LTE Principle and LTE Planning

LTE Principle
and
Network Dimensioning
Li Change
lichangle@huawei.com
Contents
LTE Principle Introduction
1 LTE Overview
2 LTE Key Technologies
LTE Planning and Dimensioning

1 LTE Dimensioning Methodology
2 LTE Link Budget

3 LTE Capacity Dimensioning
Inter Working between LTE and GU
Page 2
LTE, Extraordinary Growing Pace
422 commercial LTE network 635 M Global LTE Subscribers

460
（Million） 635
422
360
265
373
200
146
46 74
16 8.6
2 0.89
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015Q2 2015 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015Q2
(forecast )
Source: GSA Evolution to LTE report（July 2015）

Page 3
1800M is the Mainstreaming Band for LTE
LTE Commercial Networks Per Band 3253 LTE Commercial Devices Per band
Band Qty.
450 850 900M APT700 2.1G 1800 1543
1 8 10 11 15 1.9G
15 2600FDD 1381
AWS
700 756
37
APT700 139
2.6G TDD 2.3G US700
AWS 727
26 25 57 DD800 812
1.9G 3.5G 1900 194
TDD 11 DD800
1 2100 1185
91
850 684
2600M 900 668
FDD
1800M 2600TDD 1375
100
187 2300TDD 869
3500TDD 32
Source: GSA Evolution to LTE report（July 2015）

Page 4
EPS Network Architecture
UTRA N
Paging, handover,
SG SN bearer control, idle
state mobility handling
GERAN HSS
S3
S1 -MME S6a
MME Routing, mobility,
charge and account, PCRIPFaddress allocation,
gating and rate
PDN, andS12
QCI enforcement Rx
S11 Gx
S4
"LTE -Uu " S10
Serving S5 PDN SGi
UE eNB Operator 's IP Services
Gateway Gateway
S1 -U (e.g. IMS, PSS etc.)
• S1 Interface: between eNodeB and SAE Gateway/MME

• X2 Interface: between eNodeBs
• LTE-Uu Interface: air interface between eNodeB and UE
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 5

LTE Network Element Function
e-Node functionalities:
RRM: RB control, admission control, connection mobility control,
scheduling;
IP header compression and encryption of user data stream;
Selection of an MME at UE attachment;
Routing of User Plane data towards Serving Gateway;
Schedule the paging and broadcast messages from MME;
Measurement and measurement reporting configuration for
mobility and scheduling;
MME functionalities:
NAS signaling and security;
AS Security control;
Idle state mobility handling;
EPS (Evolved Packet System) bearer control;
Support paging, handover, roaming and authentication.
P-GW functionalities: S-GW functionalities:

Per-user based packet filtering; UE IP address allocation; UL Packet routing and forwarding; Local mobility anchor point for handover;
and DL service level charging, gating and rate enforcement; Lawful interception; UL and DL charging per UE, PDN, and QCI;
Accounting on user and QCI granularity for inter-operator charging.

Comparison of UTRAN & E-UTRAN Network
UMTS 3G: UTRAN
GGSN
SGSN
RNC RNC S
1 S
1
UTRAN X2
NB: Node B(base station)

RNC: Radio Network Controller
SGSN: Serving GPRS Support Node
GGSN: Gateway GPRS Support Node
The main difference between UMTS and LTE: the removing of RNC network element and the
introduction of X2 interface, which make the network more simple and flat, leading lower networking
cost, higher networking flexibility and low latency

3GPP status of IMT/IMT-Advanced Spectrum Bands
700M 800M 850M 900M 1500M 1800M 2100M 2600M 3600M 2000 M 2300 M 2600 M 3600 M
Band Uplink Downlink Duplex Band Uplink Downlink Duplex
1 1920 – 1980 MHz 2110 – 2170 MHz 33 1900 – 1920 MHz 1900 – 1920 MHz
2 1850 – 1910 MHz 1930 – 1990 MHz 34 2010 – 2025 MHz 2010 – 2025 MHz
3 1710 - 1785 MHz 1805 - 1880 MHz
35 1850 – 1910 MHz 1850 – 1910 MHz
4 1710 – 1755 MHz 2110 – 2155 MHz
5 824 – 849MHz 869 - 894MHz 36 1930 – 1990 MHz 1930 – 1990 MHz
6 830 – 840 MHz 875 – 885 MHz 37 1910 – 1930MHz 1910 - 1930MHz
7 2500 – 2570 MHz 2620 – 2690 MHz
8 880 – 915 MHz 925 – 960 MHz 38 2570 – 2620 MHz 2570 – 2620 MHz
9 1749.9 – 1784.9 MHz 1844.9 – 1879.9 MHz 39 1880 – 1920 MHz 1880 – 1920 MHz
TDD
10 1710 MHz – 1770 MHz 2110 – 2170 MHz
11 1427.9 – 1447.9 MHz 1475.9 – 1495.9 MHz 40 2300 – 2400 MHz 2300 – 2400 MHz
12 698 - 716 MHz 728 – 746 MHz 41 2496 -2690MHz 2496 -2690MHz
13 777 – 787 MHz 746 – 756MHz
42 3400-3600MHz 3400-3600MHz
14 788 – 798 MHz 758 – 768MHz
15/16 Reserved Reserved FDD 43 3600-3800MHz 3600-3800MHz
17 704 – 716MHz 734 – 746MHz 44 703 - 803MHz 703 - 803MHz
18 815 – 830 MHz 860 – 875 MHz
19 830 – 845 MHz 875 – 890 MHz
20 832 - 862 MHz 791 - 821 MHz Potential spectrum for LTE
21 1447.9 – 1462.9 MHz 1495.9 – 1510.9 MHz
22 3410 – 3480MHz 3520 – 3590MHz Existing spectrum for LTE for GP
23 2000 – 2020MHz 2180 – 2200MHz
24 1626.5 – 1660.5MHz 1525 – 1559MHz NOTES：
25 1850 – 1915MHz 1930 – 1995MHz
26 814 – 849MHz 859 – 894MHz 2.6G(band 7)，AWS (band 4)，700M(band 12) is the main frequency bands of
27 806 – 824MHz 851 – 869MHz LTE
28 703 – 748MHz 758 – 803MHz
29 – 717 – 728MHz Band 6 is for UTRAN only; Band 17,18 for EUTRAN only
Glance of Bangladesh Spectrum
Airtel Blank Teletalk BLK Robi GP
900MHz (5 MHz) (4.5MHz) (5.2 MHz) (5 MHz) (7.4 MHz) (7.4 MHz)
925.5 930.5 935.0 940.2 945.2 952.6 960.0
Teletalk Airtel Robi GP BLK WorldTel Blank

1800MHz (10 MHz) (10 MHz) (7.4 MHz) (14.6 MHz) (10 MHz) (7.6 MHz) (15 MHz)
1805.2 1815.0 1825.0 1832.4 1847.0 1857.0 1864.6 1879.8
Blank GP Airtel Robi BLK Teletalk Worldtel

2100MHz (15 MHz) (10 MHz) (5MHz) (5MHz) (5MHz) (10MHz) (10MHz)
2110 2125 2135 2140 2145 2150 2160 2170 Technical Neutrality
Blank
ATP 700 (45 MHz)
758 803
2300MHz Blank Augere Blank

(30 MHz) (35 MHz) (35MHz)
2300 2330 2365 2400
Blank MultiNet Blank BCL Banglalion Blank MultiNet Blank

2600MHz (10 MHz) (20MHz) (40 MHz) (15MHz) （35MHz) (10 MHz) (20MHz) (40 MHz)
2500 2510 2530 2570 2585 2620 2630 2650 2690

Different Between LTE TDD&LTE FDD
Item LTE-TDD LTE-FDD
Duplex mode TDD FDD

Frame structure Type 2 Type 1
All sub frames can be allocated only for the uplink
UL and DL Ratio 7 types of UL and DL ratio, flexible
or downlink.
A T/R converter is required. The T/R

A duplexer is required and the duplexer brings
RRU Noise Figure converter will bring about the insertion
about the insertion loss of 1 dB.
loss of 2~2.5 dB .
Supported (exchangeability based on Not supported (no exchangeability based on uplink

Beam forming
uplink and downlink channel) and downlink channels)
MIMO Mode Modes 1–8 are supported. Mode 1–6 are supported.
Strict synchronization is required in the

Network Interference Synchronization requirement is not strict.
whole network.

Contents
1 LTE Overview

2 LTE Link Budget


LTE Key Technologies

General Parameters: Bandwidth
Channel Bandwidth (MHz) 20 15 10 5 3 1.4
Bandwidth Con. In RBs 100 75 50 25 15 6
Bandwidth Con. In REs 1200 900 600 300 180 72
Bandwidth Con. In MHz 18 13.5 9 4.5 2.7 1.08
Channel Bandwidth
Frequency Center
Bandwidth Con.

Huawei LTE Interference Solution
Huawei Leading Solution
Only 0 ~ 0.2MHz guard band is needed
Guard band Advantage

LTE requirement
bandwidth Up to 0.4MHz spectrum saved
Protocol Huawei
Supported with standard LTE terminals
1.4MHz 0.2MHz 0.2MHz
Negligible impacts to GSM network
3MHz 0.2MHz 0.2MHz
5MHz 0.2MHz 0 Guard Band
10MHz 0.2MHz 0
15MHz 0.2MHz 0
20MHz 0.2MHz 0
GSM LTE GSM

LTE Physic Resource Block
Time domain:
1)1 time slot: 0.5ms
2) 7 symbols
Resource Block
1) Frequency domain 12 subcarriers
2) Time domain 1 time slot
Resource Element
Frequency domain:
1)1 subcarrier is 15kHz

LTE Key Technologies----(1a)OFDMA
IFFT : Inverse Fast Fourier Transfer
To make sure every subcarrier is orthogonal
Insert CP (Cycle Prefix)

To reduce the ISI due to multi-path

LTE Key Technologies----(1b)OFDMA
DL OFDMA
UL SC-FDMA

LTE Key Technologies----(2a)MIMO
Traditional SISO Wireless System N*N MIMO Wireless System
C =W log2(1 + SNR)
C ≈W N log2(1 + SNR)
Shannon’s Capacity: Given a unit of W (Hz), the max

error-free transmission rate is:
C = Wlog2(1+SNR) bits/s A key feature of MIMO systems is the ability to
turn multipath propagation, traditionally a pitfall of
Spectral Efficiency is defined as the number of bits wireless transmission into a benefit for the user.
transmitted per second per Hz
C/W = log2(1+SNR) bits/s/Hz

LTE Key Technologies----(2b)MIMO
Tx Diversity extends coverage Spatial Multiplexing boosts capacity
User1
User 1 data
S User 1 data MIMO
User1 F User k data Decoder User2
codeword Mod B
C
User k
Scheduler
Channel Information
Channel Information
UE1
Virtual-MIMO in UL
Beamforming extends coverage Layer 1, CW1, AMC1

UE2
MIMO
encoder and
layer
mapping
UE2 Layer 2, CW2, AMC2
User1 DL SU-MIMO
Beam forming
codeword Mod Preceding Layer 1, CW1, AMC1
Processing UE2
MIMO
UE1 encoder and
layer
mapping
Layer 2, CW2, AMC2 UE1
DL MU-MIMO

LTE Key Technologies----(2c)MIMO Coverage +
Compared with 2T2R MIMO: 7~11dB

3~5dB 3-5 dB gain
Compared with SISO:

4~6dB gain
4~6dB RRU3701C
SISO
SISO
4T4R MIMO
2T2R MIMO
2T2R MIMO 4T4R MIMO 8T8R MIMO

•DL MIMO A/B
•LTE-A
• DL Matrix A/B •UL CSM
•2014
• UL CSM •2009

LTE Key Technologies----(2d)2X2 MIMO&SIMO
Capacity +
1x2 SIMO xx.xx%: Gain SIMO

MIMO
18.15%
Macro
Throughput (Mbps)
UE 1
eNodeB
16.4 28.34% 15.12%
LLL
TTT 13.88
12.09 14.23
E EE
9.42 12.36
2x2 MIMO ISD:500m ISD:500m ISD:1732m

Speed:3km/h Speed:30km/h Speed:30km/h
eNodeB UE 1
In typical urban area:

15%~28% gain over SIMO

LTE Key Technologies----(2d)4x2MIMO&2x2MIMO
Capacity +
DL UL
DL 4x2 MIMO v.s. 2x2 MIMO:

20MHz v.s. 10MHz:
23%~90% increasing
15~20% gain in
in edge user cell
average throughput
throughput
Double
23%~90% of average
increasing celluser
in edge throughput
throughput

Contents
1 LTE Overview

2 LTE Link Budget


LTE Radio Network Dimensioning Flow
start
Coverage
Link Budget
Requirement
Cell Radius
Capacity
Capacity Dimensioning
Requirement
Satisfy Capacity Requirement? No Adjust bandwidth

or eNodeB number
Yes
eNodeB Amount
S1/X2 bandwidth,
RRC connected User
End

Contents
1 LTE Overview

2 LTE Link Budget


What Link Budget Can Do?
1)What is the maximum cell radius to get 512kbps UL

throughput?
2) What is the DL cell edge throughput LTE can provide

according to the above cell radius?
3) If I ask 2Mbps or more for DL cell edge throughput,

what is the cell radius?

Link Budget Procedure
UE Antenna Gain Slow fading margin Similar link budget procedure

with UMTS, just some
UE TX Power
Interference margin parameters different , LTE has
no FFM
Body Loss
Penetration Loss
Antenna Gain
Cell Radius:
How far UE can go away
from eNB
Require 512kbps Path Loss

throughput
Cable Loss Cable Loss
eNodeB eNodeB Antenna Gain

Sensitivity
Penetration
Loss
eNodeB RX sensitivity

Technique Differences between UMTS & LTE
Items UMTS UMTS HSDPA LTE
Channel Spacing 5MHz 5MHz 1.4…20MHz

Radio Transmission CDMA CDMA OFDMA
Frequency Plan? No No Yes

Handover Soft HO Hard HO Hard HO
Power Control Yes(HSDPA, No) No No (UL, Yes)
Support MIMO? No(HSPA+, Yes) Yes Yes
Pilot Channel CPICH (RSCP &Ec /Io) RS(RSRP/RSRQ)
Capacity Resource # of Carriers # of Carriers # of RBs

Support AMC? No (HSPA, Yes) Yes Yes
LTE is similar to HSDPA in many aspects

“Cell Peak”, “Cell Edge” and “Cell Average” Throughput
Definition
Peak: the highest data rate when all RBs are allocated to a signal UE
Peak throughput is more of a system and product performance
Average: the mean throughput with users averagely distributed in network
Average throughput is more of a capacity performance
Cell edge: throughput at cell edge with all RBs are allocated to a single UE
Cell edge throughput is more of a coverage performance
There is no direct relationship between them, because the user geographical distribution are random and varies everywhere
The cell edge user throughput is defined as the 5% point of CDF of the user throughput normalized with the overall cell bandwidth.
Peak Throughput per Cell Average Throughput per Cell

Bandwidth Uplink Downlink Bandwidth Uplink Downlink
1.4M 2×2 MIMO 6.4Mbps 8.7Mbps 1.4M 2×2 MIMO 0.7Mbps 1.9Mbps
3M 2×2 MIMO 16Mbps 22Mbps 3M 2×2 MIMO 2.5Mbps 4.9Mbps
5M 2×2 MIMO 27Mbps 36Mbps 5M 2×2 MIMO 4.8Mbps 8.2Mbps
10M 2×2 MIMO 55 Mbps 73 Mbps 10M 2×2 MIMO 9.8 Mbps 16.9 Mbps

UL Link Budget Calculation Case----(1)Available REs for PUSCH
Demodulation reference signal (DMRS) in

uplink transmission is used for channel
estimation and for coherent demodulation
which comes along with PUSCH and PUCCH.
If DMRS is bad or by some reason not
decoded properly by base station , PUSCH or
PUCCH will be not decoded as well.
DMRS is always mapped to PUSCH in

multiple of 12 sub-carriers , however DMRS
mapped to PUCCH is always in terms of 12
sub-carriers only.

UL Link Budget Calculation Case----(2) MCS and Coding Efficiency
Take MCS#3 as example
Uplink Coding Efficiency Index MCS Efficiency

Index MCS Efficiency 15 16QAM_0.50 2.00
0 QPSK_0.10 0.20
16 16QAM_0.53 2.12
1 QPSK_0.13 0.26
17 16QAM_0.57 2.28
2 QPSK_0.16 0.32
18 16QAM_0.63 2.52
3 QPSK_0.20 0.40
4 QPSK_0.25 0.50 19 16QAM_0.69 2.76
5 QPSK_0.31 0.62 20 16QAM_0.75 3.00
6 QPSK_0.36 0.72 21 64QAM_0.50 3.00

7 QPSK_0.43 0.86 22 64QAM_0.54 3.24
8 QPSK_0.49 0.98
23 64QAM_0.58 3.48
9 QPSK_0.55 1.10
24 64QAM_0.62 3.72
10 QPSK_0.61 1.22
25 64QAM_0.66 3.96
11 16QAM_0.31 1.24
12 16QAM_0.35 1.40 26 64QAM_0.71 4.26
13 16QAM_0.40 1.60 27 64QAM_0.74 4.44
14 16QAM_0.45 1.80 28 64QAM_0.86 5.16

UL Link Budget Calculation Case----(3) RBs Allocation for UL
MAC Throughput per 2RBs (1ms, sub frame)
Uplink cell edge MAC throughput per 2RBs
= Available data RE per 2RBs × Coding efficiency / 1ms
= 144 * 0.4 (# MCS 3)
= 57.6 kbps
RBs allocated for Cell Edge Throughput Requirement

Cell Edge MAC throughput required = 512kbps
Number of RB required
=Throughput required / throughput per RB
= 512 kbps / 57.6kbps
= 8.9 RBs
= 9 RBs

UL Link Budget Calculation Case----(4)ULPUSCH EPRE (Per RE)
23dBm max UE transmit power

PUSCH
= 23dBm - 10×lg(RBs required ×12 REs per RB)
= 23 - 10×lg(9×12)
= 2.67 dBm per RE
PUSCH EIRP per RE

PUSCH EIPR per RE
= 2.67 dBm per RE – UE cable loss + UE antenna gain – UE body loss
= 2.67 - 0 – 0 - 0
= 2.67 dBm per RE

UL Link Budget Calculation Case----(5) Receiver Sensitivity, IM, SINR
SINR required to demodulation the PUSCH

-2.53dB Under TU3 channel model, 1×2 Rx diversity and QPSK_0.20 MCS
Interference Margin
Note: there is only interference form users in neighbor cells
Assuming:
-- Neighbor interference factor f is 0.65
-- Neighbor loading is 50% (RBs used)
Interference margin is 1dB
Actual interference depends on the number of UEs and their locations.
1
IM UL =
1 − f UL ⋅ η UL ⋅ SINR UL
UL Link Budget Calculation Case----(6) Receiver Sensitivity
Minimal signal level to overcome interference and noise

= -174dBm/Hz + 10*lg(15,000) + 2.3dB Noise Figure -2.53dB SINR + 1.0dB IM
= -131.4 dBm
S min = 10 ⋅ lg(K ⋅ T) + 10 ⋅ lg(B) + FeNB + SINR required + IM

UL Link Budget Calculation Case----(7) Minimal PUSCH Level on Top of Antenna
Minimal PUSCH level required on top of eNB antenna

= Rx sensitivity + eNB cable Loss – eNB antenna gain
= -131.4 dBm + 0.5 dB – 18dBi = -148.6dBm

UL Link Budget Calculation Case----(8) Slow Fading Margin
Slow fading caused by blocking Calculation example
Parea Area coverage probability
Input
Pedge Edge coverage probability
-- 95% area coverage probability
σ Standard deviation of propagation model, dB
-- 10dB for indoor standard deviation
n Path loss slope, dB/decade
-- 3.57dB/decade path loss slope (See propagation
Q() Q function of normal distribution model)
1 − 2 ab
1 − ab Output
Parea = Pedge + e b2
⋅Q( 2 ⋅ ) -- 87.6% cell edge probability
b
-- 11.6dB fading margin
Q − 1 ( Pedge ) 10 ⋅ n ⋅ lg( e )
a= b=
2 σ ⋅ 2

UL Link Budget Calculation Case----(9)Maximum Allowed Path Loss (MAPL)
MAPL = EIPR (2.67dBm)

– Min PUSCH signal (-148.6dBm)
– Shadowing fading margin (11.6dB)
– Penetration loss (22dB)
+ Hard handover gain (2dB)
= 119.7 dB

UL Link Budget Calculation Case----(10) Propagation Model
Cost231-HATA
eNB antenna height 25m
UE antenna height 1.5m
Frequency 1,710MHz
Morphology correction factor 3dB
Path loss intercept 139.5dB

Path loss slope 3.57dB/decade

UL Link Budget Calculation Case----(11) Cell Radius and Coverage Area
Cell Radius Detail calculation Coverage Area

Max allowed path loss 116.8dB Cell range 0.28km
Path loss intercept 139.5dB Inter-Site Distance 0.43km
Path loss slope 3.57dB/decade Site coverage area 0.16 square km
Cell radius calculated 0.28 km
PathLoss = Intercept + 10 ⋅ Slope ⋅ lg( d )

PathLoss − Intercept
10 ⋅ Slope
d = 10

DL Link Budget Calculation Case----(1) Downlink PDSCH Transmit Power
Detail calculation
Total eNB power 43dBm (2×10W)
Total sub carriers 300 (5MHz Bandwidth)
PB 1 (See table below)
ρB/ρA 1 (See table below)
PDSCH EPRE = 43dBm – 10*lg(300) + 10*lg(ρB/ρA) = 18.2dBm
Single RS
= 43dBm -10*log(25*12,10) +10*log(1)
= 18.2dBm

DL Link Budget Calculation Case----(2) PDSCH EIRP
Detail calculation
PDSCH EPRE 18.2dBm
eNB cable loss 0.5dB
eNB antenna gain 18dBi
PDSCH EIRP = 18.2 – 0.5 + 18 = 35.7dBm

DL Link Budget Calculation Case----(3) Mean Path Loss
Cost231-HATA
eNB antenna height 25m
UE antenna height 1.5m
Frequency 1,805MHz
Morphology correction factor 3dB
Path loss intercept 140.3dB (uplink is 139.5dB)

Path loss slope 3.57dB/decade
Mean path loss = intercept + 10*slope*lg(0.28km) = 120.8dB

DL Link Budget Calculation Case----(4) PDSCH Receive Power at Cell Edge
Detail calculation
Mean path loss 120.8 dB
Shadowing fading margin 11.6 dB
Hard handover gain 2 dB
Penetration loss 22dB
UE antenna gain 0dBi
UE cable loss 0dB
UE body loss 0dB
Total loss = 120.8 +11.6 -2 +22 = 152.4dB
PDSCH Rx power = EIPR – Total loss = 35.7dBm – 152.4dB

= -116.7 dBm

DL Link Budget Calculation Case----(5) Downlink Interference Level
Detail calculation
Neighbor cell interference factor, f 2 (Simulation result from figure below)
Neighbor cell downlink loading, η 100%
Interference level, I = f×η×PDSCH Receive power = -113.7dBm

DL Link Budget Calculation Case----(6) Downlink Interference Margin & SINR
Downlink IM Detail calculation

Thermal noise power, N = -174dBm/Hz + 10*lg(15,000Hz) + 7dB UE Noise Figure
= -125.2dBm
Interference power, I = -113.7dBm (From previous page)
Noise rise, or IM = (I+N)/N = 11.8dB

Achieved SINR calculation
SINRachieved = S (PDSCH Rx power) – N – IM
= -116.7 dBm - (-125.2dBm) – 11.8dB
= -3.3dB
Corresponding MCS = QPSK_0.19
Frequency efficiency is 0.38bps/Hz

DL Link Budget Calculation Case----(7) MAC Throughput Per RB
Throughput per RBs (1ms sub frame)
= Available data RE × Coding efficiency / 1ms
= 120REs×0.38 = 45.6 kbps

DL Link Budget Calculation Case----(7) DL MAC Throughput at Cell Edge
Detail calculation
= MAC Throughput per RB × Number of RB allocated – 24kpbs CRC
If 50% RBs can be allocated to this cell edge user for 5MHz LTE
MCS throughput = 45.6kbps per RB × (25×50%) RBs
= 546kbps
If 100% RBs can be allocated

Cell edge MCS throughput = 45.6kbps per RB × 25 RBs
= 1,116kbps

Contents
1 LTE Overview

2 LTE Link Budget


Capacity Dimensioning
Capacity Dimension Methodology
Total Users: Based on the market business target

Traffic Model: throughput / User @ Busy hour, from business target
Average Capacity / Cell: From the system simulation and real commercial network statistics (refer to page 25)

Capacity: Average Cell Throughput
Huawei Simulation Result 3GPP 36.913 Simulation Reference
100% Loading 2.4bps/Hz/cell for 2×2
1*1 frequency reuse For 10M bandwidth, it’s about 24Mbps per
Bandwidth Uplink Downlink
cell, and 72Mbps per site.
1.4M 2×2 MIMO 0.7Mbps 1.9Mbps So, for 5MHz bandwidth, it is about 12Mbps
3M 2×2 MIMO 2.5Mbps 4.9Mbps DL
5M 2×2 MIMO 4.8Mbps 8.2Mbps
10M 2×2 MIMO 9.8 Mbps 16.9 Mbps
15M 2×2 MIMO Table 8.1 Targets for average spectrum efficiency
14.7 Mbps 25.5 Mbps
Radio env. Case 1 Micro Indoor Rural/
20M 2×2 MIMO 19.8 Mbps 34.3 Mbps Ant. Config [bps/Hz/cell] High speed
1x2 1.2
UL
2x4 2.0
2x2 2.4
DL 4x2 2.6
4x4 3.7
Simulation CF ISD BW PLoss Speed
Cases (GHz) (meters) (MHz) (dB) (km/h)
1 2.0 500 10 20 3

Capacity: Average Cell Throughput in Commercial Networks
Hut CSL
PCCW SMC
Hut(1800MHz) CSL(1800MHz) PCCW(1800MHz) SMC(1800MHz)

Throughput/Cell (DL) 17.6Mbps 18.2M bps 16.4Mbps 19.6Mbps
Case Study: Capacity Dimensioning
Input Information
Capacity & Scenario Related :

Scenario: Dense Urban
Frequency Band: 1.8GHz Capacity Dimensioning
Bandwidth: 5MHz (=25RBs) Cell average throughput
Channel Model: ETU3 DL: 8.2Mbps &UL:4.8Mbps
2*2MIMO for DL and 1*2 for UL

2*20W power configuration
Cell Load :100%(UL/DL) DL Throughput (kbps)@BH
=1G/30 *10%*8 *0.8 / 3600
Traffic Related: = 6 kbps Subscriber per cell
1GB packet /month per user = min(UL users supported, DL users supported)
UL: DL traffic ratio= 1:4 UL Throughput (kbps)@BH = min(4.8Mbps/1.5kbps, 8.2Mbps/6kbps)
=1G/30 *10%*8*0.2 / 3600 = 1360 per cell
= 1.5 kbps

Contents
1 LTE Overview

2 LTE Link Budget


Network Topology Evolution: Multi-RAT/Multi-bands HetNet
Homogeneous Network Heterogeneous Network Cloud-BB
CoMP & Denser Site

Single-RAT HetNet
Single-RAT LTE/HSPA/…
Cloud-BB DAS/RRU
3 sector Macro+LPN
6-sector • Frequency planning

• SON & OAM
• Backhaul for dense small cells
• RRM/ICIC for HetNet
Multi-Bands Multi-RATHetNet
Multi-RAT Multi-band HetNet
E-Coordinator
CDMA WiMAX
2600MHz FDD Cloud-BB

2100MHz 700M 800M850M900M1500M DAS
900/ The image
part with
relationship ID
rId10 was no…
1800MHz 1800M 2100M 2600M 3600M

UMTS/CDMA LTE-Hi AP
Th
WiFi
iMicro
e
iPico
im
ag
e
pa
LTE
rt
TDD
wit
2000M 2300M 2600M 3600M GSM/WiMAX

GSM/UMTS/LTE Inter-working Scenarios
Coverage Based Load Based Service Based
Camp / Cell Selection
Idle
Cell Reselection
PS Handover
Data Service Continuity Cell Change Order
RRC Connected
PS Redirection
CS Fall Back
Voice Service Continuity
SRVCC

Section 1, Camping and Cell Reselection

UE Camping & Cell Reselection Principle
Principles
Cell Reselection from LTE to GSM/UMTS network
GSM/UMTS/LTE multi-mode UE camp on

LTE network preferentially in idle mode;
Cell reselection of LTE GSM/UMTS is
LTE Hotspot triggered only when UE is out of LTE
coverage area;
Cell reselection of GSM/UMTS LTE is
GSM/UMTS Coverage triggered when UE enters the LTE
coverage area;
Cell Reselection from GSM/UMTS to LTE network

Section 2, Data Service Inter-working

Data Service Initiation
Data service request Data service request

(UE camping on eUTRAN): (UE camping on GERAN/UTRAN):
1. LTE network bears service preferably; 1. UE will reselect LTE cell for high speed;
2. HO is allowed in case of load pressure; 2. LTE network bears service preferably;
LTE LTE
Coverage Coverage
GSM or UMTS Coverage
Principle Benefit
LTE UE with the highest priority when UE attached in Minimum impact on the legacy GSM/UMTS network;
overlaid RAN area; Guarantee data speed of LTE subscribers;
eUTRAN is preferable to provide data service;

Data Service Mobility Solution
Data service handover (LTE->GSM/UMTS): Data service handover (GSM/UMTS->LTE):

1. Ongoing data service is beared by LTE; 1. Ongoing data service is beared by G/U;
2. UE handovers to GSM/UMTS; 2. UE moves into LTE coverage area, two options for data
3. PS service will be kept on G/U PS domain; continuity:
Service handover to LTE directly;
Service is still provided by G/U network, when
service ends, UE will camp on LTE network by cell
reselection;
LTE Coverage
GSM/UMTS Coverage
Principle Benefit
Support cell reselection between eUTRAN and GERAN/UTRAN; Guarantee users’ data service quality when handover
LTE to GSM/UMTS PS handover based on coverage in initial occurs;
phase; Keep network performance stable and service continuity;

Flow Chart of Data Service Handover
Service relocated
Relocation request
Inter-system handover
BTS/NodeB BSC/RNC SGSN Gs

HSS/HLR
GSM/UMTS Gn
LTE Relocation request
MME Signaling
Former Service Bearer
HO request
New Service Bearer
eNodeB
SAE-GW
Data service handover procedure:

1. The source eNodeB decides to initiate a handover to the target access network. MME sends relocation request to G/U SGSN;
2. G/U SGSN sends relocation request to target BSC/RNC for resource preparation; MME inform S-GW to prepare handover.
3. eNodeB informs UE to handover from eUTRAN to G/U network. UE apply reconfiguration in G/U network;
4. BSC/RNC allocate resource for UE and MME releases occupied resource of eNodeB.

Section 3, Voice Service Inter-working

CS Fall Back Solution for Voice
GSM/UMTS LTE
coverage hotspot
In the overlaid coverage of

LTE and GSM/UMTS…
Core network requirement:
Reuse traditional GSM / UMTS Core;
No additional equipment;
Principle Benefit
GSM/UMTS has the highest priority to provide voice service for multi- Voice service can be deployed quickly and minimize new
mode UE; investment;
If CSFB voice service initiated, two options for the pre-existing LTE data Guarantee users’ data service quality when handover occurs;
service:
Service handed over to GSM/UMTS network (DTM supported by
GU network);
Service suspended in LTE network until voice call is over (DTM
not supported);

Flow Chart of CS Fallback for Voice - MO
Voice call established
MSC/VLR
Fallback to GSM/UMTS
BTS/NodeB BSC/RNC
HSS/HLR
2G/3G SGs
LTE Service Request

Signaling
MME
Service Bearer
eNodeB
SAE-GW
CSFB MO procedure:
1, Voice service request is activated from UE;
2, MME indicates UE fall back to G/U network for voice service via eNodeB, UE sends service request to GERAN/UTRAN;
in the mean time, MME informs G/U CS Core to prepare resource;
3, When resource in G/U network is allocated, UE falls back to GERAN/UTRAN for voice service;

Flow Chart of CS Fallback for Voice - MT
Voice call established
MSC/VLR
Fallback to GSM/UMTS
BTS/NodeB BSC/RNC HSS/HLR

2G/3G SGs
LTE
Paging
CS paging Service Request
MME
Signaling
Service Bearer
eNodeB
SAE-GW
CSFB MT procedure:
1, GSM/UMTS MSC initiates CS paging to the called party (LTE UE), voice service is requested by LTE UE;
2, MME indicates UE fall back to GERAN/UTRAN for voice service via eNodeB, UE sends service request to
GERAN/UTRAN; in the mean time, MME informs GSM/UMTS CS Core to prepare resource;
3, When resource in GSM/UMTS network is allocated, UE falls back to GERAN/UTRAN for voice service;

SRVCC Solution for Voice
GSM/UMTS LTE
coverage hotspot
When UE moving from LTE

coverage to GSM/UMTS
with voice service… Core network requirement:
1. IMS deployed
2. Enhanced MSC deployed;
Principle Benefit
IMS supports voice and data service of LTE subscribers; LTE network can support both voice and data services with
PS handover from LTE to UMTS; IMS solution;
SRVCC for LTE VoIP to GSM/UMTS CS calls if VoIP is not Future oriented Convergent solution;
supported by G/U network;

Flow Chart of SRVCC for Voice
Bearer before handover
Bearer after handover
Target MSC SRVCC Signaling
BSC/RNC SIP signaling
MAP E
Iu-cs
Inter-RAT Handover
3GPP
IMS
EMSC with SRVCC
BTS/NodeB SGSN
Sv
SRVCC UE
Inter
VCC AS *
MME
X
eNodeB
SAE-GW * VCC AS: Voice Call Continuity Application Server
Voice service handover procedure:

1, Voice service is beared by LTE. E-UTRAN indicate MME for SRVCC.
2, MME transfers the data request signal to SGSN and voice request signal to EMSC.
3, Data and voice service requests are sent to BSC/RNC and data/voice resources are prepared for taking over UE’s service.
BSC/RNC sends the response signal from EMSC/SGSN to MME/eNodeB;
4, UE handover from LTE coverage to GSM/UMTS coverage, voice service continuity guaranteed. After handover succeeded, the
occupied resource in LTE will be released.

Comparison of Different Solution
Solution CSFB IMS/SRVCC
Complete standardization as part of 3GPP R8 Complete standardization as part of 3GPP R8
Technology Maturity March 2009 March 2009
Without IMS deployment; With IMS deployment;

LTE network doesn’t provide VoIP service. LTE network provide VoIP service;
Application Scenario Favoring “convergence” scenarios among fixed
Note: Take advantage of legacy network’s voice ability.
and mobile;
Low High
Legacy network doesn’t need modification. IMS should be deployed.
Solution Complexity LTE network identify the voice service and fall back Legacy network and LTE network are both
to CS domain. connected to IMS.
Call setup time needs few seconds which is longer Low time consumption of Tuning and Assignment
Performance than voice call over 2G/3G. to UTRAN in handover.
Low High
Terminal Requirement No additional requirement; Dual-mode terminal should support VoIP and
related IMS signaling

Thank you！
www.huawei.com
Copyright©2014 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

The information in this document may contain predictive statements including, without limitation, statements
regarding the future financial and operating results, future product portfolio, new technology, etc. There are a
number of factors that could cause actual results and developments to differ materially from those expressed or
implied in the predictive statements. Therefore, such information is provided for reference purpose only and
constitutes neither an offer nor an acceptance. Huawei may change the information at any time without notice.
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

LTE Principle and LTE Planning

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

LTE Principle and LTE Planning

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

LTE Principle

2 LTE Key Technologies

LTE Planning and Dimensioning

2 LTE Link Budget

Inter Working between LTE and GU

422 commercial LTE network 635 M Global LTE Subscribers

Source: GSA Evolution to LTE report（July 2015）

Source: GSA Evolution to LTE report（July 2015）

• S1 Interface: between eNodeB and SAE Gateway/MME

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 5

P-GW functionalities: S-GW functionalities:

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 6

NB: Node B(base station)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 7

Teletalk Airtel Robi GP BLK WorldTel Blank

Blank GP Airtel Robi BLK Teletalk Worldtel

2300MHz Blank Augere Blank

Blank MultiNet Blank BCL Banglalion Blank MultiNet Blank

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 9

Duplex mode TDD FDD

A T/R converter is required. The T/R

Supported (exchangeability based on Not supported (no exchangeability based on uplink

Strict synchronization is required in the

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 10

2 LTE Key Technologies

LTE Planning and Dimensioning

2 LTE Link Budget

Inter Working between LTE and GU

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 11

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 12

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 13

Only 0 ~ 0.2MHz guard band is needed

Guard band Advantage

GSM LTE GSM

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 14

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 15

Insert CP (Cycle Prefix)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 16

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 17

Shannon’s Capacity: Given a unit of W (Hz), the max

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 18

Beamforming extends coverage Layer 1, CW1, AMC1

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 19

Compared with 2T2R MIMO: 7~11dB

Compared with SISO:

2T2R MIMO 4T4R MIMO 8T8R MIMO

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 20

1x2 SIMO xx.xx%: Gain SIMO

2x2 MIMO ISD:500m ISD:500m ISD:1732m

In typical urban area:

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 21

DL 4x2 MIMO v.s. 2x2 MIMO:

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 22

2 LTE Key Technologies

LTE Planning and Dimensioning

2 LTE Link Budget

Inter Working between LTE and GU

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 23

Satisfy Capacity Requirement? No Adjust bandwidth

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 24

2 LTE Key Technologies

LTE Planning and Dimensioning

2 LTE Link Budget

Inter Working between LTE and GU

PDSCH EPRE = 43dBm – 10lg(300) + 10lg(ρB/ρA) = 18.2dBm

Mean path loss = intercept + 10slopelg(0.28km) = 120.8dB