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FASTENING TECHNOLOGY IN CONSTRUCTION FOR SUSTAINABILITY

THROUGH BIM

Book · July 2015

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2 authors:

Saeed Reza Mohandes Abdul Marsono

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
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To my beloved Father and Mother

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to acknowledge and thank my knowledgeable supervisor whom

has always guided me and put sincere efforts in correcting my mistakes; without his
guidance this research would not come to fruition.

iv
 ABSTRACT

One of the most the most vital aspects of construction industry which needs
to be taken into account is sustainability development. This issue has been
categorized into different subdivisions such as thermal properties, sound insulation,
environmental impacts and flexibility. One critical element of the buildings playing a
pivotal factor in order to meet the rHVLGHQW¶VQHHGVRQWKHLQWHULRUVSDFHLVSDUWLWLRQ
wall. Although some research has been carried out on the subject of sustainability in
different aspects of partition walls such as embodied energy or thermal properties,
there has not been any research carried out exploiting BIM (building information
modeling) as a tool in order to simulate work process, calculate time and take-off
quantities pertaining to this crucial element on the interior space of the buildings.
Gaining innumerable benefits regarding the usage of BIM have been overlooked over
the past researches conducted on the field of partition walls. As a result, this research
has presented a new framework of exploiting BIM software in doing so. The main
goal of this research is to propose a new type of partition wall and its fasteners with
the aim of shortening the installation process, materials needed and enhancing the
functionality on the interior space of the buildings. The objectives of this study are:
1) To calculate time and quantity take-off pertaining to the existing partition walls
and their fasteners, 2) To propose a new partition wall with its fasteners and 3) To
examine the effectiveness of new partition wall in terms of time, material saving and
functionality. The scope of presented work is limited to the connections between the
partition walls to the exterior walls and to the columns. To achieve the mentioned
objectives, a case study has been chosen. The used methodology has comprised the
simulation of work process regarding each partition wall using Revit Architecture
and Autodesk Inventor and calculation the quantity and time required to install each
employing Naviswork Manage 2014. The results have shown that the proposed

v
partition wall would be by far more effective to be used on the interior space of the
buildings in comparison with the other results.

vi
 ABSTRAK

Salah satu yang paling aspek yang paling penting dalam industri pembinaan
yang perlu diambil kira adalah pembangunan kemampanan. Isu ini telah
dikategorikan ke dalam subdivisi yang berbeza seperti sifat haba , penebatan bunyi,
kesan alam sekitar dan fleksibiliti. Salah satu unsur kritikal bangunan memainkan
faktor penting dalam usaha untuk memenuhi keperluan pemastautin itu pada ruang
dalaman adalah partition dinding. Walaupun beberapa kajian telah dijalankan ke atas
subjek kemampanan dalam aspek dinding partition seperti tenaga termaktub atau
sifat haba , tidak ada apa-apa penyelidikan yang dijalankan mengeksploitasi BIM
(bangunan pemodelan maklumat) sebagai alat untuk mensimulasikan proses kerja ,
mengira masa dan berlepas kuantiti yang berkaitan dengan elemen penting ini di
ruang dalaman bangunan. Mendapat manfaat yang begitu banyak mengenai
penggunaan BIM telah diabaikan sejak kajian lepas yang dijalankan ke atas bidang
dinding partition. Hasilnya, kertas ini telah dibentangkan satu rangka kerja baru
mengeksploitasi perisian BIM dalam berbuat demikian. Matlamat utama kertas ini
adalah untuk mencadangkan satu jenis baru partition dinding dan pengikat dengan
tujuan untuk memendekkan proses pemasangan , bahan yang diperlukan dan
meningkatkan fungsi pada ruang dalaman bangunan. Objektif kajian ini ialah: 1 )
Untuk mengira masa dan kuantiti berlepas berkaitan dengan dinding partition yang
sedia ada dan pengikat mereka, 2) Untuk mencadangkan partition dinding baru
dengan pengikat dan 3) Untuk mengkaji keberkesanan partition dinding baru dalam
dari segi masa , penjimatan bahan dan fungsi. Skop kerja yang dibentangkan adalah
terhad kepada sambungan antara dinding partition untuk dinding luar dan kepada
tiang. Bagi mencapai objektif tersebut, satu kajian kes telah dipilih . Kaedah yang
digunakan telah terdiri simulasi proses kerja mengenai setiap dinding partition
menggunakan Revit Architecture dan Autodesk Pencipta dan pengiraan kuantiti dan
masa yang diperlukan untuk memasang setiap Naviswork menggunakan Mengurus
2014. Keputusan telah menunjukkan bahawa partition dinding yang dicadangkan

vii
akan dengan jauh lebih berkesan untuk digunakan pada ruang dalaman bangunan di
perbandingan dengan orang lain.

viii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES xi

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Aim and Objectives 2
1.4 Scope of Study 3
1.5 Expected Findings 3

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 4
2.1 Introduction 4
2.2 Industrial Building System 4
2.2.1 Definition of Industrialised Building
System (IBS) 6
2.2.2 Types of Industrial Buildings Systems 9
2.2.3 The advantages of using industrialized
building system 10

ix
 2.3 Building Information Modelling 12
2.3.1 Definition 14
2.3.2 Advantages of using BIM 15
2.3.3 BIM Tools 17
2.3.4 BIM on the Planning and Preconstruction
Phase 18
2.3.5 BIM for Development of the 3D Model 18
2.3.6 BIM for Constructability Analysis and
value engineering 19
2.3.7 BIM for 4D Schedule 20
2.3.8 BIM for 5D 21
2.3.9 BIM for Preconstruction and Construction
Phases 22
2.3.10 BIM for Project Team Management 23
2.3.11 BIM in Construction Process Management 24
2.3.12 The Nature of Information 24
2.4 Joints for construction 25
2.4.1 Structural joining 25
2.4.2 Structural joints of Screws, bolts and nuts 27
2.4.3 Failure modes of mechanical joints 28
2.4.4 Effect Shear forces on joints 28
2.4.5 Loosening behavior of screw fasteners 30
2.4.6 Tensile behavior of fasteners 30
2.5 Partition and divider of buildings 31

3 METHODOLOGY 34
3.1 Introduction 34
3.2 Determination of problem statement, objectives and scope
34
3.3 Exploration of Literature 35
3.4 BIM Data Collections 35
3.5 Specific Research Methodology 39

x
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 40
4.1 Introduction 40
4.2 Case Study: 40
4.3 Assessment of Existing Partition Study 47
4.3.1 Work Process of construction and
assembly 47
4.3.2 Doors and windows 63
4.3.3 The extraction of data from the work
processes 80

5 CONCLUSION 92

REFERENCES 94

xi
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

4.1 Different Levels in the chosen case study 41

4.2 Types of Interior Walls for taking-off and computing time 80
4.3 First Quantity Take-Off 82
4.4 Quantity Take-Off from Interior Windows 82
4.5 Quantity Take-Off from Interior Doors 83
4.6 Total Quantity Take-Off 83
4.7 First Quantity Take-Off from 84
4.8 Quantity Take-Off from Interior Windows 85
4.9 Quantity Take-Off from Interior Doors 85
4.10 Total Quantity Take-Off 86
4.11 Total Quantity Take-Off 87
4.12 Total Quantity Take-Off 87
4.13 Categories of Interior Walls in each Level for Time Calculation 88
4.14 Time Computation in each Level and In Total For Different
Partition Walls 90

xii
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

3.1 Flow chart of research methodology 39

4.1 Top view 41
4.2 Perspective View 42
4.3 Perspective View 42
4.4 Level 1 Plan 43
4.5 Level 1-1 Plan 43
4.6 Level 2 Plan 44
4.7 Level 2-1 Plan 44
4.8 Level 3 Plan 45
4.9 Level 3-1 Plan 45
4.10 Level 4 Plan 46
4.11 Section View 46
4.12 South Elevation 46
4.13 West Elevation 47
4.14 Building the two ends of wall 49
4.15 Laying the first course 49
4.16 Laying the second course 50
4.17 Plan view of embedded rebars in the brick layers 51
4.18 Position of rebar before precasting the column concrete 51
4.19 Position of rebars after precasting the column concrete 52
4.20 Placing rebar in the intersection point 52
4.21 Completion of building two interior brick walls 53
4.22 Plastering the surface 53

xiii
4.23 Installing horizontal track to the floor 55
4.24 Installing horizontal track to the ceiling 56
4.25 Installing vertical stud to the flanking wall 57
4.26 Installing the remaining vertical studs 58
4.27 Installing the gypsum wallboard to the installed vertical studs 58
4.28 &RPSOHWLRQRIGU\ZDOO¶VLQVWDOODWLRQ 59
4.29 Details of connection between gypsum wallboard and vertical
studs simulated in Autodesk Inventor (Plan and front View) 59
4.30 Front view of Drywall Screw TB 60
4.31 Perspective view of Drywall Screw TB 60
4.32 Square Tube 61
4.33 Attaching gypsum wallboard to the square tube 61
4.34 Detail of connection between square tube and horizontal
track simulated in Autodesk Inventor 62
4.35 Front view 62
4.36 Perspective view of Pan Head Screw LB 62
4.37 'RRU¶VLQVWDOODWLRQ 63
4.38 :LQGRZ¶VLQVWDOODWLRQ 63
4.39 Horizontal track 65
4.40 Installed flanking vertical stud 67
4.41 Screwed angular plate to the horizontal track and flanking
vertical stud 68
4.42 Detail of screwed angular plate using galvanized screw with
nailable plug (front and perspective view) 68
4.43 Screwing the angular plate to the installed track on the ceiling 69
4.44 False column 69
4.45 Installing the rest of false columns 70
4.46 Installing wood veneer 70
4.47 Installing the rest of wood veneers 70
4.48 Installing Square tube 71
4.49 Installing wood veneers on the square tube 71
4.50 Exterior wall 73

xiv
4.51 A component of IBS partition wall 73
4.52 A complete IBS partition wall 74
4.53 Two types of blocks used in IBS partition wall as fasteners 74
4.54 Placing the blocks inside the embedded holes of Exterior wall 74
4.55 Installed the first component of IBS partition wall 75
4.56 Installed the second component of IBS partition wall 75
4.57 A completed IBS partition wall 76
4.58 A component of IBS partition wall for corners 76
4.59 Installing the first component in the corner 77
4.60 Installed the second component in the corner 77
4.61 A completed IBS partition wall in the corner 78
4.62 Installing two interior IBS partition walls (hidden line) 78
4.63 IBS column 79
4.64 Installing IBS partition wall to IBS column 79
4.65 Specifying different identifications in Naviswork Manage for
Brick Wall 81
4.66 Specifying different identifications in Naviswork Manage for
Drywall 84

xv
 CHAPTER 1

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

Sustainable development in the construction industry has become an important

issue, but it seems to be lagging behind other sectors. It is proved that quite very little
companies have requisite information regarding this issue. As a result of this matter
(sustainability issues) major changes related to materials, techniques, skills, and
innovation and management are needed in the construction industry in order to
enhance the quality within the buildings for the residents.

Partition walls are important building elements and have a great importance in
the overall life-cycle impacts of a building. A partition wall is a thin element built to
divide the indoor space into rooms or other compartments. Additionally, it is used to
enable more effective space organization and to improve comfort and safety.
Generally, partition walls are non-load bearing. For a loadbearing wall, strength to
vertical loads is an important factor of design, since it influences the overall structural
behavior of the building. In a partition wall, the main structural requirement is to
have the necessary strength to support a suitable surface for decoration and the
accidental impacts resulting from the occupation of the building.

1
1.2 Problem Statement

Partition walls are crucial components of the buildings as they separate and
provide distinction between internal spaces, enhance comfort, health and safety, and
provide more effective space utilization. Although some research has been carried out
on the subject of sustainability in different aspects of partition walls such as
embodied energy or thermal properties, there has not been any research carried out
exploiting BIM (building information modeling) as a tool in order to simulate work
process, calculate time and take-off quantities pertaining to this crucial element on
the interior space of the buildings. Gaining innumerable benefits regarding the usage
of BIM have been overlooked over the past researches conducted on the field of
partition walls. As a result, this paper has presented a new framework exploiting BIM
software in doing so.

1.3 Aim and Objectives

The aim of this research is to improve the simplicity of fastening technology

for internal partition wall in terms of assembling and disassembling. To achieve the
aim of this study the following objectives have been organized:

‡ To calculate time and quantity take-off pertaining to the existing partition

walls and their fasteners
‡ To propose a new type of partition wall and its fasteners
‡ To examine the effectiveness of new partition wall in terms of time,
material saving and functionality

2
1.4 Scope of Study

The scope of this study in order to achieve the mentioned objectives is to focus
on the connections between partition walls to exterior walls and to the columns. To
fulfill the scope of this research following works need to be carried out:

‡ Simulating the work process of installation steps with the aim of computing
the time and materials needed more precisely regarding the existing and
proposed partition walls exploiting BIM
‡ Relate utilization of space; in terms of flexibility to modify the interior
space, to sustainability through employing BIM tools
‡ Assumption: Building is divided into zones of ceilings, roofs, interior and
exterior wall and the study is focused on interior walls

The chosen case study of this research is M46 which is an office building
locating at the University Technology Malaysia (Johor Bahru).This office building
has been chosen because it has numerous types of partition walls and consists of
offices and public educational spaces.

1.5 Expected Findings

From this study, the following findings might be achieved:

‡ The use of existing partition walls and their fasteners are evaluated
‡ The new type of IBS partition wall and its fasteners are discussed and
evaluated by using BIM tools in terms of time, saving of material.

3
 CHAPTER 2

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

This chapter contains requisite information regarding the previous

researches carried out on different subjects pertaining to the relevant
issues of the current research.

2.2 Industrial Building System

Industrialised Building System (IBS) has proven that it can

contribute many advantages in construction project. The Industrialised
Building System (IBS) can reduce the number of unskilled and foreign
workers on site. The presence of them can increase cost and wastage in
construction industry. In addition, Industrialized Building System (IBS)
can make the time period of construction progress become shorter and it
can be finished before or on tithe. The quality of the structural works can
be guaranteed because the size and the dimensions of the components
had been specified through the design. The safe environment platform

4
can be provided to the workers since the site is clean from the mess of
construction tools, prevent the congested environment that full with too
many workers and prevent social problems among the workers [1-4].

At the beginning process, the production of the component may

involve planning; managing and maintaining quality to reduce waste
(material and cost) and to ensure the component has no defect and can be
delivered on time.

7KHRUHWLFDOO\ ,%6 SURPRWHV LQQRYDWLRQ WR WKH FRXQWU\¶V

construction process; its value chain produces new range of products and
services, and offers new businesses to the market [5]. It is supposed to be
new construction technology that will increase the efficiency and
productivity of construction and thus making construction faster,
economical and cheaper; however, one of the main barriers that impede
the growth of IBS is the resistance from the various parties such as the
traditional contractors who are worried that their involvement will be
much reduced as most of the responsibilities are taken over by the big
manufacturers. Such worry has also been voiced by many quarters, such
as the small and medium contractors, trade contractors and small and
medium sized suppliers.

5
2.2.1 Definition of Industrialized Building System (IBS)

Industrialized Building System can be defined in many terms

based on their perception of industrialized Building System (IBS)
conceptual.

Industrialized Building System is an advancement of the new

construction technology for the time being. It is an alternative of
construction that can change many aspects in building construction. The
industrialized building system is a construction system that is built using
pre-fabricated components and is systematically done using machine,
formworks and other forms of mechanical equipment (Rahman & Omar,
2006). The components are manufactured offsite and once completed
will be delivered to construction sites for assembly and erection [6]. It is
also can be interpreted as a system which component is manufactured in
factory and then installed on site based on the size and dimension of the
component required. Furthermore, systems in which concrete
components, prefabricated at site or in factory are assemblies to form the
structure with minimum in situ construction [7] . According to [3] IBS
can be defined as a set of interrelated element that act together to enable
the designated performance of the building.

Industrialized Building System (IBS) is a construction

technological advancement that produced the construction material
which is assembled on site. It is a very systematic system that can
change the current scenario and problems occurred in local construction
industry. The prefabricated components were fabricated at factory and

6
then will be delivered to the site. As Construction Industry Development
Board (CIDB) described Industrialized Building System (IBS) as
building systems where the components are manufactured in a factory,
on or off site or can be called as prefabricated components. Then the
materials will be transported, positioned and assembled on site with less
of additional site works.

Chung & Kadir [8] stated that Industrialized Building System

(IBS) is a mass production of building components which is assembled
in factory or at site based on the standard shape, size and dimension of
the components. The component then will be delivered to the
construction site to be re-arranged according to the standard requirement
to construct the building.

Warszawski [3] highlighted that an industrialization process is an

investment in equipment, facilities and the technology with the objective
of maximizing production output, improving quality and minimizing
labor resources. In the perspective of construction, CIB defined
industrialized construction as a generic process of standardization and
rationalization of the work processes in the industry to reach cost
efficiency, higher productivity and quality [2]. More elaborate definition
for industrialized construction is a change of thinking and practices to
improve the production of construction to produce a high quality,
customized built environment, through an integrated process, optimizing
standardization, organization, cost, value, mechanization and automation
[9]. One of the efforts towards construction industrialization in
construction is through the introduction of Industrialized Building

7
System (IBS). With this regard, the term building system is defined by
Warszawski [3] as a set of inter connected elements that joint together to
enable the designated performance of building. It is also characterized as
a set of interrelated elements that act together to enable designated
performance of building. In wider sense, it may include several
procedures (managerial and technological) for the production and
installation of these elements for this purpose [10].

IBS was defined by Abdullah and Egbu [11] as a method of

construction developed due to human investment in innovation and on
rethinking the best ways of construction work deliveries based on the
level of industrialization. The level of industrialization in IBS can be
classified as pre-building system, modern construction, advance
automation and volumetric construction [10]. In his work on IBS risks,
Hassim [12] defined IBS as an organizational process-continuity of
production implying a steady flow of demand, standardization,
integration of the whole production process, a high degree of
organization of work, mechanization to replace human labor. Chung [13]
defined IBS as a mass production of building components either in a
factory or at site with dimensions; standard shape and transport to the
construction site to be re-arranged with certain standard to form a
building but Hamid [14], Hong [12] and CIDB [2] neglect the mass
production concept. While Hong [15] and CIDB [3] have the similarity
in definition but the CIDB [2] doubt the concept of structured planning
and standardization. Scrutinizing IBS challenges in Malaysia, Rahman
and Omar [6] defined IBS as a construction system using pre-fabricated
components. The manufacturing of the components is systematically

8
organized using machine, formworks and other forms of mechanical
equipment. The components are manufactured in the factory and once
completed will be delivered to construction sites for assembly and
erection. Activities and results supported by the used of highly
developed components. The term is also defined as a new construction
method that can improve the quality and productivity of work through
the use of better construction machineries, equipment, materials, and
extensive project planning [18, 19].

2.2.2 Types of Industrial Buildings Systems

There are five (5) common types of Industrialized Building

System (IBS) which are generally used in construction. There are Pre-
cast Concrete Framing, Panel and Box Systems, Steel Formwork
System, Steel Framing System, Prefabricated Timber Framing System,
and Block Work System. The steel formwork system does not require
heavy machinery or high technology. So, it is suitable for the
construction projects which want to reduce the unskilled labor. The
formwork system used as a mould with a wet concrete poured into it and
act as a temporary support for the structure. It also can increase the level
of accuracy of the design, the quality of the product and the time taken to
finish the construction project [2].

9
2.2.3 The advantages of using industrialized building system

Many researches have mentioned the advantages of using IBS

system in there works. This study can list the advantages of IBS as
follows:

1- High quality and good acceptance

‡ High quality-controlled products due to controlled environment

in factory, better material
‡ Selection and using high mechanized technology [16].
‡ Skilled workers with specific scope of works improve
efficiencies and reduce errors [17].
‡ Unaffected by weather element due to controlled environment
of casting area [18].
‡ The industrialized building systems can reduce boredom and
monotony by getting flexibility in architectural design [3].

2- Cost

‡ Reducing on-site workers significantly reducing labor cost for

contractors [19].
‡ Minimizing cost of transferring waste material duo to quality
control and reducing waste material [17].
‡ The ability to use the components' moulds repeatedly which
made of steel, aluminum, etc. (for different projects) [3]

10
‡ Exemption of the Construction Levy for housing developers
who utilize IBS components exceeding than 70 % [3].
‡ No need to do rectification works because of closely checking
and controlling in factory and this will save a lot of money [3].

3- Time

‡ Faster completion of projects due to advance off-site

preparations and simplified installation Process [19].
‡ Manageable construction schedule by the use of planning
control, estimated lead time and forecasted down time [17].
‡ Off-site production can start while the construction site is
under earthworks. This offers earlier occupation of building
and minimizes interest payment [18].

4- Safety

‡ Promote safe and systematic factory working environment as

minimal workers, materials and construction waste is required
on-site [2].

5- Cleanness and neatness:

IBS provide cleaner sites due to:

‡ Systematic components storage and timely material delivery

(Just-in-Time principles) [2].

11
 ‡ Reduction of construction material at site [20].
‡ Reduction of waste materials at site duo to casting in factory
[21].
‡ Minimizing the use of formworks and props at site because of
casting in factory [3].

6- Social benefits:

‡ Reduce the dependency on foreign workers and reduce money

outflow and their social problems, low quality works, delays,
and diseases [9].
‡ Saving in labor at construction site (about 40-50% compared to
conventional method) [3].

2.3 Building Information Modeling

In the development of a building project, domain-specific tools are

used for design analysis and evaluation. Tools for lighting, energy use,
mechanical system design and its control systems, structural analysis,
cost analysis, scheduling, evacuation simulation; are example analyses
that all require specialized data for their execution. In traditional design
where 2D drawings were manually generated, each domain expert or
consultant participating in the project had their own analysis tools and
PDQXDOO\JHQHUDWHGGDWDVHWVIURPWKHDUFKLWHFW¶VGHVLJQLQWHQWGUDZLQJV
WR DVVHVV WKH GHVLJQ IURP WKH FRQVXOWDQW¶V SHUVSHFWLYH $V WKH GHVLJQ
evolved, these consultants managed the coordination of the analysis data

12
to maintain its consistency with the design. Because this manual process
was time consuming, the specialist consultants could not respond to the
timeframe of design decision-making. Assessments within the design
process were intuitively made from experience and most computational
analyses were done near the end of design to validate already made
decisions [20].

The classical design process has various drawbacks. The error of

engineer can be occurred easily and the efficiency of works is influenced
by the error. As a result, time loss is occurred, which spreads to economy
loss. In this study, the weak point of classical design process was made
up and the process of analysis and design based on 3D-information
model was constructed. For this, various modules and data bases is need.
Indeed interface program to unify individual module is needed, too [21].

BIM is a 3D-based framework designed to integrate and digitize

complete building information so as to express all the building
components and their relationships. The goal of BIM has existed for at
least 30 years and various standards have been published Existing
literatures provided individual aspects of BIM, such as the need for data
exchange standards, the future potential and inter organizational usage of
BIM [22].

Since the understanding of the project develops through the

creation of the model, it is possible that at a certain point the simulation
(model) no longer accurately reflects that (increasing) understanding.
This is the right moment to reevaluate the usefulness of continuing with

13
the current model, or to restart a new one. Generally it will take a
fraction of the time that it took to get to the same point of development
because all the thinking and planning has now been done and the
modeling has been well planned and can be executed efficiently. The
result will be a new model that will no longer slow down progress or be
inaccurate in the way it represents the project [23].

A fundamental characteristic of the BIM is its development

through an information feedback loop. The evolution of the model and
the relevant project information is cyclical (iterative); and as the
different project team members develop the project, the available
information gradually increases in scope, depth, and relatedness. A
coordinated and intelligent project will grow out of the building
information that is continually cycled through the BIM at a more and
more detailed and coordinated level [23].

2.3.1 Definition

BIM identifies building elements (walls, slabs, windows, doors,

and stairs) by their attributes (functions, structures, usage, and others)
using parametric technology, and it reflects any changes in the building
elements immediately into the building configuration information by
recognizing the relations between those attributes. Therefore, the
characteristics of building elements and their relational information can
be obtained by simulation using model data, which makes it possible to
make rapid decisions during a construction project. In addition, BIM not

14
only provides predictable information with regard to quantity, cost,
schedules, and materials but also makes it possible to perform data
analysis depending on structure and environment [24].

A building information model is a project simulation consisting of

the 3D models of the project components with links to all the required
information connected with the projects planning, construction or
operation, and decommissioning. This section describes the 3D models,
the information contained or attached to these models, and the nature of
the links among the individual models, the components, and the
information. The complications of this varied array of information
containers can be daunting, and it is important to understand the basic
nature of these concepts so that it becomes possible to plan and manage
their organization well [24].

2.3.2 Advantages of using BIM

Many of the benefits of the BIM will be viewed as direct benefits,

although the largest benefits actually are the indirect benefits. Direct
benefits are qualities such as the improved visualization and the
centralization of (project) building information. The indirect benefits
include the necessity for collaboration and the resulting better project
understanding, and the reduction of project risk. Simulations allow us to
plan and virtually test a design before the actual project is constructed. A
model will help to visualize the project, to stimulate thought about the

15
project requirements, and to assist in describing the project in an
efficient manner [24].

Visualization, collaboration, and elimination are the three main

headings under which the benefits of the BIM are organized. There is in
fact much overlap among these categories, but they have been chosen as
the main ideas around which all the benefits can be better understood.
Visualization primarily addresses the benefit to an individual and the
improvement in her or his personal understanding as a result of using the
BIM. Collaboration refers to the cooperative action of several team
members as that is encouraged and facilitated by the BIM. Elimination
addresses mostly project-related benefits, such as reduction of conflicts,
waste, and risk [24].

In brief advantages of BIM according to [25] can be listed as

follows:

1. Take off of materials would be simplified.

2. Complicated details could be reviewed and analyzed.
3. Coordination of the various trade components can be
UHYLHZHGIRUSRWHQWLDO³KLWV´
4. Sequence of putting a project together is enhanced.
5. The fourth dimension (time) can be incorporated to show
how fast a project can be put together.
6. Site work elevations between existing conditions and the
final elevations can be determined.

16
 7. The best routing for ductwork, pipes, wires, lights,
sprinklers, and cables can be reviewed.
8. Logistics of the site with the location of cranes and hoists
can be analyzed.
9. Lift schedules for the placement of steel, concrete, and large
mechanical and electrical equipment can be determined.
10.The development of schedules and the associated logic will
be enhanced.
11.Potential safety problems can be assessed.
12.Can evaluate alternatives in more realistic terms.
13.Can coordinate trades prior to performing the actual work.

2.3.3 BIM Tools

The following are some of the software companies offering BIM

programs:

1. Autodesk Revit
2. ArchiCAD from Graphicisoft
3. Bently Architecture
4. Digital Project from Gehry Technologies LLC(book)
5. Autodesk Nawiswork(Manage,Simulate and Freedom)

17
2.3.4 BIM on the Planning and Preconstruction Phase

Currently it is not uncommon to find BIM applications in the

preconstruction phase of a project. This is in large part due to the fact
that simpler models, and less information, associated with the planning
phase, will still provide large benefits to the project. The discussion of
this phase has been divided into two parts, addressing first the
conceptual design and marketing aspects of the project, and then the
planning and design during the development of a complete set of
instructions for the construction of the project [24].

Such simple conceptual models may also be used to presell a

project, before construction takes place, to help secure the financing for
the project. A sales effort may utilize sophisticated images and/or movies
showing the completed virtual project. The schematic models for these
purposes are often produced with surface modeling software. It is
generally simpler to use a surface modeler, and the results are well suited
for communication purposes.

2.3.5 BIM for Development of the 3D Model

This is the essence of the planning and design phase of a project.

The information feedback loop through which the model contents are
developed is very dependent on the model itself. The model is the focal
point for the evolution of the design process, and all project team
members primarily communicate through use of the model. The

18
improved 3D enabled visualization is also very helpful for the designers
with respect to progress in their own work. Almost all ideas for the
project will be reflected in the model in one way or another. At this stage
the project is still fairly schematic, and therefore it is generally not
difficult to represent the ideas of the project team members in the model
[24].

2.3.6 BIM for Constructability Analysis and value

engineering

This is another valuable part of the preconstruction phase that

refers to the assessment of the requirements and circumstances of the
construction process itself to achieve the desired result (i.e., how can the
materials be best assembled?). This will include an evaluation of the use
of materials and systems as well as the analysis of the fabrication,
assembly, and installation details of all the project parts. Constructability
also includes addressing the layout of the construction site, access for
supply deliveries, site preparations (including excavations and backfill
operations), the job trailer location, etc. Value engineering can be very
effectively introduced at this early stage of the project. Value
engineering in this sense refers to the considerations taken into account
to maximize the value of the project design and components. Optimizing
the project value can be achieved through brainstorming sessions where
the entire project team collaborates, through the 3D model that facilitates
visualization and communication among team members [24].

19
2.3.7 BIM for 4D Schedule

The construction schedule can also be developed with help from

the 4D model. If a preliminary schedule is available, a schematic
construction sequence can be simulated. This will facilitate the
visualization of the construction process and allow the consideration of
alternative approaches to sequencing, site layout, and crane placement,
etc., during the construction process. The model components can also
contain production rate information (for all the associated work tasks)
that will permit a lines of balance schedule analysis; this approach allows
the fine-tuning of tasks based on their location in the project and
production rates, and helps to eliminate start and stop cycles within
tasks. For example, if the framers of interior partitions are a little slower
than the sheetrock installers, it will detect this and suggest either
speeding up the framers or slowing down the sheetrock workers, so that
the overall production is optimized. Improvements to repetitive tasks and
production rates can make a significant difference in the efficiency of a
large project [24].

Research on a 4D simulation has focused on the management of a

construction schedule and an implementation of the dynamic simulation
environment for processes [26] proposed a dynamic collaboration
framework that automatically creates a construction schedule through a
business process reengineering approach and dynamically simulates cost
calculation in connection with the schedule. However, geometry
information is applied only to visualization through 4D simulation while
it is additionally connected to the system separate from the construction

20
schedule, which shows that conventional methods cannot be avoided. In
the meantime [27] implemented a 4D simulation system that
automatically connects geometry information based on data stored in a
building model with time schedules to plan a construction sequence.
However, the system could not break from the existing frame, which is
merely a simple connection between geometry information and the
schedule [28] implemented the functions necessary for managing 3D
geometry models, schedules, and dynamic resources on the 4D
information system platform called Graphics for Construction and Site
Utilization. However, this platform did not suggest results for developing
an actual system or applications; it simply provided conceptual
definitions for important factors to be included in the 4D simulation.

2.3.8 BIM for 5D

Project cost can be forecasted and tracked with a BIM throughout

all phases of project planning. In the early stages of a project it is helpful
to establish budget areas; these can be represented as square footage
costs in an extremely simple model. A schematic 5D model will provide
schematic quantities, and an outline cost estimate can be generated.
When the project cost estimate and budget are tracked through use of the
model throughout the design phase, it is referred to as a target value
design. As the models evolve, cost tracking can be refined with the
increased level of model detail; and the cost implications of design
alternatives can be evaluated at any stage of design development. Most
cost analysis will be based on the link between the model components

21
and an external database that contains the actual cost information. The
quantities in the model are combined with the linked cost data so that a
project cost estimate is generated. The database is editable and can be
FXVWRPL]HG WR WKH XVHUV¶ FKRLFH 0DQ\ FRPSDQLHV ZLOO EDVH WKHLU FRVW
estimates on historical data and can use already familiar data from a
proprietary database. It is also possible to use commercially available
cost data [24].

2.3.9 BIM for Preconstruction and Construction Phases

The BIM process in the construction phase applies both to project

team management (people-related) and to process management. The
BIM also continues to be useful for planning purposes that carry over
into the construction phase.

The use of a BIM for construction management is only recently

beginning to gain popularity. Currently the primary uses of BIM in the
construction phase are communication, identification and resolution of
coordination issues, planning of construction sequencing, and
replacement of fabrication shop drawings by a detailed 3D model. All
these uses require a fairly high level of detail in the model components,
and they are often implemented with models that a subcontractor may
already have produced specifically for these reasons [24].

22
2.3.10 BIM for Project Team Management

This applies to the guidance of the interactions among the

participants in the design and construction processes of the project. It is
important to remember that the project team is working for the owner
and needs to keep the goals of the owner clearly in mind while
establishing the construction management parameters for the project.
7KH SURMHFW¶V %,0 SODQVKRXOG UHIOHFWWKHVH JRDOV DQG EH WKH WRRO with
which the team is realizing its goals. The primary concerns are
communication and coordination issues among the project team
members.

Coordination of the work of the project team members is an

extremely valuable aspect of a BIM. A 3D view of a detailed project can
quickly and easily reveal many characteristics of the project that may
otherwise be difficult to visualize in the conventional 2D drawing
format. Such model views also encourage the interaction among the
responsible persons to resolve apparent conflicts, or discuss other design
or construction-related issues. A discussion between the design
consultants and subcontractors based on the 3D models may help in
FRPPXQLFDWLQJ WKH GHVLJQHU¶V LQWHQW DQG YLVXDOL]LQJ WKH VSHFLILF
construction or installation procedures before they are to take place in
the field. Thus the BIM can function as a focal point for the relationships
and communication among all construction team members. The model
can accommodate the visualization of the regular construction schedule
update as well as the look-ahead ideas practiced in Lean Construction
[24].

23
2.3.11 BIM in Construction Process Management

Construction process management refers to managing the

processes required to enable the construction of building projects. These
processes are often related to construction mobilization, procurement,
scheduling and sequencing, cost control and cash flow analysis, material
ordering and handling, and component fabrication and installation. All
these processes have evolved out of a need to handle these activities
more effectively, and this could just as well mean eliminating what is
unnecessary (waste in the form of time, materials, or resources) as
adding what is desired in terms of materials, means, or methods to a
project or process [24].

2.3.12 The Nature of Information

This pertains to all information that is part of, or connected to, the
components as well as the physical information inherent in the model
itself (i.e., size, location, etc.). It is important that all information
required making an actual analysis be available from the BIM. The basic
informational questions are as follows:

x What type of information will need to be attached to

(embedded in) the model components? What level of detail
will be required?

24
 x Will the information simply be available (linked to) or also
require a certain amount of processing (i.e., scheduling
information, productivity rates, etc.)?
x What is the required format for the information?
x Will the information need to be exported (quantity takeoff,
cost estimates, etc.)?
x Is the information imported (database link) or created in the
model components (parametric objects)?
x What information will be required by the team to perform all
its tasks in a timely manner? [24].

2.4 Joints for construction

2.4.1 Structural joining

The joint, as an essential part of all structures natural and

contrived, has been known, imitated and innovated from pre-historic
times. Due to its complexities, rigorous analysis and thorough physical
understanding have had to wait until modern times with the advent of
effective mathematical, computational and experimental tools. The
progress of these studies is now rapid and fulfilling the needs being
generated by new technologies. One of the directions needing enquiry is
the performance of joints under a thermo mechanical environment. The
evolving safety requirements in various demanding structural systems
like those in aerospace and nuclear engineering make this an important

25
area of study for phenomenological understanding, design and analysis
[29].

As quoted by P. P. Camanho and F. L. Matthews [30], there is no

definitive method to predict joint strength. Although some of the
methods described achieved good results for some laminate
configurations and failure modes, extrapolation to other situations is not
always possible. Methods based on boundary stresses and failure
theories underestimate the joint strength. Fracture mechanics methods
require the determination of complex material properties and assume
plane stress conditions at the hole boundary, where three-dimensional
stresses are present. The accuracy of two-parameter methods is
dependent on experimentally determined values that should be
determined for each material and lay-up. Both fracture mechanics and
two-parameter methods take into account the stress concentration relief
prior to failure but are only able to predict ultimate strength. Progressive
damage methods have the advantages of being able to determine failure
mechanisms, the direction of failure propagation, failure mode and both
ultimate and residual strengths.

Generally, the investigations of multi-fastener joints assumed that

there was no interference between the stress distributions at several
holes. In situations where the holes are closer together it is important to
develop models capable of predicting the joint strength taking into
account stress distribution interference [30].

26
2.4.2 Structural joints of Screws, bolts and nuts

Screw fasteners are undoubtedly one of the most important

machine elements. The outstanding feature of screw fasteners is that,
despite their design simplicity, they provide a high clamping force.
Screw fasteners, therefore, have been used almost world-wide since the
14th century. However, they have an inherent and inevitable fault: they
all loosen eventually by vibration.Many troubles caused by the loosening
of screw fasteners are reported frequently. Although several methods
have been proposed to prevent screw fasteners from loosening, these
troubles do not seem to be decreasing [31].

External threaded fasteners (bolt, screws and studs) in

combination with internal threads (nuts and tapped holes), denoted
threaded assemblies, are used in a wide range of engineering structures,
such as buildings, bridges, vehicles, passive sign posts and safety
barriers. For example, the performance of a deformable safety barrier
(consisting of a steel post and steel beams) during a vehicle impact,
depends on the behavior of the threaded assembly. The bolt/nut
combination is the connection between the posts and the beam rail, and
the behavior of these connections can have a significant influence on the
crashworthiness of such a structure. The bolt/nut combination
experiences high deformation rates during a vehicle impact. Even so, the
design of threaded fasteners and threaded assemblies is often based on
material properties that are obtained at low strain-rates. This may lead to
structural components that are not optimal with respect to energy
absorption and load distribution. Hence, before a structural impact can

27
be analyzed, the behavior of each of the involved component must be
known. This analysis should be performed with material properties that
are obtained at a strain-rate level that is representative for the impact
situation [31].

2.4.3 Failure modes of mechanical joints

Hart-Smith 1978 considered that net-tension failure occurs when

the bolt diameter is a large fraction of the strip width. This fraction
depends on the type of material and lay-up used. Bearing failure occurs
predominantly when the bolt diameter is a small fraction of the plate
width. This mode of failure leads to an elongation of the hole. Shear-out
failure can be regarded as a special case of bearing failure. This mode of
failure can occur at very large end distances for highly orthotropic
laminates. Cleavage failures are associated with both an inadequate end
distance and too few transverse plies. Pull-through failure occurs mainly
with countersunk fasteners or when the thickness to diameter ratio is
sufficiently high to precipitate failure [31].

2.4.4 Effect Shear forces on joints

Threaded fasteners are widely used in assemblies because of their

ability to develop a clamping force and ease of disassembly for
maintenance. The two most common modes of failure of threaded
fasteners subjected to dynamic loads are fatigue and vibration induced

28
loosening. This paper studies failure of threaded fasteners by vibration
induced loosening caused due to dynamic shear loads. Such failures can
be avoided by proper joint design using guidelines based on the
understanding of loosening caused by dynamic loads. The work
presented in this paper is a step towards development of such design
guidelines [32].

It was recently shown that a fastener could turn loose under

dynamic shear loading as a result of accumulation of localized slip in the
form of strain at the fastener contacts surfaces. Adequate modeling of
such loosening requires inclusion of fastener geometry, stiffness, as well
as contact with friction. The bending moment contributes to localized
slip by changing the reaction distribution which causes slip in regions
with lower reaction force. The bending moment also causes slip at the
thread flanks, and contributes to slip by elastic deformation.

Another aspect of the loosening process is the influence of the

thread load distribution on thread slip. These results indicate that the
load distribution at the threads influence the loosening process. In
addition to fastener length and thread load distribution, there are various
other parameters that influence loosening, including the fastener material
and dimensional tolerances. Since all these factors are coupled
nonlinearly, it is important to study their individual effect as well as the
influence of their interaction on screws loosening [32].

29
2.4.5 Loosening behavior of screw fasteners

It is shown that the loosening of screw fasteners is caused by two

factors. One is relative slip between the bolt and nut screw threads, the
slip causing torsion in the bolt. The other is relative slip between the
bearing surface of the bolt or nut and the surface of the fastened material,
the slip causing slackening of the torsion. The prevention of loosening
should be possible if either one of these causes is eliminated. Aiming at
HOLPLQDWLQJ WKH ILUVW FDXVH WKH WRUVLRQ D QHZ VFUHZ QDPHG µ7KH 6WHS-
/RFN %ROW¶ 6/% LV GHYHORSHG 7Ke developed bolt has eight steps in
which the lead angle degree is nil at the circumference of the thread. The
efficacy in preventing the initiation and progress of loosening is
examined by applying a force cyclically at right angles to the center line
of a bolt. The results show that whilst a conventional fastener lost the
fastening force within 1000 cycles, the developed SLB does not lose the
fastening force until over 30000 cycles [33].

2.4.6 Tensile behavior of fasteners

Den Hartod [34] examined the stress concentrations in the threads

of bolt/nut combinations. This work showed that the load along the
length of a bolt/nut combination was not uniformly distributed.
Additionally, some parts of the threads will be free from load, then
yielding will occur in the loaded threads and this will modify the load
distribution. He proposed an extended theoretical analysis of the load

30
distribution, and the developed theory has gained general acceptance and
shown good agreement with experiments.

Tensile stress increases with increase in test velocity, and that bolt
thread stripping leads to a completely different nominal stress-elongation
curve than what is found for bolt breaking. The most striking difference
is the reduction of the ductility of the threaded assembly. Several
parameters have an influence on the failure mode, such as the length of
the thread engagement, the grip length and the strain-rate. The threaded
assembly tests showed that the number of threads in the grip length
changed the failure mode. A short grip length reduced the thread shear
area because diffuse necking occurred in the thread engagement length.

2.5 Partition and divider of buildings

Load bearing partitions may be built of masonry or concrete or of

wood or light-gage metal studs. These materials may be faced with
plaster, wallboard, plywood, wood boards, plastic, or other materials that
meet functional and architectural requirements. Masonry partitions
should satisfy the requirements of Arts [35].

Nonbearing partitions may be permanently fixed in place,

temporary (or movable) so that the walls may be easily shifted when
desired, or folding. Since the principal function of these walls is to
separate space, the type of construction and materials used may vary
widely. They may be opaque or transparent; they may be louvered or

31
hollow or solid; they may extend from floor to ceiling or only partway;
and they may serve additionally as cabinets or closets or as a
concealment for piping and electrical conduit.

When movable partitions may be installed, the structural framing

should be designed to support their weight wherever they may be placed.
Acoustics also sometimes affects the type of construction of partitions.
Thin construction that can vibrate like a sounding board should be
avoided. Depending on functional requirements, acoustic treatment may
range from acoustic finishes on partition surfaces to use of double walls
separated completely by airspace or an insulating material. Light-
transmission requirements may also govern the selection of materials and
type of construction. Where transparency or translucence is desired, the
partition may be constructed of glass, or of glass block or plastic, or it
may contain glass windows.

Structural clay tile is often used for partitioning in schools,

hospitals, food processing plants, kitchens, sports facilities, airports,
correctional facilities, and so on, where the imperviousness of a ceramic
glazed surface, high durability, and low maintenance are required.
Several different types of wall construction may be used, depending on
the aesthetic requirements for the facing. For the standard 4-, 6-, and 8-
in. thicknesses, single units glazed on one or both sides are available.

Concrete block partitions are widely used as interior fire, smoke,

and sound barriers. Decorative units can be left exposed, but standard
utility block is usually painted, textured, plastered, or covered with

32
gypsum board. Hollow masonry unit partitions can be internally
reinforced to provide the required lateral support in lieu of cross walls or
projecting pilasters. A continuous vertical core at the required interval is
reinforced with deformed steel bars and then grouted solid to form an in-
wall column. Cavity walls can be similarly reinforced and also facilitate
the placement of conduit and piping for utility distribution within a
building. The continuous cavity easily accommodates horizontal runs.

33
 CHAPTER 3

3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter aims at elaborating the methodological process that

has been undertaken to carry out the research on the subject. A thorough
planning and scheduling had been organized on the methodology of the
study in proper sequence to ensure a smooth running of the study
program from literature review, data collection , data analysis, until the
discussion of the results and finally the suggestion and conclusion.

3.2 Determination of problem statement, objectives and

scope

Preliminary study has been carried out to determine problem

statement followed by the research objectives and scope of the
dissertation. While doing those mentioned research areas, consulting
with experts have been carried out to achieve the best result.

34
 After the preliminary review, some specific scopes of the study
has been determined by considering various aspects such as achievability
of the study, the time constraints, availability of the research materials
and the specific scopes that have been discussed previously in the first
chapter.

3.3 Exploration of Literature

Literature review has been carried out to establish some

knowledge and to collect information pertaining to the study area
including study of BIM tools. The purpose of literature review is to
gather important information of:

‡ Study and explore all the fasteners and partition walls which
can be used in construction
‡ Study and examine BIM(building information modeling) and
its relevant tools such as Revit Architecture 2011, Nawiswork
Manage 2014 and Autodesk Inventor 2011
‡ Study related books, journals and thesis and etc for gathering
information regarding work process of partition walls

3.4 BIM Data Collections

Data collection is the most critical part of the study since the
accuracy of the data will determine the success or failure of the research.

35
The purpose of data preparation is to present the data, to have a feel of
the data, and to get the data correct and ready for analysis. In this step of
this research work process of existing fasteners in different partition
walls will be discussed in details.

The first step is to collect and analyze data including work

breakdown structure, productivity rate, and quantities pertaining to the
installation of each type of partition walls in order to simulate work
process, calculate time required and take-off, respectively. The data has
been garnered through reading articles, papers, site investigation and
discuss with experts. In the next step, work process regarding the
installation or construction of each type of partition walls have been
simulated through using Revit Architecture 2011. Autodesk Revit is a
BIM software modeling programs allowing design with parametric
modeling and drafting elements. In other words, the model is
interconnected; a change in one place propagates changes throughout the
model. In addition to that, Revit building design software empowers
design and construction professionals to bring ideas from concept to
construction with a coordinated and consistent model-based approach.
Revit is a single application that includes features for architectural
design, MEP and structural engineering, and construction. Apart from
exploiting Revit Architecture, Autodesk Inventor Professional 2011 has
been employed to model some types of the fasteners used in partition
walls. Autodesk Inventor professional software offers an easy-to-use set
of tools for 3D mechanical design, documentation, and product
simulation leading to deliver better products, reduce development costs.
In the next step, the chosen case study has been modeled in details

36
employing Revit Architecture including all plan, elevation and section
views and components such as exterior and interior walls, floors,
ceilings, columns, roofs, windows, doors and so forth. Revit software has
the ability to categorize different components of the buildings into sub-
categories in accordance with their identifications. Therefore, it has
divided all the interior partition walls into smaller parts with regards to
their lengths, widths and thicknesses. Then, in order to compute
quantities and time needed, the modeled cast study has been exported to
Naviswork Manage 2014. Autodesk Navisworks is a powerful tool for
construction managers using BIM. Navisworks is collaboration software
that allows a design team to share, combine, review and correct a BIM
model and 3D files using a 3D viewer. The series of Navisworks
software including manage, simulate and freedom are quite beneficial to
be used for running a schedule animation, sequencing animation, and
clash detection. When it comes to computing the duration of activities
involved in a project, time liner is very useful in providing a simulation
of the construction sequence. By either importing a construction
schedule from an outside software or building a new schedule in Time
Liner, the 3D model components can be linked to a schedule task, and
thus can be seen appearing or disappearing in timed sequence. On top of
all those aforementioned advantages of exploiting Navisworks, a new
feature has been added to the version 2014 of these series software
named as quantity take-off. The new methods for generating quantities
from and alongside a model provide the opportunity to go from highly
detailed models to virtually no details and still enable proper quantity
take-off. This flexibility provides powerful quantification tools to benefit

37
the pre-construction process when using Building Information Models. It
is done in 3 different ways as below:

a) Automated take-off from object parameters

b) Manual take-off for modeled objects
c) Virtual Take-RIIIRUµXQ-modeled objects

Concerning the above-explanations, take-off for modeled partition

walls of the mentioned case study has been done automatically through
identifying different specifications for each type with respect to their
sub-GLYLVLRQV¶FKDUDFWHULVWLFVLQ1DYLVZRUN0DQDJH6XEVHTXHQWO\
time needed to install each type of partition wall has been computed
regarding the created work process and installation stages in step 2.

38
 CHAPTER 4

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction

This chapter presents the results of three simulated existing wall

partitions and a proposed one with their used fasteners in terms of
quantity take-off and time through using BIM tools. Furthermore, the
discussion of results are associated with the comparison of the simulated
wall partitions in terms of their quantity take-off, work process and time
needed to install each of them with one another.

4.2 Case Study:

An educational office bulding of faculty of civil engineering

locating at UTM (Universiti Teknologi Malaysia) has been chosen for
this paper due to existence of numerous interior walls. This building has
been constructed in multiple levels as below:

40
 Table 4.1: Different Levels in the chosen case study

%DVH/HYHO¶V+HLJKW)URP 7RS/HYHO¶V+HLJKW)URP
Levels
GURXQG¶V6XUIDFHPP *URXQG¶V6XUIDFHPP
Level 1 -2500 +2500
Level 1-1 *URXQG¶V6XUIDFH“ +5000
Level 2 +2500 +7500
Level 2-1 +5000 +1000
Level 3 +7500 +12500
Level 3-1 +1000 +15000
Level 4 +12500 +17500

In order to achieve the specified aim and objectives of this

research, the different plans, elevations and section with relevant
perspectives have been drawn in Revit Architecture in details including
walls, windows, doors, slabs, columns, false ceilings, roof and so forth,
as illustrated in Figure 4.1-4.13.

Figure 4.1 Top view

41
Figure 4.2 Perspective View

Figure 4.3 Perspective View

42
 Figure 4.4 Level 1 Plan

Figure 4.5 Level 1-1 Plan

43
 Figure 4.6 Level 2 Plan

Figure 4.7 Level 2-1 Plan

44
 Figure 4.8 Level 3 Plan

Figure 4.9 Level 3-1 Plan

45
 Figure 4.10 Level 4 Plan

Figure 4.11 Section View

Figure 4.12 South Elevation

46
 Figure 4.13 West Elevation

4.3 Assessment of Existing Partition Study

4.3.1 Work Process of construction and assembly

In this research, work process has comprised the different steps of

installation or construction pertaining to each partition wall with the aim
of enhancing the accuracy for taking off materials and computing
duration needed for each.

4.3.1.1 Brick Wall

The first type of wall partition is constructed from clay bricks with
dimensions 215mm (length) by 102.5mm (height) by 65mm (depth),
with 6 voids in two rows and finally coated with a 25 mm thick Portland
cement plaster on both sides. As a result, the total thickness of wall
would be 150 mm. Both surfaces are finished with latex or water based

47
paint layer as the final coating. Every third horizontal course and
intersection points of two interior walls are reinforced with one steel bar.
The bricks are held together using cement lime mortar (1part cement: 1
part lime: 6 parts sand). Lime mortars exhibit greater elasticity than pure
cement mortars, allowing the take up of moisture movement in the
bricks. The different steps of constructing the interior brick wall have
been explained and shown (using Revit Architecture) as follows:

Step 1: Locate face of the walls on the floor. Snap a chalk line.

Step 2: The two ends of wall are built first using a spirit level for
checking the balance measure from the outer edge of the brick at
one end to the outer edge of the brick at the other end to get the
length of your wall as can be seen in Figure 4.14.

Step 3: Spread mortar bed on the surface and shaped to accept the
bricks.

Step 4: Laying the bricks one after another on the spread mortar
using taut string line as a guide to line and level .The level needs
to be put against the face of the bricks to make sure that they are
straight. The end of the brick to be laid is buttered with mortar and
then shoved against the preceding brick, squeezing the mortar to a
width of 20mm. The brick is tapped down to level with the heel of
the trowel, any surplus mortar extruded from the bed or the
perpend (vertical joint) is scraped off with the trowel, and then the
process needs to be repeated until the end of wall (Fig 4.15). At
the completion of each course, the guide line is moved up to the
next course.

48
Step 5: In the second course half bricks first need to be laid on the
mortar at both ends, followed by the other complete bricks as
illustrated in Figure 4.16. As a result, the vertical joints of brick
wall are not along the same path leading strong bond between
different brick layers.

Figure 4.14 Building the two ends of wall

Figure 4.15 Laying the first course

49
 Figure 4.16 Laying the second course

Step 6: In every 3 layers, rebar must be used in order to enhance

the resistance of the wall usually with the length of 420mm
placing inside the interior wall. In connections between interior
wall to column, the rebars must be placed prior to precasting the
concrete of column (Figure 4.17-4.19), whereas between interior
wall to exterior wall there are placed after installing exterior wall
through scratching the surface of exterior walls. In addition to that,
rebars must be placed in the intersection points of two interior
walls as shown in the Fig 4.20.

50
 Figure 4.17 Plan view of embedded rebars in the brick layers

Figure 4.18 Position of rebar before precasting the column concrete

51
Figure 4.19 Position of rebars after precasting the column concrete

Figure 4.20 Placing rebar in the intersection point

Step7: After the completion of laying all brick layers up to the

desired height, the whole surface of brick wall needs to be
plastered prior to painted (see Figure 4.21-4.22).

52
Step8: Ultimately, the surface of brick wall is painted with the
desired colors.

Figure 4.21 Completion of building two interior brick walls

Figure 4.22 Plastering the surface

53
4.3.1.2 Dry Wall

Drywalls are installed in two different ways:

a) In the first method, the top track is directly joined to the

ceiling. However, in the second method, the top track is
joined to the installed square tube. The different steps of the
ILUVWW\SHRIZDOO¶VLQVWDOODWLRQVDUHDVIROORZV

Step 1: Snap a chalk line across the perimeter of the floor to

outline where the track will need to go.

Step 2: Installing insulation tape on the back side of each

track prior to any installations.

Step 3: Fixing the track to the floor by first drilling a hole,

followed by fastening with a screw and drywall or plastic
anchor as illustrated in Figure 4.23. The horizontal distance
between screwing points for the track (also called u-
channel) should not be more than 700 mm.

54
 Figure 4.23 Installing horizontal track to the floor

Step 4: To plumb upper and lower track, you can use either
a laser level, a plumb bob, or two water levels:

i. To use a laser level, simply place it in the bottom

middle of the track and turn it on to shine a vertical
laser up to your wall. This point will be your plumb
point on the upper wall. Most contractors
recommend using a laser level for efficiency and
ease of access.
ii. Using a plumb bob is similar to using a laser level.
Attach the string to the top of the wall and let the
bob come to a rest at the plumb line on the bottom of
the floor.
iii. If you have neither a laser level nor a plumb bob,
you can try using two water levels pressed together.
Keeping both levels together, extend one to the
ceiling and other to the floor, making sure that both

55
 levels are plumb. Mark off your plump line on the
floor or ceiling.

Step 5: Once plumb is established, attach the track to the

ceiling. Use a drill and screw gun to attach the track, pretty
much just as has been attached to the ground track as can be
seen in Figure 4.24.

Figure 4.24 Installing horizontal track to the ceiling

Step 6: Screwing the studs to the flanking walls or columns

using galvanized screw and nailable plug with the minimum
diameter of 4mm by 50mm length (see Figure 4.25). The
vertical distance between screwing points for the studs of
flanking walls should not more than 1000mm.

56
Figure 4.25 Installing vertical stud to the flanking wall

Step 7: Fitting the remaining vertical studs. The distance

between vertical studs is approximately 500mm to 600mm
from center to center as has been shown in the Figure 4.26.

Step 8: Join studs to tracks by clamping the two members

tightly using drywall screw.

Step 9: Screwing the boards solely to the vertical studs and

never to the horizontal channels using drywall crew TB with
the diameter of 25mm (se Figure 4.27-4.28 7KH ERDUG¶V
length corresponds to the room height less 5mm to 10mm
gap the top and the bottom of the partition. The vertical
distance between screwing points should not be more than
250mm, however, this might vary according to construction.
The details of connections between wallboard to vertical
stud and vertical stud to flanking wall or column have been
illustrated in Figure 4.29-4-31.

Step 10: Painting the surface of the installed boards

57
 Figure 4.26 Installing the remaining vertical studs

Figure 4.27 Installing the gypsum wallboard to the installed vertical studs

58
 Figure 4.31 Perspective view of

Figure 4.30 Front view of Drywall Drywall Screw TB

Screw TB

b) In this method, due to some construction limitations such as

conditions of ceiling or existence of some mechanical
installations (as well as for this case study), the top track is
joined to the square tube which is considered as an ancillary
structure as shown in Figure 4.32-4.33. For this case study,
the dimensions of used square box for width, height and
thickness are 100mm, 100mm and 4mm, respectively. In
order to join the top track to square tube, pan head screws
LB are used with the maximum distance of 600mm and
9.5mm length. The details of connections between
wallboard to the mentioned square tube and top track with
used fasteners have been shown in the Figure 4.34-4.36. All
the above mentioned steps are the same.

60
 Figure 4.32 Square Tube

Figure 4.33 Attaching gypsum wallboard to the square tube

61
Figure 4.34 Detail of connection between square tube and horizontal track
simulated in Autodesk Inventor

Figure 4.35 Front view

Figure 4.36 Perspective view of

Pan Head Screw LB

62
4.3.2 Doors and windows

In order to install door and window in dry wall, additional vertical and
horizontal studs need to be installed as illustrated in Figure 4.37 and 4.38.

Figure 4.37 'RRU¶VLQVWDOODWLRQ

Figure 4.38 :LQGRZ¶VLQVWDOODWLRQ

63
4.3.2.1 Wood Partition Wall

There are slight differences between drywall and wood partition wall in terms
of installations process and components. For instance, flanking vertical stud and false
columns are used instead of simple vertical stud; however, there solely need to be
used for installing interior doors and windows as well as in drywall. In this type of
wall partition, angular plate is used to join tightly the flanking vertical stud to
flanking walls and track to ceiling or floor. This type of wall as well as drywall is
installed in two ways:

a) Joining the tracks directly to the ceiling

b) -RLQLQJ WKH WUDFNV WR WKH VTXDUH WXEH DV ZHOO DV PHQWLRQHG LQ GU\ZDOO¶V
installation

i. The different steps of this method of installation are as below:

Step 1: Using a chalk line in order to outline where the track needs to be
installed.

Step 2: Pasting insulation tape on back side of each track before

installing them on the floor or ceiling.

Step 3: Screwing the track to the floor (see Figure 4.39 and 4.40).

Step 4: Using either laser level or a plumb bob or two water levels in
order to plumb the track on the ceiling.

Step 5: Screwing the track to the ceiling (see Fig 4.41).

64
Step 6: Screwing the flanking vertical stud to its intersection points with
installed tracks on the floor and ceiling using angular plate and
galvanized screw with nailable plug as shown in Fig 4.42-4.46.

Step 7: Screwing the flanking vertical stud to the flanking walls or

columns using same fasteners used in drywall.

Step 8: Attach the false column to the installed track on the floor and
ceiling using angular plates with the same fasteners used for joining the
vertical studs to the flanking walls or columns (see Figure 4.47 and
4.48). Generally, the distance between false columns is approximately
1000mm from center to center.

Step 9: Joining the wood veneer to the false column less 50mm gap the
WRSDQGWKHERWWRPRIWKHSDUWLWLRQLQWHUPVRIDHVWKHWLFV¶SRLQWRIYLHZ
using drywall screw TB as shown in Figure 4.49 and 4.50.

Figure 4.39 Horizontal track

65
Figure 4.40 Installed horizontal track on the floor

Figure 4.41 Installed horizontal track on the ceiling

66
 Figure 4.42 Flanking vertical stud

Figure 4.40 Installed flanking vertical stud

67
Figure 4.41 Screwed angular plate to the horizontal track and flanking vertical stud

Figure 4.42 Detail of screwed angular plate using galvanized screw with nailable plug (front and
perspective view)

68
Figure 4.43 Screwing the angular plate to the installed track on the ceiling

Figure 4.44 False column

69
Figure 4.45 Installing the rest of false columns

Figure 4.46 Installing wood veneer

Figure 4.47 Installing the rest of wood veneers

70
ii. $V ZHOO DV LQ WKH VHFRQG PHWKRG RI GU\ZDOO¶V LQVWDOODWLRQ 6TXDUH WXEH LV
used in places where the possibility of installing interior walls up to the
main ceiling is impracticable, Figure 4.46 and 4-49. For instance, one
condition would be innumerable existence of different mechanical
installations under the main ceiling. In other words, the walls are installed
up to the false ceiling. The other process of installations is as same as
mentioned in the method of this part.

Figure 4.48 Installing Square tube

Figure 4.49 Installing wood veneers on the square tube

71
4.3.2.2 IBS Wall Partition

In this section a new type of wall partition with its fasteners has been proposed.
These types of wall partitions are well-suited to be used in the projects constructed
with the technology of Industrialized Building System (IBS). In order to join the
interior wall to any components of IBS tightly, some holes inside them (with the
exact size of mentioned fasteners) need to be designed while prefabricating exterior
walls or columns as can be seen in Figure 4.50. Each type of this proposed wall
partition consists of three precast concrete panels including precast concrete blocks
considered as fasteners (see Figure 4.51 and 4.52 ).Required numbers of mentioned
panels are quite variable with regards to the length and height of interior space of
which needs to be divided. For instance, type A of wall partitions in this case study
have 1600mm length by 3500 height, so that three panels with the size of 1600mm by
1165 are required, whereas type H need twelve to be installed. It is recommended
that each 5 meters of interior space would be divided by three panels placing on top
of one another. Furthermore, two blocks with the size of 200*100*50 and
400*100*50 are required to join the interior wall to exterior wall or column (see
Figure 4.53).There is no necessity to use mortar to join the interior wall to other
components. The different steps of installing this type of wall partition have been
mentioned as follow [36]:

Step 1: Locating face of the walls on the surface using chalk line with
considering the places of the embedded holes inside the exterior wall or
column.

Step 2: Placing the above-mentioned blocks in the embedded holes of

exterior wall or column. Two smaller blocks are placed in the bottom
and the top and two biggers in the middle of the panels (see Figure 4.54).

72
Step 3: Lift precast concrete panel and place it on the located face of
wall using crane, followed by other panels in order to make a complete
partition wall. The above-mentioned steps (from 1 to 3) have been
shown in Figure 4.55-4.62 including the corner connection between two
interior walls. The connection between interior wall and precast concrete
column has been illustrated in Figure 4.63 and 4.64.

Step 4: Using a spirit level for checking the balance of installed panels.

Step 5: Painting all the surface of installed panels including

undercoating and finishes.

Figure 4.50 Exterior wall

Figure 4.51 A component of IBS partition wall

73
 Figure 4.52 A complete IBS partition wall

Figure 4.53 Two types of blocks used in IBS partition wall as fasteners

Figure 4.54 Placing the blocks inside the embedded holes of Exterior wall

74
 Figure 4.55 Installed the first component of IBS partition wall

Figure 4.56 Installed the second component of IBS partition wall

75
 Figure 4.57 A completed IBS partition wall

Figure 4.58 A component of IBS partition wall for corners

76
 Figure 4.59 Installing the first component in the corner

Figure 4.60 Installed the second component in the corner

77
 Figure 4.61 A completed IBS partition wall in the corner

Figure 4.62 Installing two interior IBS partition walls (hidden line)

78
 Figure 4.63 IBS column

Figure 4.64 Installing IBS partition wall to IBS column

79
4.3.3 The extraction of data from the work processes

4.3.3.1 Quantity Takeoff

As regards the different plans drawn in Revit Architecture 2011, eight types of
interior walls have been categorized in accordance with their lengths, heights,
thicknesses and numbers for exporting to Nawiswork Manage 2014 as can be seen in
Table 4.2.

Table 4.2: Types of Interior Walls for taking-off and computing time
Thickness
Type of Wall Length (mm) Height (mm) Numbers
(mm)
A 1600 3500 150 40
B 2750 3500 150 24
C 3500 3500 150 146
D 4500 3500 150 66
E 5250 3500 150 55
F 7000 3500 150 17
G 10000 3500 150 9
H 20000 3500 150 2

80
Brick Wall

After exporting the Revit file to Naviswork Manage, three different materials
used in constructing interior brick walls including brick, rebar and mortar have been
specified pertaining to their lengths in details for each type of wall. For instance,
different specifications identified in Naviswork Manage for three different walls
(Type A) in terms of mortar volume have been mentioned as follow (Figure 4.65):

Figure 4.65 Specifying different identifications in Naviswork Manage for Brick Wall

81
 The summary of the materials quantity take-off for the total interior brick walls
in the Naviswork Manage 2014 have been shown on the following:

Table 4.3: First Quantity Take-Off

Materials Quantity Take-Off

Brick ¶QXPEHUV

5HEDUĭ 1978.838 (kilograms)
Mortar 1180.795 (cubic meters)
Plastering ¶VTXDUHPHWHUV
Painting ¶ (square meters)

In order to take-off materials used very precisely, areas of windows and doors
should be deducted from the total numbers of brick, mortar and painting, table 4.4
and 4.5. Consequently, new quantity take-off has been shown in table 4.6.

Table 4.4: Quantity Take-Off from Interior Windows

Quantity Take-Off of Interior Windows Numbers
Brick: 158.1 (numbers)
Size: 1220mm*3000mm Mortar: 0.80(cubic meters) 6
Painting: 7.32 (square meters)
Brick: 79.05 (numbers)
Size: 1220mm*1500mm Mortar: 0.40 (cubic meters) 10
Painting: 3.66 (square meters)

82
 Table 4.5: Quantity Take-Off from Interior Doors

Quantity Take-Off of Interior Doors Numbers

Size: 2000mm*650mm
Size: 2000mm*1100mm
Brick: 56.16 (numbers)
Mortar: 0.28(cubic meters) 70
Painting: 2.6 (square meters)
Brick: 95.04(numbers)
Mortar: 0.48 (cubic meters) 18
Painting: 4.4(square meters)

Table 4.6: Total Quantity Take-Off

Materials Quantity Take-Off

Brick ¶QXPEHUV

5HEDUĭ 1978.838 (kilograms)

Mortar 1143.755 (cubic meters)

Plastering ¶VTXDUHPHWHUV

Painting ¶VTXDUHPHWHUV

Drywall

As well as quantity take-off for brick wall, Naviswork Manage 2014 has
calculated total amount of used components for installing drywall according to what
have been identified for different types of walls. For instance, specifications of
drywall screw TB regarding the three different interior walls (type A) have been
shown in Figure 4.66. Quantity take-off of drywall also can be seen in table 4.7.
Additionally, the take-off pertaining to interior windows and doors have been shown
in table 4.8 and 4.9. On the one hand, numbers of track, vertical stud and drywall
screw used in both interior windows and doors should be added to the first calculated
quantity take-off. On the other hand, the numbers of wallboard used and area of

83
interior doors and windows installed in drywall should be deducted. As a result, total
quantity take-off of dry wall can be observed in table 4.10.

Figure 4.66 Specifying different identifications in Naviswork Manage for Drywall

Table 4.7: First Quantity Take-Off from

Components Quantity Take-Off

Track (Length=4000mm) 772.16 (numbers)
Vertical Stud (Length=3400mm) ¶QXPEHUV
Square Tube (100mm*4mm) ¶NLORJUDPV
Drywall Screw TB ¶QXPEHUV
Pan Head Screw LB ¶QXPEHUV
Nailable Plug ¶QXPEHUV
Galvanized Screw ¶QXPEHUV
Wallboard (1200mm*3500mm) 2281.64(numbers)
Painting ¶VTXDUHPHWHUV

84
 Table 4.8: Quantity Take-Off from Interior Windows

Quantity Take-Off of Interior Windows

Size: 1220mm*3000mm
Size: 1220mm*1500mm
Track: 18 (numbers)
Vertical Stud: 7.8 (numbers)
Drywall Screw TB: 180 (numbers)
Wallboard: 10.44 (numbers)
Painting: 43.86 (square meters)
Track: 15 (numbers)
Vertical Stud: 13 (numbers)
Drywall Screw TB: 180 (numbers)
Wallboard: 4.3 (numbers)
Painting: 36 (square meters)

Table 4.9: Quantity Take-Off from Interior Doors

Quantity Take-Off of Interior Doors

Track: 27.2 (numbers)
Vertical Stud: 340 (numbers)
Size: 2000mm*650mm Drywall Screw TB: 4760 (numbers)
Wallboard: 103.7 (numbers)
Painting: 442 (square meters)
Track: 4.86 (numbers)
Vertical Stud: 36 (numbers)
Size: 2000mm*1100mm Drywall Screw TB: 540 (numbers)
Wallboard: 18.72 (numbers)
Painting: 79 (square meters)

85
 Table 4.10: Total Quantity Take-Off

Components Quantity Take-Off

Track (Length=4000mm) 837.22 (numbers)
Vertical Stud (Length=3400mm) ¶QXPEHUV
Square Tube (100mm*4mm) ¶NLORJUDPV
Drywall Screw TB ¶QXPEHUs)
Pan Head Screw LB ¶QXPEHUV
Nailable Plug ¶QXPEHUV
Galvanized Screw ¶QXPEHUV
Wallboard (1200mm*3500mm) ¶QXPEHUV
Painting ¶VTXDUHPHWHUV

Wood Partition Wall

Different components used in installation of wood SDUWLWLRQ¶V SURFHVV KDYH

been mentioned including their quantity as can be seen in table 4.11. In terms of
different components quantity used in installations process for doors and windows,
there are slight differences between drywall and wall partition. As a result, the total
quantity take-off for wall partition is calculated as same as in drywall ( numbers of
tracks, vertical studs and drywall screw TB are added to the first calculated quantity
take-off; however, numbers of wood veneers are deducted) which has been shown in
table .

86
 Table 4.11: Total Quantity Take-Off

Components Quantity Take-Off

Track (Length=4000mm) 837.22 (numbers)
Vertical Stud 396.8 (numbers)
Flanking Vertical Stud (Length=3400mm) 718 (numbers)
False Column ¶QXPEHUV
Square Tube (100mm*4mm) ¶NLORJUDPV
Angular Plate (50mm*50mm*25mm) ¶QXPEHUV
Drywall Screw TB ¶QXPEHUV
Pan Head Screw LB ¶QXPEHUV
Nailable Plug ¶QXPEHUV
Galvanized Screw ¶QXPEHUV
Wood Veneer (1000mm*3500mm) ¶(numbers)

IBS Partition Wall

As mentioned earlier, according to different installation steps of the proposed

partition wall, just precast concrete panels, blocks and painting are needed for this
type. Total quantity takeoff for this type of partition wall has been shown in Table
4.12.

87
 Table 4.12: Total Quantity Take-Off

Size of Panels (mm) Numbers

1600*3500*150 120
2750*3500*150 72
3500*3500*150 540
4500*3500*150 198
5000*3500*150 78
5250*3500*150 165
Size of Blocks (mm) Numbers
200*100*50 1,500
400*100*50 1,500
Total Area For Painting 9,781

4.3.3.2 Time Calculation

Apart from determining the different types of wall partitions (from A to H) in

Revit Architecture, meanwhile the exact number of any type regarding each level has
been identified. This identification is regarded as the most appropriate way in terms
of calculating time needed for the entire project. These categories have been shown in
Tables 4.13.

Table 4.13: Categories of Interior Walls in each Level for Time Calculation

LEVEL LEVEL LEVEL LEVEL LEVEL LEVEL LEVEL

TYPE
1 1-1 2 2-1 3 3-1 4
A 14 3 9 2 10 2 -
B - 4 10 1 8 - 1
C 15 15 26 12 28 4 46
D 9 4 20 5 11 10 7
E 14 7 6 7 8 11 2
F 1 - 3 2 11 - -
G - 1 3 - 5 - -
H - - 2 - - - -

88
 Activity duration is computed by dividing the quantity of work involved with
the number of resources used and with the corresponding production rate of that
activity. It is assumed that three skilled labors working 8 hours daily have been
involved in order to construct or install different partition wall in this case study. The
start date for constructing each type of partition wall is assumed to be on the first of
January 2014. One day has been considered as day-off in doing so (every
Saturdays).As well as for quantity take-off, Revit file has been exported to
Naviswork Manage 2014 in order to compute the time pertaining to each type of wall
partition. The duration for installing each type of wall partition in each level has been
specified separately with regards to different steps of installation productivity rate
and quantity of work pertaining to each one. Table 4.14 has shown the duration of all
partition walls in each level and in total:

89
 Table 4.14: Time Computation in each Level and In Total for Different Partition Walls

Levels Brick Wall Drywall Wood Partition IBS Partition

1 58 days 15 days 14 days 8 days

1-1 41 days 11 days 8 days 6 days
2 103 days 30 days 20 days 13 days
2-1 35 days 10 days 7 days 6 days
3 103 days 5 days 21 days 14 days
3-1 36 days 9 days 6 days 5 days
4 62 days 5 days 11 days 10 days
Total 434 days 101 days 84 days 58 days

In this research, the assessment of the effectiveness of partition walls will come
from their comparisons with one another in terms of quantity and time needed to
install each and sustainability.

According to the different materials used in the all mentioned partition walls, it
is practicable to conclude that the proposed partition wall in this research is by far
more effective to be employed in comparison with others (compare Table 4.12 with
Tables 4.6, 4.10 and 4.11).

As regards the time required for installing or constructing each type of partition
wall, it can clearly be observed that the proposed partition wall needs less time in
doing so (see Table 4.14).

When it comes to the sustainability, it is plausible to conclude that the

proposed partition wall and its fasteners in this research would enhance the lifespan
of buildings compared to the others with respects to the fasteners used and the
assembling processes. Proposed IBS partition wall can be dismantled by detaching
the fasteners placed from the embedded holes. Each component can be moved into

90
any desired directions without considering the mandatory functional needs for the
existing partition wall.

91
 CHAPTER 5

5 CONCLUSION

While there has been considerable research on the sustainability

issues of partition walls, there has not been any research conducted using
BIM as a beneficial tool to simulate the work process pertaining to each
with the aim of enhancing the functionality of this critical element on the
internal space of the buildings. In light of this, this research has
presented a new type of partition wall and its fasteners to be used in IBS
construction projects. In doing so, BIM has been exploited to simulate
the work process of 4 different types of partition walls; brick_ drywall_
wood veneer and IBS. Furthermore, a case study has been chosen in
order to compute the duration and take-off materials needed to install
each type of partition walls. To sum up, the following are the
conclusions of this research with respect to the mentioned objectives:

Objective 1: Wood partition wall is ranked the first spot in terms

of installation pace amongst the brick and drywall partition; however,
there would be slight differences considering materials needed between
wood and gypsum partition wall (drywall). On the other hand, interior

92
brick wall would be contemplated as by far the worst one in terms of
both materials and time needed to be built in comparison with others.

Objectives 2 and 3: From the results obtained, it is plausible to

conclude that the proposed IBS partition wall fulfills the particular
tendencies for both the contractors or developers and customers as the
end users. In brief, the advantageous of installing the proposed precast
concrete panel have been mentioned as below:

‡ Shorten the process of construction

‡ Decreasing the amount of materials or components to be used
‡ Promoting the flexibility in order to modify the internal spaces
‡ Maximizing the net areas
‡ Achieving the optimal life cycle cost

93
 REFERENCES

1. Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) Malaysia, "Survey on the

Usage of Industrialised Building Systems (IBS) in Malaysian Construction
Industry", Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia (CIDB),
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2. Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) Malaysia, "IBS Digest
January ± March - 2005 Issue", Malaysia, CIDB Malaysia, 2005
3. Warszawski, A., "Industrialised and Automated Building System", Technion-
Israel Institute of Technology, E & FN Spon, 1999.
4. Thanoon, W.A.M., Peng, L.W., Abdul Kadir, M.R., Jaafar, M.S. and Salit,
M.S., "The Experiences of Malaysia and Other Countries in Industrialized
Building System in Malaysia", Proceeding on IBS Seminar. UPM, Malaysia,
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and Construction Conference (ASPEC 2006), 5-6 September 2006, Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia, 2006.
7. D.N.Trikha, Abang Abdullah Abang Ali, "industrialised building system" 1st
edition, UPM, 2004.
8. Marsono. AK, Tap. MM, Ching. NS and Mokhtar. AM. Simulation of
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 the 6th Asia-Pacific Structural Engineering and Construction Conference
(APSEC 2006): Kuala Lumpur Malaysia, 2006.
9. CIB report. New perspective in industrialization in construction a state of the
art report. CIB Publication 329, 2010.
10. Sarja. A. Open and industrialized building. International Council for Building
Research: E & FN Spoon, London, 1998.
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