sediments

sedimentary rock
 digging, rain, erosion, weathering

Mineralization

Mold Cast

Carbonization

Trace Fossil

Original Material
Relative-age dating
Absolute-age dating

those on the top layers

Radioactive elements
 extinct

Paleozoic era
Mesozoic era
Cenozoic era
 Paleozoic era

Triassic period

Precambrian
Quaternary period
Paleozoic era

Precambrian
Paleozoic era
gradualism

Punctuated equilibrium

Biological evolution