ORAL ANATOMY AND

PHYSIOLOGY

CHAPTER 2
 1. The teeth of both jaws are held in bony
sockets by their periodontal ligaments. Which
one of the following bones forms the sockets?

(a) Alveolar
process
(b) Coronoid
process
(c) Mandible
(d) Maxilla
(e) Ramus
2. Saliva is the watery fluid secreted by the salivary glands
that is naturally present in the healthy oral cavity. Which
one of the following main constituents of saliva acts as a
buffering agent?

(a) Enzymes
(b) Immunoglobulins
(c) Inorganic ions
(d) Leucocytes
(e) Water
 3. A patient re-attends the surgery after previously undergoing the
surgical removal of the lower right third molar tooth. He complains of a
'numb' sensation in the anterior two-thirds of the right side of his tongue.
Which one of the following nerves is most likely to have been damaged
during the surgical procedure?

(a) Facial nerve

(b) Inferior
dental nerve
(c) Lingual
nerve
(d) Long buccal
nerve
(e) Mental nerve
a.FACIAL NERVE

b. INFERIOR DENTAL
NERVE
d. LONG BUCCAL NERVE
e. MENTAL NERVE
4. The four pairs of muscles of mastication are responsible
for effecting jaw movement and mouth closure during
chewing. Which one of the following is the most powerful
of these muscles during mastication?

(a) Lateral
pterygoid
(b) Masseter
(c) Medial
pterygoid
(d) Orbicularis
oris
(e) Temporalis
 5. The head and neck region are innervated by the 12 pairs of cranial
nerves. Many of these nerves carry both motor and sensory nerve fibres, so
they transmit messages to the brain for interpretation and action
messages from the brain to the muscles. Which one of the following nerves
transmits taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?

(a) Facial nerve

(b) Glossopharyngeal
nerve
(c) Hypoglossal
nerve
(d) Mandibular nerve
(e) Maxillary nerve
b.GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE d. MANDIBULAR NERVE

c. HYPOGLOSSSAL NERVE e, MAXILLARY NERVE

6. The lower first permanent molar teeth are amongst the
first of the secondary dentition to erupt. Which one of the
following options states the correct arrangement of their
roots in the mandible?

(a) Buccal and

lingual
(b) Lingual,
mesiobuccal and
distobuccal
(c) Mesial and distal
(d) Palatal and
buccal
(e) Palatal,
mesiobuccal and
distobuccal
 7. A 60-year-old patient attends the surgery for the simple extraction of
the lower right second premolar tooth, which is periodontally involved
and mobile. To ensure the procedure is carried out painlessly, the dentist
must anaesthetise which pair of the following combinations of nerves?

(a) Inferior dental

and long buccal
nerves
(b) Inferior dental
and mental nerves
(c) Lingual and long
buccal nerves
(d) Lingual and
mental nerves
(e) Long buccal and
mental nerves
 8. The skull is the anatomical term for the head and can be divided into
three regions: the cranium, the face, and the jaws. The cranium is made
up of bony plates that lock together at the coronoid sutures. Which one of
the following bony plates forms the base of the posterior part of the
cranium?

(a) Frontal bone

(b) Occipital
bone
(c) Parietal bone
(d) Sphenoid
bone
(e) Temporal
bone
 9. The alveolar bone, gingiva, and periodontal ligament are
together known as the supporting structures of the teeth. The
periodontal ligament itself is composed of a protein called
collagen, which gives the structure strength and resistance to
tearing during mastication. Which one of the following cell types
is responsible for the formation of collagen?

(a) Ameloblasts
(b) Chondroblasts
(c) Fibroblasts
(d) Odontoblasts
(e) Osteoblasts
10. Dentine is the calcified tissue that forms the bulk of
the tooth, and lies beneath the enamel and cementum.
Which one of the following cell types forms dentine?

(a) Ameloblast
(b) Chondroblast
(c) Fibroblast
(d) Odontoblast
(e) Osteoblast
11. The four pairs of muscles of mastication are responsible
for effecting jaw movements and jaw closure during
chewing. Which one of the following muscles contracts to
allow the movement of the jaw from side to side?

(a) Buccinator
(b) Lateral
pterygoid
(c) Masseter
(d) Medial
pterygoid
(e) Temporalis
 13. The lateral incisor teeth are the smallest in each dental arch. Some
patients exhibit a congenital absence of these teeth in the upper arch, but
in those individuals with a full dentition the upper lateral incisors normally
erupt at a known average age. Which one of the following is the most
likely average age of eruption?

(a) 6-7 years

(b) 7-8 years
(c) 8-9 years
(d) 9-11 years
(e) 12-13 years
 14. The mandible forms the horseshoe-shaped lower jaw of the oral
cavity, and articulates with the temporal bone of the skull at a certain
anatomical structure to form the temporomandibular joint. Which one of
the following options is the most likely name of this anatomical
structure?

(a) Body
(b) Condyle
(c) Lingula
(d) Ramus
(e) Symphysis
 15. The four pairs of muscles of mastication are responsible for the
sideways and forwards movements of the lower jaw, as well as mouth
closure during chewing movements and speech. Which one of the
following nerves has a motor branch that provides their innervation?

(a) Facial
(b) Glosso-
pharyngeal
(c) Hypoglossal
(d) Mandibular
(e) Maxillary
 16. Swallowing is a complex muscular action which aims to direct
chewed food into the oesophagus and then the stomach, where the
process of digestion can continue. The food bolus is prevented from
passing into the nasal cavity during swallowing by the action of which one
of the following anatomical structures?

(a) Epiglottis

(b) Soft
palate
(c) Tongue
(d) Tonsils
(e) Uvula
 17. Saliva is the watery secretion formed by the three pairs of
major salivary glands and the minor salivary glands, which are
dotted around the oral cavity. They are examples of exocrine
glands, and the largest of all secretes its contents into the oral
cavity by which one of the following methods?

(a) Through its walls

into the blood
(b) Through its walls
into the tissues
(c) Through Stenson's
duct
(d) Through sublingual
ducts
(e) Through Wharton's
duct
18. The inferior dental nerve supplies the lower teeth and their buccal
and labial supporting structures, and enters the mandible at the
mandibular foramen. Which one of the following anatomical structures
protects the nerve from damage before it enters the mandible?

(a) Body
(b) Condyle
(c) Lingula
(d) Ramus
(e) Symphysis
19. A 17-year-old patient attends for the restoration of the lower left first molar tooth, try
the preparation and placement of a full gold crown onto the tooth. As the tooth is
fractured buccally, a crown lengthening procedure will also be carried out at the
preparation stage. To ensure this first stage of the restorative procedure is carried out
painlessly, the dentist must anaesthetise which pair of the following combinations of
nerves?

(a) Inferior dental and

lingual nerves
(b) Inferior dental and
long buccal nerves
(c) Lingual and long
buccal nerves
(d) Long buccal and
mental nerves
(e) Mental and lingual
nerves
 20. The upper second molar teeth are usually the last of
the secondary dentition to erupt, barring the third molars
or 'wisdom teeth'. Their roots are arranged in the maxilla
according to which one of the following options?

(a) Buccal and

lingual
(b) Lingual,
mesiobuccal and
distobuccal
(c) Mesial and distal
(d) Palatal and
buccal
(e) Palatal,
mesiobuccal and
distobuccal
21. Enamel is the calcified tissue that covers the crown of
the tooth. It is composed of hydroxyapatite crystals in a
prism arrangement, and is formed before birth. Which one
of the following cell types is responsible for its formation?

(a) Ameloblast

(b) Chondroblast
(c) Fibroblast
(d) Odontoblast
(e) Osteoblast
22. The mandible is the horseshoe-shaped bone forming the lower jaw. It
is actually composed of two bones that have fused together in early life,
giving the resultant rigid structure. Which one of the following is the
anatomical reference for the point at which the two bones fuse together?

(a) Genial
tubercles
(b) Mental
symphysis
(c) Mylohyoid
ridge
(d) Ramus
(e) Sigmoid notch
23. A 46-year-old kidney transplant patient attends for the removal of
hyperplastic gingivae overlying the upper right molar teeth. To
ensure the procedure is carried out painlessly, the dentist must
anaesthetise which pair of the following combinations of nerves?

(a) Greater palatine and

middle superior dental
nerves
(b) Middle and anterior
superior dental nerves
(c) Middle and posterior
superior dental nerves
(d) Nasopalatine and
middle superior dental
nerves
(e) Posterior superior
dental and greater
palatine nerves
 24. The trigeminal nerve is the fifth cranial nerve, and supplies the
majority of the oral cavity. A branch of the mandibular division runs from
the inner surface of the ramus of the mandible and then over the external
oblique ridge to supply the surrounding gingivae. What is the name of this
branch?

(a) Incisive nerve

(b) Inferior dental
nerve
(c) Lingual nerve
(d) Long buccal
nerve
(e) Mental nerve
25. The deciduous molar teeth of the primary dentition are
succeeded by the premolar teeth of the secondary
dentition. Although some patients exhibit wide variations
in the age at which some teeth erupt, there is usually an
average age at which the first premolars do so. Which one
of the following is the most likely average age?

(a) 6-7 years

(b) 7-8 years
(c) 8-9 years
(d) 10-11 years
(e) l2-l3 years
26. The nasal cavity forms part of the facial portion of the
skull, and is the main structure through which air is
inspired and expired during respiration. Its internal bone
structure is specially adapted to ensure that inspired air
is warmed, by passing over the rich capillary beds lining
which one of the following?

(a) Antrum
(b) Ethmoid
bone
(c) Hard palate
(d) Septum
(e) Turbinates
27.The oral cavity is surrounded by many muscles, which act to
allow jaw opening, jaw closing and facial expressions. Which
one of the following muscles, which has its point of insertion
on the coronoid process, is responsible for j aw closing?

(a) Buccinator
(b) Digastric
(c) Lateral
pterygoid
(d) Orbicularis
oris
(e) Temporalis
 28. The head and neck region are innervated by the l2 pairs of cranial
nerves. Many of these nerves carry both motor and sensory nerve
fibres, so they transmit messages to the brain for interpretation and
action messages from the brain to the muscles. Which one of the
following nerves transmits messages to the parotid salivary glands, to
effect its secretory action?

(a) Facial nerve

(b) Glossopharyngeal
nerve
(c) Hypoglossal
nerve
(d) Mandibular nerve
(e) Maxillary nerve
 29. The anterior superior dental nerve is a branch of the maxillary
division of the trigeminal nerve (fifth cranial nerve). It supplies
sensation to the upper anterior teeth and their supporting structures,
and enters the skull through which one of the following foramina?

(a) Apical foramen

(b) Incisive
foramen
(c) Infraorbital
foramen
(d) Mandibular
foramen
(e) Mental
foramen
 30. The oral cavity is surrounded by many muscles, which act to
allow jaw opening, jaw closing and facial expressions. Which one of
the following muscles, which has its point of origin on the outer
surface of the zygomatic arch, is responsible for jaw closing?

(a) Buccinator
(b) Lateral
pterygoid
(c) Masseter
(d) Medial
pterygoid
(e) Suprahyoid
 31. All teeth are composed of an inner bulk of dentine,
covered by enamel over the crown and by cementum over
the root. The hollow centre of each tooth and its root(s) is
the pulp chamber, which contains the neurovascular tissue
making up the pulp. Which one of the following covers the
point at which the enamel and cementum normally meet?

(a) Amelodentinal
junction
(b) Gingival crevice
(c) Junctional
epithelium
(d) Lamina dura
(e) Periodontal
ligament
 32. Saliva is the watery secretion formed mainly by the
three pairs of major salivary glands: the parotid glands, the
submandibular glands, and the sublingual glands. Two
pairs of these glands lie in the floor of the mouth, in close
proximity to the tongue. They are separated from each
other anatomically by which one of the following muscles?

(a) Digastric
(b) Genioglossus
(c) Geniohyoid
(d) Hyoglossus
(e) Mylohyoid