List of skeletal muscles of the human body

This is a table of skeletal muscles of the human anatomy.

There are around 650 skeletal muscles within the typical human
body.[1][2][3] Almost every muscle constitutes one part of a pair of identical
bilateral muscles, found on both sides, resulting in approximately 320
pairs of muscles, as presented in this article. Nevertheless, the exact
number is difficult to define. Different sources group muscles differently,
regarding what is defined as different parts of a single muscle or as several
muscles. There are also vestigial muscles that are present in some people
but absent in others, such as palmaris longus muscle.[4][5]

The muscles of the human body can be categorized into a number of

groups which include muscles relating to the head and neck, muscles of
the torso or trunk, muscles of the upper limbs, and muscles of the lower
limbs.

The action refers to the action of each muscle from the standard
anatomical position. In other positions, other actions may be performed.

These muscles are described using anatomical terminology. The term

"muscle" is omitted from muscle names (except when a muscle is an origin
or insertion), and the term "bone" is omitted from bone names. The terms
"artery" and "nerve" are both used when these structures are mentioned.

Contents
Head
Forehead/eyelid
Extraocular muscles
Ear
Nose
Mouth
Mastication
Tongue
Extrinsic muscle
 Intrinsic
Soft palate
Pharynx
Larynx
Neck
Clavicular
Suprahyoid
Infrahyoid
Neck
Anterior
Lateral
Posterior
Torso
Back
Chest
Pelvis
Perineum
Upper limb
Vertebral column
Thoracic walls
Shoulder
Arm
Anterior compartment
Posterior compartment
Forearm
Anterior compartment
Superficial
Deep
Posterior compartment
Superficial
Deep
Hand
Lateral volar
Thenar
Medial volar
Intermediate
Lower limb
Iliac region
Gluteal
Thigh
Anterior compartment
Posterior compartment/hamstring
Medial compartment
Leg
Anterior compartment
Posterior compartment
Superficial
Deep
Lateral compartment
Foot
Dorsal
Plantar
First layer
Second layer
Third layer
Fourth layer
Innervation overview
See also
References
External links

Head

Forehead/eyelid
 Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist
occipitofrontalis 2 occipital bellies and 2 epicranial aponeurosis facial nerve raises eyebrows
frontal bellies [CNVII]
     occipitalis superior nuchal line of occipital artery posterior retracts scalp
occipital bone, mastoid auricular nerve
part of temporal bone (facial nerve
[CNVII])
     frontalis skin of eyebrow and ophthalmic artery facial nerve wrinkles eyebrow
glabella [CNVII]
orbicularis oculi orbital part: frontal bone orbital part: lateral ophthalmic zygomatic closes eyelids levator palpebrae
palpebral raphe artery, branch of facial superioris
palpebral part: zygomatico- nerve [CNVII]
palpebral part: lateral orbital artery,
medial palpebral angular artery
ligament palpebral
raphelacrimal part:
lacrimal part: Edges of eyelids
posterior crest of
lacrimal bone

corrugator nasal part of frontal bone intermediate third of skin ophthalmic artery zygomatic moves skin of forehead
supercilii of eyebrow branch of facial medially and inferiorly
nerve [CNVII] (towards root of nose)
depressor nasal part of frontal bone, medial third of skin of moves skin of eyebrows
supercilii medial rim of orbit eyebrow inferiorly

Extraocular muscles
 Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist
levator palpebrae sphenoid bone tarsal plate, upper eyelid ophthalmic artery oculomotor nerve retracts and elevates eyelid orbicularis oculi
superioris [CNIII]
superior tarsal underside of levator superior tarsal plate of sympathetic raises upper eyelid
palpebrae superioris eyelid nervous system
Rectus muscles
     superior annulus of Zinn at orbital 7.5 mm superior to ophthalmic artery oculomotor nerve elevates, adducts, and medially
apex corneal limbus [CNIII] rotates eye
     inferior 6.5 mm inferior to ophthalmic artery inferior branch of depresses and adducts eye
corneal limbus oculomotor nerve
[CNIII]
     medial 5.5 mm medial to ophthalmic artery inferior branch of adducts eye
corneal limbus oculomotor nerve
[CNIII]
     lateral 7 mm temporal to ophthalmic artery abducens nerve abducts eye
corneal limbus [CNVI]
Oblique muscles
     superior annulus of Zinn at orbital outer posterior quadrant lateral muscular trochlear nerve intorts, abducts, and depress
apex, medial to optic of eyeball branch of [CNIV] eye
canal ophthalmic artery
     inferior orbital surface of maxilla, laterally onto eyeball, oculomotor nerve extorts, elevates, and abducts
lateral to lacrimal groove deep to lateral rectus, by [CNIII] eye
a short flat tendon

Ear
 Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist
temporoparietalis auriculares muscles epicranial aponeurosis facial nerve
[CNVII]
Auriculares
auricularis
temporal fascia front of helix of ear pulls auricle forwards
anterior
auricularis epicranial aponeurosis dorsocranial surface of posterior auricular pulls auricle upwards
facial nerve
superior auricle artery
[CNVII]
auricularis mastoid process of dorsal part of auricle posterior auricular pulls auricle backwards
posterior temporal bone, tendon of artery
sternocleidomastoid
Muscles of inner ear
stapedius tip of pyramid of middle neck of stapes stapedial branch facial nerve controls amplitude of sound
ear of posterior [CNVII] waves to inner ear
auricular artery
tensor tympani Eustachian tube handle of malleus superior tympanic medial pterygoid tenses tympanic membrane
artery nerve from
mandibular nerve
[CNV3]

Nose
 Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist
procerus muscle fascia over lower part of skin of lower part of facial artery buccal draws down medial angle of
nasal bone forehead between branch of eyebrow (giving expressions of
eyebrows facial frowning)
nerve
depressor septi nasi incisive fossa of maxilla nasal septum and back superior labial [CNVII] depresses nasal septum
part of alar part of artery
nasalis
levator labii superioris frontal process of maxilla nostril and upper lip superior labial dilates nostril, elevates upper
alaeque nasi artery lip, elevates wing of nose
nasalis
     transverse part alveolar yoke of canine lateral nasal cartilage superior labial buccal compresses nostrils
tooth artery branch of
     (compressor naris) facial
nerve
[CNVII]
     alar part alveolar yoke of lateral skin near margin of dilates nostrils
incisor tooth, greater and nostril
     (dilator naris) lesser alar cartilages

Mouth
 Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist
levator anguli oris
maxilla modiolus of mouth facial artery facial nerve elevates angle of mouth (smile)
(caninus) [CNVII]
depressor anguli tubercle of mandible mandibular depresses angle of mouth
oris
branch of facial (frown)
(triangularis) nerve [CNVII]
levator labii medial part of infra- skin and muscle of superior labial buccal branch of elevates upper lip
superioris orbital margin of maxilla upper lip (labii artery facial nerve
superioris) [CNVII]
depressor labii oblique line of mandible, integument of lower lip, inferior labial facial nerve depresses lower lip
inferioris between symphysis and orbicularis oris fibers, its artery [CNVII]
mental foramen fellow of opposite side
mentalis alveolar yoke of lower, skin of chin mandibular elevates and wrinkles skin of
lateral incisor tooth, branch of facial chin, protrudes lower lip
found on anterior nerve [CNVII]
mandible
buccinator alveolar processes of fibres of orbicularis oris buccal artery buccal branch of compress cheeks against teeth
maxilla and mandible, facial nerve (blowing), mastication
pterygomandibular raphe [CNVII]
orbicularis oris maxilla and mandible skin around lips superior labial puckers lips
artery, inferior
labial artery
risorius parotid fascia modiolus of mouth facial artery draw back angle of mouth
Zygomatic muscles
     major zygomatic bone in region modiolus of mouth facial artery buccal branch of draws angle of mouth upward
of zygomaticomaxillary facial nerve and laterally
suture [CNVII]
     minor skin of upper lip elevates upper lip

Mastication
 Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist
masseter anterior two-thirds of angle of mandible, masseteric artery masseteric nerve, elevates and retracts mandible platysma
inferior margin of masseteric tuberosity of from mandibular (closes of mouth)
zygomatic arch and mandible nerve [CNV3]
maxilla
temporalis temporal lines on parietal coronoid process of deep temporal mandibular nerve
bone of skull mandible arteries [CNV3]

Pterygoid muscles
     lateral greater wing of sphenoid condyloid process of pterygoid external pterygoid depresses mandible
and lateral pterygoid mandible branches of nerve from
process maxillary artery mandibular nerve
[CNV3]

     medial deep head: medial side medial angle of medial pterygoid elevates mandible, closes jaw,
of lateral pterygoid plate mandible nerve from helps lateral pterygoid in
behind upper teeth
mandibular nerve moving jaw from side to side
superficial head: [CNV3]
pyramidal process of
palatine bone and
maxillary tuberosity

Tongue

Extrinsic muscle
 Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist
genioglossus superior part of mental dorsum of tongue, body lingual artery hypoglossal inferior fibers: protrudes
spine of mandible of hyoid nerve [CNXII] tongue
(symphysis menti)
middle fibers: depresses
tongue

superior fibers: draws tip

of tongue back and down

hyoglossus hyoid side of tongue depresses tongue

chondroglossus lesser cornu and body of intrinsic muscular fibers depresses tongue (some
hyoid bone of tongue consider this muscle to be part
of hyoglossus)
styloglossus styloid process of tongue sublingual branch elevates and retracts tongue inferior and
temporal bone of lingual artery middle fibers of
genioglossus
palatoglossus palatine aponeurosis vagus nerve raising back part of tongue
[CNX], accessory
nerve [CNXI]

Intrinsic

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist

superior close to epiglottis, from edges of tongue hypoglossal shortens, turns tip upward,
longitudinal median fibrous septum nerve [CNXII] turns lateral margins upward
transversus median fibrous septum sides of tongue narrows and not elongated
inferior root of tongue apex of tongue shortens, retracts, pulls tip
longitudinal downward
verticalis dorsum of tongue inferior surface borders
of tongue

Soft palate
 Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist
tensor veli palatini medial pterygoid plate of palatine aponeurosis medial pterygoid medial pterygoid tenses soft palate, aids in
sphenoid bone of mandibular nerve from swallowing
nerve mandibular nerve
[CNV3]

musculus uvulae hard palate pharyngeal pharyngeal moves and changes shape of
plexus branch of vagus uvula
nerve [CNX]
palatoglossus palatine aponeurosis tongue vagus nerve aids in breathing by raising
[CNX], accessory back part of tongue
nerve [CNXI]
palatopharyngeus palatine aponeurosis and upper border of thyroid facial artery aids in breathing by pulling
hard palate cartilage (blends with pharynx and larynx
constrictor fibers)

Pharynx

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist

stylopharyngeus styloid process of thyroid cartilage pharyngeal glossopharyngeal elevates larynx, elevates
temporal bone (pharynx) branches of nerve [CNIX] pharynx, swallowing
ascending
pharyngeal artery
salpingopharyngeus cartilage of Eustachian posterior fasciculus of vagus nerve raises nasopharynx
tube pharyngopalatinus [CNX], accessory
nerve [CNXI]
Pharyngeal muscles
     inferior cricoid and thyroid pharyngeal raphe pharyngeal external laryngeal swallowing
cartilage branches of branch of vagus
ascending nerve [CNX]
pharyngeal artery
     middle hyoid bone vagus nerve
[CNX]
     superior medial pterygoid plate, pharyngeal raphe,
pterygomandibular pharyngeal tubercle
raphé, alveolar process

Larynx
 Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist
cricothyroid anterior and lateral inferior cornu and lamina cricothyroid external laryngeal tenses and elongates vocal
cricoid cartilage of thyroid cartilage branch of branch of vagus folds (has minor adductory
superior thyroid nerve [CNX] effect)
artery
arytenoid arytenoid cartilage on arytenoid cartilage on superior laryngeal recurrent approximates arytenoid
one side opposite side branch of laryngeal branch cartilages (closes rima glottidis)
superior thyroid of vagus nerve
artery [CNX]
thyroarytenoid inner surface of thyroid anterior surface of thickens vocal folds and
cartilage (anterior arytenoid cartilage decreases length; adducts
surface) vocal folds during speech
Cricoarytenoid muscles
     posterior posterior part of cricoid muscular process of recurrent abducts and laterally rotates lateral
cartilage arytenoid cartilage laryngeal branch cartilage, pulling vocal cricoarytenoid
of vagus nerve ligaments away from midline
[CNX] and forward and so opening
rima glottidis
     lateral lateral part of arch of adducts and medially rotates
cricoid cartilage cartilage, pulling vocal
ligaments towards midline and
backwards and so closing rima
glottidis

Neck

Clavicular
 Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist
platysma base of mandible inferior clavicle and branches of cervical branch tenses skin of neck masseter,
fascia of chest submental artery, of facial nerve temporalis
branches of [CNVII]
suprascapular
artery
sternocleidomastoid sternal head: manubrium mastoid process of occipital artery, motor: acting alone: tilts head to its
sterni temporal bone, superior thyroid accessory nerve
own side, rotates head so face
superior nuchal line artery sensory: is turned towards opposite side
clavicular head: cervical plexus
medial portion of acting together: flexes
clavicle neck, raises sternum,
assists in forced
inspiration ||

Suprahyoid

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist

digastric anterior belly: digastric intermediate anterior belly: submental anterior belly: mandibular opens jaw when
fossa (mandible) tendon (lesser horn branch of facial artery nerve [CNV3] via masseter and
of hyoid bone) mylohyoid nerve temporalis are relaxed
posterior belly: posterior belly:
mastoid process of occipital artery posterior belly: facial
temporal bone nerve [CNVII]

stylohyoid styloid process of temporal greater horn of occipital artery facial nerve [CNVII] elevates hyoid during
bone hyoid bone swallowing
mylohyoid mylohyoid line of mandible pharyngeal raphe mylohyoid branch of mylohyoid nerve, from raises oral cavity floor,
inferior alveolar artery inferior alveolar branch of elevates hyoid,
mandibular nerve [CNV3] depresses mandible

geniohyoid mandibular symphysis anterior surface of C1 via hypoglossal nerve elevates hyoid and
body of hyoid bone tongue upward during
deglutition

Infrahyoid
 Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist
sternohyoid manubrium of sternum hyoid bone superior thyroid ansa cervicalis depresses hyoid
artery
sternothyroid thyroid cartilage depresses larynx, may slightly
depress hyoid
thyrohyoid thyroid cartilage hyoid bone C1 depress hyoid
omohyoid upper border of scapula inferior thyroid ansa cervicalis depresses larynx, depresses
artery and moves to side hyoid

Neck

Anterior

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist

longus colli transverse processes of anterior arch of atlas C2, C3, C4, C5, flexes neck and head
vertebrae C3, C4, C5, C6
and C6
longus capitis anterior tubercles of basilar part of occipital C1, C2, C3/C4 flexes neck at atlanto-occipital
transverse processes of bone joint
vertebrae C3, C4, C5,
and C6
rectus capitis atlas occipital bone C1
anterior
rectus capitis upper surface of under surface of jugular sidebens at atlanto-occipital
lateralis transverse process of process of occipital bone joint
atlas

Lateral
 Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist
scalene cervical vertebrae first and second ribs ascending cervical nerves elevates 1st and 2nd rib
cervical artery (C3, C4, C5, C6,
(branch of inferior C7)
thyroid artery)
     anterior C3-C6 first rib ventral ramus of when neck is fixed, elevates
C5, C6 first rib to aid in breathing or
when rib is fixed, bends neck
forward and sideways and
rotates it to opposite side
     medius C2-C6 ventral rami of elevates 1st rib, rotate neck to
third to eighth opposite side
cervical spinal
nerves
     posterior transverse processes of second rib ascending C6, C7, C8 elevates 2nd rib, tilts neck to
C4 – C6 cervical artery, same side
superficial
cervical artery
levator scapulae posterior tubercles of superior part of medial dorsal scapular cervical nerve elevates scapula, tilts glenoid serratus anterior
transverse processes of border of scapula artery (C3, C4) and cavity inferiorly by rotating
C1 – C4 dorsal scapular scapula
nerve (C5)
rectus capitis upper surface of under surface of jugular C1
lateralis transverse process of process of occipital bone
atlas (C1)
obliquus capitis lateral mass of atlas lateral half of inferior suboccipital nerve
superior nuchal line
obliquus capitis spinous process of axis lateral mass of atlas suboccipital nerve
inferior

Posterior
 Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist
rectus capitis tubercle on posterior medial part of inferior a branch of dorsal extends head at neck, but is
posterior minor arch of atlas (C1) nuchal line of occipital primary division now considered to be more of a
bone and surface of suboccipital sensory organ than a muscle
between it and foramen nerve
magnum
rectus capitis spinous process of axis inferior nucheal line of dorsal ramus of
posterior major (C2) occipital bone C1 (suboccipital
nerve)
semispinalis articular processes of occipital bone between greater occipital extends head
capitis C4-C6; transverse superior and inferior nerve
processes of C7 and T1- nuchal lines
T7
longissimus articular processes of posterior margin of lateral sacral posterior branch laterally: Flexes head and neck
capitis C4-C7; transverse mastoid process artery of spinal nerve to same side.
processes of T1-T5
bilaterally: Extend
vertebral column ||

splenius capitis ligamentum nuchae, mastoid process C3, C4 extends, rotates, and laterally
spinous processes of flex head
C7-T6
obliquus capitis lateral mass of atlas lateral half of inferior suboccipital nerve
superior nuchal line
obliquus capitis spinous process of axis lateral mass of atlas
inferior

Torso

Back
 Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist
erector spinae spines of last four both spines of most lateral sacral posterior branch extends vertebral column rectus abdominis
thoracic vertebrae cranial thoracic artery of spinal nerve
vertebrae and cervical
vertebrae
     iliocostalis
     longissimus transverse process transverse process
     spinalis spinous process spinous process
latissimus dorsi spinous processes of floor of intertubercular subscapular thoracodorsal pulls forelimb dorsally and deltoid, trapezius
thoracic T6-T12, groove of humerus artery, dorsal nerve caudally
thoracolumbar fascia, scapular artery
iliac crest and inferior 3
or 4 ribs
transversospinales transverse process spinous process posterior
branches of
spinal nerve
     semispinalis transverse processes of spinous processes of
thoracis
sixth to tenth thoracic upper four thoracic
(dorsi) vertebrae vertebrae and lower two
cervical vertebrae
     semispinalis transverse processes of cervical spinous
cervicis
upper five or six thoracic processes, from axis to
(colli) vertebrae fifth
     semispinalis transversal process of area between superior greater occipital extends head
capitis
lower cervical and and inferior nuchal line nerve
(complexus) higher thoracal columna
     multifidus sacrum, erector spinae spinous process posterior branch stabilizes vertebrae in local
aponeurosis, PSIS, and of spinal nerve movements of vertebral column
iliac crest
     rotatores transverse process posterior branch
interspinales spinous process posterior rami of extends, flexes, and rotates
spinal nerves vertebral column
intertransversarii transverse process transverse process laterally flexes trunk
above
splenius
     capitis nuchal ligament, spinous mastoid process of C3, C4 extends, rotates, and laterally
process of C7-T6 temporal bone, occipital flexes head
bone
     cervicis spinous processes of transverse processes of C5, C6
T3-T6 C1, C2, C3
Chest

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist

intercostals ribs 1–11 ribs 2–12 intercostal arteries intercostal nerves
     external inhalation internal
     internal rib – inferior border rib – superior border holds ribs steady external
     innermost elevates ribs
subcostales inner surface of one rib inner surface of second
or third rib above, near
its angle
transversus costal cartilages of last ribs/costal cartilages 2– depresses ribs
thoracis 3–4 ribs, body of 6
sternum, xiphoid
process
levatores transverse processes of superior surfaces of ribs dorsal rami – C8, assists in elevation of thoracic
costarum C7 to T12 vertebrae immediately inferior to T1, T2, T3, T4, rib cage
preceding vertebrae T5, T6, T7, T8,
T9, T10, T11
Serratus posterior muscles
     inferior vertebrae T11 – L3 inferior borders of 9th intercostal arteries intercostal nerves depresses lower ribs, aiding in
through 12th ribs expiration
     superior nuchal ligament (or upper borders of 2nd 2nd through 5th elevates ribs, aiding in
ligamentum nuchae) through 5th ribs intercostal nerves inspiration
and spinous processes
of vertebrae C7 through
T3
diaphragm pericardiacophrenic phrenic and lower breathing
artery, intercostal nerves
musculophrenic
artery, inferior
phrenic arteries

Pelvis
 Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist
coccygeus sacrospinous ligament coccyx sacral nerves: S4, closes back part of pelvic outlet
S5 or S3-S4
Levator ani
     iliococcygeus ischial spine, posterior coccyx and inferior gluteal levator ani nerve supports organs in pelvic cavity
part of tendinous arch of anococcygeal raphe artery (S4)
pelvic fascia
inferior rectal
nerve from
pudendal
     pubococcygeus back surface of pubis, coccyx and sacrum nerve (S3, controls urine flow, contracts
anterior part of obturator S4) during orgasm
fascia
coccygeal
plexus

     puborectalis lower part of pubic - S3, S4. levator inhibits defecation

symphysis ani nerve

Perineum
 Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist
Sphincter ani
     externus - - inferior rectal S4 and twigs keeps anal canal and anus
artery from inferior anal closed, aids in expulsion of
nerves of feces
pudendal nerve
     internus - - pudendal nerve
Superficial perineal pouch
     transversus anterior surface of central point of perineum perineal artery pudendal nerve
perinei superficialis ischial tuberosity
     bulbospongiosus perineal raphe - empties urethra (men)

clenches vagina (women)

||

     ischiocavernosus ischial tuberosity crus of penis (men) assists bulbospongiosus

crus of clitoris
(women)

Deep perineal pouch

     transversus inferior ramus of its fellow of opposite side pudendal nerve
perinei profundus ischium
     sphincter junction of inferior rami perineal branch constricts urethra, maintains
urethrae of pubis and ischium of pudendal urinary continence
membranaceae about 1.25 – 2 cm, and nerve (S2, S3,
from neighboring fascia S4)

Upper limb

Vertebral column
 Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist
trapezius down midline, external at shoulders, lateral transverse motor: accessory nerve retracts and elevates serratus anterior
occipital protuberance, third of clavicle, cervical artery [CNXI] scapula
nuchal ligament, acromion of scapula,
medial part of superior spine of scapula sensory: cervical
nuchal line, spinous
processes of vertebrae
nerves C3 and C4
C7-T12
latissimus dorsi spinous processes of floor of intertubercular subscapular thoracodorsal nerve pulls forelimb dorsally and deltoid, trapezius
thoracic T6-T12, groove of humerus artery, dorsal caudally
thoracolumbar fascia, scapular artery
iliac crest and inferior 3
or 4 ribs
rhomboids nuchal ligaments, medial border of dorsal scapular dorsal scapular nerve (C4 retracts scapula and rotates serratus anterior
spinous processes of scapula artery and C5) it to depress glenoid cavity,
C7-T5 vertebrae fixes scapula to thoracic wall
     rhomboid spinous processes of medial border of
major T2 to T5 vertebrae scapula, inferior to
insertion of rhomboid
minor
     rhomboid nuchal ligaments and medial border of
minor spinous processes of scapula, superior to
C7- to T1 vertebrae insertion of rhomboid
major
levator scapulae posterior tubercles of superior part of medial cervical nerve (C3, C4) elevates scapula, tilts
transverse processes border of scapula and dorsal scapular nerve glenoid cavity inferiorly by
of C1 – C4 vertebrae (C5) rotating scapula

Thoracic walls
 Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist
pectoralis major clavicular head: intertubercular groove pectoral branch of lateral pectoral adducts and medially rotates
anterior surface of of humerus thoracoacromial artery nerve, medial humerus, draws scapula
medial half of clavicle pectoral nerve anteriorly and inferiorly
sternocostal head: clavicular head: clavicular head: flexes
anterior surface of C5 and C6 humerus sternocostal head:
sternum, superior six sternocostal extends humerus
costal cartilages head: C7, C8
and T1
pectoralis minor 3rd to 5th ribs, near medial border and medial pectoral stabilizes scapula by drawing
their costal cartilages superior surface of nerve (C8, T1) it inferiorly and anteriorly
coracoid process of against thoracic wall
scapula
subclavius first rib subclavian groove of thoracoacromial artery, subclavian nerve depresses clavicle
clavicle clavicular branch
serratus anterior fleshy slips from outer costal surface of upper part: lateral thoracic long thoracic protracts and stabilises rhomboid major,
surface of upper 8 or 9 medial margin of artery nerve (from roots scapula, assists in upward rhomboid minor,
ribs scapula of brachial rotation trapezius
lower plexus C5, C6,
C7)
part:thoracodorsal
artery

Shoulder
 Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist
deltoid clavicle, acromion, spine deltoid tuberosity of primarily posterior axillary nerve abducts, flexes, and extends latissimus dorsi
of scapula humerus circumflex shoulder
humeral artery
teres major posterior surface of medial lip of subscapular lower internally rotates humerus
inferior angle of scapula intertubercular sulcus of artery, circumflex subscapular
humerus scapular artery nerve (segmental
levels C5 and C6)
Rotator cuff
supraspinatus supraspinous fossa of superior facet of greater suprascapular suprascapular abducts and stabilises humerus infraspinatus,
scapula tubercle of humerus artery nerve teres minor,
pectoralis major,
latissimus dorsi
infraspinatus infraspinous fossa of middle facet of greater suprascapular laterally rotates, adducts, and subscapularis,
scapula tubercle of humerus artery, circumflex stabilises humerus pectoralis major,
scapular artery latissimus dorsi
teres minor lateral border of scapula inferior facet of greater posterior axillary nerve laterally rotates and adducts subscapularis,
tubercle of humerus circumflex humerus pectoralis major,
humeral artery, latissimus dorsi
circumflex
scapular artery
subscapularis subscapular fossa of lesser tubercle of subscapular upper medially rotates humerus, infraspinatus,
scapula humerus artery subscapular stabilizes shoulder teres minor
nerve, lower
subscapular
nerve (C5, C6)

Arm

Anterior compartment

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist

coracobrachialis coracoid process of medial surface of brachial artery musculocutaneous flexes and adducts shoulder
scapula humerus nerve
biceps brachii short head: coracoid radial tuberosity, bicipital musculocutaneous flexes elbow, supinates forearm triceps brachii
process of scapula
aponeurosis nerve (lateral cord:
long head: C5, C6, C7)
supraglenoid tubercle
brachialis anterior surface of coronoid process of radial recurrent musculocutaneous flexes elbow
humerus (mainly distal ulna, tuberosity of ulna artery nerve
half)
Posterior compartment

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist

triceps brachii long head: infraglenoid olecranon of ulna deep artery of radial nerve extends forearm biceps brachii,
tubercle of scapula
arm brachialis
lateral head: posterior long head: adducts
humerus (above radial
sulcus)

shoulder
medial head:
medial head: posterior does not function at
humerus - (below radial shoulder
sulcus)

anconeus lateral epicondyle of lateral surface of deep artery of radial nerve (C7, partly blended with triceps,
humerus olecranon, superior part arm, interosseous C8, and T1) extendsforearm, stabilises
of posterior ulna recurrent artery elbow, abducts ulna during
pronation

Forearm

Anterior compartment

Superficial
 Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist
pronator teres humeral head: medial pronator tuberosity of ulnar artery, median nerve pronates forearm, flexes elbow supinator
epicondyle of humerus radius radial artery
(common flexor tendon)

ulnar head: coronoid

process of ulna
flexor carpi medial epicondyle of bases of second radial artery flexes and abducts wrist extensor carpi
radialis humerus (common flexor metacarpal, base of third radialis brevis,
tendon) metacarpal extensor carpi
radialis longus
palmaris longus palmar aponeurosis ulnar artery flexes wrist extensor carpi
radialis brevis,
extensor carpi
radialis longus,
extensor carpi
ulnaris
flexor carpi pisiform, hook of muscular flexes and adducts wrist extensor carpi
ulnaris hamate, base of fifth branches of ulnar ulnaris
metacarpal nerve
flexor digitorum medial epicondyle of bases of middle median nerve flexes fingers (primarily at extensor
superficialis humerus (common flexor phalanges 2, 3, 4, and 5 proximal interphalangeal joints) digitorum
tendon), parts of radius
and ulna

Deep

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist

pronator medial anterior surface lateral anterior surface anterior anterior interosseous weakly pronates forearm supinator
quadratus of ulna of radius interosseous nerve (median nerve)
artery
flexor digitorum ulna distal phalanges lateral belly: anterior flexes wrist, flexes extensor
profundus interosseous nerve interphalangeal joints digitorum
(median nerve)

medial belly:
muscular branches of
ulna nerve

flexor pollicis middle half of volar base of distal phalanx anterior interosseous flexes thumb extensor pollicis
longus surface of radius, of thumb nerve (median nerve) (C8, longus, extensor
interosseus membrane T1) pollicis brevis

Posterior compartment
Superficial

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist

extensor lateral epicondyle of 2nd–5th phalanges posterior posterior extends hand, extends fingers flexor digitorum
digitorum humerus (common interosseous interosseous superficialis,
extensor tendon) artery nerve (C7, C8) flexor digitorum
profundus
extensor digiti anterior surface of lateral extensor expansion, extends little finger at all joints flexor digiti minimi
minimi epicondyle of humerus located at base of brevis
(common extensor proximal phalanx on
tendon) dorsal side
extensor carpi lateral epicondyle of 5th metacarpal ulnar artery extends and adducts wrist flexor carpi
ulnaris humerus (common ulnaris
extensor tendon), ulna
Mobile wad
     brachioradialis lateral supracondylar radial styloid process radial recurrent radial nerve flexes forearm, pronates
ridge of humerus (distal radius) artery forearm when supine, supinates
forearm when prone
     extensor carpi 2nd metacarpal radial artery extends wrist joint, abducts flexor carpi
radialis longus hand at wrist radialis
     extensor carpi anterior surface of lateral base of 3rd metacarpal posterior
radialis brevis epicondyle of humerus interosseus nerve
(common extensor
tendon)

Deep
 Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist
supinator lateral epicondyle of lateral proximal shaft of radial recurrent posterior supinates forearm pronator teres,
humerus, supinator crest radius artery interosseus nerve pronator
of ulna, radial collateral (C7, C8) quadratus
ligament, annular
ligament
extensor indicis ulna index finger (extensor extends index finger, wrist
hood)
Anatomical snuff box
abductor pollicis ulna first metacarpal posterior posterior abducts and extends thumb adductor pollicis
longus interosseous interosseous
artery nerve (C7, C8)
extensor pollicis radius, interosseous proximal phalanx of extends thumb at flexor pollicis
brevis membrane of forearm thumb metacarpophalangeal joint longus, flexor
pollicis brevis
     extensor ulna, interosseous distal phalanx of thumb extends thumb
pollicis longus membrane of forearm (metacarpophalangeal and
interphalangeal)

Hand

Lateral volar

Thenar
 Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist
opponens pollicis trapezium, transverse metacarpal bone of superficial palmar median nerve opposes thumb
carpal ligament thumb on its radial side arch
flexor pollicis trapezoid, flexor thumb, proximal phalanx median nerve, flexes thumb extensor pollicis
brevis retinaculum deep branch of longus, extensor
ulnar nerve pollicis brevis
(medial head)
abductor pollicis flexor retinaculum of radial base of proximal median nerve abducts thumb adductor pollicis
brevis hand, scaphoid and phalanx of thumb and
trapezium thumb extensors
adductor pollicis transverse head: medial side of base of deep palmar arch deep branch of adducts thumb at abductor pollicis
anterior body of third proximal phalanx of ulnar nerve (T1) carpometacarpal joint longus, abductor
metacarpal
thumb and ulnar pollicis brevis
oblique head: bases of sesamoid
second and third
metacarpals and
adjacent trapezoid and
capitate bones

Medial volar

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist

palmaris brevis flexor retinaculum palm palmar superficial branch wrinkle skin of palm
(medial), palmar metacarpal artery of ulnar nerve
aponeurosis
hypothenar
     abductor digiti pisiform base of proximal ulnar artery deep branch of abducts little finger
minimi phalanx of 5th digit on ulnar nerve
ulnar or medial side
     flexor digiti hamate bone little finger deep branch of flexes little finger extensor digiti
minimi brevis ulnar nerve minimi
     opponens hook of hamate, flexor medial border of 5th deep branch of draws 5th metacarpal anteriorly
digiti minimi retinaculum metacarpal ulnar nerve (C8 and rotates it, bringing little
and T1) finger (5th digit) into opposition
with thumb

Intermediate
 Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist
lumbrical flexor digitorum extensor expansion superficial palmar deep branch of flex metacarpophalangeal
profundus arch, common ulnar nerve, joints, extend interphalangeal
palmar digital median nerve joints
arteries, deep
palmar arch,
dorsal digital
artery
dorsal interossei metacarpals proximal phalanges dorsal metacarpal deep branch of abduct fingers palmar interossei
artery, palmar ulnar nerve
metacarpal artery
palmar interossei palmar adduct fingers dorsal interossei
metacarpal artery

Lower limb

Iliac region

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist

iliopsoas iliac fossa (iliacus), lesser trochanter of medial femoral femoral nerve, flexes hip (psoas major/minor, gluteus maximus,
sacrum (iliacus), spine femur (psoas major), circumflex artery, lumbar nerves L1, iliacus), spine rotation (psoas posterior
(T12, L1, lumbar shaft below lesser iliolumbar artery L2 major/minor) compartment of
vertebra, psoas major, trochanter (iliacus), thigh
psoas minor)[6] tendon of psoas major &
femur (iliacus)[6]
     psoas major transverse processes, lesser trochanter of iliolumbar artery lumbar plexus via flexes and rotates laterally thigh gluteus maximus
bodies and intervertebral femur anterior branches
discs of T12-L5 of L1, L2, L3[7]
vertebrae
     psoas minor side of T11+L1 and IV Pectineal line and iliolumbar artery, L1 weakly flexes trunk flexor
intervertebral disc iliopectineal eminence lumbar arteries
     iliacus iliac fossa lesser trochanter of medial femoral femoral nerve flexes hip[8]
femur circumflex artery, (L2, L3[7])
Iliolumbar artery

Gluteal
 Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist
tensor fasciae iliac crest iliotibial tract primarily lateral superior gluteal flexes thigh, medially rotates
latae circumflex nerve (L4, L5) thigh, stabilises torso
femoral artery,
superior gluteal
artery
gluteal
     gluteus gluteal surface of ilium, gluteal tuberosity of superior gluteal inferior gluteal externally rotates and extends Iliacus, psoas
maximus lumbar fascia, sacrum, femur, iliotibial tract artery, inferior nerve (L5, S1, S2 hip joint, supports extended major, psoas
sacrotuberous ligament gluteal artery nerve roots) knee through iliotibial tract, minor
chief antigravity muscle in
sitting
     gluteus gluteal surface of ilium, greater trochanter of superior gluteal superior gluteal abduction of hip; preventing lateral rotator
medius under gluteus maximus femur artery nerve (L4, L5, S1 adduction of hip Medial rotation group
nerve roots) of thigh
     gluteus gluteal surface of ilium,
minimus under gluteus medius
lateral rotator at or below acetabulum on or near greater inferior gluteal obturator nerve, laterally rotates hip gluteus minimus,
group of ilium trochanter of femur artery, lateral piriformis nerve, gluteus medius
sacral artery, nerve to
superior gluteal quadratus femoris
artery
     piriformis sacrum greater trochanter piriformis nerve laterally rotates (outward) thigh
(S1 and S2 nerve
roots)[9]
     obturator obturator foramen and medial surface of greater obturator artery posterior branch adduct thigh, rotate laterally
externus obturatory membrane trochanter of femur of obturator nerve thigh
(L3, L4)
superior gemellus ischial spine nerve to obturator
internus (L5, S1,
     obturator ischiopubic ramus, medial surface of greater S2) abducts & rotates laterally thigh,
internus obturator membrane trochanter of femur stabilises hip during walking
     inferior ischial tuberosity obturator internus nerve to laterally rotates thigh
gemellus tendon quadratus femoris
(L4, L5, S1)
     quadratus intertrochanteric crest inferior gluteal
femoris artery

Thigh

Anterior compartment
 Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist
articularis genus femur suprapatellar bursa femoral artery femoral nerve pulls suprapatellar bursa during
extension of knee
sartorius superior to anterior medial side of upper flexes, laterally rotates, and
superior iliac spine tibia in pes anserinus abducts thigh, flexes and
medially rotates leg
quadriceps combined rectus femoris patella and tibial extends knee, flexes hip (rectus hamstring
femoris and vastus muscles tuberosity via patellar femoris only)
tendon
     rectus femoris anterior inferior iliac knee extension; hip flexion
spine and exterior
surface of bony ridge
which forms iliac portion
of acetabulum
     vastus lateralis greater trochanter, extends knee
intertrochanteric line,
and linea aspera of
femur
     vastus anterior surface of femur
intermedius
     vastus anteromedial surface of
medialis femur

Posterior compartment/hamstring

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist

hamstring
biceps femoris long head: ischial
tuberosity
short head: linea
aspera of femur[10]
semitendinosus ischial tuberosity[10]
semimembranosus
head of fibula[10] inferior gluteal long head: medial (tibial) flexes knee joint, laterally
articulating with back artery, part of sciatic nerve rotates leg at knee (when
of lateral tibial perforating knee is flexed), extends
condyle arteries, short head: lateral hip joint (long head
popliteal artery only)[10]
(common fibular) part
of sciatic nerve[10] quadriceps
femoris
pes anserinus inferior gluteal sciatic nerve[10] (tibial, L5, flexes knee, extends hip,
artery, S1, S2) medially rotates leg at
perforating knee[10]
arteries
medial surface of profunda sciatic nerve[10]
tibia[10] femoris, gluteal
artery
Medial compartment

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist

adductor muscles pubis femur, tibia obturator artery obturator nerve adducts hip gluteus medius,
of the hip gluteus minimus
     gracilis inferior pubic ramus[11] tibia (pes anserinus) anterior branch of adducts hip, flexes hip, medially
obturator rotates knee[11]
nerve[11]
     pectineus superior pubic ramus[11] lesser trochanter, linea femoral nerve flexes and adducts hip[11]
aspera and obturator
nerve (medial
compartment)[11]
     adductor anterior surface of lesser trochanter and anterior branch of adducts hip[11]
brevis inferior pubic ramus[11] linea aspera of femur obturator
nerve[11]
     adductor pubic body just below middle third of linea adducts and medially rotates
longus pubic crest aspera hip[11]
     adductor [11] femur, adductor tubercle posterior branch adducts hip[11]
magnus of femur of obturator nerve
(adductor) and
tibial part of
sciatic nerve
(vertical
head)[11][12]

Leg

Anterior compartment
 Muscle Origin
tibialis anterior body of tibia
extensor hallucis middle portion of anterior
longus surface of fibula, anterior
surface of interosseous
membrane
extensor lateral condyle of tibia,
digitorum longus superior ¾ of
interosseous membrane
fibularis tertius distal anterior surface of
fibula
Posterior compartment
Superficial
Muscle Origin
triceps surae
     gastrocnemius medial condyle and
lateral condyle of femur
     soleus fibula, medial border of
tibia (soleal line)
plantaris lateral supracondylar
ridge of femur above
lateral head of
gastrocnemius
Deep
Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist
medial cuneiform and anterior tibial deep fibular nerve dorsiflexes and inverts foot fibularis longus,
first metatarsal bones of artery gastrocnemius,
foot soleus, plantaris,
tibialis posterior
dorsal side of base of extends big toe, assists in flexor hallucis
distal phalanx of hallux dorsiflexion of foot at ankle, longus, flexor
weakly inverts foot hallucis brevis
middle and distal extension of toes and ankle flexor digitorum
phalanges of lateral four longus, flexor
digits digitorum brevis
dorsal surface of fifth dorsi flexes and everts foot
metatarsal
Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist
achilles tendon, posterior tibial tibial nerve plantarflexes ankle
calcaneus artery
calcaneus sural arteries tibial nerve from plantarflexes ankle, flexes knee tibialis anterior
sciatic nerve, (minor)
specifically, nerve
roots S1, S2
tendo calcaneus tibial nerve, plantarflexes ankle
specifically, nerve
roots L5–S2
calcaneal tendon tibial nerve plantarflexes ankle, flexes knee
(medial side, deep to
gastrocnemius tendon)
 Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist
popliteus middle facet of lateral posterior tibia under popliteal artery tibial nerve medially rotates and flexes
surface of lateral femoral tibial condyles knee
condyle
tarsal tunnel
     flexor hallucis posterior surface of base of distal phalanx of fibular artery tibial nerve, S1, flexes all joints of big toe, extensor hallucis
longus upper 1/3 of fibula hallux (peroneal branch S2 nerve roots plantarflexes ankle longus
of posterior tibial
artery
     flexor medial tibia distal phalanges of posterior tibial tibial nerve flexes toes extensor
digitorum longus lateral four digits artery digitorum longus,
extensor
digitorum brevis
     tibialis tibia, fibula navicular, medial inverts foot, plantarflexes foot at tibialis anterior
posterior cuneiform ankle

Lateral compartment

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist

fibularis longus fibula first metatarsal, medial fibular artery superficial fibular plantarflexes and everts ankle tibialis anterior
cuneiform nerve
fibularis brevis fibula fifth metatarsal fibular artery superficial fibular plantarflexes and everts ankle tibialis posterior
nerve

Foot

Dorsal
 Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist
extensor calcaneus toes deep fibular nerve extends digits 2, 3, and 4 flexor digitorum
digitorum brevis longus, flexor
digitorum brevis
extensor hallucis base of proximal deep fibular nerve extends big toe flexor hallucis
brevis phalanx of big toe brevis
dorsal interossei metatarsals proximal phalanges lateral plantar abducts toes plantar interossei
of foot nerve(fourth
interosseous
space: superficial
branch others:
deep branch),
first and second
interossei: lateral
branch of deep
fibular nerve

Plantar

First layer

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist

abductor hallucis medial process of medial side of base of medial plantar abducts hallux adductor hallucis
calcaneus, flexor proximal phalanx of first nerve
retinaculum, plantar digit
aponeurosis
flexor digitorum medial process of middle phalanges of flexes lateral four toes extensor
brevis calcaneus, plantar digits 2–5 digitorum longus,
aponeurosis, extensor
intermuscular septa digitorum brevis
abductor digiti plantar aponeurosis phalanges of fifth toe lateral plantar lateral plantar flexes and abducts fifth toe flexor digiti minimi
minimi artery nerve (S1, S2) brevis

Second layer
 Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist
quadratus plantae calcaneus tendons of flexor lateral plantar flexes distal interphalangeal
digitorum longus nerve (S1, S2) joints (assists flexor digitorum
longus)
lumbricals tendons of flexor medial surface of lateral plantar lateral plantar maintain extension of digits at
digitorum longus extensor expansion of artery, plantar nerve (lateral interphalangeal joints
proximal phalanges of arch, four plantar three lumbricals)
lateral four toes metatarsal and medial
arteries plantar nerve
(first lumbrical)

Third layer

Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist

flexor hallucis plantar surface of medial head: medial medial plantar flexes big toe extensor hallucis
brevis cuneiforms, plantar sesamoid bone of nerve longus
calcaneocuboid ligament, metatarsophalangeal joint,
long plantar ligament proximal phalanx of great
toe

lateral head: lateral

sesamoid bone of
metatarsophalangeal
joint, proximal phalanx
of great toe

adductor hallucis oblique head: proximal lateral side of base of lateral plantar adducts big toe abductor hallucis
ends of middle 3 proximal phalanx of big nerve
metatarsals toe, sesamoid

transverse head:
metatarsophalangeal
joints, ligaments of
lateral 3 toes

flexor digiti fifth metatarsal bone phalanx of fifth toe lateral plantar extends and adducts fifth toe abductor digiti
minimi brevis nerve (superficial minimi
branch)

Fourth layer
 Muscle Origin Insertion Artery Nerve Action Antagonist
plantar interossei tendons of plantar proximal phalanges III-V plantar arch, lateral plantar adducts toes 3 - 5, strengthens dorsal interossei
Interossei - muscles cross the dorsal metatarsal nerve transverse arch
metatarsophalangeal artery
joint of toes III-V so the
insertions correspond
with the origin and there
is no crossing between
toes
dorsal interossei metatarsals proximal phalanges lateral plantar abducts toes plantar interossei
nerve

Innervation overview
Mind Map showing a summary of Upper Limb Muscle Innervation
 Mind Map Showing a summary of Lower Limb Muscle innervation

See also
Accessory muscle
List of bones of the human skeleton
List of nerves of the human body
Circulatory system
Blood vessel

References
 1. Science Reference Section (19 November 2019). "What is the
strongest muscle in the human body?" (https://www.loc.gov/item/wh
at-is-the-strongest-muscle-in-the-human-body/). Library of
Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Library of Congress.
Retrieved 2021-05-01.
2. Brooks, Susan V. (2003-12-01). "Current topics for teaching skeletal
muscle physiology". Advances in Physiology Education. 27 (1–4):
171–182. doi:10.1152/advan.00025.2003 (https://doi.org/10.1152%2
Fadvan.00025.2003). ISSN 1043-4046 (https://www.worldcat.org/iss
n/1043-4046). PMID 14627615 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14
627615).
3. John., Stewart, Gregory (2009). "Chapter 8: Skeletal muscles" (http
s://books.google.com/books?
id=eLDPH0RcdgoC&q=600&pg=PA10). The skeletal and muscular
systems. New York: Chelsea House. ISBN 9781604133653.
OCLC 277118444 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/277118444).
4. de las Peñas, César Fernández; Ge, Hong-You; Arendt-Nielsen,
Lars; Dommerholt, Jan; Simons, David G. (2011). "Chapter 32 -
Referred pain from muscle/myofascial trigger points" (https://www.sc
iencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780702035289000327). Neck
and Arm Pain Syndromes. Churchill Livingstone. pp. 404–418.
doi:10.1016/B978-0-7020-3528-9.00032-7 (https://doi.org/10.1016%
2FB978-0-7020-3528-9.00032-7). ISBN 978-0-7020-3528-9.
5. Sarnat, Harvey B.; Carpenter, Stirling (2015). "Chapter 4 - Muscle
Biopsy for Diagnosis of Neuromuscular and Metabolic Diseases" (htt
ps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124170445000
044). Neuromuscular Disorders of Infancy, Childhood, and
Adolescence (2nd ed.). Academic Press. pp. 46–65. ISBN 978-0-
12-417044-5.
6. "Iliopsoas" (http://www.exrx.net/Muscles/Iliopsoas.html). exrx.net.
7. Essential Clinical Anatomy. K.L. Moore & A.M. Agur. Lippincott, 2
ed. 2002. Page 193
8. Gosling, J. A., Harris, P. F., Humpherson, J. R., Whitmore I., &
Willan P. L. T. 2008. Human Anatomy Color Atlas and Text Book.
Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier. page 200
9. Essential Clinical Anatomy. K.L. Moore & A.M. Agur. Lippincott, 2
ed. 2002. Page 217
10. Gosling 2008, p. 273
11. Gosling et al. 2008, p. 266
12. MedicalMnemonics.com: 255 (http://www.medicalmnemonics.com/c
gi-bin/lookup.cfm?id1=255&id2=&id3=&id4=)

External links
LUMEN's Master Muscle List (https://web.archive.org/web/20061027222851/http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/GrossAnatomy/dissec
tor/muscles/muscles.html)
PT Central - Complete Muscle Tables for the Human Body (https://web.archive.org/web/20090930203009/http://www.ptcentral.com/muscles/)
Lower Extremity Muscle Atlas (https://web.archive.org/web/20061006060904/http://www.rad.washington.edu/atlas2/)
Tutorial and quizzes on skeletal muscular anatomy (http://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/muscularsystem/menu/menu.html)
Muscles of human body (https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181318/http://healthfavo.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/human-anatomy-mu
scle-diagram.jpg) (also here (https://web.archive.org/web/20140420061417/http://www.majormusclegroups.com/wp-content/gallery/muscle-gro
ups-workout/Bodybuilders_Anatomy_Chart-8inBIG1.jpg))
Anatomy quiz (https://www.academic-quiz.org/)

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