CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Through exploration, the researchers gathered different information for more effective
features and development of the study. This chapter includes information about the raw
materials that will be used by the researchers. In addition, the researchers have collected
related studies of other researchers. The information gathered in this chapter have been
assembled by the researchers for a better understanding of those who would try to read or
study this research. This chapter expresses new ideas that may teach the reader. It is composed
of the different types of information, synthesis of the art, conceptual framework and research

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paradigm, to fully understand the research to be done and lastly, the definition of terms for a

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better comprehension of the study.

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Malunggay (Moringga Oleifera)

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Moringga Oleifera, also known as “Malunggay” is a popular plant that is known for its high
nutritional value. It is commonly known as the “miracle tree” because of its various health
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benefits. The people who are located in tropical climates such as Philippines, used Malunggay as
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a vegetable ingredient for cooking. In the late 1940’s, the Department of Biochemistry at the
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Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore have discovered that malunggay or Moringga Oleifera
leaves contains "pterygospermin" that is known in medical science having an antibacterial,
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antimicrobial and anti-fungal properties. Malunggay roots contains substances such as

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pyterygospermin, moringinine, and spirachin that has the ability to inhibit the growth of several
microorganisms.
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Malunggay can help cure Malaria and Dengue fever

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In the study made by Jan Cambodia (2016), the study indicates that the phytochemicals
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derived from Moringa Oleifera seeds extracts are effective anti-mosquito agents. Moringa
Oleifera against Malaria. The dengue is an important human viral disease transmitted by the
yellow fever mosquito, is a mosquito that can spread dengue fever. Moreover, Moringa oleifera
is not only a water treatment agent but also mosquitocidal agent. The seed concentration of

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 Moringa Oleifera will play a significant role in the control of mosquitoes. The current discoveries
have significant ramifications in the reasonable control of mosquito hatchlings in the
contaminated oceanic environment. The plants studied are accessible in huge amount. These
extracts are feasible, affordable and safe organic products for mosquito control. It's modest,
single-step, and doesn't need high pressure, vitality, temperature, and the utilization of
profoundly poisonous synthetic concoctions.

Calamansi (Citrofortunella Microcarpa)

Citrofortunella microcarpa or “calamansi” is a small citrus fruit that is indigenous in the

Philippines. It is commonly grown in across the country while some have calamansi trees at

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their backyard. Calamansi has good amounts of minerals and vitamins, especially vitamin C

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which is essential to building immunity. It provides immunity against viral and bacterial

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infections. Drinking this juice on a regular basis helps build immunity against the common cold,

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flu and fever. The fruit Calamansi is ordinarily used across the Philippines due to its sour taste
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that is commonly added in dishes. Considerable amounts of Limonene is existing in Calamansi
pulp extracts. According to (Palma et al., 2019), D-Limonene is the major constituent found in
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calamansi. D-Limonene is a colorless liquid hydrocarbon that can be found in many commercial
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insect repellents. Calamansi have D-Limonene which have the capacity to melt the protective
wax coating of an insect.
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Plant-based Repellents
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Based on a study made by Amin Asadollahi, Mehdi Khoobdel, Alireza Zahraei-Ramazani,

Sahar Azarmi & Sayed Hussain Mosawi (2019), Plant-based repellents have been applied for
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generations in traditional practice as a personal protection against different species of

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Anopheles. Information on traditional repellent plants is a critical asset for the improvement of
new natural products as an option in contrast to compound chemical repellents. As a matter of
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fact, many studies have reported evidence of repellant activities of plant extracts or essential
oils against malaria vectors worldwide. All qualified examinations on the repellency impacts of
plants against Anopheles mosquitoes distributed up to July 2018 were deliberately looked
through PubMed/Medline, Scopus and Google researcher information bases.

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 In developing countries, natural mosquito repellents plays an important role in reducing
malaria, as well as other vector-borne diseases such as Dengue and the West Nile Virus that is
all vectored by different mosquito species. In addition to this, mosquito repellents is an
essential to people in developed countries for nuisance insects especially to those people who
are travelers. A recent evidence has shown that repellents can significantly reduce malaria
incidence if there will be a prevention by using tropical treatments with repellent (Rowland, et
al., 2004). One of the most widely used and effective repellents available is the synthetic
compound N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide or DEET, a colorless oily liquid with a mild odor that is
considered as the “gold standard” repellant providing long lasting protection (Logan, et. al).

Effective mosquito repellent from plant based formulation

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All over the developing countries in the tropical region mosquito menace has been very

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acute leading to many diseases. Many chemicals have been used for the purpose of Mosquito

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repellency or killing, however they are extremely harmful for human beings as well. Recently,
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commercial repellent products containing plant-based ingredients have gained increasing
popularity among consumers, as these are commonly perceived as “safe” in comparison to
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long-established synthetic repellents. Our paper describes Plant-based repellents for

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mosquitoes for personal protection measures. Based on the knowledge on traditional repellent
plants obtained through ethnobotanical studies, development of new natural products is the
need of the hour. The product developed that offers high repellency as well as good consumer
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safety. Thus this plant-based repellent made from 5 plant leaves has promising results in the
field study. (Shukla, et. al., 2017)
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The Dengue outbreak in the Philippines

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Dengue is endemic in the Philippines and poses a substantial economic burden in the
country. In this work, a compartmentalized model which includes healthcare-seeking class is
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developed. The reproduction number is determined to investigate critical parameters

influencing transmission. Partial rank correlation coefficient (PRCC) technique is performed to
address how the model output is affected by changes in a specific parameter disregarding the
uncertainty over the rest of the parameters. Results show that mosquito biting rate,

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 transmission probability from mosquito to human, respectively, from human to mosquito, and
fraction of individuals who seek healthcare at the onset of the disease, posted high PRCC values.
In order to obtain the values for the desired parameters, the reported dengue cases by
morbidity week in the Philippines for the year 2014 and 2015 are used. The reliability of
parameters is then verified via parametric bootstrap. (Delos Reyes et. al., 2018)

In an article written by Robert Herriman, a campaign in the Philippines that they call
“Ayoko sa Lamok” became the world’s largest anti dengue campaign with the challenge to
eradicate all mosquitoes breeding spots. Dengue is already a major issue since 2015, and it has
been particularly a harsh year for the mosquito borne viral disease. In addition, the people get
the dengue virus from a mosquito bite of an infected Aedes Mosquito. The Philippines has seen

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124,728 dengue cases including 374 deaths which is 40.3% higher compared to the same

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reporting period in 2014 that has 89,000 cases. (Herriman, 2015)

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Health Security Snapshot: Philippines Dengue Epidemic
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Dengue fever is endemic in over 100 countries and generally non-fatal. According to the
World Health Organization, dengue infects 390 million people every year. So far this year, the
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Philippines has reported 146,000 cases and over 600 deaths. Mosquito-borne illnesses have
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been on the rise across the East Asia Pacific region, although in most countries the death toll
has stayed beneath 100. Aside from the Philippines, the highest death rate from dengue this
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year was in Malaysia, where there have been 76,000 cases and 111 deaths. While most patients
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recover, severe dengue cases sometimes result in shock, internal bleeding and possibly death. .
The most effective protective measure is to avoid mosquito bites. This report addresses the
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outbreak in the Philippines, and notes what travelers can do to keep themselves safe.
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 Synthesis of Review of Related Literature

A natural plant based repellents is dominant to reduce different types of mosquito

species linking to a disease. It is notably effective to reduce and prevent the number of
transmitted virus. The Moringga Oleifera, also known as “Malunggay” is known to its abundant
types of uses. The leaves of Malunggay contains "pterygospermin" that is known in medical
science having an antibacterial, antimicrobial and anti-fungal properties. The malunggay roots
also contain substances that prevent the growth of microorganisms. (Anit et al., 2003) which is
essential to make an insect repellent. A study also claims that an extract of Moringga Oleifera
seed is effective anti-mosquito agents. It is also feasible and reliable to use to prevent mosquito

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related disease. Citrofortunella microcarpa or “calamansi” is also known as a good source of

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immunity from viral and bacterial infections. According to (Palma et al., 2019), D-Limonene is

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the major constituent found in calamansi. D-Limonene is a colorless liquid hydrocarbon that can
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be found in many commercial insect repellents. The D-Limonene has the capacity to melt the
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protective wax coating of an insect. These Plant based repellents have been tested for
generations for personal protection against different species of Anopheles mosquitos
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(Asadollahi et al., 2020). The formulation of the plant based repellent cures Malaria and Dengue
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fever.

Dengue is endemic to various countries that have a tropical region. A campaign in the
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Philippines that they call “Ayoko sa Lamok” became the world’s largest anti dengue campaign
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with the challenge to eradicate all mosquitoes breeding spots. The people are getting the virus
through the bite of a mosquito that carries the infection. Dengue is a major issue that may
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cause death to the infected human by damaging and internal bleeding. The Moringga Oleifera,
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also known as “Malunggay” and Citrofortunella microcarpa or “calamansi” can be easily use and
make as an insect repellent to countries who have tropical region. This is the most effective
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measure to avoid mosquito bites.

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 Conceptual Framework

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Research Paradigm
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INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

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 Materials  Experiment Analysis of the efficacy of

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Moringa extract 100 ml  Synthesize related Moringa Oleifera and

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literature Calamansi extract for mosquito

Calamansi extract 100 ml  Collect, analyze, control
250 ml spray bottle interpret the data
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 Related studies
 Data obtained
from the
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experiment

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 Definition of Terms
Antibacterial - Anything that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or their ability to
reproduce
Antimicrobial - is an agent that kills microorganisms or stops their growth.
Campaign - a series of military operations intended to achieve a particular objective, confined to
a particular area, or involving a specified type of fighting.
Citrus - genus of plants belonging to the rue family (Rutaceae), and yielding pulpy fruits covered
with fairly thick skins.
Disease - a disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that
produces specific signs or symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct
result of physical injury

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Distillation - is the process of separating the components or substances from a liquid mixture by

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using selective boiling and condensation.

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Endemic - (of a disease or condition) regularly found among particular people or in a certain

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area.
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Feasible - possible to do easily or conveniently.
Malaria - is a serious and sometimes fatal disease caused by a parasite that commonly infects a
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certain type of mosquito which feeds on humans.

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Microorganisms - or microbes are microscopic organisms that exist as unicellular, multicellular,

or cell clusters
Nutritional - relating to the process of providing or obtaining the food necessary for health and
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growth.
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Outbreak - he sudden or violent start of something unwelcome, such as war, disease, etc.
Prevention - the action of stopping something from happening or arising.
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Repellent - able to repel a particular thing; impervious to a particular substance.

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