UNIT- II JOURNAL BEARING

1. Differentiate hydrostatic bearing and hydrodynamic bearing.

S.No Hydrodynamic bearing Hydrostatic bearing
1 Thick film bearings are called as Externally pressurized lubricated
hydrodynamic lubricated bearings. bearings are called as hydrostatic
bearings.
2 The thick film bearings are those in The hydrostatic bearings are those
which the working surfaces are which can support steady loads without
completely separated from each other any relative motion between the journal
by the lubricant. Such type of bearings and the bearing. This is achieved by
are also called as hydrodynamic forcing externally pressurized lubricant
lubricated bearings. between the members.

2. Describe the types of fluid film lubrication in bearing.

The sliding contact bearings, according to the thickness of layer of the lubricant between the
bearing and the journal, may also be classified as follows:
1. Thick film bearings
2. Thin film bearings
3. Zero film bearings
4. Hydrostatic or externally pressurized lubricated bearings.
3. What are journal bearings? Give a classification of these bearings.
The sliding contact bearings in which the sliding action is along the circumference of a circle
or an arc of a circle and carrying radial loads are known as journal or sleeve bearings.
When the angle of contact of the bearing with the journal is 360°, then the bearing is called
full journal bearing.
When the angle of contact of the bearing with the journal is 120°, then the bearing is said to
be partial journal bearing.
When a partial journal bearing has no clearance i.e. the diameters of the journal and bearing
are equal, then the bearing is called a fitted bearing.
4. List the basic assumptions used in the theory of hydrodynamic lubrication.
The following are the basic assumptions used in the theory of hydrodynamic lubricated
bearings:
1. The lubricant obeys Newton's law of viscous flow.
2. The pressure is assumed to be constant throughout the film thickness.
3. The lubricant is assumed to be incompressible.
4. The viscosity is assumed to be constant throughout the film.
5. The flow is one dimensional, i.e. the side leakage is neglected.
5. Enumerate the factors that influence most the formation and maintenance of the thick oil
film in hydrodynamic bearings.
According to Reynolds, the following factors are essential for the formation of a thick film of
oil in hydrodynamic lubricated bearings:
1. A continuous supply of oil.
2. A relative motion between the two surfaces in a direction approximately tangential to the
surfaces.
3. The ability of one of the surfaces to take up a small inclination to the other surface in the
direction of the relative motion.
4. The line of action of resultant oil pressure must coincide with the line of action of the
external load between the surfaces.
6. What are the commonly used materials for sliding contact bearings?
The materials commonly used for sliding contact bearings are Babbit metal, Bronzes, Cast iron,
Silver, Nylon and Teflon.
7. Write short note on the lubricants used in sliding contact bearings.
The lubricants are used in bearings to reduce friction between the rubbing surfaces and to
carry away the heat generated by friction. It also protects the bearing against corrosion. All
lubricants are classified into the following three groups: 1. Liquid (mineral oils), 2. Semi-liquid
(greases), and 3. Solid (graphite).
8. Define - Wedge film journal bearings.
The load carrying ability of a wedge-film journal bearing results when the journal and the
bearing rotates relative to the load. Eg: Static Load bearing.
The most common case is that of a steady load, a fixed (nonrotating) bearing and a rotating
journal.
At rest: In the absence of a lubricant, there will be dry metal to metal friction.
At slow speed: If a lubricant is present in the clearance space of the bearing and journal, then
a thin absorbed film of the lubricant may partly separate the surface.
At high speed: When the speed of the journal is increased, a continuous fluid film is
established.
The curved converging and diverging film may be considered as a wedge-shaped film of a
slipper bearing wrapped around the journal.
9. Define - Squeeze film journal bearings.
In certain cases, the bearings oscillate or rotate so slowly that the wedge film cannot provide
a satisfactory film thickness.
If the load is uniform or varying in magnitude while acting in a constant direction, this becomes
a thin film or possibly a zero-film problem.
But if the load reverses its direction, the squeeze film may develop sufficient capacity to carry
the dynamic loads without contact between the journal and the bearing.
Such bearings are known as squeeze film journal bearing.
10. Enumerate the required properties of Sliding Contact Bearing Materials.
Compressive strength, Fatigue strength, Corrosion resistance, Thermal conductivity and
Thermal expansion.
11. Explain the following terms as applied to journal bearings :
(a) Bearing characteristic number ; and (b) Bearing modulus.
(a) Bearing characteristic number: The factor ZN / p is termed as bearing characteristic
number and is a dimensionless number. The factor ZN/p helps to predict the performance
of a bearing.
(b) Bearing modulus: The variation of coefficient of friction with the operating values of
bearing characteristic number (ZN / p) as obtained by McKee brothers (S.A. McKee and
T.R. McKee) in an actual test of friction. the minimum amount of friction occurs at a point
and at this point the value of (ZN / p) is known as bearing modulus which is denoted by
K. In order to prevent metal to metal contact, the bearing should be designed for a value
of (ZN / p) atleast three times the minimum value of bearing modulus (K).
 QUIZ- Questions & Answers
1. In a partial journal bearing, the angle of contact of the bearing with the journal is [ ]
(a) 120° (b) 180° (c) 270° (d) 360°
2. A sliding bearing support steady loads without any relative motion between the journal and the
bearing [ ]
(a) zero film bearing (b) boundary lubricated bearing (c) hydrodynamic lubricated bearing
(d) hydrostatic lubricated bearing
3. A boundary lubricated bearing has [ ]
(a) thick film (b) thin film c) zero film d) both thick and thin
4. The high friction, wear and heating due to slight decrease in speed or slight increase in pressure will
make metal to metal contact of the bearing, it is prevented by minimum bearing modulus(K) value
of [ ]
(a) K (b) 2K (c) 3K (d) 4K
5. When the length of the journal is equal to the diameter of the journal, then the bearing is said to be
a [ ]
(a) short bearing (b) long bearing (c) medium bearing (d) square bearing
6. The solid lubricant is preferred where oil films cannot be maintained because of temperature and
pressure in that case lubricant material should be [ ]
(a) harder (b) softer (c) brittle (d) none
7. The bearing without clearance is [ ]
(a) full bearing (b) partial bearing (c) fitted bearing (d) all of them
8. In a hydrodynamic lubricated bearing [ ]
(a) There is a thick film of lubricant between the journal and the bearing
(b) There is a thin film of lubricant between the journal and the bearing
(c) The lubricant is forced between the journal and the bearing, by external pressure
(d) There is no lubricant between the journal and the bearing
9. The bearing characteristic number in a hydrodynamic bearing depends upon [ ]
(a) Length, width and load (b) Length, width and speed (c) Viscosity, speed and load
(d) Viscosity, speed and bearing pressure
10. Footstep Bearing is [ ]
(a) Thrust bearing (b) Radial Bearing (c) Ball bearing (d) Roller bearing
11. In a full journal bearing, the angle of contact of the bearing with the journal is [ ]
(a) 120° (b) 180° (c) 270° (d) 360°
12. Hydro dynamic lubricating bearing [ ]
(a) thick film (b) thin film c) zero film d) both thick and thin
13. When the load of bearing is carried by direct surface to surface contact is called [ ]
(a) Full film condition (b) boundary condition (c) Dry condition (d) None of the above
14. Which of the following are functions of bearings? [ ]
a) Ensure free rotation of shaft with minimum friction b) Holding shaft in a correct position
c) Transmit the force of the shaft to the frame d) All of the listed
15. A_______ bearing supports the load acting along the axis of the shaft. [ ]
a) Thrust b) Radial c) Longitudinal d) Transversal
16. If p = bearing pressure on projected bearing area, z = absolute viscosity of lubricant, and N = speed of
journal, then the bearing characteristic number is given by [ ]
(A) ZN/p (B) p/ZN (C) Z/pN (D) N/Zp
17. A sliding bearing which operates without any lubricant present, is called [ ]
(A) Zero film bearing (B) Boundary lubricated bearing
(C) Hydrodynamic lubricated bearing (D) Hydrostatic lubricated bearing
ESSAY TYPE Questions
1. Design a journal bearing for a centrifugal pump from the following data:
Load on the journal = 16 000 N; Speed of the journal = 900 r.p.m.; Type of oil is SAE 10, for which
the absolute viscosity at 55°C = 0.017 kg / m-s; Ambient temperature of oil = 15.5°C ; Maximum
bearing pressure for the pump = 1.5 N / mm2. Also calculate mass of the lubricating oil required
for artificial cooling, if rise of temperature of oil be limited to 10°C. Heat dissipation coefficient =
1232 W/m2/°C. Take specific heat of the oil as 1850 J / kg / °C.
2. A bearing of 0.05 m diameter and 0.075 m in length is supports a shaft at 900 rev/min. The
room temperature at 32°C and the bearing surface temperature is 82 °C. The viscosity of the oil
is 0.0128 kg/m-s at the operating temperature of 132 °C. The diametral clearance is 0.05 mm and
the bearing is to operate in still air without any artificial cooling. Determine (i) The permissible
load on bearing (ii) Power loss due to friction.
3. A full journal bearing of 50 mm diameter and 100 mm long has a bearing pressure of 1.4
N/mm2. The speed of the journal is 900 rev/min and the ratio of journal diameter to the diametral
clearance is 1000. The bearing is lubricated with oil whose absolute viscosity at the operating
temperature of 75 °C may be taken as 0.011 kg/m-s. The room temperature is 35°C. Find: 1) The
amount of artificial cooling required and 2) The mass of lubricating oil required, if the difference
between the outlet and the inlet temperature of the oil is 10°C. Take specific heat of the oil as
1850 J / kg / °C.
4. Design a journal bearing for a centrifugal pump from the following data:
Load on the journal = 20 000 N; Speed of the journal = 900 r.p.m.; Type of oil is SAE 10, for which
the absolute viscosity at 55°C = 0.017 kg / m-s; Ambient temperature of oil = 15.5°C ; Maximum
bearing pressure for the pump = 1.5 N / mm2. Also calculate mass of the lubricating oil required
for artificial cooling, if rise of temperature of oil be limited to 10°C. Heat dissipation coefficient =
1232 W/m/°C.
5. Explain the step-by-step procedure of journal bearing and discuss about artificial cooling.