Critical Discourse Analysis of Jane Austien'S Novel "Pride and Prejudices"

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CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF JANE AUSTIEN'S NOVEL "PRIDE AND

PREJUDICES"
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Global Journal of Management, Social Sciences and Humanities 482
Vol 3(3) July-Sept,2017 pp.482-498.
ISSN 2520-7113 (Print) 2520-7121 (Online)
www.gjmsweb.com. editor@gjmsweb.com
____________________________________________________________
CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF JANE

AUSTIEN'S NOVEL "PRIDE AND PREJUDICES"
Asifa Kiren1, Prof.Dr. Abdul Ghafoor Awan2
ABSTRACT- The objective of this research paper is to analyze the problem of

feminism about education and place of women in society in the light of Jane Austen's
novel "Pride and Prejudice" in which the role and problems of women are discussed.
For this purpose, we divided our paper into three sections: First section explains the
meaning of feminism and the position of English woman in the late 18th and early
19th centuries. Second section deals with Jane Austen’s concept of feminism and
the social milieu in which she was born and bred which affects her novels. Section
three is reflected the irony employed by Jane Austen to address the social and
political concerns of men and women of 19th- century. In her society, upper class
women are almost always treated as soft gods, and marriage is an elegant courtship,
one of the most important parts of British society.
Key words: critical discourse analysis, pride and prejudice, feminism.
Type of Study: Research paper
Paper received: 30.03.2017
Paper accepted: 02.04.2017
Online published:01.07.2017.
__________________________________________________________________
1. M.Phil English Linguistics scholar, Department of English, Institute of Southern Punjab.
2. Dean, Faculty of Management and Social Sciences, Institute of Southern Punjab,
Multan. ghafoor70@yahoo.com.Cell # 03136015051.
Vol 3(3) July-Sept,2017 pp.482-498.
____________________________________________________________
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 What is Discourse?
The word "discourse" has derived from a Latin word “discursus” which
means conversation, or speech. But modern science gives discourse rather broad
meanings. So discourse covers wide area of human life but here term "discourse" is
explained in the context of Linguistic Especially Applied Linguistics. Two groups
of the Linguists are denoting the discourse. One group says it “Texts” only while
other says it as “Speech”. Two broad categories have described by Fairclough (1992)
as Discourse as an abstract noun emphasis on large units such as paragraphs,
utterances, whole texts or genre. Discourse as a countable noun presenting a practice
signifying the word.
According to Cook (1990), novels, short conversations, or groans might be
named “discourse”. Hodge and Kress (1988) revealed the difference between
message, Text and discourse. The message is the smallest semiotic form, which
characterized by a social content, purpose, a source and a goal.
There are two larger units as Text and Discourse. Hodge and Kress (1988)
distinguish the texts and discourses as ‘Text’ is a structure of message while they
define discourse as “the Social process in which texts are embedded”. Texts have
their place in dynamic social system of sign. So, texts are the site which continually
changed and the material realization of systems of signs.
1.1.1 Critical Discourse Analysis
In the Late 1970s a group of Linguists and educationists (presented).
Literary theory that concerned with Critical Linguistics in the beginning. CL may be
set of Linguistic procedures to text to uncover the hidden cultural and ideological
meanings. So the basic aim of CL is to unveil the hidden ideology and the same is
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the central point of analysis of Critical Discourse Analysis. Finally, C L gave birth
to CDA and with the works of Fairclough and Wodak etc. In educational research,
CDA has become a separate field.
Critical Discourse is basically an analytical research technique which
examines the way social power abuse or dominates. In Critical Discourse Analysis,
the word critical is self-explanatory which discourse the hidden ideology and social
power.
1.1.2 Scope of Critical Discourse Analysis
The discipline of Critical Discourse Analysis can be summarized as under: -
 Critical Discourse Analysis deals with historical social orders.
 Critical Discourse Analysis deals with individual social orders and social
processes.
 Critical Discourse Analysis deals with ideology.
 Critical Discourse Analysis deals with power relations both individual and
society.
 Critical Discourse Analysis views people’s social behaviors which
represented in their discourses.
 Critical Discourse Analysis discusses the relation between text and society.
 Critical Discourse Analysis uncovers the individual and social position.
1.2 Novels and Critical Discourse Analysis
As mentioned before that Cook argues novels, short conversation or groans
might be named as discourse. So it is clear from Cook’s views that the theory of
Critical Discourse Analysis can be applied to the novels.
Van Dijk (1983) describes that when the Sociolinguists analyze a story or novel
according to Socio-linguistics, s views they have concluded that story telling has not
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only different structural categories according to the cultures but also story telling
puts particular cons traits on,
 Who can tell
 To whom
 Under what circumstances
 How in particular culture, greetings, rituals or speech events are taking
place (Van Dijk 1983)
So for analyzing a story or a novel four points are important that are mentioned
above,
Scholar Hatch (1992) also gives importance on the parts of stories and argues that
six elements are important to analyze the macro structure of stories. Those elements
are stated as under:
 Setting of the story time and place orientation
 The objective of story
 Problem statement
 Characters
 Resolution
 Conclusion
To sum up we can say that vital element of stories is plot. Aune (2003) defines
plot as arrangement of events which related to characters. Plot defines characters and
then it becomes evident that characters act and in act.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature review means the research work of other, authors on Jan Austen's
novel; “Pride and prejudices” Pride and prejudice was written by Jane Austen
between October 1796 and August 1797, but was first published in 1813. This was
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____________________________________________________________
when a woman stayed at home and was expected to be just a pretty face. Do not
intervene in politics or profession (see "Men's Day"). The man was the author. It was
not a woman. Austen's father submitted Pride and Prejudice to the publisher for the
first time in 1797 under the title First Injection, but was probably rejected for the
sole reason that the woman wrote it. Even when pride and prejudice were finally
published in 1813, Austen's name did not appear as the author of the book, and in
fact Austen was not recognized as the author of one of her works while she was
alive. The title page of Pride and Prejudice reads "The Author of Sensation and
Sensibility" when it is published.
Anyway, Jane Austen is one of the most widely read English literature
writers and there is no doubt why this is true. She had a lot to say about women and
society in England in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Self-esteem and
prejudice are very comical, and women who lack their wealth often draw a clear
picture of how to give up love to marry for economic security and social status.It is
universally accepted truth that a man who has good fortune must want his wife.
However, this truth, which may be present when the person's feelings or views first
enter his neighbor, is so well-established in the minds of his family that he or she is
considered a legitimate property of someone or another daughter. This is about
Bennet (Elizabeth Bennet's parents) and Mrs. Bennet (Bennet) is a conversation and
Bennet is fun. He is brilliantly cynical and blunt, and Mrs. Bennett is an ordinary
person.
2.1 Researches on Novels
Chen Hua (2013) used conceptual framework of Critical Discourse Analysis
for her analysis. She examined the common sense assumptions about gender,
prevailed in British society that underlies the use of language in Jane Austen’s novel
sense & sensibility. She discusses gender discourse discrimination among men &
Vol 3(3) July-Sept,2017 pp.482-498.
____________________________________________________________
women in British society tracing it from the novel. Her analysis is only on Lexical
level. In the article she gives a brief introduction of the author, Jane Austen, and also
a brief introduction of the novel ‘sense & sensibility. In her practical analysis
concerned, she analyzes adjective adverbs swear words, intensifiers and diminutives.
She also writes LAKKOF’s research and LAKKOF’s list of characteristics of
women language. She fines that there is a big difference between the Language used
by men and women which can be due to their social background e.g. politics,
economics, literature and their psychology (Chen Hua, 2013).
At the micro and macro levels for her analysis Paziraie (2012) used qualitative
quantitative, corpus based descriptive and applied eclectic approach to discourse
analysis. Holiday and Hasun (1976). Hatch (1992) and Farahzad (2008) proposed
these approaches. While discussing translation, she says that it is mainly a change of
from. And the form can be the spoken or written actual phrases, clauses, sentences
or paraphrase. She argues that discourse analysis can be carried out within a verity
of social science disciplines including Linguistics. So, discourse analysis may be
applied to scrutinizing the text and decompose them, it is very important in
translation. So, discourse analysis is used as suitable tool by translator to analyze the
source texts to examine the quality of their translated texts for achieving good
understanding of them and target texts.
In a post-colonial novel “Things Fall Apart” researcher describes a short
history of post-colonial Literature and gives a credit to Edward Wadie Said’s master
piece “Orientalism” and Joseph Conrad’s “Heart of Darkness”.
Discussing translation, she says that in 8th, 9th and 10th centuries the Arabs
promoted it greatly. She also gives a comparison of translator’s judgment of the
novel. She says that by using the discourse analysis model, the translation teachers
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and students can analyze the texts accurately and can understand how far their
translations are coherent.
The hidden ideologies and determined strategies of president Obama's
inaugural speech is presented by Horvath. He used Norman Fairclough’s Framework
for analysis. Sen Santaiag’s speech is analyzed on three levels, ideological level and
linguistic level. Caballero showed difference between apparent meaning and hidden
ideologies. Bilal (2012) in his analysis selected the criteria cohesion coherence
intentionality acceptability, in formativeness, situationally and intertextuality as his
criteria for his analysis. He argues that concluded that every T.V programmer
advocates certain ideologies. He selected Van Dijk’s Socio-Cognitive model to
elaborate relationships between language and ideology. He presented five models of
discourse by Smith i.e. narrative, report descriptive, information and arguments to
analyze ‘The Gift of Magi’.
Bilal (2012) in another research used M.A.K Holliday’s systemic functional
Linguistic to analyze a short story ‘Thank You MAM’. Three functions of language
namely ideational function, interpersonal function and textual function are used in
his analysis. Chen Hua used conceptual framework of Critical Discourse Analysis
to analyzed women language at lexical level in sense and sensibility. She judged the
common sense assumptions of gender discrimination in British society Paziraie
analyzed the novel things fall apart on micro and macro levels selecting corpus
based, descriptive and applied eclectic approach. Awan and Yahya (2016) conducted
critical discourse analysis of Ahmad Ali's Novel "Twilight in Dehli". Awan and
Perveen (2015) analyzed the poems of Sylvia Plath and Perveen Sahakir relating to
feminism and concluded that the two poetess emphasize on the freedom of women.
Vol 3(3) July-Sept,2017 pp.482-498.
____________________________________________________________
2.2 Distinction of this Study

Our research study ‘Critical Discourse Analysis of pride and prejudice is
different from other researches because there is no work on CDA of this novel is
available. We have other researches on CDA of different kind of literature and
political speeches but we do not have CDA of pride and prejudice. Same as we have
different researches on the novel pride and prejudice but we are missing CDA
approach for analysis of this novel.
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES
A careful study of a subject is called research, especially in order to discover
new facts or information about it and ‘methodology’ is defined as a set of methods
and principles used to perform a particular activity. So research methodology is a
careful study to carry out special results by following proper or predefined rules and
methods.
3.1 Nature of research
Generally, there are two types of researches qualitative and quantitative.
Certain statistical data is collected and analyzed in quantitative research and certain
ideas, arguments or theories are analyzed to obtain certain results in qualitative
research. But the fact is that researches of Critical Discourse Analysis are mostly
qualitative. The present research is qualitative as it is based on the theory of Critical
Discourse Analysis, statistical data or statistical figures have no concern with this.
A main tool for qualitative researches is argumentation and argumentation is also
main analysis in the present research.
3.2 Data Collection and Sample
According to Cook (1990) novels, short stories and groans may be called
discourse rightfully. So for the present study the sample is a novel names Pride and
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____________________________________________________________
Prejudice by Jane Austen. Secondary data is used in this novel. This novel is easily
available in market in printed form i.e. book form. Though whole of the novel will
not be analyzed yet certain Chunks from the novel will be chosen for analysis. The
main stress for choosing the Chunks, will be those sentences or paragraph which
highlighted the pride and prejudice which is common in the society and fictional and
non-fictional elements i.e. from historical perspectives for example in an occasion in
the novel.
3.3 Selected themes of the novel
Fairclough’s three dimensions of discursive practices will be used to analyze
the selected themes;
a. Its instantiation of a social practice (political, ideological and so on).
b. Its manifestation in Linguistic form.
c. Its focus on socially constructed processes of production, distribution and
consumption which determine texts are made, circulated and used.
Systemic functional Grammar is developed by M.A.K Holliday (1985). His three
points of text context also be followed for the analysis. His points are “tenor of
discourse” is concerned with the participants, their relationship, their roles and
relative states.
‘Mod of discourse’ focuses on the function of the language, how it is
organized and its rhetorical mod e.g. expository, didactic and so on. ‘Cohesion’
means ties that bind a text together. Cohesion have been recognized through several
factors i.e. conjunction, relations, lexical relationships, comparison and coherence.
So these factors will also be discussed from the novel.
4. Analysis of Selected themes of Novel
According to Langer Man and Brantley (in Ritzer and Goodman, 2004) men
and women live in a society and are treated differently and unequally. Particularly
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____________________________________________________________
women enjoy less power status and opportunities than men. Langer Man and
Brantley state that liberal feminism is the result of inequality as liberal feminism
demands equal rights both for man and woman this claim shows that men and
women are created equal and they have equal rights by their creator. These rights
are life, liberty and pursuit of happiness. The appeal from liberal feminism is the
values of individualism, choice, freedom and equality of opportunity.
4.1 Feminism issue
“Mrs. Bennet: Oh! My dear, I cannot bear to hear that mentioned. Pray do
not talk of that odious man. I do think it is the hardest thing in the world that your
estate should be entailed away from your own children and I am sure if I had been
you I should have tried long ago to do something or other about it” (Austen, 1984-
83).
Analysis
According to Langer Man and Brantley (in Ritzier and Goodman, 2004) men
and women are situated in the society not only differently but also unequally. The
unequal treatment in the novel of pride and prejudice can be seen in the system of
entailment. The main character faces the system of entailment, it can be supported
by the statement of Mrs, Bennet “I do think it is the hardest thing in the world that
your estate should be entailed away from your own children” this rule of society
forces the main character to marry her cousin to keep her estate and secure her family
in economic problem ad her parents do not have a son. In addition, according to
Langer Man and Brantley (in Ritzer and Goodman, 2004) women get less of material
resources. By the system of entailment, it can be seen that woman is dependent on
the property owned by her husband. However, Elizabeth refuses the proposal; of her
cousin as she does not want to marry him for material interests. The feminism issue
is found in the following statement taken from the novel
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5.1.1 Statement:
“It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a
good fortune must be in want of wife. However, little known the feelings or views
of such a man may be on his first entering a neighborhood this truth is so well fixed
in the minds of the surrounding families that he is considered as the rightful property
of someone or other of their daughters. Austen (1984:1)
Analysis
Langer man and Brantley (in Ritzer and Goodman, 2004) state that women
get less of power and opportunities for self-actualization; it can be seen in the system
of matchmaking. In the era family has an important role to find men with larger
fortune to make with their daughter well married. The statement “it is a truth
universally acknowledge that a single man is possession of a good fortune must be
in want of wife” claims a rich man will be the object of family to marry a rich man
to secure the family’s economy as a woman can get material comforts only through
her husband’s property; therefore, woman cannot freely choose her spouse and is
always dependent on family choice.
5.1.2
Statement
“It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a
good fortune must be in want of a wife”.
Analysis
At first line of the novel, Austin exposes two main themes, marriage and
class (especially money). In pride and prejudice world, individuals are defined as
marriage opportunities and financial retention. But this irony of the Sun hides
implicit criticism. The grammatical focus of the line is "a man who wanted a wife,"
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____________________________________________________________
but Austin's novel is a helpless and potentially poor spinster. Austin can superficially
imply a desperate reality in a cool, straight line. Evidence of her mastery.
5.1.3 Statement
“Pride is very common failing, I believe. By all that I have ever read, I am
convinced that it is very common indeed; that human nature is particularly prone to
it and that there are very few of us who do not cherish a feeling of self-complacency
on the score of some quality or other real or imaginary. Vanity and pride are different
things though the words are often used synonymously. A person may be proud
without being vain pride relates more to our opinion of ourselves, vanity to what we
would have others think of us”
Analysis
Mary provides the reader with a lens to understand one of the key features
of the novel. At the surface, Mary provides a simple definition of vanity and pride.
Her speech indicates too that these characteristics are "very common". So, she
suggests that it is best to acknowledge the tendency towards such behavior. But at
the beginning of pride and prejudice, Elizabeth and Darcy believe they are the pride
and vanity of love. They reflect they can be outside of these cultural standards, but
ultimately they have to accept that they exist in the context of a larger society. They
are responsible for others, and they need to consider how families and friends
observe them.
5.1.4 Statement
“It is sometimes a disadvantage to be so very guarded. If a woman conceals
her attention with same skill from the object of it, she may lose the opportunity of
fixing him; and it will then be but poor consolation to believe that world equally in
the dark there is so much of gratitude or vanity in almost every attachment that it is
not safe to leave any to it. We can all begin freely a slight preference is natural
Vol 3(3) July-Sept,2017 pp.482-498.
____________________________________________________________
enough; but there are very few of us who have heart enough to be really in love
without encouragement. In nine cases out of ten a woman had better show more
affection than she feels”.
Analysis
On the other hand, the practical view of Charlotte's love contrasts completely
with the romantic worldview that Elizabeth (perhaps Austin owns). But Charlotte's
philosophy reflects the unfortunate reality that women who are in pride and prejudice
must be true. They live in a patriarchal society. If a man is single, his greatest danger
is loneliness. However, unmarried women face a lack of potential financial security.
In Charlotte's eyes, this social inequality means that women should consider
manipulation for the future. Charlotte follows her advice that Elizabeth's happy
ending suggests that a woman does not have to be as thoroughly practical as
Charlotte, but that she "feels more affectionate than she feels" about Mr. Collins in
order to secure a proposal. So criticism of the world restricting women's agency.
5.1.5 Statement
“Happiness in marriage is entirely a matter of chance. If the dispositions of
the parties are ever so well known to each other or ever so similar beforehand, it
does not advance their felicity in the least. They always continue to grow sufficiently
unlike afterwards to have their share of vexation and it is better to know as little as
possible of the defects of the person with whom you are to pass your life”
Analysis
Charlotte's pragmatic vision of love and marriage actually hides her fears and
despair. She believes that marriage is considered unrelated to marriage and should
limit her intimacy with her husband to avoid unavoidable disappointment. This
indicates that Charlottes regards her husband as a commodity or means. Elizabeth
criticized Charlotte's recommendation, but there was sad truth in Jane Austen's time.
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Charlotte knows that if her expectations for colleagues are too high, she may be a
worrying athlete even if she lowers her standards. But she may not find love, but at
least she will be contented.
5.1.6 Statement
"She appeared to be a breakfast shop where everyone except Jane gathered to
her surprise, so she had to walk three miles in the early hours of the day in such filthy
weather, and Mrs. Hirst and Bingley were almost surprised and Elizabeth was
convinced that they had captured her with despair that they had received her, but she
was very polite by them and with courtesy of the brethren, she had better courtesy,
good humor and kindness. Hearst did not say anything at all, but the former was
divided into respect for the splendor that the exercise gave her complexion and doubt
about her justifying her position for her alone.
Analysis
Elizabeth walks alone in a muddy field in the wilderness area because she is
worried about Jane and does not need to transport it. Society considers this type of
behavior to be depression. Elizabeth's interest in sister Bingley sister Elizabeth's
behavior was "dirty" and "unbelievable" behind her. However, the Bingley women
treat Elizabeth "politely" with the dishonesty inherent in social conventions.
Meanwhile Mr. Bingley enjoys the simple fun of Elizabeth's adventure. Darcy's
mixed reaction reveals confusion about his feelings for Elizabeth. His "doubt"
reflects recognition of social expectations, but it cannot help "respect" Elizabeth's
personality.
5.FINDINGS AND RESULTS
There is no doubt that the evidence presented is that many aspects of the novel
represent or favors the main doctrine of the feminist, but the question is whether the
expressed opinion is there if Jane Austin intentionally puts her feelings there do. The
Vol 3(3) July-Sept,2017 pp.482-498.
____________________________________________________________
answer is certain. However, you can take two positions on this issue. The first is that
the feminist opinion of this novel is a coincidence, and the second is that Jane Austen
has a variety of views on her era to make novel fun. The feminist of this novel cannot
be a coincidence because it is made up of so many different elements. Of course,
Jane Austen may have hated perfect women, but it is also possible that she did not
show the unfairness of the social standards between men and women, or some of the
things mentioned earlier. There are so many feminist views on different parts of
women's lives that women are less likely to fall into depression. They had to be
stimulated by the author's feelings on the subject. The second position that took the
argument back is also incorrect. The feminist aspect of novels was not directly
quoted by personality or statements, but indirectly through attitudes and behaviors.
They are too unilateral to the weak and biased debate found in the novel. Of course,
Jane Austen included in her novel contradictory opinions with feminists, but she was
of the opinion of the person who did the original manipulation that the readers hated.
By doing so, she gained strength. A favor that the reader has about his feelings. If
Jane Austen wants to add a different view of her time to her self-esteem and
prejudice, then the feminist element of the book will not be supported, but not many.
Opinions on feminism would have been much stronger, and feminist emotions might
have been weak because they were not even common during the Jane Austen era.
6. CONCLUSIONS
When evidence is presented, Jane Austen has the opinion of feminists and can
be the only legitimate conclusion that she can demonstrate using pride and prejudice.
In her society, upper class women are almost always treated as soft gods, and
marriage is an elegant courtship, one of the most important parts of society. Jane
Austen is a one-sided process in which women are forced by British sexism in the
early nineteenth century, revealing the perfect women as fake, chatter, liars, snobs,
Vol 3(3) July-Sept,2017 pp.482-498.
____________________________________________________________
fools and marriages. She encourages standards for women in society to coincide with
their free will, her main character is intendant, and rebels against her character, show
the independence of personality, and create an ideal woman for Jane Austen. At this
time, these views often do not come together because they are often disagreeing and
often disagree. If Jane Austen is writing without being influenced by her ideas, she
will not make such a choice. Harsh criticism of 19th century English. A very
controversial society at the time did not make the novel interesting, but it had to be
based on some kind of emotions. These emotions affect Jane Austen's feminist
beliefs and are very deliberately prided and prejudiced explain in the novel.
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CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF JANE

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ABSTRACT- The objective of this research paper is to analyze the problem of

2.2 Distinction of this Study

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