iimn;
at Kipiponi
it
(c. . S. lliiehen. unpublished
S. Hitchen, unpuhihheti tlepurtinentul
departmental report). i‘epurtl. The The fewten suri‘ttee
surface pehhlex
pebbles that that ure
are to to hebe
uhACrteel
observed in in Ktlcl‘.
such xiiil»emeied
soil-covered ureui areas tire intiietitiw ul‘
are indicative underlyi: g gneix‘x’ie
of underlying gneissic rocks Hither tl‘ui‘
rocks rather than
:Illl‘t|\l\L‘ ultra-heme rocks.
intrusive ultra-basic ruelxs,
ml Attiruvin'itire!
(a) Kamuthengi Hill.-The lln‘l", riTlir.‘ hill hill rmex
rises xteepl}
steeply l‘runi
from the the >;ii‘i't~iiiitli:ig
surrounding lmvhui low-lying :lat flat plain.
plain.
At
At its 115’ “extern
western end end it it is
l\’ thick!) husli-emeretl tutti
thickly bush-covered lius tia loose
and has lume <u:'l‘;iee
surface emei‘
cover eompmed
composed 11min];mainly
nl‘
of quartz, l‘rttgmenis. ’1This
quartz fragments. his ixis sharply
sharply eemureuted
demarcated from l‘mzn the re<t ul~
the rest of the
the Eiill
hill uhEeh
which hux’has (lull
dark
.‘oéoured
coloured mil soil mm with gm“ grass \ll'i‘xl
and neeaisiunal
occasional l‘illSllL’\
bushes. There There til‘c are mun}
many lame loose hutiltlerx
boulders enthetiileti
embedded
1i1.t)l‘l§ltl§_‘
in, or lying line on, thethe M‘ll
soil \xhieh
which ennl‘iixe
confuse the he getting).
geology. A A tentume iiit’lzetttimi 01‘
tentative indication of the
the tlixtr1hutiun
distribution
t’il‘
of melt
rock tines
types i< is gixeii
given in in HgFig. 2. 2, l‘tir
for \\lllCll
which the the mpugrtiph}
topography \\;i< was tls‘uun
drawn part1}
partly in in the
the held
field and
and
partl} by
partly h} enlargement
enlargement from phigitngiunhs, The
aerial photographs.
from aerial :bi‘m-li:te\' HR?
The form-lines based en
are ‘01i on x'pot-he'gha
spot-heights
nbiuined by
obtained l3) barometer.
barometer:
The \‘ti‘tieture
The structure is is that
that tilof a:i eontplm
complex plug pin; or Hock huilt
or stock built til‘
of sewrul
several typestypes til of l'UClfi‘
rock, \Kltle‘l‘:
which
llilS later
has later been
been veined\ClllCLl by hy pegmatites
pegntutites and and quartz
quartz veins.neim. The l'he main
main rock ruck types
upcs are:-
tire; ,
(ll Dunites.
(i) Dunites.
iiii Plugioeluse—beuring Dunites.
(ii) Plagioclase-bearing DLiitlICRi
(iiiJ Anorthosites.
(iii) J\nt)rtlm,\‘ites.
in) Actinolite-anthophyllite
(iv) Actinulite-uniliuph}llite rocks. rocks.
i\ i Serpentine
(v) Serpentine rocks. reeks.
Hi) Pegmatites
(vi) Pegmzititcs and and Quartz
Quartz. veins.
\einx’,
.»‘\mphiholitic \eiit‘iliths‘
Amphibolitic xenoliths are enclosed by tire enelmetl by thethe dunite
tlunlte at tit various
\Lii'imis places
places on on the the hill.
hill.

- ...
 -~----

I ~ ~'
~ '"

-------- N

.-
.-

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a

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n.

.
u

m
w.
.
A
M

m
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.L
u
1.

m
.
I ,
P
h

t‘
w

M
2
m

m
w
3

._
w
C.
‘.

.nr

k
a
an

m
w
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.4.
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x
w

a
cc
(.1

Hs.
n.
n
a
n.
.
_x

‘ .r
V

.v
.w
,o
a
1

_‘
0 JOO.J 600 900 f 200

rm
FPOt

C
D
H.

,
AApp,o"m".
w 'cmmae \‘m!".Ie uin My
feel
r‘.,., ‘mu‘ ln 4.1 11-“ Mum
) “3‘
.AIIi'"" Fo'm-lin" .t 4()-fool'""mf,
.l’iu.
Fig. 2.-—-(.'uulugicul
2.-Geological sketch
sketch map
map 01'
of Kaunuthcnui
Kamuthengi hill.
hill.

I~
 l n
12

tit
(i) f)1(l1[tt’\.—Tl1CSC
Dunites.- These roeks
rocks are no“ mainly
are now mainly composed
composed t‘it‘netinolite
of actinolite LlHCl and ehlorite
chlorite with
with
\Ltriathl}
variably serpentini/etl
serpentinized untl and o\'i\h'/-:tl
oxidized remnants
remnants of of oli\ine.
olivine. The)They are are t_\pilietl
typified h}by x'peeimen
specimen
3.5 101,
45/101, which in
which in the hand—Rpee‘tmen is
the hand-specimen is green
green and tinely mietteeous
and finely micaceous \\ith with scattered.
scattered, Suh—sub-
t‘tngulttr
angular hrmxn
brown spots spots ofof serpentinized
serpentinized C‘ll\lti€
olivine tl-‘igi
(Fig. Tutti
3a). Specimens
Specimens 45 I18 and
45/118 and 45 39 are
45/39 are
similar.
similar. In 2!a thin
In thin section
section 01' of speeimen
specimen 45 lOl the
45/101 l‘t‘oun areas
the brown areas are
are seen
seen to he eomnmed
to be composed ot' of
lin‘tonite—stttinetl serpentine.
limonite-stained serpentine, hone} eomhetl h}
honeycombed by «mall
small \elm'
veins ol'
of eitleritet
chlorite. Remnants
Remnants ol‘ of olivine
olivine
are
are present
present in in the
the pseudomorphs
pseudomorphs and and war)
vary greatl)
greatly in ttinther and
in number and «We. Between the
size. Between the ser—
ser-
pentinized grains there
pentiniied grains there is mass of
is {1a mass of pale-green actinolite and
pale—green aetinolite and pale—green clinochlore ecrystals
pale-green elinoehlore luls
with
with 21a small
small amount
amount of iron ore
of iron ore. The
The tietinolite
actinolite isis in
in bladed
bladed er} stttl< ol'
crystals of \variable
Ltritihle ~21:
size amounted
associated
with plates ol“
with plates of the chlorite set
the ehlorite with various
set with orientations. The
various orientations. actinolite-chlorite aggregate
The tietinolite—ehlot'ite aggregate
in part simulates
in part simulates flow structures round
ilou stt'tiettirex round thethe $e’t‘pentini/etl
serpentinized masses max‘sex‘ soso that appears to
that itit EIDDC‘dH hme
to have ...~
penetrated and
penetrated and broken apart the
broken apart original oli\
the original olivine mass, rather
ine musg. than to
rather than have been
to hatxe derived front
been derixed from
the oiixine
the olivine by alteration in
hy alteration in situ. The \tit‘itttion
trim. The variation in composition of
in composition the dunltex‘
of the dunites is shown h)
i3 Rl'tout‘: by
the following
the table ol‘ex‘tintztteti
l‘ollmxing table \oltimetrie Ult‘LlC‘N'I
of estimated volumetric modes:-
~15 10]
45/]01 ‘15 EU
45/39 451MB
45/118
% % %
Olivine and
()Ji\ine and L‘llHllC
olivine
pseudomorphx‘
pseudomorphs .. 35
3‘ 25
25 bit
60
Chlorite
Chlorite .. 3—?
34 —.~ It)
Aetittolite
Actinolite .. .. 3t)
30 { 73‘ \)J 29
1U
10
Iron Dre
Iron Ore .. .. 11 2I 1l

chlorite-actinolite tlunite
The eltloriteqnxinolite
The predomittatex‘ in
dunite predominates in the slopes ol‘
loner slopes
the lower lxunttithengi and
of Kamuthengi in the
and in the
north and east
north and \\ here it
spurs. where
east spurs, 15 uppgtreittl}
it is apparently vertically jointed along
\ertiettll} jointed. hearing; of
along bearings ill and
of 1110° 80°..
and St}
It appears to
lt appeai‘x term the
to form outer or
the ULIICI' or lower portion of
lower portion the complex
of the complex.

A completely altered
A completely tltinite is
altered dunite t‘epi‘exentetl by
is represented \‘peeimen 45
h)‘ specimen lll. which
45/111, lurgel}
euttsixtS largely
which consists
misses of
ot‘ masses
of ol‘ fibrous thin are
er) stulx that
lll‘l’nth crystals prohtthl} amphibole,
are probably interspersed with
umpltihole. interspersed grainx
limonite grains.
\xith limonite
Aggregate» of
Aggregates plates of
ol‘ plates ehlorite and
oi‘ chlorite St‘ttlll masses
and small eurbonate lie
ot' carbonate
ntttsxe; of inzerx‘titittll} to
he interstitially the
to the
amphihole clusters.
amphibole \tiritttiotr of
Another variation,
clusters. Another onl} :1a small
which only
01' which amount was
small amount l‘oiintl. Consists
\\L].\' found, consists
of In \\hieh
ehlorite in
ol‘ chlorite which lie smull prismatic
setttteretl small
lie scattered crystals of
pi‘imtzttie erytgtls hornhletttle,
of hornblende.

....

Fig. microscope drawings,

3.—[)iagrammzitie microscope
Fig. 3.-Diagrammatic drawings of sections of
thin sections
of thin of rocks Kantuthengi.
from Kamnthengi.
rocks from
(a) Altered dunite.
lat Altered specimen 4S
dnnite, specimen 45/101, ordinary lighte
\lx. ordinary
10L xIS, lit-my lines‘
light. Heavy actinolite; line
lines = aetinulite: lines =7 ehlurite:
fine line». chlorite;
black represents
black represents hrtmn
brown ~t'rpentine
serpentine which
which is
is mined
veined by
by ehlnrite.
chlorite.
1t
(b) Plagioclase-bearing specimen 45
dnnite, specimen
Plagioelttse-h“.trint,y dunite. 102. \20.
45/102, ordinary light.
x20, ordinary Crystals of
light. Crystals are surrounded
olivine are
of uliiine surronnded
by zones of
by mm", of urthnm
orthopyroxene and uetintflite.
rn\(-ne and l’lugitmltts’e occurs
actinolite. Plagioclase interstitial punlst
in lntt‘r's‘tlfl'dl
occurs tn pools.

~ -'
 ~~"""-~ ~

13

TIICI'C is
There ix Iia CL‘IIIIIII
certain amount IImOLInI 03' of SCI._II'L ‘LII Iion and
segregation and oi'iL‘nIaIEIIn
orientation III‘ of the Ihe LIIII‘Ix
dark IiIinCi‘IIIx:
minerals in in IIIC
the
II
IIIII‘IIICx. This
dunites. I'IIIx is SCCII in
ix seen in the IlliI'LIIIL‘IISEI‘I of
IIIC parallelism nICIIinIICI'LIIiL“ lenses
EIIIgCI melanocratic
LII larger iCIIxCx and I‘LIIILIx in
LIIILI bands, in the wrung
III:- strong
I‘LIII‘IIIIIIII of
foliation III" the [I7C dark minL-I'aix' in
LI'III‘II' minerals xiich bands
In such ‘IWLIIIIIx and LLHLI in IIICIfeeble
II‘. the iIIILInnIL‘nI of
CCIIIC alignment III dark II =I'x'L‘.x CllHI
LIIII‘ Ix flakes and
mum in
spots in the II'IC more pIII'IiIIIIx.
I'CIx'IIzIIIIiL' portions.
nILII'L‘ felspathic
P/(J_LII'III'IIII.x'iI— III'III'I’IIL' Dunites
Iii) Plagioclase-bearing
(ii) DHIIII‘IN were \xCI'C seen xCCn only «mix in in the L‘cnIi'III higher,
Inc central, IIiuIICI'. parts iIIII‘IS of III'
KIIIIIIIIIICI I They
Kamuthengi. 'I‘I‘Cx are 'L’IIC xIInIIIII
similar to :0 the mCIIInL‘IL‘I‘u‘iiC portions
IIL‘ melanocratic IIIII‘IuIiIx' of 01' the BL: L'IxiL' troctolites
Inc Belhelvie II'I'IL‘IIIIIIL‘x as {Ix
LIIi'riIICII by
described Stewart (III—III.
I) SIC‘ALIII (1946, p. 472) and
3‘. —I"I‘ZI and in EIIIIILI—xI‘CCiIIICII are
In hand-specimen dark, L‘LIz‘IIpIIL‘I.
III‘C LIIII‘Ix. compact, waxy-looking \‘x'LI\_\'I\II)I\In§
rocks, ‘Ixx. III weather \Iwith
thatII IIL‘IIIIIICI‘ I‘I'II“In and
III‘I LIa brown and pitted surface, IIIC
IIIIIL‘L'I .xLIi‘IIIL‘C. the C‘L‘Icolour 'ILII‘ I‘Cing
being mainly mziinIx' due JULY to 10 iron-
1\ staining.inmg. They Thcx L‘nnxixiconsist of I I
III Iolivine, aIxm IIII‘IIiIImI of
smalliI amount ..I‘I'. C:xIIII.;IIplagioclase
LII interstitial i;Ij.".I‘L'I;x“C and Im. an an IICL‘LxxLI._-.
accessory
iIIIIiCI.I.I. probably
LIZIIIx' mineral,
dark pioIIIb picotite. piL‘LIIiIL‘. They TIICII :II'C are piIiCIItypified by II). iL-sczi
specimen 45/102 ‘5 III: II—iu. (Fig. .‘III. 3b). In In thin
thin
iL'L‘ it
slice iI is1.x SCCII
seen that IIILII the IIIII. inc is
IIIC olivine IIII’ge gI'LIInx
I‘iIit'II large
in fairly
ix‘ in grains that IEILI'. have IIIxL" .xIII‘C
suffered iL’ILI little xCiIILiIIII 2/: Hip I‘.
I: IIIC serpentinization,
I‘LII LII'L‘
but xIII‘I‘LILInLCLI by
are surrounded In). two-zone 1‘52: IEIIII rims.
I'IxI.I-/.I.IIIC reaction .mx. The IL‘IC inner InnCI‘ zone IOIIC consists.‘Ixnxix‘Ix of LLIILIIII.I3.x'x
III I:a colourless
mII‘IL‘I‘iII with
mineral :IIII'L’I—IIIIIIL‘IIM habit,
IIIIII aIII fibro-lamellar I‘CI‘I'IIL‘InC index
IIIIIIII. refractive inLIc CIIIx‘L‘ close III to that II‘I‘III III of IIII xinc I‘HULICI'LLICI)
olivine, moderately
high i‘II‘I. InuCnL‘C. and
high birefringence, IInII positive L‘IIIIILIIIEIIIII. that
posiIIIL‘ elongation, IIILII is pI'IILILI’nIx an
ix‘ probably LIIIIIII pxIIIxL iIL The
LII] orthopyroxene. Th: outer L‘IIIEL‘I'
and “ILICI rim
LiiiLI wider L‘oiixix‘Ix' III
Iim consists CII.'(‘LRII€.\\ LIII‘IDIH
of aa colourless amphibole bI IC in in which L’ICCII xpinCI
xxI. iL‘II green spinel is inILIgiIIxx'n us
Ix intergrown as an an
L‘I'II CInC’ix' fine
extremely IiIIC .xxIIIpICIiIC.
symplektite. The II‘IC IILIIC:
outer rims ‘inix IIIL‘ are often III‘IL‘I‘. narrow IIII Iioxx where IIII‘IL‘I'C the L‘i‘xxI‘IIIx are
IIIiIIinL‘ crystals
IIIC olivine 211C
I;II.IxL-I_x' >IIIICCLI.
closely spaced. Scattered IIILIixCI‘IInInIIICIx through
SCIIIICIL‘L‘. indiscriminately II‘.:‘I:~II;II‘; the I'nC rock iIIL'Ix areIIIC small.xI.I.III .x'IiI IIL’LIIIII grains
subhedral LIIIIIIIx' and IInLI
l‘ICIZIIICLII'd of
octahedra OI Ii dIIx opaque
a partly IIPLIQLIL’ mineral IIIInLI‘III which which transmits Ii'ainx'iiIII. light IigIII in IIIIIL‘IIC. ' when
ii‘. patches, IxI‘ICI‘. it iI is h: mm.
is brown.
This is
This iII‘I..IIIIiI‘IIx' picotite
ix‘ probably IIILLILIIC LII and xI IIL‘:C it
ILI where II iIL'L‘I:Ix
occurs in ii‘. IIICthe IImpII: amphibole IJCIC LLII‘IIII
coronas ;ix it II is :in. .IIL-‘LI by
ix rimmed h} .1a
IIIIIM zone.
brown mnC, A % pale IIIIIISII LIICCII. spinel
pale bluish-green mind is is alsoIiIx’LI present inICIx‘IiIiIIiI}. in
iII‘CxCI‘. interstitially, I'CI;III\CI} large
in relatively ILU‘gL‘
ii ,_I. lIiu} grains
irregular giuins and ounxionulfl. as
and occasionally ax IIL‘IIIIICLIm
octahedra associated :IxxIICILIICLI with xiII xIIILII stout crystalsCi'xxl iIx of III a LL‘IILIiIiIcsx
:I colourless
IIIaIIaL‘ (tremolite
amphibole (II‘CnIiIIIiI: ?). .II. The TIIC AIUI‘I‘I‘IZI‘I‘IIL’IIII:
amphibole rarely 5.1: IIIIxCISC
traverses the olivines IIx
IEIC I'IIiiICx as long Inn; narrow IIIII‘I‘L'I‘Ix
LiIIoIIiLInIIIIpI.IL crystals.
allotriomorphic LixxIIIJx. Sometimes Sum Ciimcx it IixSiILiIi ICLI with
ix associated
iI is with a III.II.25I.IIIIIiC mica.
A phlogopitic :niL‘II. There I'IICI’C is IiIIIC
Ix little
lK‘L‘ILI‘C’ *LlI‘I"'.iI five
plagioclase-about
Ir‘ IixC per UCI‘Q’ IIIIL‘i‘xIIIIIII to
I‘IL‘I cent-interstitial I0 the :I IC LIIixii olivines; Cx: it II is:x optics.
optically III;Ix:IIxC with
I} positive xxi‘IIi ;Ia
IliiiIx' high
fairly IIIL'II refractive I‘CIIL“:IL‘II\ ‘ index inLIC\ and and is Ix pI‘LII
probably IIIIII‘IILIIII‘iIC. It
IIblx labradorite. II is CIIIiiIL’i‘CLI that
ix considered Ih‘IiI the CIII‘I’II‘q
IIIC coronas
iIIIind IIIC
round the iII i\Ia .Iic
olivines are LIIIC‘due to IC; ILIiLIn \I
III reaction with iIII the IeIxI‘ui in
IIIC felspar in the [‘ICxei. 03 III
IIIC presence I'IIIC xi; -. C liquors
of late-stage IiLIIIIJi'x
(c.f. SIL\\IIII. Belhelvie,
IL‘.!. Stewart, BCIIICIxiC. 1946, I‘HII. p. 473. Corona
II. 472). I (III‘II‘II structures.x'IiIII.II.IiCx around IIIIIJIILI olivines LIIixia '.II'C are well \It'II knownIxnmxn
I‘mm numerous
from numerous basic InIi‘IISixcx throughout
I‘LI\IC intrusives IIIi‘LIIIgIILII.II the xo‘iLI
IIIC world-Belhelvie RCIIICII.IC (Stewart, I‘SICIq‘I. op. II/I. cit.) . and :IIIII
Rixm' IH'IIIL'II,
Risor (Hatch, Wells \VL‘Iix IInLI and Wells,\\ cIIx'. 1949, III—III. D. IHIII may
p. 286) ma) be IIC LIIIIIIL-LI
quoted as ‘LH cxIImIIICx.
examples. In In bothI‘UIII cases xcx the IIIL‘
iniiL'r rims
inner I‘Imx are L‘IImpIIx‘CLI iII‘
:II‘C composed of III‘IIIIIIIxI‘Inc
orthopyroxene, while \x IIIIC the Inc outer ULIICI' rims I'Imx are I‘III‘mL-LI of
III‘C formed III IIa L‘LII'ITIITII‘n
cumming-
ILIIIiIC-xpincl symplektite.
tonite-spinel xitpcIIiIC. The IxIIiiIiII IiCiIui coronas
IIIC Kamuthengi CIIIIIII'Iix' are 'III‘C x‘imIIIII‘.
similar. As \x III BCIIICI-Ifc. there
at Belhelvie, IIIL-t‘c are ‘IH‘L’
dark brown
dark brim n .xpinC‘Ix. spinels in In the iLICIxx.
IIIC rocks,
A variety
A I 'iCIx LII the
of piiiginCIIIxC~IiczIIing IIIInIIC
IIIC plagioclase-bearing dunite is I‘Cpr'CiL‘nICLI by
Ix: represented II) x'IIL‘CimCiI
specimen 45/100, 3..“ IIIII. which \xI‘IICII is ix
generally iIII. similarI’ to III theIIIC SI‘IL’CII‘IICI‘.
specimen IiCxI'I‘iI‘ICLIdescribed :I‘n above IIIC but I‘IiI contains
CLIIII;ii;i.x more IIiIII‘C plagioclase
I‘ILIL'IOL‘IIHL‘ and and II.a few IL‘I.\
grains of III:::I:C augite and IixpLIxIIiCI. 6. mm
LlI. LI hypersthene, and might mignII well I.xL'II be Iv: called I"IIICLI gnbbm.
gabbro. In IIIIIi‘III x; LLII. :n the
I i hand-specimen In:
rock is generally LICIIL’IIIEIx iniILI: similar to III theIII: normal {‘IL‘ILLJi.IILI IxC dunites
IIIIIII. I.I plagioclase LI. II . .‘x’ but IILII when xxIICn fresh I:‘Cx:I has .IiIIIII. ii xp:
IIIIx brown spots I
In it
in xxI.. II :iIL
iI which are LIIIC due III to IigC'L‘gaICx’
aggregates of IpCix. cm and
LII' hypersthene and :III:. augite I-CIxILCiI the
IC between :IIC IIIix ia‘. Round
olivines. Round IIIC the
cracked I.IIixiiIL-.\'
CraL‘kCLI olivines there IIICI‘C are corona s‘iiCIiii‘Cx
LIIL‘ LIII'IIItII structures of orthopyroxene LIIILI
III" III‘IIIIIIIxI‘IIICItL‘ and ;iIiIIiI‘IIIIL‘-
amphibole-spinel x'pinLCI x’xm sym-
PIL‘I-{IIIE‘ In
plektite. some L'Iixe'x
III xLImC cases the Ihe inner inner rim consists LII
rim CIIiix:xIx of indi individualized grains IIIIIIghI
iL'IIi'IIIi/Cd LIi'IIiizx of light purplish- puiplixh»
IIIIIIxn pleochroic
brown {ICI IL I'IIIIL‘ hypersthene. I‘pCi'xII‘IITI'iC. Grains (Janinx and CI‘xxIIIIx of
'IInLI crystals IIICLIIIIC are
LII picotite xLIIIIccI sporadically
L‘IIC scattered x932: L;iI]x
Ihi mush the
through fi'ILIx.
IFIC rock. .

A SLLIInLI >i\oniIiC
A second saxonitic variety x iiiCIx of IILIIIICI IxC IIC II in. ‘LII
IIILIplagioclase-bearing
Ixi the iniICx is
dunites i‘Cni‘CxL‘nICLI by
ix represented bx xpCL'iInCii
specimen
I15 I09 which
45/109, \IIIICII CiIIIx: consists IIILIIIIIx of
x1> mainly 9l inc and
III olivine tPLIIxI'na'. The
and hypersthene. FIILII‘IIII‘IE} IIICJCI'II'IIiL‘ hypersthene
faintly pleochroic IixpCI‘xIIIL‘nC
occurs in iII large striated Lcrystals
III: gC SiiiiICJ \‘\:II1 iron
.xI.I..x with iIIIiI III'C iIIL‘IIIxIIInx .III'IIII.I
ore inclusions along the cleavages, LIEIII‘IIIg
IIIC L‘Icmx'Iin. among fairly I‘zi'
coarse allL‘IIi.oinLIIp.IIL grains
I.‘r.‘2II‘>€ allotriomorphic gIIIrIix of I'IIExInC which
III' olivine xI IIICII are xCI‘IIcrtziIIE7CL‘. along
iIt‘C serpentinized LLIL‘lIg cracks.Cj‘I‘IL‘Kx. The 'l’EIC olivine
is III:II.IIIL‘x'E'I-I‘ECI‘I variety.
is a:1 magnesia-rich ‘IIzi'Ic TIICI‘C There IIare II‘C in addition x'm‘IIII
In IIIILIiImn small :IIIIIJIII‘II‘x’
amounts of inIL‘I'iIEJI pargasitic
III“ interstitial pm ‘lLISIIIC
umpI‘i Inn]: that
amphibole III II is DICIILIIIIIIC in
I‘IiinIIx pleochroic
ix faintly man. II:
in green, and scatteredI gi’uziix‘
III xC'IiIICI'IL' grains III» of :in II‘qIC ore
an opaque .IiiICi';II.
III‘C mineral.
IIHL ‘I ix'IIeniIL (—15
A\ hypersthenite (45/105)III:I is ix Iaxx’iIL‘iaICLI
associated with ’IxIIII the [ViLtgiUL’ILlSC'I'ICZII'IIIfl LILIniIC
IIIC plagioclase-bearing dunite at II'iL‘ top
III the top. of of
IxamIiIIIICI IL.i hill.
Kamuthengi :IIII. The IIIC rock LunxixIx largely
[OLIx consists I‘Lli‘gt'I_I of LIiI . IiI-xE/CLI grains
LII different-sized gniinx of iILeLIChz‘IIic ‘nxpcrx-
III pleochroichypers-
IIIenC. heavily
thene, LILIx'ICLI with
IICLIIi\||._\' dusted x I'II iron II‘IJII ore iIILIng the
III'C along lnICI‘xIEIiIIIIx in
CICLIxLILtC'x. Interstitially
IIIC cleavages. pui‘tx there
in parts IIIeI‘C is ix. aII
ligIII green
light pICIICIIIIIIC CIIIIII'IIC
xIIunIII_x' pleochroic
iIICL‘II slightly enclosing x'maII
chlorite CnL‘IijIx'ing small prismsIpI'ix'mx III' colourless IIIIIpIIiII-IIIC.
of ;Ia CIIII.IIII‘ICxx amphibole,
\iiC‘I however,
which hixxL \t’t. in in some Some places pI:II;C.x‘ has LII‘LIxII‘. into
IILIx‘ grown I.II':.IC prisms
InIIx large pt'ix’mx and I.ILC;Ii.Ii'I:IIIx forms
IItiIII occasionally font-Ix
aggregates. (iICCII
:iggi'egI'iICx“. Green hornblende III’II‘IIIIICIILIC LIIxIII also LIL'LIiix
occurs massive, iIII‘ILIi'x'IIIIIIII}. IItII
mIIxxnc. interstitially, and III'iCn pcliL‘II lIIL’x
often penetrates
hcixxecn Crx
between x'IIIIx: III‘
crystals II} IICI‘SII‘ICi‘IC.
of hypersthene.
(iii) IIIIIIIIIIIIII'II I ~ TIICx'C occur
(iii Anorthosites.-These IICCIII‘ as IIIIIIC‘x in
IE‘IIIL“I.IL.L‘I‘II'I bands
Iix infrequent iI the diiiIC. Sn
IEIC dunite. Specimen iIIL‘II 45/107,
45 .
xxIIiL n in
which in hand-specimen
ImnII--xpLC-im n is ix white
\IhiIC iIh with IIa blue ‘.III.iC tinge,
IIIILIC is Ix‘ IxIIi
typical :II and
and made madc up U?‘ 02 IIIIIIIILIIIIIIC
of labradorite
I_I\‘~I£‘..I~ \Ii
crystals ‘IL'II_\I
of varying xILL‘x. with
sizes, I.I II xII smallI.III :IIIiI.
amounts II Ix of C II IIIIC LII‘I.I
III chlorite and xL‘IIII scapolite and xInIIII
III!C;1II.II small flakes III‘IILL‘x LII of
.nixCIIIIIC Specimen
muscovite. SINCLIIIICII -45/110 ‘I'iI'I is CIIIJII IxCIi of
ix composed III” aII pale-blue I IIIIIIILILI: iIC with
IIIIC-IIILIL‘ labradorite xilfi'mi IICIIIICLI
\I.:i Ii sharply defined
xIIII—L‘I'L‘III: " spots
sub-circular x'pm‘x‘ of IIII'IIIII‘IIIIIL-ITILII‘.
hornblende, while xxIIIIL- scattered through i‘ I‘iILIIgII the IIIC rock I’I CR .zI‘C
are .Ia few ‘L‘ I. crystals
L; I_x‘i.iIx of .I‘ILIIiIL“
III. biotite
and CEII IziIL. The
iinfi. chlorite. I’IiC hornblende spots xIInILI
IIIII'IIIIICII..I.: xIIIIZx' sometimes .i‘IziLx‘L‘L‘ into
I.T‘.L.\ coalesce :‘IIIIIIS and
:I‘IIJI bands ILI‘xL‘x I‘Ixj
LII‘IL.‘ lenses as is ix seen L‘L'II inin
x; cciIIIeI‘ 45/112,
specimen if I If. in IIIIIII’” I. the
i:I which IL‘ixI‘I‘III' is
{III} felspar EIxIII‘III IIIIC and
ix bytownite And the in: dark II "Ix bands
‘I‘IIIIIIIx‘ are CI. InIUxCLI either
:zIC composed CIIIICT
III'III'II'IIIIICIIIIC
of hornblende and 'IIIII.I I_I'.;I‘
dark green spinel ‘ III‘IIIIiiII'IIIIILnLIL‘.IIII
or of hornblende alone. The 1 ‘III‘ZI'I'L'.
spinel is ‘.~ probably
I‘ .'II.‘. :I“'.j. pleonaste.
iIICI 'i.ix.L'.
 14
14

These
These rocks
rocks may
may have
have arisen
arisen by
by the
the segregation
segregation ot‘
of l‘elspars
felspars during
during crystallization
crystallization ol'
of
the
the dunites.
dunites, with
with subsequent
subsequent intrusion
intrusion as
as anortht'isites,
anorthosites, inin which
which [lie
the compact
compact amphibole-
amphibole-
spinel
spinel lenses
lenses may
may represent
represent segregations
segregations or
or inclusions.
inclusions. The
The l‘oliation
foliation may
may have
have been
been im—
im-
parted
parted to
to the
the rocks
rocks during
during their
their formation
formation and
and emplacement in their
emplacement in their present position'
present position'
{is-'1 .ztr-n'imti'rr’wtmtmpi'it'i’i'i'i'c Rocks;
(iv) Actinolite-Anthophyllite Rocks.-In In the
the eastern part ol‘tbe
eastern part ofthe hill
hill actinolite
actinolite occurs
occurs with
with
anthophyllite
anthophyllite in in aa IS-inch
15—inch thick
thick lens, lens. The
The antltophyllite.
anthophyllite, which
which isis fawn
law-n coloured
coloured and has aa
and has
silky
silky lustre.
lustre, occttrs
occurs in in long
long straigltt
straight tibres
fibres which
which i‘orm
form columnar
columnar aggregates
aggregates with
with prominent
prominent
cross—fractures
cross-fractures Hi I lit. In
(45/115). In the
the central
central part
part ol'
of the
the tens
lens the
the fibrous r
iibrous agg-‘cgatcs
aggregates ol‘
of hard
hard brittle
brittle
anthophyllite
anthophyllite tip.
up toto twelye
twelve inches
inches inin length
length are
are transverse
transverse to
to its
its length.
length. .-\t
At the margin the
the margin the
columnar
columnar aggregate
aggregate gi\ es way
gives to aa two
way to two to
to three
three inches
inches wwide
idc lclt
felt oi‘
of green pleochrofc actinolite
green pleochroic actinolite
needles and
needles
in specimen
in
ac
actinolite
prisms interspersed
and prisms
specimen 45
45/116.
' olite forms
irregularly among
interspersed irregularly
[16. In
In some
some marginal parts ol.
marginal parts
forms aa I‘oliated mass 01'
foliated mass
of the
among short
the lens
short crystals
lens there
there is
larger anhedtal
of larger anhedral to
crystals ot'
is little
of antltophyllite.
anthophyllite, as
little anthophyllite
anthophyllite and
to eubedral
euhedral crystals.
crystals, as
the
and the
as seen
as seer.
seen
in specimen
seen in specimen
,
4.“-
45/117.I IT. The
The lens
lens lies
lies horizontally
horizontally along
along the
the strike lcngtit ol‘
strike length of about
about the
five yards.
yards, beyond
beyond which
which
it grades
it laterally into
grades laterally into aa band
band ol
of actiuolite
actinolite and
and then into serpentine
then into serpentine and
and magnesitc.
magnesite. ’I'hesc
These
progresshe
progressive changes
changes agree
agree closely
closely with Hitchen's obseryations
with Hitchen's observations at
at Kittyiki
Kinyiki hill
hill tParkinsrnt.
(Parkinson,
194?. p.
1947, p. 33),
.131. where
where cross—Iihre
cross-fibre wins
veins are
are composed
composed of of anthophyllite
anthophyllite and
and alter
alter at
at stirl'ace
surface toto
magnesite.
magnesite. By analogy
By analogy some
some ot'
of the
the many
many anastomt’ising
anastomosing mag: ' e wins
magnesite veins at Ixamutbengi
at Kamuthengi
may be
may be replacements
replacements of ot" asbestos
asbestos veins,
teins. though
thottglt no
no e\idcnce was seen
evidence was seen to
to indicate
indicate that such is
that such is
the case.
the case. The
The country—rock
country-rock surrounding
surrounding the the dttttite
dunite at Kinyiki is
at Kinyiki l‘:orublent'.c gnciss
is hornblende gneiss and
and
Ilitcheu concluded
Hitchen concluded thatthat the
the asbestos
asbestos wwas
as t'ormed
formed by the metamorphism
by the metamorphism ol' ralts ol
of rafts the gnciss
of the gneiss
in the
in the intrusion.
intrusion. TheThe country—rock
country-rock is is mainly
mainly biotitc
biotite gneiss
gneiss arottnd
around Kanttithcngi
Kamuthengi so so tar
far as
as
can
can bebe seen.
seen, and
and there
there is no evidence
is no midencc whether
whether or not the
or not the asbestos
asbestos was
was derncd
derived t'ront horn—
from horn-
hlendc.
blende.
[\] Serpentine
(v) ,S't'rpr'nrr'rit' and
anti" Magnesite
Uttgttrs‘irt Rocks
Roots occur
occur in in apparently
apparently \'vertical
‘tical lenses
lenses with
with aa thickness
thickness
ol' about
of about ten
test ft.
[t which
which run run north-south
north—south and. being more
and, being more resistant
resistant toto weathering
weathering than than the
the
surrounding rocks,
surrounding rocks. theythey stand
stand up tip as
as low
low ribs
ribs that
that are presumably in
are presumably in wire. The ribs
situ. The ribs areare com-
com—
posed mainly
posed mainly of ot' brown-red
brown-red serpentine
serpentine whichwhich weathers
weathers with with aa dark
dark brrwyn.
brown, irregular.
irregular, earthy»
earthy-
looking sttrl‘ace
looking surface and and is is honey-combed
honeycombed with with \at'iably narrow ramifying
variably narrow rainii'ying \eins
veins oz"of bone
bone mags
mag-
nesite. Set
nesite. Set inin the
the serpentinous
serpentinous mass mass there
there are
are crystals
crystals ofoi aa green
green inicaccous
micaceous mineral.
mineral. The the
serpentine
serpentine is represented by'specimcn
is represented bY'specimen 45 HIS. the
45/108, the bulk
bulk ol' which consists
of which consists ol‘of aa massive
massive brown
alteration
alteration product
product showingshowing weakweak plcochroism
pleochroism and and moderate birefringence that
moderate birefringence that isl.\ probably
probably
iddingsite. It
iddingsite. It is
is finely
tiuely veined
\eined by by chlorite
chlorite and
and onon aa larger
larger scale by magnesite
scale by magnesitc whichwhich in in part
part is
is
margined by
margined by chalcedonic
chalcedonic silica. silica, and encloses crystals
and encloses crystals ol~
of aa positive
positoe colourless amphibnle
colourless amphibole
and more rarely
and more rarely antigoritc
antigorite crystals.
crystals. A A few
few pools
pools ot' chlorite are
of chlorite are also present. (fhlorite
also present. Chlorite
t—IS 4b] was
(45/46) was also l‘ound in
also found in the
the soit
soil as
as large
large green tlcsible subhedral
green flexible subhedral plates measuring up
plates measuring up. to
to
sis inches across.
six inches across. Its Its optical properties suggest
optical properties suggest that it is
that it is penninite.
penninite.

'I‘hc
The magncsitc
magnesite wins
veins are
are mainly
mainly narrow.
narrow, \arying
varying I‘ront
from microscopical
microscopical \enlcts
veinlets up
up to
to \eins
veins
half
half an
an inch
inch wide. In parts
wide. In parts ot
of the
the hill
hill pieces
pieces were
were Iound
found that
that must have
have come
come from
from \eins
veins.
three
three inches
inches wide.
wide, but no such
but no \EIIIH were
such veins were sec:
seen in vim.
in situ.
t_\it Pt’3’rllitftlt‘t‘a' um!
(vi) Pegmatites and Qm "“ term;
Quartz Veins.-InIn the
the western
western part
part ol‘
of Kamathengi
Kamuthengi hill.
hill, and
and dc—
de-
ntztrcated
marcated fromfrom the the ttEtra—basic
ultra-basic rocks
rocks byby the
the edge
edge ol‘
of the
the thick
thick scrub.
scrub, there is an
there is an area
area ol‘
of graphic
graphic
pegrnatite consisting
pegmatite consisting ol' coarsely- intergrown
of coarsely intergro\\.'n uttart7
quartz and
and nticroeline. The pegmatite
microcline. The pcgmatite e\tends
extends
l‘rom the
from the edge
edge ol'
of the
the scrub
scrub to
to the
the base
base ol'
of the
the hill
hill wwhere
here the
the surl‘ace
surface suddenly
suddenly becomes undula~
becomes undula-
ting
ting and
and slopes
slopes gently
gently away
away to
to the
the nearest
nearest \ytllt‘t"t.':tlll‘.\"..‘.
water-course. .-'\Ithough lloat
Although float material
material l’rom
from it
occurs
occurs in
in this undulating country.
this undulating country, there is no
there is no eyidence i‘or intending
evidence for extending tt thec boundary
boundary ol'
of the
the
ultra—basic complex
ultra-basic beyond the
complex beyond the base
base of
or" the
the hill.
hill.

The
The central
central part
part ol'
of the
the pegntatitc
pegmatite mass is mainly
mass is mainly composed
composed oli
of m'isshc
massive cloudy
cloudy quartz.
quartz,
though
though small
small grains
grains oi
of clear
clear quartz,
quartz and
and smil!
small scattered
scattered flakes
flakes ot‘
of mascmite
muscovite were
were seen.
seen.
Lying in
Lying the soil
in the soil at
at the
the base
base of
of the
the hilt
hill below-
below the
the pegmatitc.
pegmatite, there
there are
are scattered llakes ot'
scattered flakes of
\ermiculite
vermiculite which may be
which may be deriyed
derived t‘rom
from the
the pegntatite
pegmatite oror may possibly be
may possibly be contact
contact alteration
alteration
products
products ol‘
of the
the biotite
biotite ot'
of the
the gneissic
gneissic country—rock.
country-rock, tlcxeloped
developed in
in aa manner
manner similar
similar to
to the
the
vermiculite
vermiculite I'ound
found at Kinyiki t_Parkinson.
at Kinyiki liJ—li. p.
(Parkinson, 1947, 1.. 35-].
35).
In several
In several parts
parts ol‘ the hill.
of the massive titrart/
hill, massive I'ragincnts were
quartz fragments seen which
were seen which presumably
presumably come
come
from quartz
from quartz tents. but tltetr
veins, but relation to
their relation to the
the masstye graphic pegmatite
massive graphic pegmatite could
could not
not be
be determined.
determined.
{\ iit Plagioclase-amphibolites
(vii) Pi‘rrer‘rJt'i’nsc—wnpi’i,r'i'icu'r'rr’s occur
occur as
as senotiths
xenoliths in
in the
the dunitcs
dunites and
and l‘ornt
form aa \at‘iable
variable but
but
distinctixe
distinctive group
group 01'
of rocks
rocks in
in the
the field.
field. One
One type is represented
type is by specimen
represented by specimen :5 103. which
45/103, which is
is
aa blue—black
blue-black tine—grained
fine-grained rock.
rock, speckled
speckled byby small
small t‘elspar
felspar crystals
crystals and weathering with
and weathering with aa
thin
thin dark
dark brown
brown crust. It consists
crust. It consists ot‘abozit
of about three parts green
three parts green hornblende
hornblende and
and about one part
about one part

~
 ~ ~ ~

15

andesine-labradorite plagioclase, with small grains of magnetite scattered throughout. The

hornblende and felspar form an even-grained mosaic, the felspar being interstitial or en-
closed in the amphibole. Clinozoisite occurs sporadically in some of the felspars, some of
which are completely replaced by a pale brown isotropic material studded with clinozoisite
grains.
A second variety is represented by specimen 45/41 which has a melanocratic portion
sharply demarcated from a portion that has less than 50 per cent hornblende. Specimen
45/41 B, which includes the junction between the plagioclase amphibolite and the dunite
shows gradational variation from more le:.Jcocratic to more melanocratic p::>rtions. The
dunite appears to be altered and mixed with the plagioclase amphibolite but only at the
contact. Specimen 45/48 illustrates another mode of occurrence of the amphibolite, in which
there are patches and streaks of the dark minerals and sometimes hornblende porphyro-
blasts, giving a mottled appearance.
(b) The low hill south ofKamuthengi is composed of rocks similar to those on Kamuthengi.
Topographically it is a narrow ridge 200 yards long and about 50 yards wide that rises
steeply 50 ft. from the plain and is heavily bush covered, with few exposures. The hill
appears to be composed mainly of plagioclase-bearing dunite (45/119) with a few masses of
plagioclase-amphibolite, as well as scattered occurrences of serpentine and magnesite,
represented by float blocks. The plagioclase-bearing dunite is seen in situ on the crest of
the ridge. It has parting planes which run on a bearing of 110° and dip N. 70°.
There is a small band of actinolite-anthophyllite rock (45/120) on the southern slopes
of the ridge. The rock is green in the hand-specimen and has a silky lustre. It is mottled by
small brown and fawn patches which contain anthophyllite fibres as weJl as actinolite, the
brown colour being due to iron-staining of the anthophyllite. The actinolitic rock strikes
on a bearing of 110° and dips N.N.E. at 20°, which suggests that the partings in the plagio-
clase-bearing dunite are joint planes.

(c) The ridge south-east of Twamagau is a low, gently-sloping ridge running on a bearing
of 25°, which is also composed of ultra-basic rocks. The detailed structure of the intrusion
is completely masked by the soil cover, but the trends of the intrusion and of the rocks
appear to be the same as that of the ridge. The surface consists mainly of dark-coloured
soil in which are numerous boulders of types similar to those of Kamuthengi. The rocks
are mainly dunites and plagioclase-amphibolites with sparser serpentine, magnesite and
chlorite and a blue-grey, waxy rock that is composed almost entirely of small interwoven
crystals and fibres of anthophyllite (45/96).
One of the serpentine rocks (45/54A) has a blue, waxy appearance in the hand-sp~cimen
and weathers with a white surface with etched-out banding; resulting from the occurrence
of parallel fibres of antigorite arranged along strings of magnetite grains and lenses at right-
angles to them, giving a repeated comb-structure.
Specimen 45/57 is a foliated green rock composed of flakes of chlorite obliquely cross-
hatched by long bladed prisms of actinolite, pleJchroic from straw to blue-green, which
measures in the hand-specimen up to three inches in length.
Orif(in of the ultra-basic intrusions.- Thr; intrusions are essentially related dunite stocks
that are unconnected at surface. They are intrusive into Arch<ean m~tamorphic rocks
'

belonging to the Basement Syste;n of Kenya, but it is difficult te>decide whether th~y were
emplaced before or after the metamorphism, tho:.Jgh the consensus of evidence Slisge3ts
that they are post-metamorphism intrusions. Tney are little foliated, though the lack of
foliation might be due to the resistance of s'lch roc:<s to dynamo-therm:tl metamorphism,
The dunite has, however, been serpentinized and the pla3ioclase.b-earing d:mite has been
affected by solutions, causing reaction between the felspar and olivine to give reacticn rims
of enstatite and amphibole with spinel. The latter is, however, purely an end-stage reaction
as is seen elsewhere, for example in the post-metamorphic intrusion of Belhelvie (Stewart,
1946). The formation of serp-entine lenses with magnesite veins and chlorite crystals and the
formation of occasional veins of anthe>p:1yllitem'lst also be considered. Hitchen at Kinyiki
(Parkinson, 1947, p. 33) considered that such veins originated from reconstituted hornblende
rocks and that a passage could be traced through anthophyllite to magnesite at the surface.
The serpentinization at Kamuthengi can be attributed to the action of late stage liquors and
recrystallization under slight stress.

L
,.--

16
1'11L' intrusion
Ihe 11111'I.1\1LII11 of
L11' Kamuthengi
1\.1.I111:111L"L1I__I" appears
11111L'L11'x1L1
to be11L so
~11<:1111;11'1L‘1111_1~'L'1_11'1\::‘111"'1'11\.II"‘
similar to those of Kipiponi (Kapuponi)
.1' v.1-L1'L11
in south Kitui}\ILL: L111Lf 1\-'. I31 that
and Kinyiki 13111112111113:
tentative L'L1I1L'11_1\1L111~'1L1111“.'111111111]
conclusions in connexion with its.11gL':I.1'.L'} age and L'. origin.
'I
can be drawn "\11' from
1.111111 them.
1111311: The T111: Kinyiki
K11111k1 intrusion
111111.151L1z1 is1x post-metamorphism
17\‘\-L'1I'1C1.L1Y‘.1L‘1"‘111\n1 1h 1 Ha}
as is I1111'1 by
shown 1131 the
131g
1.’~L1L'L' of
presence L11'11L'~'1~'
nests at 111L' margin
:11 the LL11'IIL' L'L11'L121L111111
L11"large
11:1111111 of corundum L'r' crystals 11.111L1L‘. have
"-\'TL11\ which 11.1w not
1101 been
1‘L'L‘1'; broken,
111'L'LKL'LI1. as
.
I1'LL"_\ 1111111L1
they would 31L1\L'
have been 11L'L"1'. had
11L1LE 111:3. 31L'L':'11pre-metamorphism.
they been ~1:1-L'1L -L1'1'311~1:1

T11L' 111L1u111L'1'Ix"-'L11111I11111'-111L\' Law

The plagioclase-amphibolites can 11: 1'IL'L1';\1111 111M mapped
be reasonably 111.1:11‘L‘L1 L11 kL11‘L'11111. M
at Kamuthengi 1 and
and the 'L‘1LI field
11L'ILf
'L‘IL'LL1L‘1‘.‘\ L111
relations do not 111'1 \'1;___IL'\L'.
suggest that 111L11 they
111LI; :1"; are ~1L'L':sheet intrusions' but 111.1 rather".1IE1L'I' xenolithic
\L11LI.111‘:L‘ inclusions.
11"C1Lh10'1‘
PILLIgiL' LLxc—IL11'L'LI11I111.L'.L\ a11.111L1' 1L1 the111'; Kamuthengi
1\L111111'.: ...\.1LL;L\
Plagioclase-amphibolites similar to xenoliths but also L'.I:11L'-.IL:111'LI containing garnets 1" CI\
.-.1111\L'.111L1‘111L'11;1\L"-:.1L"c:1111L11'1'IL"LL111.1;11'\111ILLI;111LIL.1L"L1
and scapolite have been mapped near Mpwapwa in Tanganyika 111121.111]- L1 Territory ' 1.1L B.
by B N. I\_ Temperley
1L'III'L1LL1
'1'131'41. T11L‘\L‘
(1938). These rocks :'L1L'E-Lx are LLr'L' in 1:1 x111-'IkL'I"L1L1L'~.1.1L'
sill-like bodies, the centres LIL'1'1 of which have ophitic structure,
("1"1‘1" <L11_IL'111' L'.
1.
x11L'I.'\L:1I__I their
showing I.':1L"1' L11. L':'1'LLL' origin,
doleritic LI1'1I-I11'. L.andL'. haveL‘ been 'LL'L'.L'11 into
‘L'V'L‘L‘I'I injected 1111LI the 1‘1L' country-rocks with which . ~
11
-\'\L"'I :‘L'L111._\ 1'1L‘LLL'11 13111111“ L1 \11\L1:1.
they were partly metamorphosed. At Kamuthengi there are in the plagioclase-amphibolites 11'1L'1L' ML 11" 111L' 11111.1 IL‘C-'1.1“&'HP 1111111'11111Lw
:1L1
no \1_L.‘1'!<1‘11
signs of 11'111111L'ophitic \[i'11_‘:.11'L'\
structures nor 11LI1'L1I'11\I'L1\L:1'
of pyroxene which would L111..11LI'. have
1‘;1\IL‘ 1.1L1L'
been 11 protected
111'LI1L‘L'1L‘L' 'L1L'1L11
and preserved 'L':-L"" LL’
1... L L . ,'I 7.11..
had.1111: LU]11"1'111‘U11'.&\ been
the amphibolites 11 1x1L1)1\ in
intrusions 1.1 the1"“. i'L‘\'\‘1LL.I1L".‘.L
resistant dunite 11L \lL‘L
stock. Moreover because LWLLLHAL of theL
\‘LI'LM‘Lg. L111-L".I
strong and L1CL111—L'L1IL
clean-cut L‘difference L'L'1I.LL between
11LI'L'IL'LL'L'1'. the11'LL' plagioclase
:'1L11_IILL1L'1L1\L" amphibolites
IL and 'L: the
1‘11L‘ L11.;11'LL'
dunite itL is 1~
111111-1111 impossible
virtually 111111L1wblL- for one 1‘1'IL..' 1L1 11.111: come
to have L:L1:'L1L'. from1'1'1111'. 11L'
the LIZ11L'.
other by differentiation L115111‘111in situ. LEI-'1 liIL'
The
"L'111'.111111I_' L111L':'11'L1'.11.L'
remaining alternative Ix is 111.11
that 11L' 111.1};1LIL'1L1xL' L111'1111'111LI1111:\
the plagioclase amphibolites represents "c11"L'~L'1'1'~ rafts :"L1"Ix or xenoliths
\L'1'L1.11"1\ I‘." of
'16111'1‘1'1'L11LLL hornblende
incorporated 1:1'11'111LI1ILEL gneiss. 51119.“. ]f [1' the
'.1L' intrusion
11'."'11\1L'I:1 had I'.LI.L1 taken
1L-L'InL'1'1'1'L1LIL'
place before 'IL1L'1'11"L' metamorphism
:1‘LLI'.'.-L1:11.11'1'1'...\1'.'.
'1L". xenoliths
the 'LL11'1L'L'I111'L II'IL1LILLIIL'
would have '1LL'LL‘ remained
1LI111L1I1L'L1 IL;~ as 111L'I'1'.1I.11.'
thermally 111'.L'1L"L: altered .xLI~.E111'.L'11'L.\
sediments .111L‘. and ‘v‘.\‘I'I_11(.1
would not 1:11I have
1.'LI.1L'
"L'L'L111'.L'1111:111L'L1:11111"1:‘.1LI§11L'\.
become foliated amphibolites. Because HCLfLiLLiL‘ L11' of 1111.: L11111 1L11'LIL'1ILIL111L'1';I.1'L'.11'g.1111111Ix
the foliation and the banding, which is ~LI1\:'1L"L:‘ so typical
of the 11L" metamorphic
111L'111111L11'1'111L' rocks, 11.161“. it 11. 1\
is 111LL'
likely I'13I. that
1".L11111'..'I.1~'1L
intrusion' LILLL1'L'LIL1LL1111L'1111'LL':...L
occurred some time after II" " metamorphism
11'L'1'L'11t'11'1_ '
of the‘I.1I.L"L'L1L11'L1
country-rock L1L'1L L111LE
and that 1.11LLI'L the
1E1L plagioclase-amphibolites
;'1.1;_I1L'LLLL~LI-L111111.'.I111L1111c~ LIL1. do, in :11. fact,
1L-.L'1. represent
1'L'111'L'»LI1'.'. incorporated
1:1LIL
91-31“
gneiss.
1.1!."1LI1'
Other 11111'L1-1'11HL'
ultra-basic 11'111'11L1L'11x
intrusions in 11' }\L'.I1jL.1
Kenya 1'..I\L' have 11L"L‘11
been mapped 1'1L111g1L1L'. Lu as 1L12L'1'
later :11 in age than the
LI1L"1'L1111L1'1‘[11~111 of
metamorphism 1.11'111L" BL1xL'1‘L1L‘:11 §3L\1L'111.
the Basement System. That '1'11111 at 14111111. near
111 Kinyiki, 11L'111' Mtito \.11LI.L'1 has already
\111111 Andei,
been L11L11111L'1g1cL1. 011131
I“I‘L‘1 mentioned. similar Li'L11"1L"
Other 01111111 dunite plugs 1‘1I_1I_;~L1L'L'IL:1
occur in 111L' 101111
II'L the south Kitui K11Lz' L21~111L1;11 k111'1'LI111.
district at Kipiponi,
\.‘.;1'__"LI11_L'LI and
Magongo KL-WL I‘SLnL'1'<LI11.
L11'.L1 Kenzi (Saggerson, 1957). 1115 At i)LL:1L-I‘. 1:1
\II. Dobell in the \L'L'1111221 Province
111C Northern P: 11 me I'IL' there 'L' .11'L'
are
.1111LI1' 11111'11-1111x1L' intrusions
other ultra-basic HZIHHHIEWN 1l’L1:'.‘\111~11:'.
(Parkinson, 1920, 1'1:1I.11. p. LN, 11111111311'1L1.11111111111:\'1'.LIL1:'L'1'-111'1.1‘25I1
28; Hamilton, unpublished report, 1951)
consisting 01'
-.'L111~1>'1111'_4 variously ~L'1'
of 1111101151} serpentized 11L'1';L1L11:1L'~ :111L111_\1'11\L'1::1L'~.
L‘:111./LIL1 peridotites and pyroxenites. They 1'11L'_\ L1I"differ 1111711 11111~L
L'.' from those
already 121111). mentioned in containing L'1'11L'111111L'1
:11L'11111111L‘L1111L'LII'ZL1111'L1'LI chromite veins and <L'
.11~ L11'L‘. I_LI1IL 11L'1IL~I.11'L:11‘
segregations and in being 111:1:151L'L11 shear-—
cut by ~1'.L'IL'1:
.
zones L‘N :111111L1 which the}
along \\11I.L'11 have 11LL1'.
they 1'.:ILL' converted I111L1
been L'L'IL1IILL'1'1L"L' talc L1;'
into 1L1‘LL' talc-carbonate "L'IL'Ln.
or LL11L'—L‘.1'L'11LIL1IL11L' Other 11i11'L1
rocks. CMI‘L'1' ultra-
basic 11111'11x11111s 111
1111\1L' intrusions l 11111111 ICiI'mL'x.
in Uganda (Groves, ]935) 1"351;11111 and Kenya (Embu-Meru area, SL'I1LI1L'1111111.
KL'11_1L1 1l'1111111-\1L'1'11;11'L';1. Schoeman, 1951, 1'.).‘l.
p. often contain L'111111g1‘.
". ‘17)I111LL11L'1"1TL11II hypersthene 111
enough 1'11'L'1'xtl1c1'L' to 1'be classified 'L:~
11‘ L'I'LILxxz'I'LIL‘L 1'1‘L'1'\\. '1'11L'
1L'LLI. '111L'1\1I.1L' rocks.
as Lcharnockitic 1\'LL1". IL.-
The Kamu-
thengi NIL.“ rocks L1 1111 L1: 11 1'111c11"‘11h1:‘_\
contain little orthopyroxene. L1'\L"LI'L"

\1 Schzkuc.
At \111a11111111 111‘IL1
Selukwe, Mashaba 31111111111 :11
and Shabani in $1111111L'1'11.
Southern Rhodesia 1‘.1'L'.L'(11'L'I_._IILI1'. 1947, p. 10)
R11L111L'\.;-. (MacGregor,
.
there ' L11'L' 11111'L1-1'LHEL‘ 1:111'L1x1LI1'x'
are ultra-basic intrusions which\‘-1'1L,'1'1 L1'L'
are L'1111s1L101L'Li
considered 1L1 to be 11L'1‘1'
pre-metamorphism in age. The
11.1k types
rocks 11116 L11'L' \:11'."1;1:' to
are similar [:1L1x15'.11
1L1 those at Kamuthengi, but "in $111111
'r\"L1111L.-:}1L':1Ic;l.1'L11 Southern Rhodesia there are more
~L'I'11L'111111L‘.111L1g11L'x11L'.111111;1\'11L'~'1L1~1111L11L's'.
serpentine, magnesite, and asbestos bodies. Also, at Shabani the ~CI'11L'111111131'1;1'11'U'L'1LK1'1'LI"
\11L1.;1181:.111;1111111C serpentine has been silicified
: L11<
and a blue and green colour 'LI.311L'L-
is L1F1IL1L'IL111L1g'LLL":1L'L1‘1L11_11 while at L115L'1LJELIAL'
Selukwe and 111L'IIL' are
\1;1\1'.;111L1 there
L11'.L1 Mashaba LI:111111'.11LI Land talc
.11'L' chromite
schists.
111 north-western
In 11111'12‘1—11L'xic1:1 SL'LIH‘LLHL‘.
Scotland there 1"1L'ILI'L' ILLI'L 111.1111} small
are many ~111‘L11] 1111";1-1111~:L'
ultra-basic 1111L<c~
bosses 111' D1'C‘1'1-L‘C1LL1111L‘1'PEHL'
of pre-metamorphic
.1I_IL'I
age c1111'lL1L‘L'L1
emplaced 511 in 111L' LJ'LILL1x'1L111 ‘.L-1L1
the Lewisian and Moinian\1L111IILILL1I. 1'L1L'1\>.
rocks. '111L'3L
They L'1'1'\1\IL
consist 11:'
of 111.1111L'.
olivine, 11'L'111L1111L'.
tremolite, talc, '.1 .'.
chlorite, biotite 111111
L'I1'I'I'1ic.11§11111c and ~cz1‘c11111'1L"
serpentine rocks, rod». and and include L'L‘ILIgiwx L111L‘.
1171:1111: eclogites c111L11111'L1C~ L111L1
and epidiorites and ILLI'L'
are not 111.1".
111111111111111'1L'11l11'L1—11L1a1c1'11L'1u1'111111L1111K1111111111L'11I51.
similar to the ultra-basic rocks found at Kamuthengi. At |'1~1I1':'L1L1111SL1111‘11'111'L1\‘kasm
[111:31 Torridon
I\1 Loch (Sutton and Watson,
”I51
1951, p. 11.23»II:1151.11.1L'1'11111L'3111C111LI'LILL111L11'111'I
248) in Sutherland the metamorphism ~111L11'111'L. 11.:~'iL'1'L1L'1-Lx'1:111'11~1\L'111111111L'1L'111s
of ultra-basic rocks intrusive into the Lewisian
1L1~ 1produced
has 1L‘.I.1L‘L'L1 zoned
.'LI1'1L"LI' bodies,
L1L'1L11L'x in
1:1 ~11:1"L'
some L1" of which 'L'11L‘:1 L'L'1L'\
cores 11'of 'unaltered
. '.LLILL'TL'L‘. 1\1'1;_Ii11;1 111:11L Ix 1:111
original minerals remain..
TI'L'1'L' is
There 1I 511111} L111
1x usually an L'I'LI‘LL'I'
outer zone wmc 111'of L1IL‘1111L'L'J'11C.
actinolite, which is 1L1111L'11111L'x1'1111111-L'L1
IL11'L1L'11 1x sometimes rimmed by 11} L1111i11~|1L"L.1'1'.L'\1'
a thin sheath of
'1111'.
biotite.11L". At -\1 \L'm.
Scourie II
11': (op. L'LL'
dt. p.11. 269) 11111'1-111x1L :'L.1L'3>L~
II‘L‘I ultra-basic rocks have"1L1ILL' 'I‘CC'I 11"IIKL'I‘I up,
been broken .11". shredded, L111. and
L'1.'11\L'I'.CLI. into
converted anthophyllite-chlorite-actinolite kz'LL11~.
1111L1L111111L11111}1'11L'-L'111L""L1L'-L-LL".11'.LI"111L' knots.

\ l—MI'I'I \.\I()RI’HI.‘~1\I
VI-METAMORPHISM

The bulk 11"

'111L' 11.11% of '.11LI
the rocks of 11c
E'I‘L"\\ L13' the Larea LIL';-. represent an originally_ sedimentary series .L' that has 1x
'IL:C'I~L1"1_L'CL':CL11L1111IL'II1xL'3111'L'\~.11':.'11
been subjected to intense pressure, heat I. and
'. ._.".granitization.'. The .. metamorphosed
.L L ' IIL1~LIL1 sedimentsI\
.11'L'
are Lwi'tL'71 1.1:111L‘1L31i. partly
often banded, 1 1111) 1.1111;
due to II.1 the
'LLIL' preservation
\CI‘LLLUUH 1‘1 of original interbanding of 111'”: 'l'_IL'1L 2111‘
argillaceous
and L11'L'1121L'L'LI11.~
arenaceous L'L11'111'IL'11L'
components L111~ L111L‘.
and partly to I‘IL'1'L‘L' {'11
111 preferential granitization along certain.1 planes, 11:11..»
L/ILI-L'L'1s1‘L11111L' bands.
giving quartzo-felspathic .“IL1I'II.1\. As sillimanite has developed in pelitic beds it LL '1is \"_"'1L“L"
obvious
:11L1L1111L1:;‘I11~1'.I was
that the metamorphism 1'.-1‘ L_LI
of. LIaL high grade, corresponding with the sillimanite zone of

~.-
 17

191.1:1'1‘11 (1912,
Barrow :41. The
p. 274).
11-112. p. Ti1e1e111;‘e:
temperature '1 11111111} high
1.1m probably
11 1': was 1 enough to cause 1'1L'C1'gm1111'1‘1 :1111'-i‘1
L‘.\1.,‘ recrystallization
to 11111111
.1111! 111
and mm in
allow flow the gneisses,
111 the . 1101:5111. 11mm"
guano. although 1‘1'1e1111111e11e probably I‘Lfe'lll
these phenomena occurred‘1’1 11while :1111: the
the
;'.'1e'\'~‘1\e1'e'1111mh11111111.:
rocks were in a solid though plastic state. .216.

()1:
On the:he :‘ne1111t1m1'1‘hie 1.1;‘;e~
metamorphic facies dLhmlTedlh‘W
classification 1.» (e.g. Turner, 1
.L."1'L"_ 1949, I. 76)
p. "1 mos of 11c
”71.)":t 1" -1)LV’\.\
the rocks
11H? into
fall 111111 the
the 11111;:.~f11->111he1e111 section
potash-sufficient «1:11.111 11: 'x'... .'1\'111e-‘1\“\;1:'111e ~11h-1'.1e1e~'
13‘1“ staurolite-kyanite
of the sub-facies 111111: .111111111h11h1e
of the amphibolite
111.111.; ‘.\11h
facies, with '. e 11we1‘ahkige
the assemblage--
"we hie-1.11.1.1“
biotite-hornblende-plagioclase-microcline-q uartz
and when more calcareous-
~ 1T1.11‘\11TC-T‘1.‘T "11“ _ :‘we‘..1"e-e11.;
diopside-hornblende-plagioclase-microcline-q uartz.
[he sillimanite-almandine
The 11" the
\1.'..‘-- ‘111‘1Lx of
~11.1111111111e-11131111111E11'1 sub-facies 1115 \J\ is
.11'1‘.;7-‘1‘.1\11111L‘ facies
1h: amphibolite FCIN'CHC'TIL‘C by
~11 represented
1x .2also 1“. the
:1»<e1‘.1h!;1:e
assemblage-
:1.1111‘. 11e—1‘111gwe‘..v.w—1;1_:1.1'.'-1.1'11we‘me
sillimani te-alrnandine-plagioclase-quartz-orthoclase.
All the gneisses now contain more felspar than 1E1.1:1 is
1\ found
{11111111 in.11 most
1111M \e.‘.1111e:11111'j.
sedimentary rocks, reek»
and it is considered 'e11 that
111111'111.e{11‘v!
much of it1'. must:11.:\1 have
1““ been introduced, probably by granitization, 11.11111.1'.1‘.111"1_
11.11111 form
but what 11 1'11! this FONS“ took
.'.\ process ".1\11\ is 1‘11:
\ doubtful. From the even distribution of most 111.1% of 1P1;
.“‘ the
felspar, it is 1.11 413.1 that
'\ judged 11“.;1 it
1: was
\\.1\ probably effected 1‘eete1‘. by"j. .1..11e: :1
quiet permeation, the 11.‘v":'1':111.1:1 111'
he formation of
bands being duee to 1.1 segregation
«11115411111111 or111' preferential
1‘:'e1'e1'u:111:1i permeation
‘1'111e.1111‘11 along
.1111 -':'1 planes.
certain 11111110. Evidence
3 \11‘.e1'1ee
for quiet introduction .1111111111.11e1'1111
of material is [\1‘111111111111311‘\11'.11111'.,r.11111:1«new
found in the granitization series-
...‘1hn111‘g:e.11.-11~‘1"11111.‘1_;:‘.e'\~:
(a) homogeneous biotite gneiss;
15111 porphyroblastic
(b) 1‘1‘1'113‘1}1'11'11111x11e gneiss;
5111b“:

(111111;:1-1114111‘1“:
(c) augen gneiss;
1
(d) huhdee1 gneiss;
11.11 banded 31w: \x.

the members of which represent stages 111'111e1'e11~1n§;

the111embe1<115'\\.hieh1'e111'exe11tx1.1g;ex of increasing intensity 1me11~11§ n," of granitization. 1T-e1'111e1'11m1t
The permeation
1111, The
1:111} have
may hme been he” ‘11 by
h} aqueous
111111C1111~ liquors
{11.111111'x111'
or byh_\ ionic
111111C1111T11x1111111111111
diffusion through the solid rock, ruck. reaction
:‘eue1i1111 with11. 11h
1111" host
the hwl minerals
1111;11:1etx leading
finding to 111 the
1h»: formation
11111111111111 of 1'11‘ alkali
111M111 felspars.
"133111114. During
”11111. the 111C process
1‘I'1‘CC\\ recrystal-
:‘eer'j\\l.1‘—
10.113111 in
lization 15‘: some
\OH‘N caseseasex removed
:‘enmxed the 1he effects
CHL‘QH of 111' earlier
c.:1‘11e:' shearing
~31e.1:'11 we“ imposing
stress 1111;7cn11"; granitoid,
g1'.1111:1~.1‘.
1e\=.'.11'es on
textures m1 the 1he rocks.
mekx. Granitization
(11'1111111/1111111‘. did 11:11 not
2111'. effect
e1Tee1 the 1he calcareous
e.1‘1e.1:'e111;~ rocks
web exceptea ‘ep‘. marginally
n1.1"gi1“:11|}
111111 along
and 1111111;1 impure
11111‘111'1‘ bands,
111111115. probably
111113311111} because
became on 1111 the
1111‘ whole
\1 hule they
1he_\ remained
1'e1111111'1e1i compact,
e111111‘11u1. which
'11 hueh
~'.1*":-_IL"\1~ that
suggests 111.11 granitization
'1111'111/11'121'11‘ was
mu mare :11'11'1" probably
1‘1‘11111111’). the1he 111‘11111‘
action 1'1 11.3.111w rather
of liquors 1.11.316? than
'.h.11'1 «1"
of xvii-1!
solid
r»

unuxiun.
diffusion.

VII H'I'Rl ( 'I'l Rlih

VII-STRUCTURES

The area
The area hashm in 1:1 parts
11.11% eenuflm x11'12e119'124 11.1:
complex structures due 11.1
to 1111'
the \1:_1‘e' 1 1'31 1‘.1\11.1~1' 111
superimposition 12111201 folds
of minor 1.111135
.11111 e111111‘1'1111m
and contortions 1111 on the Lhe major
11111111 folds.
101$. The he 1511M
dips of 111' foliation
1111111111111. are h‘ T 1 averaging
111': high, '.1\e1;1g11‘1g uhuut
about NTY
60°,
111113 strikes
and slz'ikex are
111': in
11‘. general
gem-C1111 essentially
e>~e11111:1[_\ conformable
e11111'111'11111111e 111th
with the 1he regional
regm‘. mugl‘i} north-south
roughly "1m'1h-x'11111h
«We.
strike.

{1111/11.
Faults.-In [:1 the1f1e south-west
\ULllh-HCH there 113e1'e is .~ a 11 fairly
1111?}; regular
:‘eg11111r' north-south
111wr'1h-x11111h ~11'11-.e1\111‘..:
strike with a prevalent 1‘1'e\.1Je111
e;1~ic1'l_\ dip
easterly 1hr whichwhleh changes ch.11'1"e\ abruptly4111111111) in the 1hc north
11.11'1h to 111 a 11 north-east-south-west
111‘1'131-1_".1\1-s11L11]1A\\1_‘<1 \tt'ilxe
strike with 111111
1‘01}? -.\c<1'e:"1~-. dip
north-westerly 111:“ (Fig.
1113?. 4). $11 BecauseBequme of 111' this
1h1~ abrupt
.1"111‘1 change 1'1‘111‘ ' it 11 isxx considered
1'111tx111e1'e1‘1 that1.11111 there
1he1'e is '.\
.1 21- I,“ ., 1 .'.
1 -..- 1‘1.\.
probably
| .
l\ a IL .111 between
1: fault ‘11L.\\1_L1 the (he two 1111‘ blocks
101111..\\1_1‘1
'_ .
1.111111.»
of country \x11T
with
..
differing strikes. No \11 fault 111.111 wasmm
~-.‘e:'1 on
seen 11:1 the
1he ground
14:111. 11.1 but 11111 a .1 line
1:11e has hm beenbeen insertedhive-111‘; on 111': me
the map 11111;“ just
_.'1.\1 north
1‘: . of Tia and .11111 Myethani
\1_\e1“1‘ 1
Lb the
as 1he most 1111M probable
1‘1‘111mhle site ~11: of111' a.1 fracture.
11'111'1111'e. The The rockswe)“ on 1111 the
‘1".1.‘ high
h1gh ground h ve=11 Uumaa
2111111111 between L 111111111 and end.
111-3
Endui 11111.1 between
and he'V-een Kyui }\_\111111111\\e11
and Wemanzi '«1 have
:1. e1111111\\'111__'
opposing dips, 1.11x.\which 1eh ~11gee~zx
suggests the 11m presence:‘ex‘cn 1‘1'
of
a. broad
hunui syncline \‘_\11e1‘1‘.e or 111' fault.
1111111. Because
Remuxe of 111 the 2“" sudden change '.1“.ge 111;.111111111
of attitude 1‘11‘111e
of the rocks 1'1‘e1u betweenhemeen
}'11d1:1. where
Endui, where they ‘ ' are 'e well-banded
\‘1e11vhz111.1e1‘. and .11‘111 regular
:'e_ with1 a:1 north-south
1‘1 1;"1—~.~.111‘1 strike
6.111.." and
11111". Wamwathi
H 1;111\\;1‘-.h-
where 'C1‘e the 111C rocks
‘m‘kx are .11; more
111111": closely
ulnar.) folded :‘11h1e11h11h 1e11x‘.
with north-east-south-west M‘UIT - strike, it ' appears 1 '
likely
1:1:11 the
that {he structure
~11“11e111:‘e1~_ is, inE111'111:1_11T1111h.
fact, a fault. It l1v.1111‘:'111‘11hh
will probably run "'.11;'.1E111:;_1"1
along the eastern foot Snot 11. of the Ihe ridges
ringee
hemeeh Uumaa
between 1".111'1 and Endui, 'i1t111. which form 11.11.11 a1= remarkably
1911111'k.1"3_\ straight and sharp '11 feature.
.e‘.‘.1.151'e_ The The
.1- '
nature and 3111.3 throw of the postulated fault are unknown though.it must have a throw of less '

than 1,500 ft., as can be deduced from the relation of the peneplains on either side of it.
 18

Along the Mwanya valley, south of Ngeani, the Endui ridge and the Mutuangombe-
Endui fault have been displaced by a tranverse fault-zone in which there is a series of
minor faults.

0 30 S
'"
0
0 "
~ . (;,"0900 '" -+
\
'-«--"" -~~"'\ \
?,
" \
"--
'"'" - ......
"-
-
l' '\
\ ~i:-\ - \
x, '" ....- ~

"-
<,-

~
~
--...

l'

"-
'"

"-\-- ~

~1\ ~ ,
\ ...... D;p of foloo,;on
-t- An,oc/.nol
..i,
P.ch and dorec',on 01 linea"on
-+-- Synclinal~xis
- -- Foult<
Scale
~ I,ocl,nol fold

0 10
j 15
J M,I.,

Fig. 4.-Structures in the Mwingi area.

Dip faults are common in all parts of the area and run north-west to south-east with
dextral displacement, i,e, the blocks of country north of the faults have moved south-
eastwards. One exception to this is in the Mumoni hills where the northern block has moved
westwards. A conjectural fault north of Nzui has been inserted on the map because of the
sudden reversal of dip along the strike. No evidence was found to indicate the nature of
the faults or their throws or displacements.
Folds.-South-west of Kiormo there is an anticline with a north-north-west trend. West
of Endui converging bands and opposed dips outline a northward-pitching syncline. After
converging closely near Katui the marker bands continue parallel, with an easterly dip which

.
 .....
, iiiii

19

is considered to mark overturning of the easterly limb, forming an isoclinal fold. Lack of
symmetry in the beds on either side of the axis may be due to lensing out of the bands across
the axis of the fold or to a strike fault in the axial region. From comparison with this fold
and the general steepness of the dips, with some reversals, it appears probable that the area
is composed of many successive isoclinal folds (c.f. Shackleton, 1946, pp. 26-27). The
rocks of the Kyui-Wemanzi ridge dip generally west, but east of Kyui there is a tight south-
ward-pitching syncline. It is well displayed by the convergence of hard ridges and is im-
\w. L. my. westwards by an anticline. The axis of a large syncline lies just outside
mediately succeeded
the western boundary of the area, and probably passes through Mumoni as shown on Fig. 4.
The western flank of the fold has been demonstrated by Bear (1952, Fig. I, p. 5).
J ‘ ‘v ‘ v v
Several other folds were detected in the area, but often they are only of short deter-
“~ \ ‘ g x , V ‘x K V k x k ‘ L‘ ,

: ‘ They
minable strike length. ih have
H . dominant
\‘M‘ m ‘ roughly
w: ‘. north-south
”m": M" trends
:mnm ,w mnorth
and pitch “M" at
1
low angles. \

‘
Lineation “\ observed
was Mw‘ sd‘in the‘ f “
western portion M
of the ‘
area and,w with
‘ ‘ one,.exception,
"
had' a pitch
nig? of :H about
(“:H 25°
:3: along
‘H‘w' bearings
i‘L‘w'xww :“
of 200. 11 was
It mix found
NW“ in‘ banded
‘ ‘ ' L‘ contorted
J: ‘ biotite-,
, k
gneisses«'with‘ linear
mm segregation
x: ,171‘ ‘ the
of 1‘ \ dark
,» minerals
‘ K_ x on theL‘foliation‘ planes.
u ‘3 The I; exception1‘
» near
is W .\
Kiormo ‘x‘K‘L
in the my corner
south-west . ofw theWm“ \‘ the‘ lineation
area, where ‘k, w pitches
‘, k m at 250 to ‘
the south-east.

Ma}
VIII-ECONOMIC “Hymns
EiH‘M'Mt'u GEOLOGY

! Basement
1. iiiII‘HH System
\u‘h'm

{
The Basement‘m‘ \V‘NKM
System rocks k: \ in the m¥ area
\. yielded
J no Kevidence
L ‘u xof theL presence
i x J A of
l , ‘ \ u n ‘
economically valuable minerals. Neither graphite nor kyanite were found,v and“ the peg- n- ,
y , ‘ ' ‘ >1 M 1‘ : ‘ ‘ . 1, m.‘ 7,1, .
matites \V proved , to be
.p little
‘ ‘ mineralized,
“kw \ containing
. “ L in
“addition to ‘ quartz
.‘ and felspar
W ‘ only
‘ sparse
u
\l V
crystals V
of V“
biotite,7 “n7“ :7 and
muscovite ‘1 7
‘Vtitaniferous “‘
magnetite. ‘J‘ 7
Brief ‘v 7
notes are 7‘
J 7 given7 “
below‘v‘ 4‘
on
minerals found in the area.

(I) Garnet and sillimanite were vu but

;., found, ‘m‘m‘Jk »
»
nowhere in sufficient‘, ,u‘IM‘
‘
quantity _,‘
to warrant K v v ‘ ‘

working. Search among the Mumoni “I hills M :1 bands

1 H reveal
1 may u \w x m'
of sillimanite-rich ‘Hit
‘ 1 but
hi'u rock,
I
in, W‘ Local
is doubtful if they would be workable. \\‘\~'KH{[LV‘1V“JV‘\ of
concentrations \ may
41““‘u1‘garnets
~ alluvial \H
W: also
be found in the same region.
‘L‘w‘flhl
(2) In the limestone bands there .1.:
is often a large proportion of fairly pure marble, which
appears, however, to have a variable “H
‘ ‘74") ‘ content.
“4 magnesia The marble could be easily quarried
and calcined to produce lime but there is n::>local demand and lime can be more profitably
‘1k:»x‘\17“‘»d

“Rx“
produced elsewhere nearer to railways ‘ ‘*
and towns.

(3) Common minerals are more important in the area. E. Powell has worked ochre for
pigment from a river basin infilled by Pleistocene ochreous clays south-west of Nziu. The
ochre is limonitic (yellow ochre) but, on calcining, red and pJrple ochre and umber can be
produced from it. Green pigments were obtained by using the green gypsiferous clays
associated \\[-
?.L'~\\\Lid'x('d with the ochre. In 1945, the only year for which figures are available, the pro-
014.37“? of pigments was 11-tons, valued at £375. Gypsum is disseminated through the clay
duction
and also irregularly distributed in thin veins about half an inch wide, which sometimes
swell to several inches in thickness or even into lenses a few feet thick, but it would not be
economical to work. Pulfrey (unpublished report, 1946) found similar deposits south-west
of Mutuangombe, and many more of the shallow valley basins with black soils probably
contain gypsum and ochre.

2. Ultra-basic Intrusions
Economic minerals are commonly found in ultra-basic intrusions similar to those of
Kam'lthengi, and include magnesite, asbestos, corundum, vermiculite, ‘\w.‘" chromite, talc,
serpentine, mica and in some cases nickel, copper ""3. and 3m“ the :“Ummn‘ minerals. The dunite
[Ha‘ platinum
of Kamuthengi and the neighbouring intrusions "l I"? apparently (‘1 ; ~y1~‘
‘1‘;"“'L;1_1\ does not contain these minerals
in sufficient quantities to be commercially interesting.1". ;:*n,-\L‘:‘__'. Further
Ivan: prospecting
my by pitting and
L“\..’.i.-L“1”.L‘I‘...‘.
trenching might, howeve.r, reveal .1L3;:l“"¥Lir‘wu“
economic quantities I“ “3:: L-‘ \ or asbestos.
of magnesite

L
- roo

20

(1) Magnesite veins the dunites but as estimated from surface exposures the amount
available is small and 'not sufficient to warrant working. Associated with the magnesite
:cgutmm of
there are segregations UV- an earthy valueless serpentine.
{:3
(2) A\ horizontal
hum/"mm lens
v .' V
-"‘~ of
I
W anthophyllite
‘
LLV‘Mw'N‘L
-“ J
LM‘H \sw \‘VL-A
‘
asbestos
.
M211“ in the eastern part of Kamu-
was found
'

thengi,V but is A only

L‘Wifx (“UNI Y‘RIICL" inches
about fifteen HM; iNk'xfl” 1m mu]
in thickness and five yards in strike length. No
indication
»lL'L’.['U" of
U} other
JH‘C‘" asbestos
J‘!‘L‘\".L‘\ veins
\Lfil‘w was
\.L1\ seen.
\L‘L’W

3. ‘iupcrficiul
3. lh‘pusils
Superficial Deposits
‘.5\\
(1) White "m concrete manufacture is found in the dry river-beds, notably
smNu for
“HQ sand suitable
:Imxc n3
those of Mic
the {mum
rivers Wyn}. RM
Tyaa, Katze and Nziu. Local demand is small.
‘1'» KMuJ-vm1 in
(2) Road-metal mm: m‘
H1: form
H: the of lateritic L‘LH'H"\ is
Muifiuc earths .\ mflj. "lam 1 in
only found 1“ \‘THIH :MV‘J‘IL‘Li :k‘l'\=;\
small isolated lenses ”21‘
and
hawk Lmd
bands consequently\ ix
and um‘scqwfwy is mm» mm, \Cw‘m
little used. Nearby» dummmnnuf
decomposed mpk rock andand Kim gliiilicd punch
fine-grained gravels
first He
that them (1R3
on them
lie m's are most mm ‘fw (a used
mm: commonly mun: for 1. 3,11 knxg
m: road making.
(3) mmiligzm‘v building stone
F‘s No satisfactory “ occurs in‘ the u
Elm area and buildings are made from im-
[N's'
ported concrete Nngb Mor from locally
cnmrclu blocks n, "JV'WI a":
1&1:t kiln-burnt and sun-dried bricks. Valley soils are
gummnnh used
commonly 7b! the
lui for Inui‘LAlLulmt of
m» manufacture mm‘kx, At Katze,
my bricks.
u. the Rat/LL by 11} the KmnuuoL
Mic Kamuwongo bore-
'rmlc: umi
hole, “hero 1c
and where \gm'ulwcumxm road
the Nairobi-Garissa crosses LE1:
mad CH‘\\Q\ u Kanginga
the river Kmugmga near mm\1\\H‘};Imc1cg
Mwingi there are
i“iL‘3x~DiI\. The
brick-pits. u
hi‘l‘c‘w are
The bricks Th" one
sun-dried for d
mic day, then H" ‘1 L1a clamp
NH}: into
‘11 built 91 which is then fired
UE‘HLS ten
for about {cm Um)“
days. The L. MW 113'1J~\;-“
I'll: resultant bricks are hard, even-grained ' ‘21 andg. gamma.
compact. The pit at
Katze is [\ {HEHH‘UHLH‘}
continuously mull used my
and firmdmm
produces .1‘
about 12,000 bricks a month. I‘flxV'WH‘.

4. \lit'uud (Coal
4. Alleged Dupmih
(ml Deposits

From 1mm to
Hu'n time m.“ samples of bituminous
’H time La‘v n.
‘ “L‘.‘L1..“\LJ\
\
.
coal ‘ , 1' .
‘L~
‘JLl‘rR been
uni have
x . «.
brought in from-. ‘ -
‘\‘!.1.-‘L
w. !
\|\\
the Mwingi
mud,
area. Um mg the an: W‘j- uPHJ‘;ULLV:'httu‘n‘xi'1'11C'C\:'\k1
During the course of the survey a prospector became interested in J: specimens
\pigmxm submitted
\LIE‘Im
:n him
to mm byb} Africans
\i'nmm and s. .I attempted to
m discover
diuu‘xcr' coal
on] deposits.
CCI‘uWHN A\ visit\m: wasm1 paid
pan“ to In localities
imp
new: Twanagau
near T‘Aulmguu in m his
hix company
pmmpam andand that
[hut of 01' an
.m African
\Ez'zmn guide
gum: who
\WM‘ \Inicd
stated hehe hadhid found
11mm the
gunk but
coal, am} nor
Heilhu' coal
[ml neither mdmnmnx m"
my indications of itI were seen. (M
“(11* w; On ”cl ‘ m! grounds
geological gZ'L~LL:‘1d\ it ' most
1. is
1'1111cwui
Lani kc!) that
unlikely dct‘mm would
coal deposits Th
W found
mmhf be in the Mwingi area and it H is\ considered
u'mu‘, that the
specimens recovered there are the remains of consignments of coal QUN taken
£1w into I'Mx‘v the area
during the 1939-1945 war.

5. Water
(1) SURFACE WATER

Tm
The I‘L'xx’amzuuw’
procurement 0of “mm:
water inH' the dry northern and mwc‘ eastern part of 9: the
1h: Kamba
hamlu \L‘.
Native
V—<r

Rurmc prmcrflx
Reserve presents L1a Sm {gut‘ problem.
difficult [‘mt“: ,
\
)1H'Lw: Hm:
During the Him
rains .md.
and for . ‘ a few “wkweeks 4“ numb llin
afterwards
{1
the present area there is surface waterman m in We
the inch 1", ' ‘li‘Hi
rivers Tyaa and KAI/cKatze um“.
and “win L!a {cu Imli‘
few low-lying
basins. The only perennial natural water is found in the Mumoni 1»*1M‘N‘HH:113‘¢ ‘
hills in the headwaters 7 of
the rivers Mwengo and Ndatha, and in :1: a spring at M": Mm; u:
the base Humid, During
of Etinda. {)JI' Mg “ the dry season
water is obtained from wells, pits and :6. bore-holes w '
or from mm?
small mzci'm
catchment dams.
The Local Native \Llll\t_”.,HL1NL’\1
Council has constructed 233 MIN
Rh \N' small umi‘.
earth dunx:
dams at thc
the 1mm
time (‘2'
of \u‘itmg.
writing,
with an'mc average cupmmlx .s?‘
'u capacity of about m:
about two million "x. Trouble
gallons. Mix been1 caused
[HULL‘WR‘ has ] ‘\1!'\“H\
t1} porosity
(kulwu by
. w, ‘
031w;
of I‘; 0l of
the floors A“. INC [C‘L'i w“
the reservoirs and by the bursting of'1“: dams @111
the Junk during hum}
heavy mx‘n
rains hmmw
because u; of
.z'wduflmlr x]Wfl[\\;i}»
inadequate spillways. The TH: porosity
g‘nj'nw' is gradually annulled hf. by I‘m
the settling of fine suspended
111M into
mud mu the U2: pores
punk of " the soil on the floors of the reservoirs making-111cjn them was?
water-tight.

(2) GROUND- WATER

M-yuug: {\L'g‘Lfls
Ground-water i? the
occurs in “ area
w‘w min 1‘3:
the Vlower part‘ of
m 1]: xvi: 1)?
the zone of ‘V‘N‘AMCYLIL.
weathering, the base 21w
.1‘
of whichw ‘(m’mx'
forms :m
an wuneven
cxcn surface rmgflb
roughly reflecting the :L‘ 1topography._ \\;:1w'
Water TM.“ flows dma.‘down
this x'm‘z‘uuc
surface and:md LLL'cmuLLELHL-w
accumulates in its hollows and in valleys. "_\~ The Africans
\r'fimm Lm tap 'l‘m mum i"
the water in
v
the valleys by digging pits up to 30 ft. deep in the dry ,', and4 L_‘-
river-beds, ‘JHL‘ 1m
by using yt‘.‘ "'L‘IL"
concrete-
lined wells sunk by the Local Native Council alongside river-courses. Large resources "..I;L‘.\ {‘1
of
‘. K. :Li‘ "L“V‘
water can be expected where there are natural channels and storage basins in the weathered
\ ; 1_ ' .,
unit.
zone, such as are formed where barriers of unweathered rock cross otherwiseLLH-’\_;“> ”up.
deeply weathered
\mHujm.
valleys.
 )

21

Bore-holes that penetrate below the zone of weathering can hope to tap water only if
they strike permeable bands, such as fracture zones, planes of discontinuity, etc. The
following list, supplied by the Hydraulic Branch of the Public Works Departmentenumerates
the bore-holes in the Mwingi area and their productivity:

Depth Rest- Yield

Bore-hole Number I Locality Icompleted
Date I (feet) I Waterat I
struck I
level (galls./
(feet) I
day)
---- i I
I I I
I

96 .. .. Mwingi 1930 I .:
297 3H:
163 l‘
154 960
w" , 1-
C.104 .. .. Mwingi 1940 297 ? 27 4,560
I SA. 56 .. .. Mati R. 1940 :53
253 - Nil
SA.92 .. .. N.ofGai 1941 [5h
156 - - Nil
C.696 .. .. GaiNo.1 1948 <1.”
534 I I‘M
250 I‘M
220 2,880
C.1583 .. .. Gai No.2 1951 1m
301 1;\
148 :f.
123 1 3,480
H
C.134 ..V, ..V. Tumboni . 1
1940 2—5
275 h‘
168 5‘
168 600
, ‘
C.573 , V \mtm
Waita Wm“
1947 WM
500 m
66 I :\
158 1 1,920
\H, i
No.1
(C.617
,MT ...V ...V I Waita
“'3t W47
1947 435
435 UN:
I 140; 4:5
425 I 3:0
120 I TIN)
7,201)
\L‘
No.2
i ‘45”
C.919 ..> ,, I Ngomeni
\gpmgfl I ‘Ula
1949 Uh
308 "M
170; ‘\H
250 I 4H
150 . "m!
114,760
I
“u" vim
The sites Hf
of Hm
the MH’C~?:HM\
bore-holes mm H: mml
have in most (no
cases Fri}:
been inwalcd
inserted n21
on Hit
the Hhig‘
map hunt
from :qgeo-
co-ordinates \Lipmiui
graphical Ummiixmlrx supplied by my Hydraulic
in the mmfld by
umi should
Bumd‘u and
Huimuht Branch, be regarded as uonly
rcgnu‘dui m
.:I‘}‘:'.\\tt1h1£Lh
approximate.

!\ RF}5l-1Rli\'( PS
IX-REFERENCES

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1L. and MFR
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*Not consulted in original.

 .......
i"

22

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G.P.K. 1233-750-5/55

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