Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Dr. G. Naveen Kumar1 , Dr. Podapala Siva Reddy2,∗ and Mulupur Sai Rama Krishna3
1 Prof& HoD, Department of Business Management, MRCET (A)
2 AssociateProfessor, Department of Business Management, MRCET (A)
3 Student of F&I, University of Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
∗ Corresponding author: siva.podapala@gmail.com
Abstract. Finance is the lifeblood and lifeline of any business entity either commercial or non-commercial. The
Survival, Stability and Sustainability of a firm is highly associated with its financial wellness. It can be observed
through its ability to pay(re) short-term as well as long term liabilities, meeting the regular financial obligations,
to increase the value of firm and ability to generate profit. Financial analysis, evaluation, and assessment help in
determines the financial position and financial strength of a firm. Among the plenty of methods and tolls available
for financial performance, ratio analysis is more useful and meaningful. These ratios make it possible to analyze the
evolution of the financial situation of a firm (trend analysis), cross-sectional analysis and comparative analysis.
39
40 G. Naveen Kumar et al.
A carefully selected ratio or a set of ratios can not only suggest that firms that have good financial results verbally
aid the primary decision-making process it could as well describe not only the achieved values of financial indica-
as act as a highly effective monitoring tool [10]. Among tors, but they also elaborate the causes of the result in more
the wide range of techniques using for processing of data, detail. This seems to be true for both positive and negative
the data-processing by the ratio methods has the ability impacts (Renata et al., 2017). The main purpose of financial
to bring out the maximum information content if vari- statement analysis (Ratio Analysis) is to utilize information
ables that produce a ration are correctly chosen with regard about the past performance of the company in order to pre-
to the purpose at hand. The simplicity and directness of dict how it will fare in the future [8].
ratios attracted the minds of great analytical thinkers dur- Paul Barnes [7] explained the application and impor-
ing not only the modern times, even in the ancient times tance of ratios in brief. They not only measure the perfor-
too (Hrishikesh, 2015). mance of a firm and use as a tool to measure and predict
Ratio is a numeric figure, reveals the association or financial position. The ratios are using for both credit and
relationship between two variables. Financial ratios are cal- managerial analysis purpose, and also using for measuring
culated to establish a relevant relationship between two profitability of various business entities.
numbers of financial statements and then its result is inter- Warui (2017) analysed credit risk management strate-
preted to derive meaningful conclusions. The key aspect gies and performance of commercial banks in Kenya. He
the calculation is that the numerator and denominator adopted the credit risk theory and found that credit risk
must be logically related to each other. Otherwise, the ratio is amongst critical factors to think about for any finan-
will not provide information needed for decision making. cial institutions involved in any lending activity. The study
So financial statement analysis is presented as a matter of adds that financial institutions have to find themselves in
pro-forma analysis of the future, with forecasted ratios [6]. making decision on giving credit to potential borrowers,
despite effectively growing their balance sheet and effec-
The ratios used in the study are: tively increasing their returns and cautions to any losses
incurred.
Current Ratio: Current ratio express the relation between
the current assets to current liabilities of a business entity. Methodology: The study is based on pure secondary data
The current ratio is static measure of resources available included financial statements of selected companies, i.e.,
at a point in time to meet current obligations. The current TESCO PLC, Sainsbury, Aldi and Lidl. As part of the
reservoir of cash resources does not have a logical or rela- analysis, the researcher focused on liquidity position (Cur-
tion to its future cash flows [2]. rent Ratio & Quick Ratio) and consistency (Gross Mar-
gin Ratio & Net Margin Ratio). These ratios of selected
Quick Ratio: A stringent test of liquidity can express by four companies are presented, and the discussions are as
Quick Ratio (Acid Test Ratio). Inventories of the least liq- follows:
uid of current assets and are removed from this, and our
analysis must assess the merits of excluding inventories in
evaluating liquidity [11].
Analysis of the Data
Gross Margin Ratio: Is measured as revenues less cost
of sales, and it directs special attention to the factors The performance of any business entity can be measured
explaining variations in sales and cost of sales. The gross with money in business tycoon. A firm will be considered
profit must be sufficiently large to finance essential future as strong if it has sufficient financial reserves, funds and
directed discretionary expenditures [3]. liquidity. At the same time, their performance also depends
on some other variables like assets (both fixed and current)
Net Margin Ratio: This ratio expresses the relation liabilities, sales revenue, expenses, and cost of goods sold.
between total revenue and to its net profits. The net profit The researcher considers these variables for the study and
margin ratio is used to describe a company’s ability to presented here.
produce profit and to consider several scenarios, such as In this current study, a total of four financial ratios are
an increase in expenses which is deemed ineffective. Net calculated such as current ratio, quick ratio, gross margin
profit margin is a strong indicator of a firm’s overall suc- ratio, and net margin ratio. According to the above ratio
cess and is usually stated as a percentage. analysis spreadsheet, it is observed that TESCO PLC faces
fundamental business losses in the 2020 financial year due
to the COVID-19 pandemic. As per the overview of this
Literature Review organization, TESCO PLC faces around 4.9% of reduction
in operating profit (tescoplc.com, 2021). Moreover, from the
Renáta et al., made a study on “Comprehensive assessment financial data of this organization, it is also identified that
of firm financial performance using financial ratios and lin- the organization experiences around 0.7% of reduction in
guistic analysis of annual reports”. The results of the study the annual sales volume.
Performance Analysis through Financial Modelling 41
challenge to continuing their business as their liabilities [3] Farris, Paul W.; Neil T. Bendle; Phillip E. Pfeifer; David J. Reib-
may be increased. In the year of 2019, they get their maxi- stein (2010). Marketing Metrics: The Definitive Guide to Measuring
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It is observed that TESCO PLC faces fundamental busi- [6] Nissim, D., Penman, S.H. (2001). Ratio Analysis and Equity Valu-
ation: From Research to Practice. Review of Accounting Studies 6,
ness losses in the 2020 financial year due to the COVID-19 pp. 109–154. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011338221623.
pandemic. Sainsbury also experiences significant business [7] Paul Barnes, (2006). The Analysis and Use of Ratios: A Review Arti-
losses in the 2021 financial year due to the business losses cle, Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Publications,
in 2020 and it reduces the overall sales volume of this enter- Vol. 14, Issue-4, pp. 449–461.
[8] Petrit Hasanaj1 & Beke Kuqi (2019), Analysis of Financial State-
prise by 0.3% (about.sainsburys.co.uk, 2021). Aldi faces ments: The Importance of Financial Indicators in Enterprise,
huge losses after the 2018 financial year due to inappro- Humanities & Social Science Research, Vol. 2, No. 2; 2019
priate operational processes and even Lidl also performed ISSN 2576-3024, E-ISSN 2576-3032 https://doi.org/10.30560/hssr.
v2n2p17, pp. 12–19.
in the same lines with huge losses.
[9] SME Competitiveness Outlook (2020), COVID 19: The Great Lock-
down and its Impact on Small Business, International Trade
Centre.
[10] Stein, Peer, Tony Goland and Robert Schiff (2010). Two Trillion and
References Counting: Assessing the Credit Gap for Micro, Small, and Medium-
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