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INTRODUCTION

The most frequent disease-carrying insects worldwide are mosquitoes. Mosquito-

borne infections typically take days to weeks of incubation before showing symptoms.

The typical symptoms include febrile sickness. According to the World Mosquito

Program (2023) roughly 390 million people are infected each year with dengue, and

hundreds of thousands more are affected by Zika, chikungunya and yellow fever.

Mosquitoes are also a problem here in the Philippines. According to Outbreak

News Today (2023) that Philippine health authorities are reporting an increase in the

mosquito borne viruses, dengue and chikungunya, early in 2023. From January 1 through

February 18, 2023, officials reported 17,136 total dengue fever cases, a 102 percent

increase compared to the 8,491 cases reported during the same period in 2022.

A mosquito coil is a mosquito repellent incense that is typically shaped like a

spiral. The coil is usually wedged between two pieces of fireproof netting to allow

continuous smoldering or held in the center of the spiral, suspended in the air. According

to Cameron (2017) that there is sufficient proof that smoking a mosquito coil outside

would help prevent mosquito bites, but it should only be done sparingly. Insecticides are

found in mosquito coils, which are intended to slowly evaporate once the coil is lighted in

order to provide mosquito protection. The coils emit smoke when lit, which spreads

outward to ward off flying insects. When utilized properly, mosquito coils can deter
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mosquitoes. They may perform better or worse depending on the weather and other

environmental factors.

Lemongrass is a common plant here in the Philippines. It may aid in the

prevention of the growth of certain bacteria and yeast. Lemongrass also contains

substances thought to relieve pain and swelling, lower fever, improve blood sugar and

cholesterol levels, stimulate the uterus and menstrual flow, and have antioxidant

properties. Lemongrass is one of the simplest plants to grow, as long as it is protected

from the elements. It adds a pleasant, bright aroma and flavor to the kitchen as well as

attractive greenery to the garden. Lemongrass can be grown at home and serves more

than just as a herb. In fact, Lemongrass can serve as a mosquito repellent, lizard repellent,

bee repellent, and a variety of other functions. According to (Miller, 2022) Lemongrass is

well-known for its ability to repel mosquitos and it has been touted as one of the best

plants for repelling the impact of and from mosquitos due to these proven benefits.

Azadirachta indica, also known as neem, nim tree, or Indian lilac, is a mahogany

tree in the Meliaceae family. It is one of two species in the genus Azadirachta and is

native to the Indian subcontinent and the majority of African countries. It is commonly

grown in tropical and semi-tropical climates. All parts of the neem tree, including the

leaves, flowers, seeds, fruits, roots, and bark, have traditionally been used to treat

inflammation, infections, fever, skin diseases, and dental disorders. The medicinal

properties of neem leaf have been described in detail. Aside from having a medicinal

property, neem leaves can repel mosquitoes. According to (Singh, Bhoopendra et al.,
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2012) that The Neem tree (Azadirachta indica) contains numerous useful compounds that

can be used as pesticides and as a mosquito repellent/killer.

This study will help people to avoid mosquitoes considering that mosquito coils

are the cheapest mosquito repellant that an ordinary person can afford (Jonathan H, et al,

2016) Considering also that this study aims to make an organic mosquito repellent which

is safer than the commercially bought mosquito coils. The study will also help people to

prevent mosquitoes from transferring disease to people.

The following are the objective of this study:

1. To create an effective organic mosquito repellent using both Lemongrass

(Cymbologon) and Neem Leaves (Azadirachta indica);

2. To create a less harmful mosquito repellent using natural alternatives;

3. To observe and to compare the effectivity of the mosquito coil the the

commercially bought mosquito coil;

3.a compare how long they will last.

Asadollahi (2019) showed that some plants essential oils and extracts have

significant repellent activity against Anopheles spp. mosquitoes. The studies in the last

two decades have focused on the search for new natural repellents and some plants

displayed good repellent activities, but few natural products have been developed so far.

This review calls for the attention of entomologists and people in the field of mosquito-
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transmitted diseases for understanding the value and potential position of the plant-

derived repellents and their role in disease control.

Ogede (2022) concluded that Nigeria Cymbopogon Citratus (lemongrass oil)

active ingredients have insecticidal properties for the control of mosquitoes. The

mosquito’s repellent cream produced possesses repellency characteristics against

mosquitoes. Theoretical study shown that the active constituents, oleic acid and palmitic

acid have similar spectral positions, similar global hardness and global softness, and that

the oleic acid show higher chemical reactivity than palmitic acid judged from the values

of their band gap energy differences, total energies, and dipole moments.

Bhoopendra (2012) stated that the “Mosquito Out” powder includes different plant

powders which act on different vital systems of the insects. Thus Neem powder (acts on

the reproductive system) has been shown to inhibit larval, pupal and adult molts and

reproduction and fitness of both plant feeding and aquatic larvae of mosquitoes.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Numerous mosquito-borne diseases, such as dengue, malaria, and filariasis,

continue to impact individuals. According to newer research, mosquitos can also spread
diseases such as the Chikungunya and Zika viruses. Chikungunya virus can be
transmitted by mosquitoes, particularly Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti and Aedes
(Stegomyia) albopictus, which are also capable of transmitting dengue and Zika viruses.
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These mosquitoes bite predominantly throughout the day. They lay eggs that are fertilized
in vessels that have water that remains. Both species eat outside and consume Ae. When
an uninfected mosquito bites a person with CHIKV in their blood, the insect can consume
the virus. The virus then replicates in the mosquito for several days before reaching its
salivary glands and being transmitted to a new human host when the insect bites them.
The virus replicates once more in this newly infected individual, reaching high
concentrations in their blood at which time they can infect more mosquitos and continue
the transmission cycle. There is no vaccine to prevent chikungunya virus infection. The
best way to prevent chikungunya is to protect yourself from mosquito bites (World Health
Organization,2022). There are numerous techniques to prevent mosquitos. Others employ
pesticide sprays and mosquito coils as mosquito repellents. Individuals frequently engage
with mosquito coils since this is the common mosquito repellent for individuals in order
to avoid mosquitoes given that they are relatively cheap and readily accessible throughout
the market.

According to The University of Sydney, there is rising concern about the negative
health effects of indoor mosquito coil and stick burning. The insecticides employed are
generally thought to be harmless, but the particulate matter produced by a smoldering
mosquito coil offers the biggest risk. The chemical substances in the coils are capable of
causing headaches. The majority of people endure headaches after using a coil. As a
result, making use of a coil may not be an optimal decision (Dr. Vikrant Shah). In order to
guard against malaria, mosquito coils contain insecticides that slowly evaporate into the
air. A portion of the poisonous impurities that might result from the consuming of
mosquito curls and related incense-like things are carbon monoxide (CO), VOCs, sulfur
dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and particulate matters (PM) (Elehinafe,F.,et
al.2022). These pollutants in mosquito coils pose threats to human health.

The purpose of this study is to create a less hazardous mosquito coil using Neem
Leaves (Azadirachta indica) and essential oil of Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon citratus).
Throughout times past, individuals have utilized plant-based repellents in order to protect
themselves against mosquitoes which are looking for hosts. For facilitating the
development of inventive natural products, ethnobotanical studies' knowledge of plants
used as traditional repulsives is a great resource (Maia,F., et al. 2011).

In relation with traditional mosquito coils that can be purchased in supermarkets,

this study discusses the beneficial effects of organic mosquito coils and their efficacy.
The majority of plants have chemicals that they use to protect themselves from
phytophagous (plant-eating) insects. These substances can be classified as repellents,
feeding inhibitors, poisons, and growth regulators, among others. The majority of them
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can be divided into five main chemical categories: nitrogen compounds (mainly
alkaloids), terpenoids, phenolics, proteinase inhibitors, and growth regulators. While
protecting against phytophagous insects is one of these compounds' main purposes, many
of them are also efficient against mosquitoes and other biting Diptera, especially those
volatile substances generated as a result of herbivory. Neem is widely advertised as a
natural alternative to repel mosquitoes, and it has been tested for repellency against a
range of arthropods of medical importance. Some oils have been proven to repel
mosquitoes. They may act in many ways: 1) by providing an attractive stimulus at close
range; H. Kairomone, water vapor, lowers temperature [47-49]. 2) The presence of long-
chain fatty molecules reduces evaporation and absorption of repellents. 3) It is known to
repel mosquitoes in high concentrations due to its fatty acid content (Maia,F.,et al.2011).

Neem leaves help prevent one of the world's most hated insects, but you could
boost its capabilities by mixing it with essential oils. In our experiment we used dried
neem leaves and powdered it using a blender and mixed it with essential oil of lemon
grass.Azadirachtin, the primary active component of neem, is used, it has been
demonstrated that azadirachtin prevents both aquatic and plant-feeding larval stages of
mosquito reproduction, including larval, pupal, and adult molts. Neem trees should be
planted nearby since their leaves are a great insect repellant. Additionally, combining
turmeric roots and neem leaves for a powerful insect repellent. Many plant extracts and
oils repel mosquitos, with effects lasting anywhere from a few minutes to several hours .
Considering the substances they contain are extremely volatile, they are effective
repellents for only a brief time after application before quickly evaporating, leaving the
person vulnerable. People assume that plant-based insect repellents are safe and free of
toxicity. Plants have additionally been demonstrated to be efficient at repelling
troublesome insects such as mosquitos and ticks. Many plants contain compounds that
these insects do not like but are safe for humans (Hogarh,Jonathan, et al.2016). This
article reveals that neem leaves, besides functioning as a highly effective mosquito
repellent, additionally happens to be safe and environmentally friendly to use. We found a
lot of Neem Leaves here in Tagum City, however the one we made use of was obtained
from Prk. Mahusay barangay West pioneer avenue demonstrates that neem trees are
easily found in the neighborhood and do not have to be purchased.

Lemongrass consists of citronella, a plant component that repels buzzing good-

for-nothing insects. Planting the super plant around your house, on the other hand, will
not effectively keep mosquitoes away. It's the solution, oil, or spray, which you can easily
manufacture at home, that keeps them orbiting your body but preventing them from
landing on it and their demise. It can keep those annoying bloodsuckers at bay, whose
sole purpose is to make you and your family uncomfortable. Mosquitoes, despite its great
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flavor, do not appear to enjoy it. It also repels lizards and bees, albeit these creatures are
not dangerous. How does lemongrass function? Discover the critical factors influencing
mosquito misting system pricing and take confident control of your mosquito problem
(Mr. Mister Mosquito Control, 2023). The lemon grass we used in our experiment was
grown by a neighbor, proving that it is readily available and does not take much effort to
grow in the environment.

The objective of this study is to evaluate a less-hazardous and organic mosquito

repellent using the base ingredients, the neem leaves, essential oil of lemon grass,
activated carbon and wax. According to Lin Zhang et.al Mosquito coils are made of
biomass base materials impregnated with insecticides. Through slow and steady
combustion (smoldering), a mosquito coil evaporates insecticides that prevent mosquitoes
from entering indoor environments. Although insecticides impregnated in mosquito coils,
most likely pyrethrins, are not particularly harmful to humans, the smoldering combustion
condition is ideal for generating products of incomplete combustion. This theory shows
that Activated Charcoal helps to burn sluggishly the mosquito coil without flame and
often with much smoke.Activated carbons, which are processed from charcoal, will
therefore be regarded as a natural product. Activated carbon, also known as activated
carbon or activated charcoal, is an artificial carbonaceous, carbon rich material. It comes
from wood, but can also be obtained in the form of bamboo, coconut husks, peat, woods,
coir, lignite, coal, pitch or other heavy carbon sources. Activated carbon is therefore
highly valued in filtering, deodorization, medical, and chemical applications, as most
contaminants easily bind to it and remain trapped in the carbon microstructure via many
small distance-dependent atomic attractions (known as London dispersion forces).
Because carbon is produced through a relatively inexpensive and simple series of
activation processes, it is widely available for applications; however, activated carbon
must be constantly changed as it becomes clogged with contaminants, water, and
becomes a breeding ground for dangerous microorganisms after a certain contact time.
Therefore, to meet the needs of its use and in order not to cause any interruptions during
replacement processes, activation carbon shall be made continuously as long as there is
sufficient supply (Cavallo,C.2023). The purpose of wax for mosquito coil is to stick all
the ingredients together when it dried, and it is an alternative organic binding agent.

Organic mosquito repellents have the ability to repel or eliminate mosquitos. It

demonstrates that organic repellents are less expensive since readily available plant
extracts can be employed. Organic repellents could be a good choice for a safer and
healthier home and surroundings duane Elle,R.D.,et.al,2019). Hazardous Chemicals: If
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the mosquito killer you're using is providing you with 100% mosquito protection, it's due
to the chemicals in it. The majority of these mosquito repellents contain dangerous
substances such as Pyrethroid or Prallethrin.These are also heavily perfumed, which may
be detrimental to persons who are allergic to aerosol or perfume goods. The most serious
downside of insect repellents is that they might cause respiratory problems, skin allergies,
and breathing difficulties (Hi Care,2023). The researchers understand the power of plants,
discovering their effectiveness in addressing common health challenges and issues as
indicated by Quantum Health 2023. Due to the natural and adaptable nature of plants,
products such as DEET free repellency are safe alternatives. Plants have been used to
address body and environmental issues for a long time. People are confident in the safety
of plant based insect repellents and that they have no toxic effects. Plants, on the other
hand, have proved to be effective in warding off unpleasant insects such as mosquitoes
and ticks. There are chemicals on some plants that these insects do not like, but they're
harmless to humans. Some popular plant-based sources used in natural insect repellents
are citronella oil, lemongrass, peppermint, lemon eucalyptus oil, PMD (a synthetic
version of lemon eucalyptus oil) and rosemary oil (Hi Care,2023)
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MATERIALS AND METHODS

Gathering of Materials.

The study was conducted in La Filipina. This research was conducted first by

gathering important information related to how research plans are developed and

implemented. The study will talk about the effectiveness of the materials that will be used

and how it can affect humans and the environment. The study aims to make an effective

mosquito coil

Gathering of materials are essential for the success of our study. The researchers

found a neem tree in barangay Magugpo East, barangay Visayan Village, barangay

Magugpo West, USEP campus, and freedom park. From all of those places that they have

found the tree, they get leaves in barangay Magugpo East, Visayan Village, and Magugpo

West. Lemongrass can also be found in yards; it is easy to plant and grow lemongrass in

yards. This means that it is easy to find the ingredients and materials for this experiment.

They also need an activated charcoal, so the researchers order it from an online shop and

lastly is the wax, they just bought a candle in stores nearby.

For the researchers to finally start the process in making mosquito repellent, they

will prepare the material. To naturally dry the neem leaves, it is allowed to be exposed to

warm and dry air for 1-2 days. The leaves become crisp, then pulverize the dried leaves

using a grinder, and the powdered leaves are then stored in an airtight container. After

preparing the neem leaves, lemongrass is the next to be prepared. To produce an essential

oil of lemongrass, lemongrass stalks are needed, cut off the outer covering, and roughly
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smashed them with a crusher and pestle in order to extract the oil. For the oil to be

completely extracted, a steaming method is used, the researcher steamed the crushed

lemongrass with a base oil for 1 hour. After steaming, the lemongrass was separated from

the extracted oil and the oil secured in a container.

After the preparation it was decided to start the formulation of the mosquito coil.

Powdered neem leaves, lemongrass oil, activated charcoal, and wax are mixed together.

After mixing the ingredients, molder is used to mold the mosquito coil. And let it be

exposed under the sun allowing it to be dried and be ready for observation.

On the day of the observation, the mosquitoes are gathered on that exact same

day. 20 mosquitoes are placed on each chamber and they put the mosquito coil in the

chamber and the commercially bought mosquito coil is placed on the other side of the

chamber. The behavior of the mosquitoes when the time that the mosquito coils are lit

are observed. And also, the smoke that the coil produces, the duration of both coils, and

lastly the impact of the coils to the mosquitoes are carefully observed as well.
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Figure 1. Lemongrass.

Fig.2.Neem Leaves

Fig.3.Organic Mosquito coi

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Creating tables

Table 1. Materials needed.

Ingredients Measurements
Pulverized neem leaves 3 tbsp
Lemongrass oil 2 tbsp
Activated charcoal 2 tbsp
Cornstarch 2 tbsp
Wax 1 ½ tbsp

Table 2.Mosquito coil duration.

hours Neem leaves and Commercial mosquito coil
lemongrass mosquito coil (burned per hour)
(burned per hour)
1 2.20cm 2.10cm
2 2.29cm 2.25cm
3 2 cm 2.05cm
4 2.10 cm 2 cm
5 1.8cm 2 cm
6 2.28 cm 2.26 cm
7 2cm 2.30 cm
7½ 1.33cm 1 cm
Total 7 ½ hours 16 cm 15.96cm
2.13 cm/h 2.12cm/h
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Table 3. Behavior of mosquitoes.

No. of minutes Neem leaves and lemongrass Commercial mosquito coil
*
mosquito coil

5 1 mosquito got dizzy The mosquitoes are flying

uncomfortably
10 Mostly of the flying Mosquitoes are trying to
mosquitoes are avoiding the escape
smoke
15 Some of the mosquitoes are 1 mosquito got dizzy
at rest
20 1 mosquito got dizzy 2 mosquitoes got dizzy
25 1 mosquito got dizzy Only few mosquitoes are
seen flying and some are at
the corners
30 Few mosquitoes are trying to 1 mosquito got dizzy
escape from the chambers

Table 4. Mosquitoes that got dizzy.

No. of minutes Neem leaves and lemongrass Commercial mosquito coil
mosquito coil (X2)
(X1)
5 1 0
10 0 0
15 0 1
20 1 2
25 1 0
30 0 1

Total 3 4
Mean 0.5 0.67
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Table 5.Variance.
2
X1 X1 X2 X22
1 1 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1
1 1 2 4
1 1 0 0
0 0 1 1
Total =3 Σ X12=3 Total =4 Σ X22=6
M= 0.5 M=0.67

Adding Equations

Variance
[1]
S12= Σ X12/N1-M12
[2]
S12= 3/6 – 0.52
[3]
S12= 0.25
[4]
S22= Σ X22/N2-M22
[5]
S22= 6/6 – 0.672
[6]
S22= 0.55

Standard error of difference between means

[7]
sM1-M2= (n 1s12+N2s22/n1+n2-2)(n1+n2/n1n2)
[8]
sM1-M2= (6(0.25)+6(0.55)/6+6-2)(6+6/6x6)

sM1-M2= 0.04 [9]

T statistic

t=M1-M2/sM1-M2 [10]
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t=0.5-0.67/0.04 [11]

t=-4.25 [12]

Degree of freedom

df= N-1 [13]

df=6-1 [14]

df=5 [15]

alpha = 0.05 [16]

t = -4.25

table t = 2.571

Therefore the null hypothesis is accepted

Ho = ( u1 = u2)
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Figure 4. t table

Adding Graphs
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2.5

no. of mosquitoes
1.5

0.5

0
5 10 15 20 25 30
time (minute)

X1 X2

Fig. 4. The graph of the mosquitoes who got dizzy. X1 is for the Neem leaves and
lemongrass mosquito coil and X2 is for the commercial mosquito coil.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This section presents the results and discussion of data that the

researchers have gathered in the process of conducting the study through

experimentation throughout the research period.

Duration of the mosquito coil.

The duration of the commercial mosquito coil and the organic repellent is

compared in Table 2, as can be seen. The researchers lit up both coils and

observed how long it lasted. During the experimentation and observation, at least

2.20cm of the plant-based coil was burned in an hour while the commercial coil

had 2.10cm. In a total of 7 and a half hours, at least 16 cm of the plant-based coil

is burned while the commercial coil has 15.96cm. In summary, based on the

comparison presented in Table 2, the commercial mosquito coil lasted longer

compared to the organic mosquito repellent.

Mosquitoes repelled or got dizzy.

During the experimentation, we observed that in a duration of 30 mins.

there were 3 mosquitoes got dizzy with the use of the plant-based repellent while

there are 4 mosquitoes that got dizzy on the commercial one while the remaining

mosquitoes were just flying away trying to escape the chambers as shown in Table

3. Overall, the results of the experimentation showed that both the plant-based
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and commercial repellents were effective in making some mosquitoes dizzy.

However, it was indicated in the graph (Fig. 4) that the commercial mosquito is

more effective than the organic one.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the initial results of this study indicate that a plant-based

mosquito repellent using a combination of lemon grass and neem leaves is

effective in repelling mosquitoes. The formulation has demonstrated the ability to

cause dizziness to mosquitoes and repel nearby insects. Further research is needed

to optimize the formulation and determine its long-term effectiveness. Overall, the

research demonstrates that this plant-based repellent made from lemongrass and

neem leaves is a better substitute for mosquito repellents than a commercially

bought mosquito coil because it is safe for human use and environmentally

friendly. Therefore, the results of this study imply that a plant-based insect

repellent has the potential and a promising option for reducing the spread of

disease

RECOMMENDATION

Based on the information we gathered in our experiment, we would recommend

conducting further research to improve the methodology and overcome the challenges

faced in creating a mosquito repellent coil using lemon grass (Cymbopogon) and Neem

leaves (Azadirachta indica). Specifically, the failed attempt to form a coil using the
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present materials indicates a need for refinement in the formulation and manufacturing

process. To address this, the following research steps could be considered:

Explore the use of additional binding agents or additives that can enhance the

cohesion of the mixture, facilitating the formation of a coherent coil structure. This may

involve testing different natural or synthetic substances to improve the coil's structural

integrity

Evaluate different drying and curing methods to ensure that the formed coils

dry effectively and maintain their repellent properties. This could involve adjusting

temperature, humidity, and time parameters during the drying process to optimize the

final product's efficacy.

By conducting additional research to optimize the formulation, evaluate

alternative binding agents, improve drying and curing techniques, and conduct a

comparative analysis, it is possible to overcome the limitations and enhance the

effectiveness of the homemade mosquito repellent coil. Such efforts can contribute to the

development of a less harmful alternative to commercially bought mosquito coils while

providing an effective means of mosquito control.

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REFERENCES

Asodollahi,Amin, et al. “Effectiveness of plant-based repellents against different

Anopheles species: a systematic review.”, no. 436,2019.Malaria Journal
18.Article number: 436.

Bhardwaj,Nikita. “Burning mosquito coils can kill you.YES, it’s true.”, 3 Dec.
2021,www.healthshots.com.

Cavallo,Christian. “What is Activated Carbon and How is it Made?”,

2023, www.thomasnet.com.

Elehinafe,Francis, et al.“Assessment of Indoor Levels of Carbon Monoxide Emission

from Smoldering Mosquito Coils Used in Nigeria.”,vol. 16,2022,pp. 1-6.

Elle,Duane, et al. “Comparison between Chemical-based and Organic Mosquito

Repellants.”,2019,Vol. 3 No. 2.

Hi Care. “Pros and Cons of Using Mosquito Repellents in India.”,

2023,product.hicare.in/blog/63.

Hogarh,Jonathan, et al.“Application of mosquito repellent coils and associated self-

reported health issues in Ghana.”,4 Feb. 2016,
malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/61.

Maia, Ferreira and Sarah J Moore.“Plant-based insect repellents: a review of their

efficacy, development and testing.”,vol.10,2011, no. S11.

Mr. Mister Mosquito Control. “Mosquito Misting System Cost”,

10 Feb. 2023,www.mrmr.biz

Ogede,Robert and Nurudeen Abdulafeez Abdulrahman.“Density functional theory study,

extraction and characterization of lemon grass oil (Cymbopogon citratus) as
antimalarial repellent.”,2022, 14(02),pp. 284–297.

Outbreak News Today.“Philippines reports increase in dengue and chikungunya early in

2023.”, March 2023,https://outbreaknewstoday.com/philippines-
reports-increase-in-dengue- and-chikungunya-early-in-2023.

Quantum Health. “Why You Should Choose a Plant-Based Insect or Mosquito

Repellent.”,5 Jun 2020,www.quantumhealth.com
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The University of Sydney. “Are mosquito coils good or bad for our health?.”, 20 Dec.
2017./www.sydney.edu.au/news-opinion

Singh,Bhoopendra, et al. “Toxicity of a plant based mosquito repellent/killer.”,Dec. 2012.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3600522/.

World Health Organization.“Chikungunya”,8 Dec. 2022,

www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets.

World Mosquito Program.“Mosquito-borne

diseases.”,2023,https://www.worldmosquitoprogram.org/en/learn/mosquito-borne-
diseases?.

Zhang, Lin, et al.“Using Charcoal as Base Material Reduces Mosquito Coil Emissions of
Toxins.” April 2010,www.researchgate.net.
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APPENDICES

Appendix Figure 1. Lemongrass.

Appendix Figure 2.Neem Leaves.

Appendix Figure 3. Organic Mosquito Coil.

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Appendix Figure 4. The Graph of The Mosquitoes Who Got Dizzy. X1 Is For The Neem
Leaves And Lemongrass Mosquito Coil And X2 Is For The Commercial Mosquito Coil.