Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDY

This chapter is all about the review of related literature and studies that will serve
as a reference of the researchers for this study.

Review of Related Literature

Foreign Literature

According to the article by Science Buddies, (2015) entitled "Generate Electricity

with a Lemon Battery", Batteries are containers that store chemical energy, which can be
converted to electrical energy—or what we call electricity. They depend on an
electrochemical reaction to do this. The reaction typically occurs between two pieces of
metal, called electrodes, and a liquid or paste, called an electrolyte. For a battery to work
well, the electrodes must be made up of two different types of materials. This ensures one
will react differently than the other with the electrolyte. This difference is what generates
electricity. Connect the two electrodes with a material that can transport electricity well
(called a conductor) and the chemical reactions fire up; the battery is generating
electricity! As you make connections, note that electricity likes to take the path of least
resistance. If there are multiple ways to go from one electrode to the other, the electricity
will take the path that lets it flow most easily. Then the article of Muske, R., Nigh, C. and
Weinstein, R. (2007) entitled "A Lemon Cell Battery for High-Power Applications"
discusses the development of a lemon cell battery for high-power applications. The target
application is the power source of a dc electric motor for a model car constructed by first-
year engineering students as part of their introductory course design project and
competition. The battery is composed of a series of lemon juice cells made from UV–vis
cuvets that use a magnesium anode and copper cathode. Dilution of the lemon juice to
reduce the rate of corrosion of the magnesium anode and the addition of table salt to
reduce the internal resistance of the cell are examined. Although their specific interest is
the use of this lemon cell battery to run an electric dc motor, high-power applications

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 such as radios, portable cassette or CD players, and other battery-powered toys are
equally appropriate for demonstration and laboratory purposes using the battery. And
Swartling, D. & Morgan C. (1998) in their article "Lemon cells revisited-The lemon-
powered calculator" stated that in the course of doing chemical demonstrations at several
grade schools and demonstrations in freshman chemistry lecture, the authors have found
that students relate most to experiments that involve common everyday items found in
the home. While teaching electrochemistry to their freshman classes the authors wanted
to demonstrate the principles of a voltaic cell using items that students could easily obtain
or relate to. The use of dissimilar metal strips and a lemon to create a voltaic cell is well
known and even portrayed in a current freshman chemistry text. The authors were unable
to reproduce a previously published version of the lemon battery. They decided to search
for items that could be used in a small to medium sized classroom that would work
reliably and repeatably. Using copper and zinc or copper and magnesium as electrodes,
the items found to work reliably are various LEDs, various piezoelectric buzzers, an LCD
desk clock, and a TI-30 calculator. Also according to the article by University of Pretoria
etd-Mekbib S B (2007) entitled "A lemon cell battery for high power appilication" ,Citrus
(Citrus sinesis L.) is one of the most important fruit crops known by humans since
antiquity and is a good source of vitamin “C” with high antioxidant potential (Gorinstein
et al., 2001). Citrus originated from south-eastern Asia, China and the east of Indian
Archipelago from at least 2000 BC (Swingle, 1943; Webber et al., 1967; Gmitter and Hu,
1990). The fruit has been introduced to the new world via the great trade routes of Africa
to the eastern Mediterranean basin by the Arab traders while the crusaders brought the
fruit to Italy, Spain and Portugal around 1000 AD (Scora, 1975). The fruit was introduced
further to the western hemisphere by Columbus on his second voyage in 1493 (Samson,
1980) and the planting material to the Cape in South Africa by a Dutch merchant in 1654
(Oberholzer, 1969). Currently, citrus is cultivated in the subtropical and tropical regions
of the world between 40o north and south latitude in over 137 countries on six continents
and generates about 105 billion US dollar per year in the world fruit market (Ismail and
Zhang, 2004). In Ethiopia, although the introduction, production and consumption of
citrus as a horticultural crop is very recent (Seifu, 2003), the current production and area

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 coverage has increased through private, association and government firms to meet the
local and export demands.

As with other fruits, citrus is attacked by several pre- and/or postharvest pathogens that
affect fruit quality. Green and blue mould infections caused by Penicillium spp. (Droby et
al., 1989), anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz (Whiteside et al.,
1988; Davies and Albrigo, 1994), and sour rot caused by Geotrichum candidum Link ex
Pers (Howard, 1936; Whiteside etal., 1988; Chalutz and Wilson, 1990) are some of the
major postharvest problems that cause market losses. In developing countries, where
protection and proper handling of fresh fruit is inadequate, losses during transit and
storage are even greater mounting up to about 50% of the harvested crop (Wisniewski
and Wilson, 1992). In Ethiopia, although there are not much comprehensive data
available, estimates by Eyob (1997) showed that more than 50% of the fresh fruit
produced is lost postharvestly.

Foreign Study

The study of Mazumder, A. (2018) entitled "Construction and evaluation of

electrical properties of a lemon battery" aimed to develop a lemon battery and determine
the electrical properties of lemon. The objective of the research was to develop a lemon
battery and determine the electrical properties of lemon battery. The main hypothesis of
the research work was to determine whether lemon can produce electricity or not. Lemon
has a voltaic cell which changes chemical energy into electrical energy. By a series
circuit, conductor (copper) inserted into lemon to generate voltage. Three varieties of
lemon such as Kagoji, Sarboti and Elachi were used for the experiments. Elachi could
produce maximum 1.0±0.1 v voltage and 1.25±0.05 mA electricity. Overall, the
electricity production was very low due to low amount of citric acid in the lemons.
However, lemon could produce minimum electricity which might be used in the Light
emitting diode (LED). And According to the study of Shittu, S., Ajagbe, S. & Oloruntora,
R. (2018) entitled "Conversion of Fruit to Battery".Batteries are device that store
chemical energy and convert it to electrical energy, so using fruit as battery acts like a wet
cell that consists of a negative and positive electrode with an electrolyte which conducts
ions, also, copper and zinc metals acts as electrodes while citric acid of the fruit is the

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 electrolyte. Fruits battery comprises of the combination of different materials which are
the copper penny (coin), galvanized nail, multimeter, alligator clips, connecting wires and
light emitting diode (LED) bulb, by which all connected together make up the fruit
battery used to light up a LED bulb. The fruit battery has different application which are;
lightening a bulb and charging a battery in which the combinations are all connected in
such a way that the penny and the galvanized nail are inserted into the fruits with alligator
clips attached to end of the two electrodes and connected to others in series, the two ends
of the connecting wire is then connected to the LED bulb depending on the capacity of
the fruit battery. Result show that, apple generated the highest voltage out of all the fruits
tested, the higher the acidity and size of the fruit, the higher the voltage, also, the far apart
the electrodes inserted into the fruits, the higher the voltage using copper and zinc as the
best electrode over copper and steel or steel and zinc electrode. As well as Khan K. et al
(2017) studied the performance of PKL, Aloe Vera, Tomato and Lemon juice
electrochemical cells with load condition for 2:1 Zn/Cu based electrodes. It was studied
the variation of Load Voltage (VL), Load Current (IL), and Load Power (PL), with the
variation of time for PKL, Aloe Vera, Tomato and Lemon juice electrochemical Cells. It
was seen from the research observation that PKL electrochemical Cell was more efficient
than the other three Aloe Vera, Tomato and Lemon juice electrochemical Cells. Because,
the load Current (IL), Load Voltage (VL), and Load Power (PL) are more stable and
steady than the others three Aloe Vera, Tomato and Lemon juice electrochemical Cells.
The researchers have also studied the performance of PKL, Aloe Vera, Tomato and
Lemon juice electrochemical Cells without load condition for 1:1 Zn/Cu based
electrodes. It was studied the variation of Open circuit voltage (Voc), Short current (Isc)
and Maximum Power (Pmax) with the variation of time for PKL, Aloe Vera, Tomato and
Lemon juice electrochemical Cells. It was seen from the research observation that the
discharge characteristic of the PKL electrochemical cell was more efficient than the other
three Aloe Vera, Tomato and Lemon juice electrochemical Cells. Because the Open
circuit voltage (Voc), Short current (Isc) and Maximum Power (Pmax) are more stable
and steady than the others three Aloe Vera, Tomato and Lemon juice electrochemical
Cells. Heat treatment temperature was a new approach by which we can enhance the
performances of the PKL, Aloe Vera, Lemon and Tomato electrochemical cells.

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 Local Literature

According to an article "Start Your Clock with a Lemon" (2014), the lemon
battery

works because there’s a chemical reaction between the steel in the paper clip and the
lemon juice. There’s also a chemical reaction between the copper in the one cent coin and
the lemon juice. The two chemical reactions push electrons through the wires. Because
the two metals are different, the electrons get pushed harder in one direction than the
other. If the metals were the same, the push would be equal and no electrons would flow.
The electrons flow in one direction around in a circle and then come back to the lemon
battery. While they flow through the clock, they make it work. This flow is called electric
current.

Local Study

The study of Ortiz, K. entitled "Fruit Batteries" where the author tested what fruit
has the highest voltage. Results showed that the Kiwi had the highest voltage, the lemon
had the second highest, the grapefruit had the third highest, and the orange had the
lowest. The research hypothesis was not correct because the lemon did not have the
highest voltage the kiwi did. The author could have improved her project by using bigger
fruits because the penny kept of falling out of the kiwi, but other than that the project was
fine.

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