CHAPTER 1

The Problem

Introduction

Mosquitoes are among the most disturbing blood sucking insects afflicting human beings. It
became the most important single group of insects well-known for public health importance.
Mosquitoes can be a real nuisance anywhere in the world, leaving itchy bites on uncovered skin
and disturbing people from sleep with the high pitched buzz. But besides being a total annoyance,
mosquitoes are also the number one killer in the world that transmit diseases to more than 700
million people and over one million deaths are reported annually across the globe, causing more
fatalities than sharks.1 It may look harmless, but the numbers of the dengue and malaria cases over
the years have proven that mosquitoes are more deadly than they look. Typically, these mosquitoes
transmit diseases from one human or animal to another by picking up a virus or parasite along with
the blood meal while biting an infected human or animal. The mosquito and the virus do not harm
one another but the virus reproduces inside the mosquito. Later, the mosquito passes the viruses to
other human while biting.2 Generally, mosquitoes are highly domesticated that live in the human
environment and prefer to feed on humans which allows for a rapid dissemination of infection
within a household and community. Day by day, these insect borne diseases are becoming a
colossal problem for human world and are still major health threats causing human morbidity and
mortality worldwide.

Therefore, the control of mosquitoes is an important public health concern around the world.
Special products like mosquito repellents for combating mosquitoes are required. Since most
diseases are carried by elderly female mosquitoes, some scientist have suggested focusing on using
repellent to avoid the evolution of resistance.3 One of the approaches for the control of these
mosquito-borne diseases is the interruption of disease transmission by either killing or preventing
the mosquitoes from biting individuals. Fighting mosquitoes and the diseases spread by them is a
continuous process and control and management of mosquitoes is the only way to protect mankind.
There are so many methods that can be used to prevent the spread of disease or to protect
individuals in areas where disease is endemic. Even though mosquito numbers can be reduced by
eliminating or treating their breeding sites or resting areas, there will always be mosquitoes that
can bite humans during indoor activities. Thus, a greater reliance on personal protective measures
 2

is far more economical than area control measures. Furthermore, avoidance of mosquito can be
achieved by philosophy of personal protection with chemicals that are not harmful to the individual
but can cause the mosquito to move away. These chemicals called mosquito repellents, it do not
kill mosquitoes but act as a defensive shield around the body.

The use of repellent products to prevent mosquito bites is probably proportional to the public
perception of the threat from biting mosquito, whether the threat is from annoyance or from the
risk of disease.4 The connection between perception and use is logical when one considers that
repellents are generally used as personal protection. It is the individual who usually decides
whether or not to use a repellent, what kind of repellent to use, and how much to apply. There are
different kinds and products for mosquito repellent and one of the tested and effective products for
repelling mosquito is the mosquito coil. Mosquito coil is widely known as an efficient mosquito
repellent that contain a mix of substances. It is widely used in Asia, Africa, South America, Canada
and Australia.5 It is one of the most useful methods of protecting a household against biting
mosquitoes. The coil is usually held at the centre of the spiral, suspending it in the air, or wedged
by two pieces of fireproof nettings to allow continuous smouldering. Burning usually begins at the
outer end of the spiral and progresses slowly toward the centre of the spiral, producing a mosquito-
repellent smoke. When a mosquito coil is burned, the insecticides evaporate with the smoke, which
prevents the mosquito from entering the room.6

In the Philippines, mosquito coil was known as one of the most popular and traditional
mosquito killing products because it is affordable and an effective way to avoid mosquito.7 Since
the Philippines got a bit more humid due to the summer weather, mosquitoes are on the lookout to
suck blood. People are also on the lookout for a product that can provide protection needed to avoid
mosquito and for a good sleep without a disturbance from annoying mosquitoes. It is usual to some
Filipino to buy mosquito coils to get rid of mosquitoes whenever there was a brown out or when it
was time to sleep. Having a good sleep is a part of a healthy and productive life. One single
mosquito can interrupt sleep and leave people without proper rest for the next day.

Herbal products with proven potential as adulticidal or repellent can play an important role
in the interruption of the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases at the individual as well in the
community level.8 Oregano has been known to be a natural insecticide by apparently inhibiting egg
laying and larval development. It contains two chemicals which are the thymol and carvacrol that
 3

known as mosquito repellent properties. Oregano plant has been used for the treatment of various
diseases since thousands of years back. Medical researchers revealed that oregano contains
antioxidant, anti-microbial, and parasitic compounds. Some gardeners plant oregano in the garden
to repel pests such as mosquitoes, and others claim that the essential oil is a mosquito repellent. 9
On the other hand, the sap coming from Pili tree has a glutinous and sticky natural fluid that can
use to stick together with the oregano. Thus, the researchers made an alternative mosquito coil to
prevent aggressive mosquitoes responsible for malaria, dengue, sleeping sickness and other
diseases using oregano and pili sap.

Objective

The researchers’ objective was to create an alternative mosquito coil repellent using oregano
and pili sap.

Statement of the Problem

This study entitled “Oregano (Origanum vulgare) and Pili (Canarium ovatum) Sap as an
Alternative Mosquito Coil Repellent” sought to answer the following questions:

1. Is it possible to make a mosquito coil made from Oregano and Pili sap?

2. Would the oregano and pili sap mosquito coil be effective in repelling mosquito?

3. What specific chemicals which can be found in oregano that can repel mosquito?

Hypotheses

1. It is possible to make a mosquito coil made out of oregano and pili sap through the
presence of the needed materials and the ingredients.
2. Oregano and pili sap mosquito coil are effective in repelling mosquito because of the
chemicals present in the oregano that has an ability to repel a mosquito.
3. The two chemicals that can be found in oregano are thymol and carvacrol that acts as a
repellent and insecticide against vector borne diseases transmitted by mosquitoes.
 4

Scope and Delimitation

The main concern of this research was to create an alternative mosquito coil repellent using
oregano and pili sap. Materials used for the creation of the product are available in the researchers’
house and in the school laboratory. This research is limited only to mosquitoes, it is not advisable
for other insects such as cockroaches, houseflies, moths, fleas, and many more.

Significance of the Study

The information and findings generated from this study would be helpful and beneficial to
the following:

Children. A children’s respiratory system is still adjusting and considered fragile as it is still
developing. Exposing them to chemicals should be avoided as much as possible. Also, children are
often the victim of dengue cases since they are careless and have no enough knowledge to protect
themselves from the harmful bites of mosquito. Thus, the findings of this study would be most
beneficial to the children.

Parents. It is also beneficial to parents because they could leave their children safe and
protected from harmful mosquito bites. They would have better understanding on how to protect
their children from getting illness because of mosquito.

Learners. This study would help the learners to gain knowledge by studying this homemade
mosquito repellent. The result of this study may provide them a vital information regarding the
problems in mosquito and the creation of new product that will help to lessen the victims of
mosquito.

Future researchers. This research may be of interest to the researchers who want to study
about mosquito coil repellent made out of natural ingredients. This would open new avenues for
the future researchers to explore. The methods and design as well as the findings would provide an
insight in developing their research problems.
 5

NOTES

1
Makhaik M. et al. (2005). Evolution of Anti-mosquito Properties of Essential Oils. Retrieved from

https://www.internalmedicine.imedpub.com/.

2
Smale, B. (2016). How Mosquitoes Transmit Disease. Retrieved from

http://explorecuriosity.org/Explore/Articleld/4624/how-mosquitoes-transmit-disease.aspx

3
Baylor College of Medicine: Mosquito Borne-Diseases.

https://www.bcm.edu/department/molecular-virology-and-microbiology/emerging-infections-
and-biodefense/mosquitoes

4
M. Baker, Fur rubbing: Use of medicinal plants by capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus),

American Journal of Primatology, 38, 263, 1996.

5
Liu, W. et al. (2018). Mosquito Coil Emissions and Health Implications. Retrieved from

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1241643/.

6
Debboun, Mustapha; Frances, Stephen P.; Strickman, Daniel (2007). Insect repellents: principles,

methods, and uses. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 6. ISBN 0-8493-7196-1.

7
McKean, E. ed. (2005). “Mosquito Coil”. The New Oxford American Dictionary. Oxford

University Press. P.1105.

8
Pest Control Philippines – Experts in Termite, Cockroach and Mosquito Control.

http://www.google.com.ph/amp/s/topbest.ph/blogs/pest-control-philippines/amp/
9
Lutgen, P. (2015).Mosquitocidal and Repellent Properties of plant Extracts.

https://malariaworld.org/blog/mosquitocidal-and-repellent-properties-plant-extracts
 6

CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter presents a review of related literature and studies which bear significance to the
study. These reviewed literature and studies provide the researchers valuable information and
insights to support and give meaning to the development of this study. Likewise, this chapter
includes the theoretical framework, conceptual framework and the definition of terms used.

Related Literature

The use of plants against biting insects was first recorded among the ancient Greeks, and
plants are still used for this purpose by enormous numbers of people today.1 Most households in
the developing world rely on personal protection measures of limited effectiveness, such as burning
mosquito coils or leaves, despite the wide range of effective malaria-control measures available.
The most common personal protection device is the mosquito coil. Each year, 29 billion mosquito
coils are sold, 95 percent of them in Asia. Mosquito coils were traditionally made with finely
ground pyrethrum daisy (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium) flowers mixed with coconut husks or
sawdust. In recent years, household pesticides have used synthetic pyrethroids, based on the
molecular structure of chemical groups possess rapid insecticidal and repellent action. The
synthetic pyrethroids are far more photostable than their natural counterparts. There is ample
evidence that mosquito coils made from both natural pyrethrins and synthetic pyrethroids
effectively repel mosquitoes.2 Expenditure on mosquito coils in developing countries is substantial,
and the cost of personal protection method is a particularly important issue.

The use of repellent products to prevent mosquito bites is probably proportional to the public
perception of the threat from the bite of mosquito, whether the threat is from annoyance or from
the risk of disease.3 The connection between perception and use is logical when one considers that
repellents are generally used as personal protection. It is the individual who usually decides
whether or not to use a repellent and what kind of repellent to use. The application by the individual
presents a challenge to the professional who must educate and inform people with widely varied
backgrounds on how to best protect themselves from mosquito bites.
 7

Problems with chemical insecticides and possible effect of organic products attracted the
attention of researcher. In the recent years, long term application of chemical substances for
controlling, repelling, and killing of hazardous insects make serious anxieties for environment and
human health. Therefore, uses of environment friendly and biodegradable natural insecticides of
plant origin have received renewed attention as agents for mosquitoes control (Nerioa, 2010). The
years before 1940, volatile substances such as Citronella oil, Clove seed oil and Camphor were the
common insect repelling substances. In addition some plants such as oregano, marquise,
eucalyptus, fennel, pepper, wormwood plant, and tea tree are known to show such properties.4

There have also been documentary proofs for the use of methods by Romans for repelling
flying mosquitoes. The Geoponika, a collection of Roman agricultural lore, compiled during the
10th century, states that rubbing an oregano essential oil, manna and oil on the body, especially the
head and feet can repel gnats and mosquitoes. The natural oregano contains carvacrol and thymol
which may have had a mild antibacterial effect on the skin with reduced production of bacterial
metabolites that is used by mosquitoes to locate human hosts while some oils have a mild repellent
action perhaps by reducing the emanation of host odour. Geoponika also describes the burning of
herbs such as Oregano (Origanum vulgare), Black Cumin (Nigella sativa), Bay (Laurus nobilis),
and Galbanum (Ferula gummosa) to drive away nuisance insects, as its thick and noxious smoke
has some repellent effects on mosquitoes.5

Plant-based repellents are a popular and cheap form of personal protection, but further
research is required to test the efficacy of, and ways to improve, new and existing methods; as well
as their potential to reduce transmission of arthropod-borne pathogens. Indeed, the WHO6 stated
that the “search for and testing of repellents derived from local plants known to possess insecticidal
properties” was a research priority, as is “developing or improving vector control methods that are
locally affordable.”

Mohammad, B.S. et al pointed out that using herbal such as oregano for insect repellents are
safe for human and does not induce toxicity in person.7 It can be used alone or combined for
effective protection against mosquitoes. Hence, oregano oil could also be used as a better and safer
substitution of chemical repellent substances.
 8

Related Studies

The following reviewed studies are considered pertinent and related to the present research
that discussed hereunder.

Carroll, J.F. et al. (2017) conducted a studies entitled, “Repellency of the Origanum vulgare
Essential Oil and Constituents to the Yellow fever Mosquito (Aedes aegypti)”.8 The oregano and
essential oil was tested in laboratory behavioural bioassays for repellent activity against yellow
fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti). The researchers compared the oregano and essential oil to control
Diethyltoluamide (DEET). The findings of the study stated that oregano and essential oil showed
good repellent activity against yellow fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti) with a minimum effective
dosage compared to the reference control DEET when tested using human volunteers in a cloth
patch assay.

The previous study is similar to the present study because both used oregano as a repellent
for mosquito. However, the researchers made examine with the specific type of mosquito, the
yellow fever mosquito. Besides, the researchers focused on comparing the effectiveness of oregano
as yellow fever repellent. On the other hand, the present research focused on creating a mosquito
coil made out of oregano and pili sap that tested for any kind of mosquitoes.

Carpio, E. C. (2014) conducted a studies entitled, “Oregano Extract as Mosquito Repellent”.9

The researcher concerned in finding out the feasibility of using oregano extract for a mosquito
repellent. It is said that the oregano extract was effective for anti-mosquito repellent. It is not only
against dengue, in fact, but against all mosquito-borne diseases like malaria and filariasis especially
in areas of the country where incidence is high. It also serves as a personal care product used in
preventing mosquito bites that cause itchiness, inflammation and discomfort to individuals.

The former study and the present study are similar in terms of using oregano extract.
However, it differed in the objectives and research materials that used. The past study aimed to
determine the feasibility of using oregano extract as a mosquito repellent. In addition, the
researcher used only the oregano extract. On the other hand, the present study aimed to create an
alternative mosquito coil repellent made out of oregano and pili sap. The researchers used oregano
leaves and the extract.
 9

Rosales, N.J. et al. (2011) conducted a studies entitled, “Oregano as Natural Mosquito Coil
Repellent”, the researchers determined the effectiveness of oregano as natural mosquito coil
repellent.10 The researchers’ objective is to have an alternative solution to prevent the different
kind of diseases that mosquito brings especially dengue fever using the natural resources. The
ingredients that researchers used are oregano, Arabic gum, and coal. When the researchers burned
the coil, just a few seconds, the mosquitoes were no longer flying around the room. The result of
the study showed that oregano is effective in repelling mosquito.

The cited study bears similarity to the present study since it dealt with creating a mosquito
coil made out of oregano and pili sap. However, it differed in the ingredients that the researchers
used. The previous study used Arabic gum and the researchers add some amount of coal. On the
other hand, the present study used Pili sap and did not add coal to create an oregano and pili sap
mosquito coil.

Deziel C. (2006) conducted studies at the University of Iowa entitled, “Oil of Oregano as
Mosquito Repellent”.11 The researcher demonstrated the effectiveness of the oil of oregano for
insect control as it contains carvacrol and thymol. It is found that the oil of oregano is a 100 percent
effective repellent against anopheles quadrimaculatus – a species of mosquito that carries malaria
for as long as 30 minutes when applied to clothing.

The foregoing study is similar to the present study since both used oregano as a mosquito
repellent. However, the researcher’s study focused on demonstrating the effectiveness of the oil of
oregano while the present study focused on creating an alternative mosquito coil made out of
oregano and pili sap.
 10

Theoretical Framework

The study represented the sequences on how the study originated and created. The
researchers used the Theory of Innovation, developed by E.M. Rogers in 1962, it is one of the
oldest social science theories. It is a process of innovating the existing output into a new unique
product. Through this theory, the researchers innovate the mosquito coil into a new one with a
versatile purposes.

The main concept of this study was to produce an alternative mosquito coil using oregano
and pili sap. The researchers chose this study because of the increasing incidents of dengue fever
cases caused by the harmful bites of mosquitoes. The researchers chose oregano and pili sap which
is resourceful and easy to attain to produce an oregano and pili sap mosquito coil. The researchers
made an oregano and pili sap mosquito coil which is effective in repelling mosquito.
 11

THEORY OF
INNOVATION

Increasing Incidents of Dengue Fever Cases

OREGANO PILI OREGANO

LEAVES EXTRACT
SAP

Oregano and Pili Sap

Mosquito Coil

EFFECTIVENESS

REPELLED MOSQUITO

Figure 1. Theoretical paradigm

 12

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework which guided the researchers on this study includes all the needed
means in the realization of this study. The objective of this study was to create an alternative
mosquito coil repellent using oregano and pili sap. The conceptual paradigm of this study is
presented in figure 2 which shows the input, process, output, and the feedback.

This study was composed of input which is the number one concept in preparing the ideas
to be developed as the researchers found out through brainstorming of ideas. The input in this study
is composed of oregano and pili sap. The process is the next stage which talks about the process in
producing an oregano mosquito coil repellent. The third stage is the output which is the result of
the study after the consolidation of all the data gathered. Oregano and pili sap mosquito coil
repellent served as the output of this study. The researchers disseminated the product to five houses
for the feedback of this study. The feedback showed that it was effective in repelling mosquito.
 13

INPUT

Oregano and Pili Sap

AND PILI SAP

PROCESS

The following are the process in producing an

oregano and pili sap mosquito coil repellent:

1. The researchers chose this study because

of the increasing incidents of dengue
fever cases.
2. The researchers chose oregano and pili
sap which is resourceful and easy to
attain.
3. The researchers focused only in creating FEEDBACK
mosquito coil repellent.
4. The researchers produced an oregano
and pili sap mosquito coil repellent
which is advisable only for mosquito.
5. The researchers made an oregano and
pili sap mosquito coil which is effective
in repelling mosquito.

OUTPUT

Oregano and Pili Sap as an Alternative Mosquito

Coil Repellent

Figure 2.Conceptual Paradigm

 14

Definition of Terms

The terms used in the study have been defined conceptually and operationally for better
understanding.

Arabic gum. A natural gum consisting of the hardened sap of various species of the acacia
tree.

Carvacrol. It has a characteristic pungent, warm odour of oregano. As used in the present
study, it refers to one of the chemicals that can be found in oregano that has an ability to repel
mosquito.

Diethyltoluamide (DEET). It is the most common active ingredient in insect repellents. It

is slightly yellow oil intended to be applied to the skin or clothing and provides protection against
mosquitoes and other biting insects.

Extract. A solid, viscid, or liquid substance extracted from a plant or drug containing its
essence in concentrated form. In the present study, it refers to the liquid substance that draw out
from oregano.

Essential oil. A concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma compounds from
plants. Or simply as the oil of the plant from which they were extracted. In the present study, it
refers to the volatile organic compound obtain from plants, specifically from oregano that used to
repel mosquito.

Herbal. Plant whose roots, leaves, or seeds, etcetera are used in medicine. In the present
study, it refers to the plant products with proven potential as a repellent that can play an important
role in the interruption of the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases.

Ingredient. A substance that forms part of a mixture. In the present study, it refers to a
substances that the researchers used in order to create an oregano mosquito coil.

Mosquito. A group of small insects that are a type of fly that suck blood from human and
animals.

Mosquito coil. It is a mosquito-repelling incense, usually made into a spiral, and typically
made using dried paste of pyrethrum powder. As used in the present study, it also refers to
mosquito-repelling incense, made using oregano and pili sap.
 15

Oregano. An herb of the mint family, Origanum vulgare, having aromatic leaves. As used
in the present study, it refers to main ingredient that the researchers used to create a mosquito coil
repellent.

Pili sap. The juice of Pili – the edible nut tree, especially the ascending and descending or
circulating fluid essential to nutrition. In the present study, it refers to a pliable and natural fluid of
Pili that used as one the ingredients in creating the oregano mosquito coil.

Repellent. A substance that deters insects or other pests from approaching or settling. As
used in the present study, it refers to oregano mosquito coil that deters mosquitoes from
approaching people; to avoid mosquito bites.

Thymol. It is a natural phenol isolated from plants belonging to the Origanum with a pleasant
aromatic odour and strong antiseptic properties. As used in the present study, it refers to another
chemicals that can be found in oregano that has an ability to repel mosquito.

Vector borne diseases. Human illnesses caused by parasites, viruses and bacteria that are
transmitted by mosquitoes and other insects. As used in the present study, it refers to the diseases
brought by mosquito like dengue, malaria and other diseases.
 16

NOTES

1
Owen, T. Geoponika: Agricultural Pursuits. Retrieved October 1 2005 from

http://www.ancientlibrary.com/geoponica/index.html, 1805

2
C. E. Lawrence and A. M. Croft. (2004). Do mosquito coils prevent malaria? A systematic review
of trials. Journal of Travel Medicine, 11, 92.

3
Baker, M. (1996). Fur rubbing: Use of medicinal plants by capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus),

American Journal of Primatology, 38, 263.

4
Nerioa LS, Olivero-Verbela J, Stashenkob E (2010). Repellent activity of essential oils: A

review. Bioresour. Technol. 101(1):372-378.

5
Owen, T. Geoponika: Agricultural Pursuits.n.d. From

http://www.ancientlibrary.com/geoponica/index.html, 1805.

6
WHO (1998). Draft guideline specifications for household insecticide products—mosquito coils,

vaporising mats, liquid vaporisers, aerosols. Report of the WHO Informal Consultation, Geneva:
World Health Organization, February 3–6.

7
ICMR, Air-borne toxicity of plant extracts against mosquitoes, New Delhi, Indian Council of

Medical Research, http://www.icmr.nic.in/annual/mrc.pdf, 2000 (accessed 1 April 2000).

8
Carrol, J.F. et al. (2017). Repellency of the Origanum vulgare Essential Oil and Constituents to

the Yellow fever Mosquito. Natural Product Research 31 (18), 2192-2197.

9
Carpio, E. C. (2014). Oregano Extract as Mosquito Repellent. Retrieved from

https://www.studymode.com/mosquito-repellent-884258.html.
 17

10
Rosales, N.J et al.(2011). Oregano as Natural Mosquito Coil Repellent. Retrieved from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/oregano_as_natural_mosquito_coil_repellent.

11
Deziel, C. (2006). “Oil of Oregano as Mosquito Repellent”. Retrieved from

https://www.hunker.com/13406599/oil-of-oregano-as-a-mosquito-repellent/.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/
 18

CHAPTER 3

Research Design and Methodology

This chapter discussed the research design, locale of the study, data gathering procedure,
and instruments used which is useful as the researchers went along with this study.

Research Design

This study utilized the experimental type of research. The study is experimental for it
introduced the changes and then monitor the effects. Experimental type of research is used to
develop the pathway in giving the researchers an idea on how the design would exist.

The study also used the method of developmental research, the process where the ideas
undergo for a long method and study until it reaches the peak of innovation. The researchers used
this method as the basis on how would the study improve through data gathering. Through
observation and long analysis, the researchers came up for a new idea through developmental
research.

Sources of Data

The primary sources of data were the observations of the researchers and the data obtained
from this study.

The secondary sources of the data were books, journals, internet, and previous studies from
where important ideas and insights guided the course of this study.

Locale of the Study

This research study was conducted in Purok 2, Comun, Camalig, Albay and Cotmon,
Camalig, Albay. The researchers proposed to conduct in this two barangays due to the distance that
needed to travel by the researchers and the availability of materials used.

The researchers started to create the oregano and pili sap mosquito coil from December 01,
2018 to December 27, 2018. The researcher started the experiment from January 12, 2018, 8:00
pm to January 13, 2018, 3: 00 am.
 19

Instrument Used

The instrument used in making the product are mortar and pestle for pulverising the 75 pieces
of oregano leaves, beaker for measuring the 25 ml oregano extract, triple beam balance for
weighing the 15 grams of Pili sap and meter stick for measuring the 55 cm oregano and pili sap
mosquito coil. To catch the 20 mosquitoes, the researchers used mini net.

Data Gathering

The researchers have undertaken the following steps and procedures to gather reliable and
valid data in the study concerned in creating an oregano and pili sap mosquito coil:

1. Crush the 75 pieces of oregano leaves using a mortar and pestle.

2. Get the 145 ml of oregano extract.
3. Expose the crushed oregano to sunlight for two days.
4. Pulverise the crushed dried oregano using a mortar and pestle.
5. Mix 15 grams of Pili sap and eight spoons of crushed dried oregano.
6. Add 25 ml of oregano extract and then mix thoroughly in a bowl.
7. Mold the mixed ingredients in a coil shape using the commercial mosquito coil then let
it dry for ten days.

To gather the data, the researchers prepared a set up for testing the oregano and pili sap
mosquito coil to mosquito. To complete the testing process, the researchers used mosquito net and
divided it into two rooms by putting a sewed cloth in between with a small hole that would serve
as the path for mosquitoes to transfer on the other side if it is effective in repelling. The researchers
put the burned oregano and pili sap mosquito coil with 55 cm long on the first side of the mosquito
net where 20 mosquitoes were present while the other side has no mosquito coil. The researchers
also prepared the stopwatch to monitor the time limit of oregano and pili sap mosquito coil and to
know the exact time when the mosquito coil would be effective in repelling.
 20

Statistical Treatment

The data from the respondents were undergo through question where it summarized,
tabulated, and interpreted by the researchers. The data gathered were computed through the formula
of the weighted mean to determine the effectiveness of oregano and pili sap mosquito coil as a
mosquito repellent.

Formula:

Σ 𝑓(𝑥)
Σ𝑓

Where:

Σ = Summation

f = Frequency

x = Rating
 21

CHAPTER 4

Results and Discussion

This chapter presented the results and interpretation of data gathered based on the repelled
mosquito from the table provided by the researchers.

The researchers conducted two trials to create an oregano and pili sap mosquito coil. On the
other hand, to determine if it is effective in repelling, the researchers made a set up and prepared a
mosquito net which is divided into two rooms and the researchers decided to put the oregano and
pili sap mosquito coil in one side of mosquito net where 20 mosquitoes were present.

TABLE 1: Trials presented for the creation of oregano and pili sap mosquito coil

TRIALS INGREDIENTS RESULTS

 The oregano and pili sap

mosquito coil became soft
94 pieces of oregano
when burned and slowly
leaves, 50 ml of
falling down when using one
First Trial
oregano extract and 18
stand only, making the coil
grams of pili sap
unsuccessful to produce
continuous smoke.

 The oregano and pili sap

mosquito coil can stand
75 pieces of oregano
using only one stand,
leaves, 25 ml of
making the coil successful to
Second Trial
oregano extract, and
produce continuous smoke
15 grams of pili sap
up to 6 hours, 36 minutes
and 8 seconds.

In table 1, the researchers found out in first trial of experiment that 94 pieces of oregano
leaves, 50 ml of oregano extract and 18 grams of pili sap would make the coil unsuccessful to stand
 22

using a one stand for coil. In second trial, the researchers lessen the ingredients and made it 75
pieces of oregano leaves, 25 ml of oregano extract, and 15 grams of pili sap. The researchers found
out that it would make the coil successful to stand using a one stand.

TABLE 2: Set up presented the effectivity of oregano and pili sap mosquito coil as a mosquito
repellent

NUMBER OF NUMBER OF
MOSQUITO MOSQUITO LEFT
TIME
TRANSFERRED (SIDE (SIDE WITH COIL)
WITHOUT COIL)

6 minutes 17 3

125 minutes 17 2

143 minutes 17 1

146 minutes 18 0

In table 2, the researchers made a set up using a mosquito net which is divided into two
rooms and the researchers put the 55 cm oregano and pili sap mosquito coil at exactly 8:00 in the
evening in one side of mosquito net where 20 mosquitoes were present. After 6 minutes, 17
mosquitoes were repelled and there are only 3 mosquitoes left in the side where oregano and pili
sap mosquito coil was present. After 125 minutes, there are only 2 mosquitoes left alive and there
is one mosquito killed in the side where oregano and pili sap mosquito coil was present. After 143
minutes, only one mosquito was left alive and another one mosquito killed in the side where
oregano and pili sap mosquito coil was present. After 146 minutes, there were no mosquitoes flying
around and there are total of 2 mosquitoes killed in the side where oregano and pili sap mosquito
coil was present. The oregano and pili sap mosquito coil repellent lasted for 396 minutes.
 23

TABLE 3: Likert Scale

SCALE EFFECTIVENESS IN REPELLING

MOSQUITO

The oregano and pili sap mosquito coil

are very much efficient in repelling
5) Very much efficient
mosquito.

The oregano and pili sap mosquito coil

are much efficient in repelling
4) Much efficient
mosquito.

3) Efficient The oregano and pili sap mosquito coil

are efficient in repelling mosquito.

2) Less Efficient The oregano and pili sap mosquito coil

are less efficient in repelling mosquito.

1) Not Efficient The oregano and pili sap mosquito coil

are not efficient in repelling mosquito.

The researchers made a Likert scale to determine the effectiveness of oregano and pili sap
mosquito coil as a mosquito repellent. The scale was composed of very much efficient (5) which
stated that the product is very much efficient in repelling mosquito. Much efficient (4), if the
product is very much efficient in repelling mosquito. Efficient (3), determine that the coil is
efficient in repelling mosquito. Less efficient (2), stating that the oregano and pili sap mosquito
coil is less efficient in repelling mosquito. Lastly, not efficient (1) in repelling mosquito.
 24

TABLE 4: Response

Number of Not Less efficient Much Very

respondents efficient efficient efficient Much
efficient

1 l

2 l

3 l

4 1

5 1

For the feedback of the study, the researchers disseminate the oregano and pili sap mosquito
coil to five houses. The table determined the responses of the five respondents who tried to use the
product. The respondent for number 1, 3, 4, and 5 stated that the product was much efficient in
repelling mosquito. On the other hand, number 2 respondent stated that the oregano and pili sap
mosquito coil was very much effective in repelling mosquito.
 25

Table 5: Summary of the Computation

Indicator Weighted Mean Interpretation

Effectiveness 3.00 Efficient

Legend:

Rating Interpretation

4.50-5.00 Very Much Efficient

3.50-4.49 Much Efficient

2.50-3.49 Efficient

1.50-2.49 Less Efficient

1.00-1.49 Not Efficient

 26

CHAPTER 5

Summary, Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations

This chapter is a presentation of the summary, findings, conclusions and recommendations.

The summary includes the major findings upon which conclusions were based. The
recommendations were drawn from the conclusions formulated by the researchers.

Summary

This study entitled, “Oregano (Origanum vulgare) and Pili (Canarium ovatum) Sap as an
Alternative Mosquito Coil Repellent” attempted to create an alternative mosquito coil to prevent
the different kind of diseases that mosquito brings especially dengue fever using oregano and pili
sap. Furthermore, the study sought to answer the following problems:

1. Is it possible to make a mosquito coil made from Oregano and Pili sap?
2. Would the oregano and pili sap mosquito coil be effective in repelling mosquito?
3. What specific chemicals which can be found in oregano that can repel mosquito?

The study made use of experimental and developmental method of research. Oregano and
pili sap were used to create an oregano mosquito coil repellent. The researchers have undertaken
the following procedures: First, Crush the 75 pieces of oregano leaves using a mortar and pestle.
Second, get the 145 ml of oregano extract. Third, expose the crushed oregano to sunlight for two
days. Fourth, mix 15 grams of Pili sap and eight spoons of crushed dried oregano. Fifth, add 25 ml
of oregano extract and then mix thoroughly in a bowl. Lastly, mold the mixed ingredients in a coil
shape using the commercial mosquito coil then let it dry for ten days. On the other hand, the
instrument used in determining the effectivity of oregano and pili sap mosquito coil as a repellent
was a mosquito net that divided into two rooms by putting a sewed cloth in between with a small
hole that would serve as the path for mosquitoes to transfer on the other side if it is effective in
repelling. The researchers put the burned oregano and pili sap mosquito coil with 55 cm long on
the first side of the mosquito net where 20 mosquitoes were present while the other side has no
mosquito coil.
 27

Findings

The findings regarding the creation of oregano and pili sap mosquito coil repellent were the
following:

1. The researchers were able to make a mosquito coil made up of oregano and pili sap with
the exact amount of the needed measurement, 75 pieces of oregano leaves, 25 ml of
oregano extract, and 15 grams of pili sap.
2. The researchers found out that oregano and pili sap mosquito coil are effective in
repelling mosquito based on the set up that the researchers made. It was found out that
out of 20 mosquitoes, 18 mosquitoes were transferred to other side of mosquito net
where oregano and pili sap mosquito coil was not present and the two left mosquitoes
died.
3. The two chemicals that can be found in oregano are thymol and carvacrol that acts as a
repellent against mosquito. These two chemicals emitted a strong odour that cause the
mosquito to move away.

Conclusions

1. The greater the amount of measurement in creating an oregano and pili sap mosquito
coil, the greater the chance to make the coil soft and breakable. The lesser the amount of
measurement in creating an oregano and pili sap mosquito coil, the greater the chance to
produce a good output in creating an oregano and pili sap mosquito coil.
2. Oregano and pili sap mosquito coil are effective in repelling mosquito because the smoke
coming from this coil contained a chemicals which are the thymol and carvacrol that can
be found in the compound of oregano that has a repelling incense effect on mosquito.
3. Based on the table provided, the researchers conclude that the product is more advisable
to use for mosquito repellent than mosquito killer because it repelled 18 mosquitoes out
of 20 mosquitoes.
 28

Recommendations

In the review of the foregoing conclusions, the following points are hereby recommended
for implementation.

1. The measurement of ingredients in creating oregano and pili sap mosquito coil must be
not too much because it will make the coil soft and breakable. If the coil is soft, then it
will not stand alone using only a one stand for coil making the coil unsuccessful to
produce a continuous smoke.
2. The researchers recommend to weigh the oregano leaves instead of counting it by pieces
for accurate measurement because the sizes of oregano leaves are not all the same.
3. The researchers recommend this product to use as a mosquito repellent because it can
only repel mosquito, it do not easily kill the mosquito.
4. The researchers recommend to add flower extracts such as rose, sampaguita, and
chrysanthemum for the scent of mosquito coil.
5. The proposed measures being suggested by this study should be taken into consideration
by the researchers who are interested in this study.
6. Future researchers are encouraged to conduct similar studies and to add other natural
ingredients that can be used to create an innovative mosquito coil repellent. They can add
leaves of lemon grass for better result in repelling mosquito as it contain citronella oil
that also known as a good repellent for mosquito.
7. Future researchers are also advised to come up with new ideas regarding this study. They
can think of another way to create an oregano and pili sap mosquito coil. Instead of using
pili sap they can also try using the sap of acacia tree.
 29

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Liu, W. et al. (2018). Mosquito Coil Emissions and Health Implications. Retrieved from

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1241643/.

Carrol, J.F. et al. (2017). Repellency of the Origanum vulgare Essential Oil and Constituents to

the Yellow fever Mosquito. Natural Product Research 31 (18), 2192-2197.

Smale, B. (2016). How Mosquitoes Transmit Disease. Retrieved from

http://explorecuriosity.org/Explore/Articleld/4624/how-mosquitoes-transmit-disease.aspx

Lutgen, P. (2015).Mosquitocidal and Repellent Properties of plant Extracts.

https://malariaworld.org/blog/mosquitocidal-and-repellent-properties-plant-extracts

Carpio, E. C. (2014). Oregano Extract as Mosquito Repellent. Retrieved from

https://www.studymode.com/mosquito-repellent-884258.html.

Rosales, N.J et al.(2011). Oregano as Natural Mosquito Coil Repellent. Retrieved from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/oregano_as_natural_mosquito_coil_repellent.

Nerioa, L.S. et al. (2010). Repellent activity of essential oils: A

review. Bioresour. Technol. 101(1):372-378.

Debboun, Mustapha; Frances, Stephen P.; Strickman, Daniel (2007). Insect repellents: principles,

methods, and uses. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 6. ISBN 0-8493-7196-1.

Deziel, C. (2006). “Oil of Oregano as Mosquito Repellent”. Retrieved from

https://www.hunker.com/13406599/oil-of-oregano-as-a-mosquito-repellent/.
 30

Makhaik M. et al. (2005). Evolution of Anti-mosquito Properties of Essential Oils. Retrieved from

https://www.internalmedicine.imedpub.com/.

McKean, E. ed. (2005). “Mosquito Coil”. The New Oxford American Dictionary. Oxford

University Press. P.1105.

Lawrence C. E. et al. (2004). Do mosquito coils prevent malaria? A systematic review of trials.
Journal of Travel Medicine, 11, 92.

WHO (1998). Draft guideline specifications for household insecticide products—mosquito coils,

vaporising mats, liquid vaporisers, aerosols. Report of the WHO Informal Consultation,
Geneva: World Health Organization, February 3–6.

Baker, M. (1996). Fur rubbing: Use of medicinal plants by capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus),

American Journal of Primatology, 38,

 31

APPENDICES
 32

Appendix A

Pictures of Trials

First Trial

Second Trial
 33

Appendix B

Ingredients

Oregano leaves

Oregano extract
 34

Pili sap
 35

Appendix C

Instrument used

Mortar and pestle for pulverising the 75 pieces of oregano leaves

Beaker for measuring the 25 ml oregano extract

 36

Triple beam balance for weighing the 15 grams of Pili sap

Meter stick for measuring the 55 cm oregano and pili sap mosquito coil.
 37

Mosquito net for the testing process

 38

Appendix D

Procedures

1. Crush the 75 pieces of oregano leaves using a mortar and pestle.

2. Get the 145 ml of oregano extract.

 39

3. Expose the crush oregano to sunlight for two days.

4. Pulverise the crushed dried oregano using a mortar and pestle.

 40

5. Mix 15 grams of Pili sap and eight spoons of crushed dried oregano

6. Add 25 ml of oregano extract and then mix thoroughly in a bowl.

7. Mold the mixed ingredients in a coil shape using the commercial mosquito coil then let it
dry for ten days.
 41

CURRICULUM VITAE
 42

PERSONAL DATA

Name: JENNY N. SABAS

Age: 17

Date of Birth: March 08, 2001

Address: Comun, Camalig, Albay

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Senior High School: Cotmon National High School

Cotmon, Camalig, Albay

2018-2019

Junior High School: Cotmon National High School

Cotmon, Camalig, Albay

2015-2017

San Miguel National High School

San Miguel, Bulacan

2013-2015

Elementary: Kalayakan Elementary School

San Miguel, Bulacan

2007-2013
 43

PERSONAL DATA

Name: AIRIS L. BARIAS

Age: 18

Address: Cotmon, Camalig, Albay

Date of Birth: November 24, 2000

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Senior High School: Cotmon National High School

Cotmon, Camalig, Albay

2018-2019

Junior High School

Cotmon National High School

Cotmon, Camalig, Albay

2013-2017

Elementary: Cotmon Elementary School

Cotmon, Camalig, Albay

2007-2013
 44

PERSONAL DATA

Name: ALDEN N. NAZ

Age: 23

Address: Comun, Camalig, Albay

Date of Birth: November 10, 1995

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Senior High School: Cotmon National High School

Cotmon, Camalig, Albay

2018-2019

Junior High School

Cotmon National High School

Cotmon, Camalig, Albay

-2017

Elementary: Comun Elementary School

Comun, Camalig, Albay

 45

PERSONAL DATA

Name: LEO L. NABOR

Age: 19

Address: Del Rosario, Camalig, Albay

Date of Birth: September 06, 1999

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Senior High School: Cotmon National High School

Cotmon, Camalig, Albay

2018-2019

Junior High School

Cotmon National High School

Cotmon, Camalig, Albay

2013-2017

Elementary: Del Rosario Elementary School

Del Rosario, Camalig, Albay

2006-2013
 46

PERSONAL DATA

Name: MARK JOHN OGAYON

Age: 18

Address: Comun, Camalig, Albay

Date of Birth:

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Senior High School: Cotmon National High School

Cotmon, Camalig, Albay

2018-2019

Junior High School

Cotmon National High School

Cotmon, Camalig, Albay

2013-2017

Elementary: Comun Elementary School

Comun, Camalig, Albay

2007-2013
 47

PERSONAL DATA

Name: KHAICY M. LLANZA

Age: 21

Address: Quirangay, Camalig, Albay

Date of Birth: June 22, 1997

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Senior High School: Cotmon National High School

Cotmon, Camalig, Albay

2018-2019

Junior High School

Cotmon National High School

Cotmon, Camalig, Albay

2013-2017

Elementary: Florista Elementary School

Florista, Camalig, Albay

2004-2011