100 YEARS OF HISTORY OF ORTHODONTICS AND ORTHOPEDICS

100 Years of Orthodontic History A J O

1915 First issue of International Journal of Orthodontia published by Mosby Martin Dewey, editor
1915 First article in issue 1 of the Journal features figures created from 4 X 5 glass photographic plates
Albert H. Ketcham
1915 World War I waging in Europe (started in 1914)
1915 Annual Session of the American Society of Orthodontists canceled (war) AAO
1915 First graduate orthodontic program initiated (discontinued in 1919) Harvard-Forsyth
1915 “Colorado brown stain” (mottled teeth) described and link with water supply suggested; stained
teeth were resistant to decay G.V. Black and Frederick S. McKay
1916 Ribbon arch Edward H. Angle
1916 Plaster facemasks used to align models with the face Justus A.W. van Loon
1917 Lingual arch with soldered springs introduced John V. Mershon
1918 World War I ends
1918 First full-time orthodontic teacher A. Leroy Johnson
1918 High labial arch Lloyd S. Lourie
1918 First woman to head an orthodontic department Elizabeth Richardson
1918 Myofunctional therapy introduced Alfred P. Rogers
1919 Rotary dial telephone Bell System
1919 Crozat appliance George B. Crozat
1920 “Gnathostatic” procedure to reproduce jaw and facial relationships Paul W. Simon
1920s Orthodontic research using monkeys Albin Oppenheim
1922 First use of the term “cephalometrics” Benno E. Lischer
1923 First orthodontic graduate program leading to an M.S. degree University of Michigan
1923 Concept of “apical base” Axel Lundström
1924 First orthodontic college Angle College of Orthodontia
1924 Stainless steel (“18-8”) patented William H. Hatfield
1924 Orbital Law of the Canine (“gnathostatics”) Paul W. Simon
1925 Edgewise arch Edward H. Angle
1925 X-ray holder added to Todd’s craniometer (= roentgenographic craniometer) B. Holly Broadbent,
Sr.
1925 Norwegian system of orthodontics Karl Haüpl and Viggo Andresen
1925 Last graduate of the Angle School in Pasadena (“Orthodontist to the Stars,” he treated Ginger
Rogers, Loretta Young, and children of Bob Hope, Jack Benny, Ronald Reagan, etc.) Matthew Connor
Lasher
1926 Annual Session of the American Society of Orthodontists canceled (alternate meeting) AAO
1926 Roentgenographic craniometer adapted to hold the head of living person (= roentgenographic
cephalometer) B. Holly Broadbent, Sr.
1926 Edgewise appliances (“new mechanism”) first used, at request of Edward H. Angle Allan G. Brodie
1926 Carnegie Report on Dental Education issued; it led to the decline of the preceptor program and rise
of university-based education William J. Gies
1926 First International Orthodontic Congress New York
1926 Brush Inquiry initiated at Western Reserve University in Cleveland T. Wingate Todd
1926 “Orthodontics: An Historical Overview of its Origins and Evolution” published Bernhard W.
Weinberger
1927 Stainless steel (aka “rustless steel”) appliances developed Lucien De Coster and Rudolph Schwarz
1927 McCoy open-tube appliance (self-ligating) James D. McCoy
1928 Edgewise appliance with rectangular bracket slot introduced Edward H. Angle
1928 Root resorption attributed to rigid, strong wires and overloaded teeth Albert H. Ketcham
1928 Slogan “See your dentist twice a year” coined Pepsodent
1929 First dental specialty board formed at the Stanley Hotel in Estes Park, Colorado American Board of
Orthodontics
1929 Law passed recognizing orthodontics as separate from medicine and dentistry (later repealed)
Arizona
1929 Universal appliance invented (not introduced until 1937) Spencer R. Atkinson
1929 Bolton Study initiated at Western Reserve University in Cleveland (it was combined with the Brush
Inquiry in 1970) B. Holly Broadbent, Sr.
1929 Research on use of the roentgenographic cephalometer presented in Europe B. Holly Broadbent, Sr
1929 Term “serial extraction” coined Birger Kjellgren
1929 Monograph published describing treatment with the Monobloc (device was first developed in
1902) Pierre Robin
1929 Curriculum II Orthodontic Program at University of California at San Francisco admits its first class
(until 1969) Ernest M. Setzer and George W. Hahn
1929 Stainless steel adapted for orthodontics (not generally accepted until the 1950s and 60s) Wilkinson
Sword
1930 Founder of modern orthodontics dies on August 11 Edward H. Angle
1930 Herbst’s findings published (Herbst appliance originally developed in 1905) Emile Herbst
1930 Removable active plate developed Charles F.L. Nord 1930s “Painless” Parker, an early advertising
dentist, sets up dental clinics in California Edgar R.R. Parker
1930s Preformed bands introduced Rocky Mountain Metal Products
1931 First journal devoted exclusively to orthodontics published The Angle Orthodontist
1931 First woman editor of an orthodontic journal Anna H. Angle, editor
1931 First practical cephalometer and teleradiographic procedure introduced B. Holly Broadbent, Sr.
1931 Trace elements of fluoride indentified in the water supply of Bauxite, Arkansas H.V. Churchill and
Alcoa
1931 Independently developed teleradiographic procedure paper published Herbert Hofrath
1931 Relationship between fluoride and mottled teeth confirmed Frederick S. McKay
1931 It is suggested that orthodontic force should not exceed capillary blood pressure A. Martin Schwarz
1931 Semi-adjustable articulator developed Charles E. Stuart and Beverly B. McCollum
1933 Begg bracket introduced (i.e., upside-down ribbon-arch) P.R. Begg
1933 Spot welder produced Rocky Mountain Metal Products
1934 Issue of mail-order orthodontics by laboratories raised AAO
1934 Annual Session of the American Society of Orthodontists canceled (Depression) AAO
1934 American Society of Orthodontists reorganizes as the American Association of Orthodontists AAO
1934 Twin-wire appliance introduced Joseph H. Johnson
1935 Kodachrome slide film first produced Eastman Kodak
1936 Commission on Journalism of the American College of Dentists instigates vitriolic battle over
relationship of AAO and AJO; continues for over a decade AAO
1936 Term “activator” coined Karl Häupl
1936 Third molar enucleation advocated Oscar Henry
1936 “Active plate” constructed (originally introduced by Nord) Alfred Kantorowicz and Gustav Korkhaus
1936 Extraoral traction devices developed, re-introduced in the U.S. Albin Oppenheim
1936 Term “anchorage preparation” coined Charles H. Tweed
1937 Acrylics introduced in the U.S.; they gradually replace vulcanite (vulcanized rubber) appliances Otto
Röhm
1938 Roentgenphotogram developed (i.e., superimposed photo and cephalogram) Hans Peter Bimler
1938 Cephalometric appraisal of orthodontic treatment results published Allan G. Brodie
1938 The Lancaster Cleft Palate Clinic established Herbert K. Cooper
1938 Nylon bristle toothbrush introduced (Doctor West’s Miracle Toothbrush) Dupont de Nemours
1938 First brigadier general of the U.S. Army Dental Corps Leigh C. Fairbanks
1938 Concept of “maxillofacial triangle” published Herbert I. Margolis
1939 World War II begins
1939 Connection between high levels of fluoride in drinking water and mottled enamel discovered H.
Trendley Dean
1939 First successful dental implants (vitallium) placed in humans reported in the AJO Alvin E. Strock
1940 Labiolingual appliance developed Oren A. Oliver
1940 Retreatment of 100 patients originally treated according to Angle’s ideas reported Charles H.
Tweed
1940s Stainless steel “Australian wire” developed P.R. Begg and A.J. Wilcox
1940s Nuk Sauger nipple and pacifier developed, marketed Adolph Müller and Rocky Mountain
Orthodontics
1941 Pearl Harbor bombed; U.S. enters WW II December 7
1941 The formal Tweed Course established in Arizona Charles H. Tweed
1941 Commercial television begins broadcasting WNBC
1942 The Federal Denture Act becomes law, prohibiting mail-order, direct-to-consumer distribution of
dentures by dental laboratories
1942 Quantitative relationship between fluoride, mottled teeth, and dental caries proven H. Trendley
Dean
1943 Annual Session of the American Association of Orthodontists canceled (war) AAO
1943 Activator reintroduced Viggo Andresen
1944 Interproximal reduction described Bibb H. Ballard
1944 Tooth positioner developed Harold D. Kesling
1944 First intermaxillary tooth-width ratios published in Swedish (in English in 1955) Anders Lundström
1945 Annual Session of the American Association of Orthodontists canceled (war) AAO
1945 World War II ends
1945 Vitallium implants used as anchorage to move teeth in laborabory animals B.L. Gainsforth and L.B.
Higley
1945 First city to fluoridate its water supply Grand Rapids, Michigan
1947 Annual Session of the American Association of Orthodontists canceled (unknown reason) AAO
1947 Modern facebow introduced (with a cervical strap for early treatment) Silas J. Kloehn
1947 Term “leeway space” coined Hays N. Nance
1947 “Sutural theory of bone growth” described Harry Sicher
1947 The Face in Profile published Arne Björk
1948 First practical cephalometric analysis William B. Downs
1948 Riedel analysis Richard A. Riedel
1948 National Institute of Dental Research established to support dental research H. Trendley Dean,
director
1948 Wylie cephalometric analysis introduced Wendell L. Wylie
1949 “Gebisformer” (Bimler appliance) Hans Peter Bimler
1949 First course in cephalometrics Alton W. Moore
1950 Bionator developed Wilhelm Balters
1950 Titanium developed for use in orthodontics P.R. Begg
1950 Lewis bracket introduced Paul Lewis
1950 Laminagraphy (i.e., body section radiography) for imaging the TMJ described Robert M. Ricketts
1950 Elgiloy wire introduced Elgin National Watch Company
1950 Twin (“Siamese”) brackets Brainerd F. Swain
1950s X-rays routinely used in dentistry
1950s Stainless steel bands widely accepted and used
1950s Serial extraction in common use
1950s Inferential statistical testing appears in the AJO
1950s Electromyography research initiated Robert E. Moyers
1950s Lingual brackets placed with copper cement Glen Terwilliger
1951 Distraction osteogenesis used to repair fractures and nonunion of long bones Gavril A. Ilizarov
1951 Swirl tube self-locking bracket (Aderer) Alexander Sved
1951 First television spot about orthodontic treatment (30 minutes) WOW (NBC), Omaha
1952 Federal Trade Commission complaint against the AAO settled (involved attempt to restrict
advertising of some dental laboratories) AAO
1952 Adams clasp C. Philip Adams
1952 Titanium shown to fuse with bone (osseointegration) Per-Ingvar Brånemark
1952 Burlington Growth Centre for Craniofacial Growth at the University of Toronto initiated Robert E.
Moyers
1952 Light-wire technique developed E. Storey and R. Smith
1953 Magnets used for orthodontic purposes Jef M.M. Crefcoeur
1953 Color television becomes available NBC and CBS
1953 One of the first uses of computers in dentistry/orthodontics (ENIAC) Viken Sassouni
1953 The .018-inch slot bracket introduced Cecil C. Steiner 1953 Steiner cephalometric analysis Cecil C.
Steiner
1953 Tweed cephalometric analysis Charles H. Tweed
1953 Structure and function of DNA described James Watson and Francis Crick
1954 “Stone Age Man’s Dentition” published P.R. Begg
1954 First orthodontic use of titanium wire P.R. Begg
1955 Human research using bone implants conducted Arne Björk
1955 First acid-etching described Michael G. Buonocore
1955 First FDA- and ADA-approved fluoridated toothpaste available (Proctor and Gamble) Crest
1955 First acid-etched direct bonding George V. Newman (controversial)
1955 Growth prediction Robert M. Ricketts
1955 Sassouni cephalomertric analysis Viken Sassouni
1955 Intraoral sagittal split osteotomy developed R. Trauner and Hugo L. Obwegeser
1956 Light-wire technique expanded by use of multiband appliances P.R. Begg
1956 Double-plate (activator and active plate) described A. Martin Schwarz
1957 High-speed air-rotor handpiece introduced John Borden
1957 Function regulator developed Rolf Fränkel
1957 Cephalometric analysis to evaluate position of teeth, jaws relative to occlusal plane D. Harvey
Jenkins
1957 First practical panoramic X-ray Panorex
1957 First roentgenographic cephalometric workshop, held at Western Reserve University J.A. Salzmann
1957 “A Syllabus in Roentgenographic Cephalometry” published Viken Sassouni and Wilton M. Krogman
1958 Preceptor programs established AAO
1958 Tooth-size analysis developed (a thesis); published in 1962 Wayne A. Bolton
1958 Fully reclining dental chairs become available John Naughton
1959 Cortical bone provides greater resistance to tooth movement Heinrich Köle
1959 Second workshop on roentgenographic cephalometrics held at Western Reserve University J.A.
Salzmann
1960 Closed-circuit television used at AAO Annual Session AAO
1960 Handicapping Labiolingual Deviation (HLD) index developed Harry L. Draker
1960 Pretorqued and pretipped anterior brackets Joseph R. Jarabak and James Fizzell
1960 Maxillary jaw surgery developed Hugo L. Obwegeser
1960 Ricketts cephalometric analysis and “dynamic synthesis” described Robert M. Ricketts
1960 Electric toothbrush introduced (Broxodent) Squibb
1960s Sit-down dentistry becomes popular in the U.S.
1960s Dental insurance available
1960s Computers introduced in dental offices, mainly to manage accounts receivable
1960s Preformed bands developed Rocky Mountain and Unitek
1960s Craniofacial surgery developed Paul Tessier
1961 First headquarters of the AAO established at 7477 Delmar Blvd, St. Louis, Missouri AAO
1961 The American Association of Orthodontists Foundation formed AAOF
1961 Differential Force in Orthodontic Treatment published P.R. Begg
1961 First executive director of the AAO hired James Brophy
1961 Cordless, rechargeable “automatic toothbrush” introduced General Electric
1961 Palate-splitting revived in U.S. Andrew J. Haas
1962 Nickel-titanium wire developed at the Naval Ordinance Laboratory (Nitinol) William R. Buehler
1962 Segmented arch technique Charles J. Burstone
1962 Mesh diagram for growth studies Coenraad F.A. Moorrees
1962 Functional matrix theory Melvin L. Moss
1963 Touch-tone phone introduced AT&T
1963 Plastic brackets introduced by GAC Morton Cohen and Elliott Silverman
1964 Nd:YAG Laser developed at Bell Labs (approved by FDA in 1997) Joseph E. Geusic and Richard G.
Smith
1964 Center for Human Growth and Development established at The University of Michigan Robert E.
Moyers
1964 CO2 Laser developed at Bell Labs Kumar Patel
1965 Multi-loop light wire appliance (aka, “Begg technique”) P.R. Begg
1965 Direct bonding with epoxy resin George V. Newman
1967 Ortho-Tain (preformed positioner) developed Earl O. Bergersen
1967 Journal of Clinical Orthodontics begins publication (as the Journal of Practical Orthodontics)
Eugene K. Gottlieb, editor
1967 Wits appraisal developed at the University of Witwatersrand in South Africa Alex Jacobson
1968 Elastomerics (Unitek Corporation) Roland M. Anderson and Paul E. Klein
1968 Newman claims he developed direct bonding in 1950 George V. Newman
1969 Consumer Credit Protection Act establishes “Truth in Lending”
1969 First computer arrives at the AAO headquarters AAO
1969 Blade implants used as anchorage for Class II elastics L.I. Linkow
1969 First human on the moon Neil Armstrong
1969 Computerized cephalometrics Robert M. Ricketts
1969 First computerized cephalometric service Robert M. Ricketts and Rocky Mountain Orthodontics
1969 Digital photography developed Stanford University
1969 65th Annual Session of the AAO held (see 1970) AAO
1970 70th Annual Session of the AAO held (number adjusted to be coincident with founding of the
specialty in 1900) AAO
1970 Sponsored preceptor programs are discontinued AAO
1970 Straight-wire appliance (.022-inch) Lawrence F. Andrews
1970 Supracrestal circumferential fiberotomy (previously used by Edward H. Angle) John G. Edwards
1970 Direct bonding with acrylic resin Fujio Miura
1970 Two-jaw surgery developed Hugo L. Obwegeser
1970 Bioprogressive straight-wire appliance (.018-inch) Robert M. Ricketts
1970s Clear plastic brackets Lee Pharmaceuticals
1971 Nitinol wire (Unitek Corporation) George F. Andreasen
1971 “Computerized Orthodontic Treatment Planning Services” (aka COT) copyrighted Viken Sassouni
1971 The American Association of Orthodontists: The Biography of a Specialty Organization published
Wilbur M. Shankland
1971 Occlusal index developed Chester J. Summers
1972 Article reporting use of Nitinol wire published George F. Andreasen and Patrick R. Brady
1972 Classic article “The six keys to normal occlusion” published Lawrence F. Andrews
1972 Two-paste chemical cure adhesives available Concise and Adaptic (3M Unitek)
1972 Computed tomography scanning developed Godfrey Hounsfield (EMI Laboratory) and Allan
Cormack (Tufts)
1972 Computer-driven diagnosis introduced Robert M. Ricketts
1971 Edgelock brackets (Ormco Corporation) Alexander J. Wildman
1972 Glass ionomer cement A.D. Wilson and B.E. Kent
1973 Problem-oriented approach to diagnosis and treatment planning introduced William R. Proffit and
James L. Ackerman
1974 Directional force headgear described John Hickham
1974 Ultra-violet light-cure system developed Nuva Tach (Dentsply/Caulk)
1974 First description of lingual brackets Alexander J. Wildman
1975 Occluso-Guide (mixed dentition positioner) Earl O. Bergersen
1975 First no-mix chemical cure adhesive Lee Pharmaceuticals
1975 Little’s irregularity index described Robert M. Little
1975 Bimetric system F.F. Schudy and G.F. Schudy
1976 Apple I introduced Apple
1976 First lingual bracket patented Kinya Fujita
1976 Prototype lingual bracket (Ormco Corporation) Craven H. Kurz
1976 Bioprogressive system described Robert M. Ricketts
1977 Apple II introduced Apple
1977 Twin-block appliance William J. Clark
1977 MRI developed (originally called Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging) Raymond Damadian
1977 Bonded retainers Björn U. Zachrisson
1978 Use of magnets in orthodontics suggested, followed by clinical trials Abraham Blechman and Harry
Smiley
1978 Speed bracket introduced Herbert G. Hanson
1979 Esthetic brackets become available (ceramic and sapphire)
1979 AAO headquarters relocates to 460 N. Lindbergh in St. Louis AAO
1979 Informed consent first mentioned in AJO-DO title; ADA adopts concept in 1988 Harry H. Hatasaka
1979 Herbst appliance reintroduced Hans Pancherz
1979 College of Diplomates of the American Board of Orthodontics formed Raymond C. Thurow, Chair
1979 Professional advertising allowed U.S. Supreme Court
1980s TMA beta-titanium archwires (Ormco Corporation) Charles J. Burstone and A.J. Goldberg
1981 AIDS recognized Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1982 Tooth-shade ceramic brackets available James Reynolds
1983 Visible-light-cure adhesive
1983 Vari-Simplex system Richard G. “Wick” Alexander
1983 Vitallium screw used as anchorage Thomas Creekmore and Michael Eklund
First soft-tissue analysis and treatment planning guide introduced Reed Holdaway
1983 McNamara cephalometric analysis James A. McNamara
1983 First cell phones available to the public Motorola
1983 Occupational Safety and Heath Administration (OSHA) issues standards on hazard communications
OSHA
1984 Macintosh computer introduced (128k with graphic user interface) Apple
1985 Air-rotor stripping (“slenderizing”) John J. Sheridan 1986 Quick Ceph Systems Günther Blaseio
1986 Repelling magnets used to intrude posterior teeth in open bite (active vertical corrector) Eugene
Dellinger
1986 Tip-Edge system Peter C. Kesling
1986 Superelastic NiTi introduced (aka, Japanese NiTi) Fujio Miura
1986 Superelastic NiTi introduced (aka, Chinese NiTi) Hua-Chen Tien
1986 AIDS epidemic leads to systematic changes in infection control David Acer
1987 Digital impression system developed (CEREC 1) Siemans
1987 Michigan court case contends orthodontic treatment affects TMD Brimm v Malloy
1987 Jasper jumper James J. Jasper
1987 Clear ceramic brackets become available James Reynolds
1987 Digital intraoral X-ray sensor developed (radiovisiography) Trophy Radiology
1988 Magnets used to distalize molars Anthony A. Gianelly
1988 “Orthodontic force application to titanium endossous implants” published P.K. Turley, C. Kean, and
J. Schur
1989 Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) described P.H. Brook and W.C. Shaw
1989 Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) described N.C. Cons, J. Jenny, F.J. Kohout, Y. Songpaisan, and D.
Jotikastira
1989 Ultrasound imaging (DigiGraph) Dolphin Imaging
1989 First home-bleaching product marketed (Nightguard vital beaching technique) Van B. Haywood
and H.O. Heymann
1989 Standards established for hazardous wastes OSHA
1989 America Online created Quantum
1989 Titanium implants used for orthodontic and orthopedic anchorage in animals W.E. Roberts, F.R.
Helm, K.J. Marshall, and R.K. Gongloff
1990 National Practitioner Data Bank established
1990 Americans with Disabilities Act passed
1990 Photoshop software introduced Adobe
1990 First commercially available digital cameras Dycam Model 1 and Logitech Photoman
1990 PowerPoint software introduced Microsoft
1990 Standards established for hazardous chemicals OSHA
1990s Rigid fixation in widespread use in orthognathic surgery
1991 AAO headquarters moves across the street, to 401 N. Lindbergh (present location) AAO
1991 Standards established for blood-borne pathogens OSHA
1992 Stereolithography used to construct 3-D models 3D Systems
1992 Guidelines for infection control in orthodontic practice developed AAO
1992 Pendulum appliance described James J. Hilgers
1992 Distraction osteogenesis used in patients with congenital deformities J.G. McCarthy, J. Schreiber,
N. Karp, C.H. Thorne, and B.H. Grayson
1992 PAR index developed S. Richmond, W.C. Shaw, K.D. O’Brien, I.B. Buchanan, R. Jones, C.D. Stephens,
C.T. Roberts, and M. Andrews
1993 First light-cured adhesive introduced Transbond XT, 3M/Unitek
1994 Name of the specialty officially changed to “Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics” AAO
1994 Digital imaging becomes widespread Mike Collette
1994 Superelastic Copper NiTi introduced Rohit Sachdeva
1994 Yahoo founded J. Yang, D. Filo
1995 World Federation of Orthodontists (WFO) created
1995 Managed care widely discussed AAO
1995 Onplant used M.S. Block and D.R. Hoffman
1995 Seminars in Orthodontics begins publication P. Lionel Sadowsky, editor
1996 AAO on the Internet AAO
1996 Distal jet appliance introduced Aldo Carano and Mauro Testa
1996 First generation Damon bracket introduced Dwight Damon
1997 Google launched L. Page and Sergey Brin
1997 Distraction osteogenesis used in cleft palate patients to advance the maxilla J.W. Polley and A.A.
Figueroa
1998 Distraction osteogenesis used in orthodontic treatment E.J.W. Liou and C.S. Huang
1998 First practical cone-beam computed tomography in dentistry (New Tom 9000) Quantitative
Radiology
1999 Robotic wire bending (Suresmile) Orametrix
1999 Shift in emphasis from hard- to soft-tissue relationships urged in diagnosis and treatment planning
to maximize occlusal and facial outcomes William R. Proffit, James L. Ackerman, and David M. Sarver
1999 Cloud computing Salesforce.com
2000 Concept of evidence-based research introduced in orthodontics David L. Turpin
2000 AAO celebrates 100th Anniversary AAO
2000 “Orthodontics at 2000” published Eric K. Curtis and the AAO
2000 World Journal of Orthodontics begins publication T.M. Graber, editor
2000 Computerized customized clear aligners become available (Invisalign) Zia Chisti and Kelsey Wirth,
Align Tech 2000s Dental cast scanners become available
2000s Surface scanning with lasers and structured light 3dMD 2000s CBCT scanners in common use iCAT
2000s Custom labial bracket system (Insignia) Ormco Corporation
2001 High-heat sterilizers in common use 2001 September 11 attack on the U.S.
2001 Reed Elsevier acquires Harcourt, and Mosby joins Elsevier Elsevier 2001 Impressions become 3D
models OrthoC
2001 Standards established for needle-sticks OSHA
2001 Periodontally accelerated osteogenic orthodontics (aka, Wilckodontics, AOO, or PAOO) M. Thomas
Wilcko and William M. Wilcko
2002 Who Was Who in Orthodontics published Norman Wahl
2003 Human genome project completed, providing a sequence and map of genes that identify Homo
sapiens
2003 Custom lingual bracket system (Incognito) 3M/Unitek Corporation
2003 HIPAA (Heath Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) guidelines for privacy and security of
medical information distributed nationally HHS
2004 First year of electronic submission of manuscripts to the AJO-DO, greatly increasing the number of
submissions from all over the world David L. Turpin
2004 Facebook launched Mark Zuckerberg
2005 YouTube activated W. Chen, C. Hurley, J. Karim
2006 iTero in-office digital impressions system Cadent
2006 Twitter launched E. Williams, N. Glass, J. Dorsey, and B. Stone
2007 iPhone released Apple
2009 Kodachrome slide film discontinued Eastman Kodak
2010s Practical 3-D printers available
2012 3-D printed prosthetic jaw implanted LayerWise
2015 Centennial celebration of the AJO-DO AJO-DO