World and Ukrainian medicine in

ХІХ-ХХ centuries
 Under the influence of scientific and
technological progress, the achievements of
natural sciences in the 19-20th centuries there
have been significant changes in the development
of medical and biological sciences. The
development of new, previously unknown
sections and directions.

This, above all, concerns the substantiation and

development of the theory of heredity, at the
beginning of which were the works of the Czech
monk Gregor Mendel (1822-1884), who is the
founder of genetics.
Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)
 The development of Genetics
Thomas Hunt Morgan (1866-1945) is an American biologist,
geneticist. In 1926, he substantiated the chromosomal theory of
heredity, he proved that a living element, which is not visible, called
"gene" provides hereditary transmission of certain features.
Francis Crick (1916-2004) and James Watson (people, 1928) -
the discovery in 1953 of a two-spiral DNA structure and its role in
the transmission of hereditary information. The discovery of the
dual-spiral structure occurred after Maurice Wilkins (1916-2004)
secretly showed Watson and Creek an X-ray image of the DNA
molecule.
Crick, Watson and Wilkins in 1962 -
Nobel Prize winners in physiology and
medicine "For Discoveries Concerning
the Molecular Structure of Nucleic
Acids and Their Importance for the
Transmission of Information in Living
Systems."
 The development of Physiology

In 1903, Willem Einthoven (1860-1927) recorded the first

electrocardiogram in humans with the help of an arrowhead
galvanometer.
English physiologist Charles Sherrington (1857-1952)
examined all physiological phenomena in a broad general
biological plan. He created the doctrine of receptive fields.
Ernst Starling (1866-1927) formulated the fundamental
hypothesis and established the laws of fluid transport and
cardiac hemodynamics.
Walter Cannon (1871-1945) - an American physiologist, has
created a modern doctrine of the functioning of the autonomic
nervous system. He concluded that it is emotions that precede
physiological reactions, and not vice versa. In the 1920's he
developed the theory of homeostasis - the constancy of the internal
environment of the organism.
Walter Hess (1881-1937) - a Swiss physiologist, winner of the
Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1949, advanced the
theory of sleep, according to which the center of sleep is in the
hypothalamus.
Joseph Barcraft (1872-1947) is an English physiologist.
Developed the doctrine of the respiratory function of the blood.
Hans Selye (1907-1982) - an outstanding Canadian endocrinologist,
pathophysiologist, founder of the stress doctrine. In 1936, he
advanced the hormonal theory of general adaptation to stress. Selye
did not consider the stress to be harmful, but viewed it as a reaction
that helps the body survive.
The discovery of antibacterial solutions

Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) is a

British bacteriologist. First isolated
penicillin - historically the first antibiotic.

Microbiologist Howard Flory (1898-1968) and biochemist Ernst Cheyane

(1906-1979) synthesized penicillin in pure form in the 30's , developed the
technology of industrial production of penicillin and established it on an
industrial scale. In 1945 they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and
Medicine "For the discovery of penicillin and its healing effect in various
infectious diseases."
In the Soviet Union, production of penicillin on an industrial scale was also
established during the Second World War. In 1944, first portions of penicilline
arrived to hospitals and to the battlefield. Penicillin has become an
indispensable medicine and has saved lives of many people.
 Zelman Waxman (1888-1973) is an American
microbiologist and biochemist. In 1944, he
synthesized streptomycin.
Laureate of the Nobel Prize in Physiology and
Medicine (1952) for "the discovery of streptomycin,
the first effective antibiotic in the treatment of
tuberculosis."
S. Waxman
(1888-1973)
British biochemist William Evans and G. Phillips in 1938 synthesized
sulfapiridin - a drug that opened the era of sulfanilamide drugs.
Zinaida Ermoleva (1898-1974) - an outstanding Soviet scientist-
microbiologist, epidemiologist. For the first time in the Soviet Union
received antibiotics (penicillin, etc.), interferon.
 Insulin
In 1905, English physiologist Ernest Starling (1866-1927) first
introduced the term "hormone", which means "excite" (from
Greek). According to Starling hormones are chemicals, which are
produced by some organs and transported by blood to other target
organs.

Frederick Bunting (1891-1941) - a Canadian physiologist and John

McLeod (1876-1935) - a Scottish physiologist, discovered a
hormone of insulin and developed a technology for its receiving and
application. In 1923, he became the winners of the Nobel Prize in
Physiology and Medicine.

In recognition of the merits of F. Bunting,

World Day for the Fighting Diabetes is
celebrated on his birthday - November 14.
 The development of cosmic medicine
October 4, 1957, the world celebrates the anniversary of the launch
of the first artificial satellite of the Earth - the beginning of the
space era of humanity and the development of space medicine.
Space medicine, thanks to profound knowledge of physiology, has
opened up significant internal human reserves, gained extensive
experience of active management of the processes of adaptation of
the organism and stabilization of human health in various extreme
conditions, which deepened the theory and practice of medicine.

Boris Yegorov (1937-

1994) was the first
cosmonaut, who flew
aboard the spacecraft "East
1" in 1964.
 The development of vaccination
Andre Kalmett (1861-1942) and Camille Guerin (1872-1961) - French
microbiologists, in 1921 created the first live anti-tuberculosis vaccine
(BCG vaccine or Calmette-Guerin). It was also offered for the diagnosis
of tuberculosis.
Max Teiler (1899-1972) - American virologist, in 1935 developed a
vaccine against yellow fever. In 1951 he became the winner of the Nobel
Prize "For the study of yellow fever virus and the creation of two specific
vaccines for the immunization of people against this disease."
Jonas Solk (1914-1995) is an American virologist, in 1954, the developer
of the first polio vaccine, and Albert Seibin (1906-1993), an American
virologist, in 1957 created the first live, attenuated oral polio vaccine,
which led to a sharp decline poliomyelitis.
Mikhail Chumakov (1909-1993) - a Soviet virologist, in 1958-59 he
organized mass production, conducted clinical trials and introduced a
vaccine against poliomyelitis, developed by Seibin.
In 1981, a vaccine against hepatitis B was developed in China, and
in 1992 in Switzerland, the first vaccine against hepatitis A virus
was registered in Switzerland.
In 1977, New York officially discovered an acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
In the 70’s of 20 centuries. Thanks to the international cooperation
on the globe through the mass vaccination of mankind, the
infectious disease - pox has been completely eliminated.
 Achievement of technical sciences, which have
influenced the medicine
From 1924 Soviet Union doctors started to use the diagnostic
method of electroencephalography, and from 1929 - the method of
pneumocerephalography.
From 1927 - use X-rays and X-ray contrast iodine.
In 1965 the first apparatus of ultrasound diagnostics (ultrasound)
appeared.
 Achievement of technical sciences, which have
influenced the medicine
In 1971, the English scientist Godfrey Hounsfield (1919-2004)
invented the first computer tomograph. Laureate of the Nobel Prize
in Physiology and Medicine, 1979 "For the Development of
Computer Tomography".
Computer tomography as a diagnostic method began to be used in
the Soviet Union from 1979.
In 1980, Raymond Damadian (people 1936) invented a magnetic
resonance imaging device.
In the XX century the problem of cleaning of the blood and other
body fluids from toxic substances was resolved, which, due to the
pathology of the kidneys and liver, could not be neutralized. This
was facilitated by the discovery and synthesis of so-called sorbents
that absorb toxic substances.
The special equipment that performs functions of the liver or
kidneys ("artificial liver and kidney") was designed and improved.
The first artificial kidney was created and used in the clinic in 1944
by William Kol.
 The development of transplantology
Joseph Murray (1919-2012) is an American transplant surgeon. In
1954, he transplanted a kidney to a person for the first time. He
received the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1990 with Edward Thomas
"For discoveries related to the transplantation of organs and cells in
the treatment of diseases."
Thomas Starzl (born 1926) is an American transplant surgeon. In
1956 he performed the first liver transplantation. He is considered to
be the father of modern transplantology.
James Hardy (1918-2003) - English doctor. He performed lung
transplantation in 1963 at the Mississippi University Hospital.
Boris Vasilievich Petrovsky (1908-2004) - a Soviet surgeon. In
1965, in the Soviet Union, he conducted the first successful transplant
of the kidney from a live donor.
Christian Barnard (1922-2001) is a South African surgeon. In 1967,
he transplanted the heart from person to person for the first time in the
world.
 Nobel prize
After the announcement of the will of Alfred Nobel (1833-1896), in
which he ordered all his capital to be used for the annual awarding
of the prominent scientist, the Nobel Foundation was organized in
1897 .
Major Nobel Prize nominations:
Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine;
Nobel Prize in Economics;
Nobel Prize in Chemistry and Physics.
Basic principles of the Nobel Foundation for the awarding and use
of the Nobel Prize: each Nobel Prize winner receives a lifetime right
to nominate his candidate for the next prize every year; the bonus
can not be used to generate income; prizes are not awarded
posthumously; the prize is intended to allow the scientist not to
think for a long time about "essential bread" and devote himself
entirely to scientific research.
 Model of Noble prize laureate

Alfred Nobel
(1833-1896)
In 1864 the Geneva Convention on the Establishment of the
International Red Cross was created. It was organized by the
Swiss businessman Henri Dunant (1828-1910).
According to the convention, the warring parties undertook certain
obligations with respect to the wounded and sick, the essence of
which was that the wounded soldier ceases to be an enemy and
needs charity and medical care. Further, the functions of the Red
Cross (Red Crescent in Muslim countries) expanded to provide
assistance to victims of natural and man-made disasters.
After the First World War in 1923, an international medical
organization - the Organization for the Protection of the League of
Nations was established. In 1944 the Academy of Medical Sciences
of the USSR (AMS of the USSR) was established under the People's
Commissar of the USSR. The first president of the Academy of
Medical Sciences of the USSR became a neurosurgeon Mykola
Burdenko (1944-1946). During the Great Patriotic War he was the
chief surgeon of the Red Army.
The founder of the surgical school of experimental direction, created
the doctrine of the wound, offered effective methods of surgical
treatment of traumatic injuries. In 1944 he developed an instruction
on the prevention and treatment of shock. In the fight against
infection in the wounds the first time used antibiotics.
After the Second World War, in 1948, international medical
organization - the World Health Organization (WHO) - was
established. The main objective of WHO is to achieve the
highest possible level of health for all peoples.
On the day of ratification of the Charter of the World Health
Organization on April 7, the World Health Day is celebrated.
 Ukrainian medicine
in ХІХ-ХХ centuries

In 1817, implementing the anti-Ukrainian policy, the

tsarist government reformed the Kyiv-Mohyla
Academy, turning it into a spiritual academy with
compulsory teaching only in Russian. Medicine was
taught to raise awareness of the clergy.
 Opening of medical faculties in Ukraine

In 1805, in Eastern Ukraine, after many years of delay, the Kharkiv

University was opened, and there was a medical faculty in it (1806).
In 1834 the University of St. Volodymer was founded.
Opening of the medical faculty from 1841. The first year enrolled 29
students.
In 1873, the faculty of medicine was opened at Lviv University, and in
1900 the Medical Faculty of Novorossiysk University, which operated in
Odesa since 1865, was opened.
These 4 higher educational institutions played a significant positive role
in the development of medical education in Ukraine and in meeting the
needs of its people.
Lviv university, 19 century
Kharkiv university, 19 century
University of St. Volodymyr, 19 century
 The opening of the Faculty of Medicine at St.
Volodymyr University
In 1840, his Imperial Majesty Nicholay I
signed the highest rescript on the opening of
the Faculty of Medicine at the University of St
. Volodymyr in Kiev.
Volodymyr Karavaev is an outstanding
surgeon and ophthalmologist. In 1843 he
became the first dean of the medical faculty of
the University of St. Volodymyr. Karavaev's
main achievements:
-for the first time in the Russian Empire he
Volodymyr Karavayev performed a puncture of the pericardium
(1811–1892) (1846);
-for the first time, he performed an operation to
remove cataracts through corneal incisions;
-the first after M. I. Pirogov applied ethereal
anesthesia in 1847.
 Oleksandr Walter
Fundamental sciences was developing. In more favorable
conditions, in comparison to Kharkiv university, the anatomy was
taught at the Kyiv university. This chair for a long time (1846-
1868) was headed by Alexander Walter (1817-1889). He created
a unique anatomical theater.
In 1842 O. Walter discovered
the vasoconstrictive effect of
sympathetic nerves. In 1860
O. Walter founded, at his own
expense, the first in Ukraine
and one of the first in Russia
empire weekly medical journal
"Modern Medicine".
Anatomical theatre of Kyiv University
 Volodymyr Betz
A famous follower of O. Walter at the
Department of Anatomy was Vladimir Betz
- the Ukrainian anathomist and histologist
whose scientific works from the macro- and
micro-morphology of the brain were
universally recognized.
The works are devoted to the structure of the
brain, namely, the abnormalities in the fine
structure - the architectonics of its various
sections. He opened the motor region of the
cerebral cortex and described the giant
Volodymyr Betz
(1834-1894) pyramidal nerve cells that bear his name.
The scientist also studied morphology of
osteogenesis and problems of neurology.
 Oleksandr Matveyev
Oleksandr Matveyev - Dean of the
Faculty of Medicine (1862-1865 years),
rector of the Kiev University of St.
Volodymyr (1865-1872 and 1875-1878
gg.). The organizer and the first head of
the Department of Obstetrics, Women and
Children's Diseases (1844-1882). In
1853, he proposed a method for the
prevention of newborns' blownness (2%
of the solution of silver nitrate in the eye).
Oleksandr Matveyev
(1816-1882)
 Vasyl Obraztsov
Vasyl Obraztsov is one of the founders of
the Kyiv Therapeutic School. Head of the
Department of Special Pathology and
Therapy (1893-1093). For 25 years (1893-
1918) - Professor of Kyiv University. He
studied at the seminary and then graduated
from the Medical-Surgical Academy in St.
Petersburg. Great merit of Obraztsov in
the history of world clinical medicine is the
development of deep methodical palpation
Vasyl Obraztsov of the abdominal organs.
(1851–1921)

Using his method of palpation, Obraztsov developed a differential

diagnosis between colitis and enteritis, cancer and tuberculosis of
the intestine for the first time.
 Julius Shimanovsky

Julius Shimanovsky is an ordinary

professor of operative and military
surgery from 1861, associate of M.
Pirogov, one of the founders of plastic
surgery. In 1863 he developed detailed
operation of bone and plastic hip
amputation (Operation Gritti -
Shimanovsky). In 1865 he published his
fundamental work on plastic surgery
"Operations on the surface of the human
Julius Shimanovsky
(1829-1868)
body".
 Gregory Minh - Head of the
Department of Pathological Anatomy of
the University of St. Volodymyr (1876-
1895), and Odessa physician-
epidemiologist Joseph Mohutkovsky
(1815-1876) in 1874 carried out
experiments on self-infectiation
(injected themselves with blood of
patients), which proved the
contagiousness of the blood of patients
with reversible typhus; 2 years later
(1876) they repeated the same the same
Gregory Minh for typhoid fever. They expressed the
(1836-1896)
idea of ​the possibility of these diseases
transfection to bloodsucking insects
(lice).
 Vasyl Chagovets

Vasyl Chagovets - Head of the

Department of Physiology (1910-1935).
One of the founders of electrophysiology.
His main works are devoted to the study
of the physical and chemical nature of
electrical potentials in live tissues and the
mechanisms of their electrical irritation.
He suggested the ionic theory of the
origin of bioelectric phenomena in live
Vasyl Chagovets
tissue, and created a condenser theory of
(1873-1941)
tissue irritation.
 Mykola Volkovich
Mykola Volkovich is a surgeon and
academician of the UAS. In 1882 he graduated
from the University of St. Volodymyr, where he
was teaching until 1922. From 1923 he became
the head of the Department of Surgery of the
Kyiv branch of the Home Affairs of the People's
Commissariat of Ukraine.
One of the first in Ukraine was mastered the
method of carrying out the most complex
Mykola Volkovich surgical operations.
(1858-1928)
 Eugene Chernyakhovsky

Eugene Chernyakhovsky (1873-1938) - professor, first director

of the Kyiv Medical Institute (1920-1921), the first in Ukraine to
remove a heart wound with a successful result, one of the first
domestic surgeons to use trepanation of the skull with purulent
cerebral meningitis.
He was working for military field surgery, traumatology,
aseptics, cardiovascular surgery, oncology, purulent surgery.
 Theophilus Yanovsky
An outstanding Ukrainian physician-
therapist, academician, one of the founders
of the national school of therapists. He
graduated from the Faculty of Medicine of
the University of St. Volodymyr.
Since 1921, he has been in charge of the
Department of Therapy at Kyiv Medical
Institute.
Investigated the pulmonary tuberculosis,
kidney disease, clinical bacteriology,
physiology and pathology of digestion,
Theophilus Yanovsky
(1860-1928) pathology of blood circulation.
Willem Lamble (1824-1895) - Professor, Head of the
Department of Pathological Anatomy of Kharkiv University.
In 1859, discovered and described a single-celled parasitic
organism of the type of the simplest, which later became
known as Lamblia intestinalis.
Bronislav Verigo (1860-1935) is a professor at Odessa
University. In 1898, he described for the first time the
displacement of the dissociative curve of oxyhemoglobin as a
result of the change in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide
and pH. Later, in 1904, this was done by H. Bohr (the effect of
Verigo-Bohr).
Mykola Bernshtein (1896-1966) - a doctor of Odessa city
hospital. In 1864 he made the first description of the swelling
typhoid epidemic in Ukraine, gave a clear definition of the
nature of the disease, differential diagnosis, showed the
importance of social factors in its distribution.
Petr Zagorsky (1764-1846) - an outstanding anatto, rector and
honorary professor of the St. Petersburg Medical Academy. He was
born in Chernihiv, graduated from the hospital medical school and
received a doctorate in medicine and surgery. For 33 years, he
headed the Department of Anatomy at the St. Petersburg Medical-
Surgical Academy, where he was engaged in medical work.
Ilya Byyalsky (1789-1866) - an outstanding anato, surgeon. Son of a
rural priest from Chernigov region. After graduating in 1814 from the
St. Petersburg Medical-Surgical Academy, he remained a prosecutor
at Zagorsky, who eventually changed to the department. Among his
numerous publications (102), "Anatomical and Surgical Tables" with
a text on topography and operations on vessels and stone veneers
were of particular importance. This Atlas has been highly appreciated
in Europe and America and has been translated into many languages.
Yakym Charukovsky (1798-1848) is a surgeon who came from
Poltava region. He wrote the first major military field surgery
entitled "Military Medicine", in 5 parts (1836-1837). He, besides a
number of articles on military field surgery, has a great deal of folk
medicine.
Stepan Khotovitsky (1796-1885) - an obstetrician from Podillya.
In 1847 in St. Petersburg published the fundamental manual
"Pediatrician", which for the first time in the world literature
substantiated the peculiarity of the child's body and its significant
differences from the adult.
 Levko Tsenkovsky
He was an outstanding microbiologist. He
graduated from the University of St. Petersburg.
For 22 years he worked as a first professor in
Odessa, later in Kharkiv. His specialization was
botany. Tsenkovsky was the first to create a real
scientific botanical laboratory with a wide
application of a microscope. Particular
importance was the development of Tsenkovsky
method of manufacturing a vaccine against
Levko Tsenkovsky
(1822–1887)
anthrax, which in 1881 was invented by Louis
Pasteur.
 Volodymyr Havkin

Odessa microbiologist. In 1883 he created

a vaccine for active immunization against
cholera (Havkin vaccine). In 1888, he
accepted the offer of Louis Pasteur to go
to India for a cholera epidemic, where he
used his vaccine, having pre-tested it for
himself. A plague vaccine was also
launched.
Volodymyr Havkin
(1860-1930)
 Danylo Zabolotny

Danylo Zabolotny is a Ukrainian

microbiologist, one of the founders of
epidemiology, the President of the
University of Medicine (1928-1929), the
founder of the Institute of Microbiology
and Epidemiology in Kyiv. He graduated
from the Department of Physics and
Mathematics of Odessa University and
the Faculty of Medicine of Kyiv
Danylo Zabolotny
University.
(1866-1929) One of the founders of the doctrine of
plague cells nature (1922).
 Mykola Kashchenko

Mykola Kashchenko is a biologist,

embryologist, breeder, one of the first
academicians of the UAS. In 1880 he
graduated from Kharkiv University. He
initiated the creation of the Zoological
Museum (from 1919 to 1926 was his first
director) and the acclimatization garden
(1913-1931) in Kyiv. He was studying
problems of embryology of vertebrate
animals and people, histology, microscopic
technique, teriology, herpetology,
Mykola Kashchenko
acclimatization and plant breeding.
(1855-1935)
 Oleksandr Bogomolets
Oleksandr Bogomolets is a scientist-
pathophysiologist and academician. He
made a lot of efforts to establish the Institute
of Experimental Biology and Pathology of
the People's Commissariat of Health of the
USSR and the Institute of Clinical
Physiologists of the Academy of Sciences of
the USSR. Main directions of his research
related to the actual problems of pathological
Oleksandr Bogomolets physiology, endocrinology, metabolism,
(1881-1946) immunology, allergology, pathology of blood
circulation, shock pathogenesis, mechanism
of aging of the organism.
 Avsentii Korchak-Chepurkivsky

Avsentii Korchak-Chepurkivsky is a
scientist-hygienist, epidemiologist and
academician. Headed the Department of
Public Health, and later the Department of
Hygiene and Sanitation VUAN. In 1934-
1938 he was the head of the department of
the Institute of Demography and Sanitary
Statistics. The main areas of his
researchwererelated to the problems of
Avsentii
Korchak-Chepurkivsky
epidemiology and sanitary condition of the
(1857-1947) population.
 Mykola Gamaliya
Mykola Gamaliya is a Soviet
microbiologist and epidemiologist, one of the
founders of Soviet microbiology and
prophylactic direction in USSR medicine. He
developed the means to prevent many
infectious diseases (rabies, plague, cholera,
etc.), laid the foundation for the doctrine of
bacteriophage, worked on the problems of
microbial variability and immunity.
-one of the founders of the first
bacteriological station in Russia;
Mykola Gamaliya -the initiator of the prevention of rabies,
(1892-1949) cholera, tick-borne typhus, smallpox and
plague.
 Mykola Strazhesko
Mykola Strazhesko (1876-1952) - a
therapist, academician, founder of one of the
leading therapeutic schools. From 1936
headed the Ukrainian Research Institute of
Clinical Medicine. The main areas of his
research were related to the problems of
physiology and pathology of digestion,
circulatory failure, chronic infection,
allergies, rheumatism and tuberculosis.
Mykola Strazhesko
Together with V. Obraztsov, put a life-long
(1876-1952) diagnosis of thrombosis of coronary vessels
of the heart for the first time in the world.
 Georgy Folbort

Georgy Folbort is a Ukrainian

physiologist. His main works are
devoted to the physiology of digestion,
blood circulation, GI tract. Discovered
the effect of sympathetic nerves on the
secretory activity of the stomach. He
created the doctrine of the physiology
of exhaustion processes and recovery.
Georgy Folbort He has also opened negative (brake)
(1885-1960) reflexes.
 Rostyslav Kavetsky

Rostyslav Kavetsky is a scientist-

pathophysiologist, academician of the
Academy of Sciences of the USSR. The
basic directions of his research are connected
with problems of reactivity of an organism -
theoretical and applied problems of
oncology. For the first time, he suggested
treating tumors with lasers.

Rostyslav Kavetsky
(1879-1978)
 Mykola Amosov

Mykola Amosov is a Ukrainian surgeon.

Main achievements of Amosov:
-the first in the world began to use artificial
valves with coating;
-the author of a unique "system of restrictions
and loads";
-the founder of medical cybernetics in the USSR;
-he conducted several thousand operations on the
heart.
Mykola Amosov
(1913-2002)
Thank you for attention!
 Quiz
• What was Mykola Amosov famous for?