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CEo tro.n.~Is.tD¥ ompl,qie.Y"


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cO-po.cltante . L)sin3 (VI ille-r~ -t\-.e.01"~r() I tJ.:\e.

o.nd s;vnpUt~ the oV\Cl.L~is·

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b­ 'VQ"y tes...s
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I
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2) k. :=c - SmRL
9 J'Yl ~ 50 rVlA-1 v )
OY'\d

k ~ -l~O)(2)J
li " '- -too)
CoY0I'de.n'Yl3 -the. 'npLd d'fcuit:­

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(k:le
lCet
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G8l!'J ~N~ IJ2IH fJ?J?2tg .:­
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t.<le. In.ow ;tW


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(bl~ [/(S + Y"bbJ

Q.s +'->iC!.

)( _.-~--~

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2- 1\ Le"l,­

L.~"} ~ Ce + Cc Ll-t 3 m K>J

{AVJ.Jl-t1 ­ f(L 2-1\.hCe­


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Rs +hi~,
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2- 11'( ~e Cecy
Yb\ e [I?s 4- Y66 J 1

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Y'b' e [ Rs +'( bb1J I


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1.-\.\ e knew --tha.l:

cxrr[Ce + ~ .21T-h-Ce pJ
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.. ~ [rio c~ 2.1r·h rJ
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B~ CDrv..,'de.Y1'ns
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CU"frent- 8Qln.
T cr; AMPLlf=IERf2EiP{)f\!JE;
.~§.Y ~E ~I~R '-"'- ~~ ~~
Ld UJ.:. cD\,\s,'de'( 0.. ~1(\8\e stQ5e.. CE: oyY)plt',ft'ev
h)1'l--t\ £'OUyce- Vs, and +lnHe. '}(ul.danC€ Rs ' J~ eyulvoten
Ci'Yc..uii 1- ~uc-h CE- stQrJ€ is . d-wt0n. beloLO'
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-------··--·-·-··-·-------:T/c.~~------------.,-'-~r

\(.s 'lobI

,
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t 'fce f?L.
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A~ -tk valuv.. ~. Y~c. o(\d y~ oye.. Ve.'(~ lQv~e. we.

Cctn e.l,'yn\ (\oJ €. ~l)se. . -hoc FO-'Yome1e'Y..f ~Y'D'(Y) -the. c.lyc.ul t ..


l'hen e(yc.utt c.oyweri:.b lrrto
Cc.

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. v~q~ -\JoSCc == \J~e..l ~lde -tS,Ce - Sec.. +<4':]


V$ Ci~ "Vg e.L3 ~e. -\-.$ Ce - S Cc. -+- G~ J-VoS(c. -CD
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c<.
---
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v.-
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v&q~ (9m-S,cc) '" -Vo {/f?L + S,Cc) Cq~e..+q\.$ -to SCC~_-t-Cc.)) ­

[ "o!' CcCg I"() - .s.ecf]

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- 9~ R [CJrn-Sc;)
L

1
+.J
+ S [Le.-+ Cc.] -\- G~ RL ~ ('c. -\- <] be fill SeC. -\- s? Cc. [ Ce.+ C.~J~L'
1"5
'--t 0 bll!.

L 'l­
+ 3m 1?L s,cc-- S Cc:.. RL

Jhe.­

\ I
W.hue k" (\$ ~ c (j ~
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J/,e. Qbove.. k~y- 1unctto() eonto.l\'\,\

\ - 3eYo~ [I-e­ s~ ': Cj Tn IcJ


a..­ -C" ''Po\u
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R.s '" SoJ/. Ce.-. == lOO pF

{2L"' '3 P P

YBe­ ~ IKJL (( L '" 3 k-\L

rlOW -4((\<:\ volw­ ot- k

I . 3
~ 7:::: 6· 66 XIO mhD'
s Rs -\- Y'bl::\
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k~ bb X lOb

~ .go:= 8m} C-t...

3~=

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I b~ 1'1' n d I' ~ --t{, e. Si.ociQ of -I-he.de.nomlnotbr-

S/MPLtt='fED MODEC­
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Usln.s MILlcn l.t +he..oYe-rY)t...oe... CDY} -drY\pt;t~ ihe.


Qllot~I"s. 0+- CE ompUf,"e..y sraee. -JIu- ~u.Jvafe.ni c!YUJ.;t
tM ".,hbWI) ~elOlo .

R'J

As vo.LUC2. ot k»1 , -+he. ou--tpu.:t Cctpa.c.itance.

ccP';'J ~CL

the.. '-tIme CDnl>Ta"t- of . out-p ld: . '


CIYC.UI'{ ..v., B,ve.n
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CU

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ej eJlmlr"\o.1Y~ Cc.. +he. value. 1- k Ii 81~n O-b

Vo ~ -3m Vb'e. RL

www.Jntufastupdates.com 29
'J
k == _0

Vge.

[k <0 ­ 3~
i qu.l va le.ni 9i.e.~lslanc€ a-t -the. ihpu-t
I( :::: Rs' Y~h
R1-+ '( ble.­
R's "'- ~+\6\

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12 = l Sb)( l x ttl

IS'O + I )( In"!>

Ce+c::.[I-k] - Ce-+Cc.[1+3""J?L] .
~ (OOX.LO I 2.-\:3 lU;I2.[l+ 50 x.tO.1~3.X(()'!>J
~IO
.0 ')- ~ ~ X lD p.
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T~ '" 1«( ~) (r3C'C-f3)x (5-S-3ltU)lD]


'=- ~·21 X lD%
, '

T l'V\ '" 1-2·1?- "" se.c


4 ~e. -h'rne ('()(\))tQnt O:f-tlne. lnpu-t dV(.LII1.:.i6

9'fe.Qie.r than DU.-tpU.:t CI·Y~uli· ihe:bond pCtMSI'n81e


S;foae C-E o.mplifier LOVY"lpLe..1-e.S' de.penek . upon \nput +"m~
LOl'IAtan-t. .
g~ e\IN"'l\no.-\1r:9 -\{,e OLL-tp"'-'-\: -t1rYJe. c-D~tant tf..e- .€ q®
ConveY~ ,rite>
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Ct~ +3 b,e,-\: sCCe,+Cc)
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-qs ~m j;\
1
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. -/undl()r) loob Uke.
kJ­
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troY\.l(1ey {unc±fo0 ls. 4CUlld b:,j <2'luatr'r:.9 g, ::: oS,

..

c.

1 ~ -19x10 G md{S
(130-4) Cu.O,s,X\6\1)
ctppn :,sdlS -f''(e.~Llen~ 1­ a. S.,'ns(e
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E {VI! /1 ER FOLL010ERI1T
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Lei Ll.J.l See. the h\8 h 1'(9w.nt.~ 9\IU>P0l1b€... ~ ~~


,
emtttex toU.owe..v. .,+- ca-po.c.it~w CL is .,c.onne.zi-e..d Q>.. .1oad
beCQl.Xe ClJ- em\tru +lLowex i S ~tw uM.d -to dV"iv~ capo-c.lH~1
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d .a.. node... cv., fD:I18 ve..

and e..une.n't e.nle.Y'lns '0. node.. CU 1"Ie.8o:tiv~

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(vs -vi) q~ : v;' jwcc + l,,\I:- V,',.;) [ 3~e.4- JU9~

\1& ~~ -=- viI [ G~ 4-31:!~+ j ~ C(,~+Le.2 - Ve. [Jw Ce + 3lJ J

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11'

APJ?[~p'n9 kCl a.:t: "lod e. E·

[V;I_VEJ ['3~e+JWCeJ :> - '3mVb'e. -\-V e l;L +jWC L]

D =- -3rY\ VIde.-\-v e l~L +JWcLJ- [Vil-Ve.][38~-JlI-9~


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~\ e. knotv --\--1,oj· Vile.. := V/:l - Ve.
J
00. Vj - Ve.

o "" -vi [9~e.--\-3rn+ j~('0 +ve.[~+ I~L -t j lJ.9(C€+ccJ]


C> = -v; [ '3+JwCeJ -\, Ve.[ 3+ ~L+j~C~+CcJ]
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wrv1e:r 1un c.tlD0 cotth ':L pole;.,. JD omvev-\. 0. -tro.rv.fu


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we. ho.w.. -to o.ppL~ rYlIl\e.'YS -the.ove.m {ov e.rY\\(te.x 4d\()w~.y
Ct'n~Lt ..t .

~gg ~ ~L'i-!!i-:-
il5'.:J o.tf-~lr:J M('Ue:;'J -t{,wvem ~e. Cc- C{yc.u\ 't

COnveY~ 1r'fu,'
p,S
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Va lLLL 'i' J.( =0 I

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YkJ e ( ~~l) ~ 00 [~O <t'h0-~


I
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y ~e- = Po [s.o I ~ ~ Ls. open]


l~k

::fDY The.-se opp¥o'l.-l fY'0\lo~ ~e o'oDV'e clYcu..it- C-Drwex't.

~.

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Rs': ~+, '(bb'


2
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lime.. COrv..TOnl: of cu-tru-t: dvwH. f:s 8\ vu, Q.&

To ::0 RL CL

As ~€.- vob ~ CL..:u \A2-V~ J.ov~e. -th~ 1i\'Y\E'­


dYW;{ ~ Jm- ~"(eateK "thxY') output­

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t:-"""'------------------ @
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Jh~ Isond p0-J>6 ot e.rnltte.( ioll~)lue.'(. depe-rdJ. 011-th~


OU-t-PU,+ *,I'Y\~ LOrv.;1-QI'\T·

",' Ve..:= 1- t
R . \
L" jwc
L

1
RL -+ Jw~
-t::;.
.R
t+Y-t9J<L LL .
L
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i:= ~

RL [ ~L +JWCJ X·RL -\- JU9.CL


']:- RL. ,
Ve.. 0:
I +Ju9k't- L l .
[1 :: '3rY1 V~e]

ve .:0 8l'n V8€- RL


,
t+JWl ({L('L

9>Y1R L [ Vjl_Ve]

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ve.­~ '3 tv-J< L V',I '3 . . . J;lLVe

\ \
1 +JWlI<L4- 1-tJ WI cL.t;'L .

Ve [t + JWI<LCL +g~QJ
-.. K.:::: V Q. '"

V.',

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' --"'-' v .....,.

k= ~mfh
[ J+3mR L
J'f' • 1+

[-.• J H ~ 1+3~'"J
2-TlR C t L
.

K~
K\)
I+J C't4tt)
[ko ~ '3mii\ j
H3h1 KL

'am RL ::» I "ttl!-I') Ka 6e.~ C> YV\€.J.l \ .

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1 -- -
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=
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tH ~
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[ -I~ " ~~~~ ] .

BETTER APP/<OXI MAim""


~~ ~~~~
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.vv--.. ~
.fH ~-
- ,
CJhe- dr-cu.H: t.A..h CU ghown. In bd'.)tJ:) ~'(\UV€.·

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SuM::a.1::, Ie ~OY ~~ de''''; ,vO:ItDr)


. ,
Clf-- + If .

www.Jntufastupdates.com 36
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -, - - - - - - - l @
R.J Ybb, IS' C
- _ _ -"IAA~··V---.I\AI\
~vv v V v v v - ArvAA\----T--
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1 --i­ .
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V L ;t

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+E
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. '

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I
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--'­
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,
drom 'feu. Qbow.. chc.uH: t...(Ye. h:we.
Ve. :::c ]'. :c ,

JtJ.hen -=c =
Ke/Ic.L - .
RL
(i-JW,C~tCL
'
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(V;'-V e) [9b'e+Jw~ +S~ [vi-veJ"


(vi-ve) [~m:Sse-\-JWC~
~
(v;'- ve.) Ls +jwceJ

www.Jntufastupdates.com 37
l-t ~us RL ( CL ~(e)
. t"t-3 RL

1 ~J
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t>.9 eeL-\- Ce) ~L
l+':jRL

RL L~ -tJWCeJ
<j RL + jwR L L~L-+CeJ

~ -'c- Ju.9 lC L -\- Ce J


JLt9L~ we-'2Jet

www.Jntufastupdates.com 38
"
@
b-"-~---------------------;
\
Av"­
1+ j 2.tr({ ~+Ce)
3
1
. A v "'­
1+j l-f-t~~) .' • I

Dh.e-~e: ;Jt-t := 9)'Yl4- 3 ~ e

:LTI(cL -+ (e)

'3 "'- 3h't + 3 b' e


~ +\-t -" 3 W1 -+'38e
zn- ( CL -+ Ce.) ,
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COMMOf\I-,j SO()RCi~
~~

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~

CI
f
yc.u, J(

Qmp U'ft'ex chc.u;-t end SYnoU eq uJ valent


o'Ye.t.I. it a..i htSh -{I'e.qc..unet'u· 'he
61j
Vo =0 J e

-C -= dlYlpedanCL be..-u...,eel> .-the... c.uYYe.n-t Te~",,'nQL·


JO{I'nd ~e- \l.' ~ hOOl'e- -tl) mak.~ I npLLi vclh3e. (f'YO

Cl-eshorl-) 'lh~1') -the. Luwe.n-\- ~ou"((.e SlY! v~ "'0 . 'The!)

www.Jntufastupdates.com 39
r----------------- ._~.~..

NoLO f-om equ.ivalent


o. ,1/Y .
. o...\:! -
d
'IdS =- jl.l.9 c.cU
S' = Vi Y'Jd - '3 yN,
r

YSc!l'= jll.3 eSc!.


) 'i =0 Vi [ Y~d - ~rnJ J


I
V.I ~y.

\Ii lY~d- 3 m]

Vj'Y

~ + -'­
f/.-. 11,:\

~ :1 'Y1 RL Jt.d
'Y1.d -t- RL

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'-,------ ----,(W,

'rkr {JDfVIITTArvCf:­
~~V"

A+ h1 S\' 1'reqLU-nd u -th~ .cao:le and dl"o..tn ewe


Connec1e.d --l~ -the. c.apo../Cltanl'{," L'3d' Ihis. d'fLuH: Ca.n be

~lVY\plltl'e..cI
. , Ihe. IMpedance. C'jd c'w 'OeplG.('e.d . b~ CD lYY)r~dQr)~
and '-\he. lmpe do.\'lce. o--\- itoe ~u.{pt.d- .~~ I
M I ~ kY5 capaC:l-mnce cl t{-,~ it'p\J.:\ ~ Y~d LH~}

ad m'l \TOOLe. . ~ rY\\\.\~'( c.opa.('ttQnl'~ ~ at ih~

bLd::pu-t •I i
y r.~-Il
:Ide k J
Yj := Y~ + Y
Sd (1 -kJ

~he.Y~ K==- \9DltaS(. so.ln.

~ Yap ~ YSd [\
'Vi -AvJ.

00.-1-..0 6drnl"'ttance c- (Yo) :~

~ ~ ~ .'~

-jrOIYJ -;:i~
"V'"""-- .

ec'.,,-cur{ -the ou.{pLcl


";YYipem:
~f\O~
xe
\

IS

Dbtalned bj tl Jookl n8 \n1:.o ~e d'(Q\ nIl toith -tt-.e Inpu:f

b€c.()YY1~ 8no- Si Vi zO , -H-,en "d ,Cds' CCZld In i


t-Ience --+he oo.tpill QdrYl\tt-Qnc.~ Y() .:u. <;31wn cu I'
Yo = 3d + 'fcE + 'I9d _ 1,'1
'1

CDMMON DRAIN AMPLlfClf:R AT l-\\r.+r ~RE<pOtl\\LIG'~:~


~ ~ ~ V"'V"'-J'~ ~ ~ ~ ~
i" "N>
"-"

~~<.=-5_--._ _---,,--_ _--,--_ _4 _ _-,;;) ~ I


ii
i

.s .h-----f\V 0

L-.--_--:-_ _"
. to! '-----+--;l---L---+.N:O---'------JL-_ _
,_..__ ~L ,_..._ _ _ l - -_ _,._.._.. , .. .. "..
-L_"'-l--_J-_-:1
._. :!. ..
~ __ ~:
~.:-••p

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·'

.
VOLTAqE Cd·l,IN.'­
vv.....~ ~ fY. .

Ihe outpcd votta3e. V o Ca.n be ~t!ndtrotY) "the- pYoclu


of "the s'hD'd: . dvc-u(t a.nd ~e \ m?e.da.nc-4!!. . be..~e.~o ~Ymi na.Ls.
S ard N' lhu.J votta.~e cao.i.n \~ ~1'Jl'-n b~.
,
g h1 -\- J us>Css

CT ::= c('j~ + Cd.s. +($."

_. Csn = Ca.pCLc;tanc~ fv-OYYl .3oune. '1..0 «JY'cund.


ftv -" (3m + jw~) ~s .'

t -\- [9",,+ ~d t- jw (T)R..s "

A-t J..otJ.) {Y'e'tLUnCiel ~e. ca0..\n '71e..duc.,w ip,

1<'1 ~ SrnR..s I
I I+ C91'Y)t-~) ~ I
1 jn1"Y,..1
I ~
Admrttonce ~
V'VV"- """'" V'V'

~
\ lnpU± odmrtlanee. "ll
jn.e. Ca.n 'be.ob1a.ined ~ o.p~:li

M.iUer'-s+he.oY'er0 -to ~. 6+ '"s CO\W.X\ b~ I


Yj: j~'~d ~'JW-e.y,Ct-A~) ~ )~L3d' ('Av=Ol]
1Yi ~ JCAl (3d \

Mp~. M~~;-.
Ihe cu.tpLd. a.dmttt-o.nce '10 I L() iTh RJ: COn/) \ dex eA

e.tt€.vno..\ . --tp -\-\-,e' am? LitreY I . is. 3;w..n 6.:1

YD = '3rn -\- ~d t- Jl1.9 CT .

Ai J...oLJ.'YZ'f fre9fw...ncr'e>, ,-the. I!:U--tpu,+ ~v>~tame. R() is

www.Jntufastupdates.com 42

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