SESSION 2012-13

PROJECT PREPARED BY:-

RAUSHAN KUMAR
XII M

Submitted to
 JESUS $ MARY
MARY ACADEMY,

DARBHANGA

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 CERTIFICATE

This
This is herebreby to cert
certif
ify
y tha
that, the
the orig
riginal
inal and
and
genuine Investigation work has been carried out to
investig
tigate about the subjec ject mat
matter and the the
related data collection and investigation has been
comple
completedted solely
solely,, sincer
sincerely
ely and
and satisf
satisfact
actori
orily
ly by
RAUSHAN KUMAR of  CLASS XII M , JESUS $
MARY
MARY ACADEACADEMY MY,, rega
regard
rdin
ing
g his
his proj
projec
ectt titl
titled
ed
“A.C TRANSFORMER”.

Date _ _/_ _/_ _ _ _ 

Place:- DARBHANGA

Examiner’s signature Teacher’s Signature

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 Aim

To inv
investig
tigate the rela
elation
tion bet
between
een the
ratio of:-

1. Inpu
Inputt and ou
output
put volta
oltage
ge

2. number of turns in secondary coil of 

self designed transformer.

3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It would be my utmost pleasure to express my

sincere thanks to My Physics Teacher 
…………………………. in providing a helping hand
in this
this projec
project.
t. Their
Their valua
valuable
ble guid
guidanc
ance,
e, suppo
supportrt
and supervision all through this project titled “ A.C
Transformer ” are
, are resp
respon
onsi
sibl
ble
e for
for atta
attain
inin
ing
g its
its
present form.

RAUSHAN KUMAR 
XII M

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 Principle:-
A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction
according to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked
with a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in the neighbouring
coil.

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 Construction:-
A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core made
of laminated sheets, well insulated from one another. Two
coils p1 & p2 and s1 & s2 are wound on the same core, but are
well insulated with each other. Note that the both the coils are
insulated from the core, the source of alternating e.m.f is
connected to p 1 p
 p2, the primary coil and a load resistance R is
connected to s 1 s2, the secondary coil through an open switch
S. thus there can be no current
current through the
the sec. coil so long as
the switch is open.

For an ideal transformer, we assume that the resistance of the

 primary & secondary winding is negligible. Further, the
energy loses due to magnetic the iron core is also negligible.

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 INTRODUCTION
A transformer is an electrical device which is used
for changing the A.C. voltages. A transformer is most widely
used device in both low and high current circuit. As such
tran
transf
sfor
orme
mers
rs are
are buil
builtt in an amaz
amazin
ing
g stre
streng
ngth
th of size
sizes.
s. In
electronic, measurement and control circuits, transformer size
may be so small that it weight only a few tens of grams where
as in high voltage power circuits, it may weight hundred of 
tones.

In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one

circuit to another circuit takes place without the use of moving
 parts.

A tran
transf
sfor
orme
merr whic
which
h incr
increa
ease
sess the
the volt
voltag
ages
es is
called a step-up transformer. A transformer which decreases
the A.C. voltages is called a step-down transformer.

Transf
Transfor
orme
merr is, theref
therefor
ore,
e, an essent
essential
ial piece
piece of 
apparatus both for high and low current circuits.

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 THEORY AND WORKING
WORKING

When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p 1 p

 p2,
an alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current
in the
the prim
primar
ary
y prod
produc
uces
es a chan
changi
ging
ng magn
magnet
etic
ic flux
flux,, whic
which
h
indu
induce
cess alte
alteri
ring
ng volt
voltag
agee in the
the prim
primar
ary
y as well
well as in the
the
secondary. In a good-transformer, whole of the magnetic flux
linked with primary is also linked with the secondary, then the
induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is equal
to that induced in each turn of the primary. Thus if E p and Es
 be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s induced in the
 primary and the secondary and N p and Ns are the no. of turns
of the primary secondary coils of the transformer and

Dфь / dt = rate of change of flux in each

turnoff the coil at this instant, we have

E p = -N p dфь/dt -----------------(1)

And

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 Es = -Ns dфь/dt ----------------- (2)

Sinc
Sincee the
the abov
abovee rela
relati
tion
onss are
are true
true at ever
every
y inst
instan
ant,
t, so by

dividing 2 by 1, we get

Es / E p = - Ns / N p ----------------(3)

As E p is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the

 primary coil p 1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is

due to the difference (E – E p ) in the instantaneous values of 

the applied and back e.m.f. further if R  p is the resistance o,

 p1 p
 p2 coil, then the
the instantaneous current Ip in the primary
primary coil

is given by I p = E – E p / R  p

E – E p = I p R  p

When the resistance of the primary is small, R  p p I p can be

neglected so therefore

E – E p = 0 or E p = E

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Thus back e.m.f = input
input e.m.f 
e.m.f 

Hence equation 3 can be written as

Es / E p = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f =

 Ns / N p = K 

Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

In a step up transformer

Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > N p

In a step down transformer

Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < N p

If I p = value of primary current at the same instant t

And Is = value of sec. current at this instant, then

Input power at the instant t = E p I p and

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 Output power at the same instant = Es Is

If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then

Input power = output power Or 

E p I p = Es Is Or 

Es / E p = I p / Is = K 

In a step up transformer

As k > 1,
1, so I p > Is or Is < Ip

i.e. current in sec. is weaker when secondary voltage is higher.

Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the

same ratio.

Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down transformer,

whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in current in the same
ratio.

Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the current &

a step down transformer steps up the current.

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How to Wire a Step Down
Transformer 
• Observe and identify the schematic and rating of the step
down transformer to be installed. Remove the terminal
connection box cover placed at the lower side of the
transformer.
transformer. Only the high amperage types will have this
enclosure, while lower powered transformers will have
an exposed screw terminal.
• Know termination identification follows for all step
down transformers:
transformers: H1, H2, H3 and H4 signify the high
voltage side or power feed end of the transformer. This
holds true regardless of the size of the transformer.
Interconnection of the transformer will vary depending
on the manufacturer and voltage used for feeding the
transformer.
• Terminate the feed power wires first by cutting the wires
to length. If you are using large wire lugs be sure to take
into consideration the length of the lug and the amount of 
wire that can be inserted into the female crimp area.
• Strip back the outer insulating of the wires with the
 pocketknife
 pocketknife or wire strippers.
strippers. Insert the eye ring
ring or wire
lug over the bare copper wire and crimp the connection
device, using the appropriate-size crimper, permanently
to the wire.
• Terminate the high side, high voltage of the step down
transformer.
transformer. If the high side terminals are bolts, be sure
to follow any torque requirements that are listed by the
manufacturer.
• Terminate the low side, low voltage of the transformer.
 Note these terminals
terminals will be identified
identified by X1, X2, X3

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 and X4. Again follow the manufacturer’s individual
schematics for that particular type of transformer. Note
that on small control transformers there will only be an
X1 and X2. X1 is the power or “hot” side and X2 is
generally the grounding and neutral portion of the low
voltage.
• Terminate the small control transformer for X1 and X2.
X1 will go directly to the control circuit after passing
through a small fuse that is rated for the circuit. X2 will
 be terminated
terminated not only to the neutral
neutral side of the control
circuit, but the grounding safety as well. In other words,
the X2 side of the small control transformer must be tied
to the grounding system of the electrical circuit.
• Replace all covers on the transformer and any enclosures
that protect you from electricity. Apply the high voltage
to the transformer by switching on the feeder power 
circuit. Turn on the low side safety circuit control.
• Use a volt meter to test for proper voltage
voltage on the step
down side of the transformer. It should be the same that
is listed on the specs tag provided by the manufacturer.
manufacturer.

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How to Check a Step Down
Transformer 
• Remove all wires from the transformer terminals using
the screwdriver. Identify the wires if they are not already
identified. Use a clear tape and pen. Write the terminal
that the wires are attached to and place the identified tape
on the wire’s end.
• Turn the volt ohmmeter to the “Ohms” position and
 place the red lead
lead into the connector
connector identified
identified as
“Ohms.” Touch the black lead to the metal frame of the
transformer.
• Touch the red lead to the transformer’s terminals
terminals in the
following order: H1, H2, X1 and then X2. The meter 
should read infinite ohms or wide open. Infinite ohms on
a digital meter will be identified as a blank screen or a
wide open will have the word “Open” displayed. If the
meter registers any form of resistance, there is an internal
 problem with the windings. TheThe copper coils may
may be
shorted to the metal frame of the transformer. The
transformer
transformer will have to be replaced.
• Check the continuity of each separate coil using the
ohmmeter. Touch the black lead to H1 and the red lead to
H2. The meter should give a resistance reading.
Generally, it should read in the range of 3 to 100 ohms,
depending on the style and type of transformer. Perform
the same test to the X1 and X2 terminals. You should
receive the same results. If the meter reads infinite ohms
or a wide open when checking between the terminals of 

14
 the same coil, the wires are broken. Replace the
transformer.
• Use the ohmmeter to conduct the transformers isolation
circuit. Touch the red lead to H1 and the black lead to
X1. The meter should read infinite ohms or a wide-open
circuit. Perform the same test, but to H2 and X2
respectively. If any resistance at all is read on the meter 
other than a wide-open circuit, the isolation of the
transformer has been compromised and must be replaced.

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 Efficiency:-
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output
 power to the input
input power. i.e.

η = output power / input power = Es Is /

E p I p

Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses,

η = 1. But
But in actual
actual pract
practice,
ice, there
there are
are many
many power
power losses,
losses,
therefore the efficiency of transformer
transformer is less than one.

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ENERGY LOSSES:-
Following are the major sources of energy loss in a
transformer:

1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the

copper coils of a transformer. This is due to joule heating of 
conducting wires.

2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron
core of the transformer. This is due to formation of eddy
currents in iron core. It is minimized by taking laminated
cores.

3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs inspite of best

insulations. Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux linked
with each turn of S 1S2 is less than the rate of change of 
magnetic flux linked with each turn of P 1P2.

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4. Hyster
Hystereti loss is the
eticc loss the loss
loss of energy
ergy due to repeate
eated
d
magn
magneti
etizat
zation
ion and dema
demagne
gnetiz
tizati
ation
on of the iron
iron core
core when
when
A.C. is fed to it. 5. Magneto striation i.e. humming noise of a
transformer.

COCLUSION
1. The
The outpu
outputt volta
voltage
ge of the
the tran
transf
sfor
orme
merr acros
acrosss the
secondary coil depends upon the ratio(Ns/Np) with
respect to input voltage.

2. The
The output
output voltag
voltagee of the transf
transform
ormer
er across
across the
secondary coil depends upon the ratio(Ns/Np) with
respect to input current.

3. There is a loss power between input and output coil

of a transformer.

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 USES
A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations
operations

• In voltag
ltagee regu
egulato
latorr for T.V
T.V., refri
efrig
gerat
erato
or,
computer, air conditioner etc.

In the induction furnaces.

• A step
step down
down tran
transf
sfor
orm
mer is used
used for
for weld
weldin
ing
g
 purposes.

• A step
step down
down tran
transf
sfor
orme
merr is used
used for
for obta
obtain
inin
ing
g
large current.

• A step up transformer is used for the production of 

X-Rays and NEON advertisement.
advertisement.

• Transformers are used in voltage regulators and

stabilized power supplies.

• Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c.

over long distances.

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• Small transformers are used in Radio sets,
telephones, loud speakers and electric bells etc.

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 BIBLIOPGRAPHY

1. Comprehensive lab manual

2. Prade
Pradeep’
ep’ss physics
physics
3. www.yahoo.com
4. www.google.com

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