CAE LANGUAGE & VOCABULARY SUMMARY

EXPRESSING PREFERENCES
1. I would prefer to go out rather than stay here (present)
2. I’d prefer to have gone out (past)
3. I’d prefer you to give up smoking ( different person)
4. I would rather go out (present)
5. I’d rather have gone out (past)
6. I’d rather you gave up smoking (differnet person)
7. It’s high /about time you took a job (present)

EXPRESSING REGRETS
1. I regret not having called you ( past )
2. If only I had more time to travel. (about the present)
3. If only my neighbors would stop shouting (irritating habit)
4. If only I had studied more (about the past)

EXPRESSING COMPARISONS: adjectives and adverbs

Cheap, cheaper than , the cheapest
Intelligent, more intelligent than, the most inteligent
Quietly (adv) , more quietly , the most quietly / Fast (adv) , faster, fastest
Irregular adjectives : good, better, the best, bad, worse, the worst, far, further, the furthest, little, less, the least

Two equal things

The new teacher isn’t as good as the old one.
My sister is the same age as me.

Double comparison
The later it got, the more worried she became.
The more money I have, the more I spend it .
He is becoming better and better at chess.

With Intensifiers
This is by far the best book I have ever read!
My new car is much more faster than the old one.

For emphatic purpose

There are fewer and fewer courses at university today.
People are having less and less time to spare at home.

With Adverbs
More loudly less frequently

Intensifying Comparisons Adverbs of degree

A bit, slightly, A little, harder - Rather old - Much / quiet a lot faster than by far the best- the worst in
the group, no worse than - less popular than , my least favorite , less chocolate , fewer sweets , as
intelligent as, almost as hot as, not quite so impatient as ,isn’t nearly as bad as , as much fun as ,as
many chips as, the same age as , just as good as - the more money I have , the faster I spend , a great
deal more, no worse than, not quite as crowed

SO VS SUCH
It was such a good day that we decided to stay.
The play was so awful that we decided to leave.

EXPRESSING CONDITIONALS
1. If you heat the water, it boil. (Zero conditional)
2. If you visit the city, you will have fun. (1st Conditional)
3. If I were in your shoes, I would do the same thing. (2nd Conditional )
4. She could have had a stopover in Dubai if she would have flown by Quatar. (3rd Conditional )
5. I would probably be a lawyer now if I had studied law. (Mixed Conditional)
6. If you don’t like sweet things, you shouldn’t have ordered that dessert (mixed Conditional)
7. Should you wish to contact me, I can be reached at the above address. (inverted Cond type 1 )
8. Were it not for the weather, I’d be completely happy. (inverted Conditional Type 2 )
9. Had I known you were not coming to the party, I would not have gone. (inverted Cond type 3)
10. If you happen to see George, can you tell him to give me a call. (more formal Conditionals)

Conditional Phrases: unless, on condition that , providing

Alternative to IF : As long as, unless, even if ,provided that , in case , otherwise, Had it not been

HYPOTHETICAL PAST SITUATIONS

If only I knew. (present)
I wish I had known. (past)
I would rather/ sooner stay than go.

PERMISSION MAKE AND LET Causative Verbs

1. We are not allowed to go out.
2. My dad won’t let me go out.
3. My teacher made me stay.
4. I got my brother to write.

WISHES
1. I wish / if only we lived nearer school. ( wish in the present)
2. I wish/ if only I could swim. ( wish in the present with future ability)
3. I wish / if only we had bought that car. (wish in the past)
4. I wish/ if only the weather would be better. (complains)
5. I wish/ if only my brother would stop shouting. (irritating habit )

HABITS
1. He is always critizing. (irritating habit)
2. I used to take the bus to go to school. (past habit)
3. When I was a kid I would spend every summer with my dad. (past habit not a state)
4. We would walk along the beach (past habit with an element of nostalgia)
5. I am used to waking up early in the morning (habit in the present)
6. I can’t get used to waking up early.(process)
7. I wish / if only my sister would stop taking my clothes. (irritating habit)

MODALITIES
1. When I was four I was able to read very well (not expected )
2. I could swim when I was four. (ability in the past general )
3. I may or might go to the party tonight. ( possibility in the present)
 4. He could/ might/ may have gone round to Sue’s. (possibility in the past)
5. He must have received my card I sent it a week ago. (certainty in the past)
6. You must do your homework. (internal obligation or imposed by the speaker)
7. I had to pay taxes. (external obligation or imposed by the law)
8. We don’t need to or we needn’t need to (lack of necessity it was done unnecesssarily)
9. We needn’t have hurried. (lack of necessity it was done unnecesssarily
10. You ought to or should consult an specialist (advice)
11. You are supposed to wear a uniform (is a rule )
12. You had better not come in here. (strong warning)
13. You‘d better study more for the next exam. ( strong warning)
14. He must or can’t or couldn’t have left earlier. (deduction o speculation in the past)
15. He may or might have left earlier. (speculation in the past possibility)
16. I should have called him before. (regret or unfulfilled obligation)
17. You didn’t need to bring a sleeping bag. ( not necessary speaker authority)
18. You needn’t have paid for the dinner He was going to invite us. (you did and it was not
necessary )

PASSIVE VOICE

With tenses..
The best feta cheese is made in Greece.
Prices are being dramatically reduced during the sales.
The hotel was built in 1987.
With modalities…
The agreement couldn’t be signed until next week.
With infinitive…
Trish hopes to ve voted in as class president.

GIVING ADVICE
1. You had better study.
2. I‘d had better not rely on me.
3. If I were you I would take things more seriously.

TOO vs ENOUGH
Michael is too young to drive.
Michael is not old enough to drive.

VERBS PLUS GERUND

Enjoy Suggested Can’t stand Adore
regret Can’t help There is no point in hate
mind Feel like love involve
keep regret Worth face
Look forward to Can’t afford deny avoid
consider resent resent Cannot believe

VERBS PLUS INFINITIVE

To persuade To refuse Dare to
To forgive Agree to do Pretend to
To advise Arrange to Expect to
To learn Want to Threaten to
 To propose Need to Choose to

LINKERS of CONTRAST

In spite of or Despite the rain, we went out.

In spite of or Despite feeling awful, I went out.

Despite the fact that I was tired, I went out .

Jake likes heavy metal whereas or while or whilst I prefer rap.

Although or though the weather was terrible, we went out. (same sentence use of comma)

Even though he is divorced, He stills wears his ring.

The weather was terrible. However, we went out (different sentences)

It was snowing. Nevertheless, the game went ahead. (more formal )

RELATIVE CLAUSES

Defining Relative Clauses

The man who or that cleans our window is on holiday.
That is the only picture that I like.
Mary whose husband is a painter is my best friend.

Non Defining Relative Clauses

The book, which I didn’t read, is on the table.
Relative pronouns: who whom whose that which

Reduce Relative Clauses

There were lots of people dancing at the party.
The presents given to the children are all hand-made.
The woman singing is a famous actress. (Present participle)
The TV sold in this shop is really good. (Past participle)

VERB PATTERNS
To APOLOGISE To Agree
To WARN To refuse
To PROMISE To remind
To OFFER To order
To ASK To recommend that you should
To BEG To suggest doing / that you should do
To accused sb of To encaourage sb from
To urge sb to study

GRADABLE and NON GRADABLE ADJECTIVES

GRADABLE: hungry, tired, bad, pretty, disappointed, big, small, happy, angry, funny, failry predictable.
Adverbs to modify gradable adjective: a little, very, quite, extremely, fairly , rather,
NON GRADABLE: astonished, huge, terrible, exhausted, gorgeous, starving, furious, pleased, tiny,
freezing, hilarious, enormous …
Adverbs to modify non gradable adjectives:, completely, utterly, totally. Absolutely enormous.

QUANTIFIERS

Determiners used to talk about quantities

Some, any, not enough, no, plenty, none, other
A few, few, every, either, neither, several, another
A little, more, much, less, the whole

Doing some work is better than doing no work. ( determiner)

Doing some work is better than doing none. (determiner used as pronoun to replace a noun)
Every few days.
Many other opportunities.
I haven’t seen him all day.
Both of us missed the train. (each is included)
Much of his talent comes from his mother. ( of with a pronoun or possessive form)

EITHER / NOR NEITHER / NOR

You either start studying or you will fail.

I could not find neither his phone number nor his address. (Neither is a negative adverbial)

Either of us can drive.

Neither of us is old enough.
Each of my parents has a car.
Every car we had was old.

EMPHASIS WITH INVERSION

Never have I heard such a persuasive speaker.

Under no circumstances should you open the door.
No sooner had I shouted than he ran away.
Hardly had he arrive when Joe let.
On no account should you approach him.

Negative adverbs or adverbial phrases: At no time, Not until, Under no circumstances, On no account ,
Not only … but also, only , never, hardly ..when, seldom , rarely , scarcely, at no time ,hardly ever, not
sure, in no way, little,

CREATING EMPHASIS with WHAT (cleft sentences)

What I did was to change my job.
What she hopes to see is children.
What is difficult is making decisions.
What I decided to do was
What you should do is get a new job.

CREATING EMPHASIS with IT or INTRODUCTORY IT (cleft sentences)

It was Julia who came to the party. (relative clause)
It was a bag that she brought
It was on the radio that I first heard the song.
It is always good to have a chance.
It is shocking how many people do not bother to recycle.
I found it embarrassing to have to tell you how I felt.
I hate/love/ like it when you keep changing the channel like that.

PARTICIPLE CLAUSES
Reason:
Having spent all her money, she had to ask for a loan.
Having opened the door, he found it inside.
Realizing that I couldn’t see her before I left, I phoned her instead.
Sequencing: (with conjunctions: afer, before, when, while, despite, on)
Before going to bed, I made a list of the things I needed.

DEPENDENT PREPOSITIONS

ADJECTIVES PLUS PREPOSITIONS

Annoyed with Experienced in Nervous Unlikely to
Relevant to Fascinated by Qualified Immune from
Unusual for Guilty of Innocent Subject to
Excited about Passionate about Obsessed with Ashamed of
Result in Responsible for Absent from Filled with
Brilliant at Commited to Keen on Intent on
Concerned about Eager to Terrible at Compatible with
Similar to Related to Typical of Upset about
Considerate to Confident about Dissaponted by Lacking in
Annoyed Experinced in Happy about Devoid of

NOUNS PLUS PREPOSITIONS

Attention to Criticism of Experience of Reputation for
Belief in Difficulty with Information on Trust in
Capacity for Discussion about A problem with Success in
Confidence in Amount to A relationship with Discussion about
A sequel to Innurance against An attack on
An extract from A craving for A taste for

VERBS PLUS PREPOSITIONS

Congratulate on Succeeded in Spend on Forgive
Insisted on Prevented from Invest in Pay for
Concentrate on Blame for Aim for Consist of
Accused of Discourage from Manage to Opt for
Criticized about Depend on Hope for Ask for
Apologize for Think about Complain about Argue about
Laught at Manage to Believe in Attempt to
Blame sb on Faced with Thank you for Faced with
Specialise in Account for Suffer from Resign from
Result in Insist on Concentrate on Elaborate on
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES

AT BY ON Out of IN FOR
At all events By heart On foot Out of breath In trouble For a change Out of order
At any minute By oneself On my own Out of shape In danger For a while No longer
At any rate By the time On behalf of Out of order In cash For the best Without delay
At the time By chance On demand In particular All in all
At least On Average In advanced Keep in touch
At a loss On holiday In sight As long as
At risk In debt Into contact
At fault In fashion From time to time

FIXED EXPRESSIONS
To have one’s way On my own To hitch a lift
To come a long ways Loose your temper To take time off
To have one’s way To make ends meet
To change your ways To make a living
To be pressed for time No point in
To get on my nerves Hand in your notice
To be pressed for time Run out of time
 PHSASAL VERBS

BASE MEANING LITERAL MEANING FIGURATIVE MEANING non LITERAL

“I am dying to see you!”

Can you pick up your shoes!
I have just run out of sugar
Everyone run out of the building as soon as the shouted FIRE!
I can pick you up
It is on the floor pick your pen up
Things seem to be picking up now

INSEPARABLE

Do without to do without
Come across (things)
Run into or bump into (people)
Come into
Get over
turn up

SEPARABLE

Bring up : to bring up a child

or bring HIM up or
Bring Charlie up
Find out
Look up
Make up
Put off
Lay off (Downsizing)

8
GET back, by, away with, on with, over , out of , rid of , through, down, back, on,
TAKE after, back,in,on, away, off, up, apart, down, for, over, to apart, care, over, aside,
PUT up with, on, off , up for ,
BRING out, over, about, on, up, off, in, back
MAKE up, for, into, off, out, into, up for,
GIVE up, in, back, sb away, off, out,
LOOK up, after, back, down on, up to, forward, ahead, into, down to, over, for
TURN down, in, to, over, on, off, into
PULL back, down, off, over, up, through
SET in, about, aside, back, off, upon, on
OFF: set off, call off , take off, show off, tell off, go off, break off,
IN: give in, put in , set in
OVER: go over, get over
OUT: make out, bring out , set out, put out, give out, check out, get out, work out, carry out, grow out
UP: go up, save up, come up, bring up, set up, show up, own up, turn up, put up with, keep up
DOWN: fall down, turn down, let down
ON: put it on, keep on,
AWAY: put it away,
BACK: go back, think back,

Three particle Phrasal Verbs:

Fall down with, run out of, put up with, do away with, run out of, make up for, get along with, came up with,
get rid of, keep up with, run away of, make up for.

PHRASAL VERBS PRACTICE: discuss these questions

1. What can you come down with?

2. What happens if a deal falls through?
3. What happens if you do up your room?
4. What happens if all your hard work pays off in the end?
5. What might happen if you are cut in while driving?
6. What can you flip through?
7. What can you take back?
8. What can go off?
9. What can you give away?
10. Who can you look after?
11. Why you would have to make up for?
12. In what situation would you have to keep up with?
13. What can break down?
14. What can break out?
15. What can you Break up?
16. What can you make up?
17. What can you Break off?
18. What or who can you come across?
19. Who can you run into?
20. What can you come into?
21. What can you draw up?
22. Why can pull over the car?
23. What can you think over?
24. What can you put aside?
25. Who can you tip off?
9
 26. What can catch on?
27. What can you sort out?
28. Who can you catch up with?
29. Who can you fall out with?
30. How can you get on in life?
31. Why you can feel rip off?
32. What can you get across?
33. What can wear off after some hours?
34. What can fall through?
35. Why you can feel work up?
36. Who can you tell off and why?
37. What can you set out or set out on?
38. What can you go through?
39. What can you get behind with?
40. What can be called off?
41. What can be put off?
42. What can you look into?

IDIOMS

IDIOMS fixed or semi fixed phrases .They are very common in spoken English and easily used by
native speakers but some are difficult to understand by us .They have a literal meaning but they can
also be used
figuratively like “hit the ground” or “not to throw in the towel”or metaphorically like “time is money”
That is why we can save time spare time or run out of time.

I am sure we are “on the right track” literal right road or metaphorical acting in right way

Many idioms have already lost their literal meaning with time and kept the figuratively o metaphoric
one Such as … But the literal meaning will help us understand the non-literal uses.

We'll  have  to  go  back  to  square  one  if the government pulls our funding on this project.

“To have a chip on ones shoulder”
“To be in the red
“To be saved by the bell”

Idioms are everywhere!!! We have IDIOMS with COLOURS, NUMBERS parts of the BODY,
CLOTHES, ANIMALS…

IDIOMS WITH PARTS OF THE BODY

To rack your brains, tongue in cheek, see eye to eye, all fingers and thumbs, to get cold feet about
sth, to pay through the nose, to give someone the cold shoulder, get off my back, to pull someone’s
leg, to pick your brain, a head for numbers, to go over your head, to see eye to eye, to talk behind his
back, To be all fingers and hands, pain in the neck , see eye to eye, tongue in cheek

10
IDIOMS WITH COLOURS
To have green fingers, in the red, black list, a white lie, red tape,

IDIOMS WITH ANIMALS

To take the bull by the horns, to feel like a fish out of wate , Smell a rat, hold your horses, to have
butterflies in your stomack, a lone wolf, a snake in the grass, a hen party, to have a whale of a time,
a wolf in sheep’s clothing, cocodrile tears, a night owl,

MORE IDIOMS

To go through a bad PATCH , To go back to square ONE, a dead end JOB, On the grounds of, to
come to terms with , to take someone for granted, Beside the point, to pay a compliment, to make
ends meet, safe and sound, to pull a muscle, to make yourself at home, to do your best, to throw a
party, to be head over heels in love with sb, to sit for an exam, to foot the bill,to face the music, to
make up your mind, to ring a bell, to be sencond to none

IDIOMS PRACTICE

1.Discuss these questions

1. In what situation would you have to take a back seat?

2. What happens if you find yourself in a tight corner?
3. How would you feel if you feel under the weather?
4. Why would your heart sunk?
5. What happens if you get our of bed on the wrong side?
6. What happens if you put your foot in?
7. How do you feel if you put a brave face on a situation?
8. What happens if you throw in the towel?
9. In what conext can you say “we are all in the same boat”?
10. In what context can you say “We cannot make ends meet”?
11. How can put somebody in the picture?
12. What happens if you foot the bill?
13. How do you feel if you see red?
14. What kind of room is a room in which you cannot swing a cat?
15. If someone arrives out of the blue How do they arrive?
16. What happens if you turn a blind eye to a situation?
17. What happens if you are hooked?
18. What type of person is a couch potatoe?
19. Why would you have to put your heads together?
20. In what situation would keep a tight rein?
21. What happenes if you go through a bad patch?
22. What kind of job is a dead end job?

2.Use an idiom with these KEY WORDS

11
PAGE. SHOULDER. ONE .ANTS RAT .PATCH LEG. CAT. FISH HEART. SHOES.
LEG.CORNER WHITE SHEEP . EYE. WEATHER

1. If you agree with someone you say … ( page)

2. If you are in an odd situation You can you feel … (water)
3. If you find yourself in a difficult situation you say …( corner)
4. If you feel bad or sick you may feel …. ( weather)
5. If you give someone an extravagant and useful gift you give a … (elephant)
6. If someone speaks angrily at you you say…
7. If someone looks angry all the time you say …
8. If you suddenly become sad you can say … ( heart )
9. If you don’t agree with someone on anything, you can say that you… (eye)
10. If you do not take somebody seriously you might be … (leg)
11. If you wish somebody good luck you say …(leg)
12. If someone is acting nervously we can say that he or she has got ….
13. If you think something tricky is going on you can smell a …
14. If you have to start all over again, you are back to ….. (one)
15. How would you describe a very small room… (cat)
16. If you go through a difficult situation you go through … (bad)
17. If you tell someone you wouldn’t like to be in his or her place you say… (shoes)
18. How do you call someone who you cannot trust or who has betrayed others? (Clothing)
19. How do you call an inocent lie? (white)

1) Mention the idiom!!!

HAIR
BELL
LEAF
SEAT
WOLF
SHOULDER
CORNER
SEAT
WEATHER
RED
CAT
BLUE
PATCH
JOB
FISH
EYE
ANTS
BELL
ONE
ROAD
SECOND
OCEAN
HEAD
WALL
ELEPHANT
BRAIN

12
 2) Mention the Phrasal Verb

Brush up
figure out
think over
take after
reek of
wear of
get across
fall out with
Come up with
catch on
do up
break out
take up
take on
lay off
wind down
work up

13