___________________________________________

A CAPSTONE PROJECT
Presented to the Faculty of
Senior High School Unit of
Assumption College of Davao

_______________________________________________________

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Course Requirement for the Subject

___________________________________

Presented to:

Charllote R. Eltagonde, RN
Adviser

Presented by:

Bustamante, Reshe Jean T.

Bustamante, Ruth L.
Dayao, Benj Andrei S.
Napoles, Raycel Champ B.

Grade 12- PEACE

May, 2021
 CALAMANSI AS AN ALTERNATIVE
ANTIBACTERIAL HAND SANITIZER
A Capstone Project
Abstract
As with the current situation that all
people are experiencing, the demands on
personal hygiene stuff are increasing, like alcohol
and hand sanitizers. With its high growth on
demand brought by this covid-19 pandemic, the
supplies are getting low, and the prices begin to
rise. The main purpose of this study is to lessen
the use of chemicals present in some hand
sanitizers and to utilize the calamansi as an
alternative material to be used on hand
sanitizers, as calamansi is widely known and
popular in the Philippines.
Acknowledgement
The researchers would be indebted to
people who have suggested and shared their
ideas to the conceptualization of this research.
The researchers would also like to take this
opportunity to thank the Almighty God for
guiding and directing the researchers to the right
path and giving the protection they need in the
process of making this study. Without His grace,
this study will not be possible for the researcher’s
families who have been giving their full support,
especially regarding the financial matter and
their encouragement from the very beginning up
to the end of this research. The researchers
wanted to give thanks to the subject adviser,
Ma’am Charllote Eltagonde, for her aspiring
guidance, valuable advice, and critics throughout
the whole duration of this study and for sharing
her knowledge and supervision in finishing the
parts of this feasibility study. Together, we
acknowledge and give thanks to the people
mentioned above for helping us towards the
completion of this study.
I. INTRODUCTION
Calamansi is scientifically known as
Citrofortunella microcarpa, is a tropical fruit
usually found in the Philippines and a famous
source of staple fruit juice in the country. It was
commonly made into juice drinks, additive to
common juice and native sauces such as toyo.
This fruit is an intergeneric hybrid between
Citrus reticulata or mandarin orange and
Fortunella japonica or kumquat. It is known as an
excellent source of vitamin C, which makes it
very abundant. Also, calamansi is widely and
highly cultivated and propagated in the
Philippines for its fruit juice. The medicinal use of
the peel is still unknown to many Filipinos. It is a
member of the Citrus family, the Rutaceae
family.
A. Background of the Study
These days, with the current situation
“Covid-19 pandemic” that the people are
experiencing right now. A lot of people are easy
and prone to diseases just by simply touching or
holding things exposed or dirty. As stated by
Morson (2020), hands are covered in germs
that spreads to the sensitive body parts,
and in some instances, they can also gather
more germs that are then transmitted to other
people. It makes the hands as the most
exposed and prone to bacteria, and it is
commonly believed as the source of germs in
the body. Hand Sanitizers are the
alternative way of hand washing with soap and
water, and it comes handy to people. Washing
hands with water and soap is the superior
way to ensure that the hands are properly
washed or cleaned and get rid of germs,
but it is not always viable option for people.
However, a simple solution is the use of Hand
Sanitizer, the best way to get rid of germs and
to ensure the hands are clean.
According to both WHO (World Health
Organization) and CDC (Centers for Disease
Control), hand sanitizers are the best tools
available to people to avoid getting sick and
limiting the spread of germs. This is one of the
main reason why the researchers decided to
make a hand sanitizer utilizing the availability of
calamansi as it is found to contain phenolic
compounds, for example, caffeic, coumaric acid,
and sinapic acid, which play a role as natural
antimicrobial agents (Cheong et al. 2012). Since
calamansi belongs to the Citrus family, it can be
utilized as an alternative antimicrobial agent.
Citrus fruits are also known to contain bioactive
compounds such as phenolics, flavonoids,
vitamins, and essential oils, which are believed
to be responsible for a range of protective
health benefits, including antioxidative, anti‐
inflammatory, antitumor, and antimicrobial
activities (Aruoma et al. 2012; Karimi et al.
2012). Researchers also pushed and decided to
develop this study as it is relatable to the
current situation.
B. Statement of the Problem
The main purpose of this study is to utilize the
availability of calamansi as an alternative
material to be used on hand sanitizers.
It aims to answer the following questions:
1. Can calamansi (Citrofortunella
Microcarpa) be a better alternative
hand sanitizer for commercial hand
sanitizers?
2. Will the calamansi alternative hand
sanitizer prevent and kill bacteria
from the hand?
3. This study wants to test if the
calamansi can be an alternative
material to be used in hand
sanitizers.
C. Hypothesis
The researchers came up with some
statements that will predict the outcome of the
research study:
H0: The calamansi hand sanitizer is antibacterial.
H1: The calamansi hand sanitizer is effective and
safer to use than the other products.
H3: The calamansi hand sanitizer has no bad side
effects.
H4: The calamansi hand sanitizer is effective due
to its components.
D. Significance of the Study
The study would be significant to the
following:
Health Workers. The calamansi hand sanitizer
will help health workers be protected while
working around the workplace filled with many
kinds of bacteria, germs, viruses, and other
harmful microorganisms. This would maintain
the health worker’s hands clean and protected.
Patients. The use of calamansi hand sanitizer
will protect the patients from harmful bacteria
and germs. This would maintain the patient’s
hands protected, clean, and hygienic.
Community. If the Department of Health
approves the calamansi hand sanitizer, it is
worthy and safe to use. The community can have
an alternative hand sanitizer with fewer
chemicals and more safe to use that will also
help them be clean and safe from any form of
harmful bacteria and germs.
Future Researchers. The findings, discussions,
and recommendations of this study will serve as
a good source of accurate and valuable
information. This study will help discover
solutions and pave their way in conducting a
similar topic and obtain new knowledge.
Furthermore, the future researcher can use it for
future studies.
E. Scope and Limitation
This research about "Calamansi as an
alternative hand sanitizer" aims to determine
the acceptability of this product as another
option of alcohol during this covid-19
pandemic, especially to all people in Davao
City. Aside from it has health benefits, it is
also antibacterial.
This research is designed to have a
thorough knowledge of making alternative
hand sanitizer during this covid-19 pandemic
to have extra protection against the virus.
F. Definition of Terms
Calamansi/Calamondin- it is a small
hybrid citrus plant that bears fragrant white
flowers followed by small round fruit native
to the Philippines and grown as a houseplant.
Operationally, it is the main product in
making an alternative sanitizer.
Hand Sanitizer- It is a substance or
preparation for killing germs, designed for
use, especially on food-processing equipment.
Operationally, a hand sanitizer is an
antibacterial product which is the other
option of alcohol that can be used to clean
and helps to remove bacteria and germs,
particularly in this time of pandemic where
the covid-19 virus is fast spreading not just
locally but all over the world.
Alcohol- it is any of a series of volatile
hydroxyl compounds that are made from
hydrocarbons by distillation. Operationally, it
is one of the components needed in making
calamansi hand sanitizer. It adds more help to
kill bacteria and germs.
Glycerine- It is a humectant, a type of
moisturizing agent that pulls water into the
outer layer of your skin from more profound
levels of your skin and the air. In skin care
products, glycerin is commonly used with
occlusives, another type of moisturizing
agent, to trap the moisture that it draws into
the skin. Operationally,it uses as one of the
components in creating a calamansi hand
sanitizer. It is responsible for maintaining the
hands being moisturized and avoid from
being itchy.
Aloe vera- It is a gelatinous substance
obtained from a kind of aloe, used mainly in
cosmetics to soften or soothe the skin. This
gel of this plant is used in making the
calamansi hand sanitizer. It will help
moisturize the hands and will help make them
smooth.
II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
The researchers are planning to create a
more practical and effective hand sanitizer that is
made out of the ingredients that can be seen
locally. Calamansi is one of the main ingredients
that is needed in making hand sanitizer which
makes this hand sanitizer different from the
other hand sanitizers. The calamansi is an
essential fruit that provides helpful things that
may benefit the people, especially in this covid-
19 pandemic.
As indicated by Bocala (2014), calamansi
or calamondin relates to the family of citrus. The
scientific name of calamansi is “citrofortunella
microcarpa”, it is a fruit tree native or fruit tree
that can be seen in the Philippines. The
Calamansi is a fruit that grows all over Southeast
Asia, and it is very popular in the Philippines,
which people call it a “golden lime”. The
calamansi tree is a low set, growing, spreading,
and well-branched tree where its leaves are wide
or broad and oval with a dark green to pale
green on the upper and lower exteriors. The
fruits of the calamansi plant are usually small
and round. Its size ranges from 3.0 to 3.0 inches
in diameter. The rind or skin of the calamansi
may be thin or thick.
The calamansi or the calamondin is a
small tree growing to 3-6 meters or 9.8-19.7
feet. The fruit of the calamansi resembles a small
and round lime. It is usually 23-35 mm in
diameter, and sometimes it ended up to 45 mm.
The calamansi plant is described as wing-like
appendages on the leaf stalks with white or
purplish flowers. Each fruit contains 8 to 12
seeds, the color of the center pulp and juice of
the calamansi is color orange, which looks like a
tangerine with a very thin orange peel when it is
ripe (Potonia, 2014).
Calamansi extract contains Vitamin C or
Ascorbic Acid, which helps the skin develop its
own collagen protein, which aids in natural skin
recovery and preserves the skin's firmness and
elasticity. Furthermore, the fruit extract can be
used to treat dry skin that lacks natural moisture.
Calamansi has an acidic quality that makes it a
great natural exfoliant, as the acidic extract of
the fruit will eliminate the layer of dead cells on
your skin's surface, revealing fresh cells
underneath. (Umar, 2020) It will make the skin
smoother and more youthful, particularly on the
hands, which are constantly exposed to the sun.
It also cleanses dirt stuck between the creases of
the hands, and it is good for fighting bad odors.
(The Chapters, 2010).
Antioxidant vitamins A, C, and E, are
contained in aloe vera gel. It also contains
antioxidants including vitamin B12, folic acid,
and choline, which help neutralize free radicals.
In addition, aloe vera gel contains salicylic acid,
which has anti-inflammatory and antibacterial
effects. Anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, skin
protection, anti-diabetic, antibacterial, antiviral,
antiseptic, and wound healing effects of aloe
vera are well known. It has also been
documented that it improves the healing process
of dermal injuries (e.g., burns, frostbite, skin
infections, surgical wounds, inflammation,
herpes ulcers, diabetic foot ulcers, pressure
sores, and chronic wounds (Sahu et al., 2013).
According to Jill Tilton (2016), aloe vera contains
natural moisturizers that help dry and rough skin
retain its moisture.
According to the study of Oikeh et, al.
(2013), the phytochemical composition of the
citrus juice concentrates revealed the presence
of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids,
saponins, cardiac glycosides, and reducing
sugars. phytochemicals are known to confer
certain health benefits such as anti‐
inflammatory, antimicrobial, antihypertensive,
and antidiabetic effects (Ayoola et al. 2008;
Oikeh et al. 2013).
As stated in the study of Baon (n.d.),
calamansi pure extract (calamansi hand sanitizer)
has been shown to be effective against the
bacteria staphylococcus aureus and escherichia
coli. The zones of inhibition were assessed at 50
percent, 75 percent, and 100 percent
concentrations. In their first experiment,
escherichia coli was used at a concentration of
under 50%, and 10 mm were measured; the
second trial has the same quantity were
measured. In the third trial, 11 mm were
measured. Using the same bacteria, 13 mm were
measured during the first trial at 75%, 12 mm
during the second, and 13 mm during the third.
15 mm is measured at 100% during the first
experiment, 16 mm during the second, and 15
mm during the third. Using staphylococcus
aureus during the first trial, at 50%
concentration, 10 mm were measured, the concentration that can inhibit Eschericia coli and
second at 11 mm, and the third was at 10 mm. Staphyllococus Aureus bacteria at a
At 75%, the first trial, 11 mm were measured, concentration of 4%. The increase in the
the second trial at 12 mm, and the third at 11 concentration of kalamansi orange essential oil
mm. Lastly, at 100%, the first trial measured at showed the wider the diameter of the inhibition
13 mm, the second at 14 mm, and the third at 14 zone for bacterial growth. The inhibition that
mm. Using staphylococcus aureus at 50% occurs in the Eschericia coli and Staphyllococus
concentration, 10 mm were measured in the first Aureus bacteria, proves that the Gel
experiment, 11 mm in the second, and 10 mm in Handsanitizer Preparation Kalamansi orange
the third. At 75%, the first trial measured 11 mm, essential oil contains limonene active
the second trial 12 mm, and the third trial 11 compounds which are antibacterial. From the
mm. At last, at 100%, the first trial measured 13 research that has been done, the following
mm, the second 14 mm, and the third 14 mm. conclusions can be drawn: The availability of
Kalamansi orange essential oil gel Handsanitizer
The hand sanitizers have a form with
with a concentration of 1%, 2% and 4% can
alcohol like ethyl alcohol, which serves as the
inhibit the activity of the bacteria Escherichia coli
active ingredient that works as an antiseptic.
and Staphyllococus Aureus in vitro. With the
Many other components or ingredients may
higher the concentration of kalamansi orange
include just like water, fragrance, and glycerine.
essential oil, the stronger the antibacterial
According to Doheny (2013), alcohol-based
inhibition is produced so that the handsanitizer
sanitizers are very useful and a critical method
with a concentration of 4% has the strongest
that helps prevent most bacterial and viral
antibacterial power against Escherichia coli and
infections with rare exceptions.
Staphyllococus Aureus bacteria.
Non-alcohol hand sanitizers are believed
to not become effective as it only gives a good
smell on hand but does not kill germs on the III. METHODOLOGY
hand. With the calamansi being part of the citrus
The method of this research study is the
family and has the highest synergism shown on
experimental research. The researchers used this
all of the citrus family, accompanying it as an
kind of method because experimental research is
alternative material for the hand sanitizer makes
a type of research that is conducted scientifically,
a strong germ/bacteria-fighting hand sanitizer.
where the set of variables are kept constant. In
Using a hand sanitizer can protect your health
contrast, the other set of variables are being
and help prevent the spread of bacteria.
measured or used as a subject of the
(Edensgarden, 2015).
experiment. The laboratory test is one of the
In the study of Haque et, al. (2021), the examples of experimental research, which is the
testing for antibacterial activity using the agar exact thing that the researchers used to test the
cakram method. The parameter that is measured product in their study (Bhat, 2021).
is the diameter of the resistivity formed around
A. Materials
the disc paper. Antibacterial activity test results
were analyzed by descriptive method. The
This research study will need the following
results showed that the concentration of
materials in making the calamansi hand sanitizer:
essential oil in the hand sanitizer gel was 1%; 2%;
and 4% have provided inhibitory activity for the
growth of the tested bacteria. Effective
 Electric Blender – The electric
blender is used to blend, mix, and
break down the important
components into smaller pieces that
is important in the process of making
a hand sanitizer.
 Plastic Bottle/Container- The
container is basically used to contain
and place the liquid substances. This
will serve as the storage of the
product or the solution that the
researchers are making. It will help
the consumers to make the hand
Sanitizer tangible.
 Grater- The grater is a device that
has a large number of hole with
sharp edges to shred or grate foods.
This was used to grate the calamansi
in order to get the zest.
 Measuring cup/spoon- The
measuring cup and spoon or
teaspoon is used to measure the
amount of the substance to be used
for the product. It helps measure the
exact amount needed for the
outcome or product.
 Aloe Vera Gel- This plant has leaves
with full of gelatinous extract
commonly used for cosmetics. It is
one of the ingredients used to make
the calamansi hand sanitizer because
it forms a protective layer and it has
elements that contribute to retain
moisture on skin and makes it
smoother and hydrated leaving the
skin soft. The researchers used a half
cup of aloe vera gel in making the
hand sanitizer.
 Glycerine- The glycerine is one of the
components in making the calamansi
hand sanitizer. Glycerine is used in
making the hand sanitizer because it
has elements that treats irritation on
the skin and it also protect the skin
from dryness. This component will
make the skin moisturized, soft and
decrease from itching. The
researchers used 4 teaspoon of
glycerine to achieve making the
calamansi hand sanitizer.
 Calamansi or Calamondin- The main
component of the calamansi hand
sanitizer is the calamansi itself. This
fruit has antibacterial properties
which helps in exterminating
bacteria and germs. The researchers
used 2 calamansi in the procedure,
to get the zest and the extract.
 Strainer- The strainer is used to
strain and separate the pulp, excess
of the calamansi, and other
unessential component in making
the hand sanitizer. It will also make
the product look clean and
presentable since it strains the all
the unnecessary part.
 Funnel- funnel is used to transfer the
blended mixture of all the
ingredients from the blender to the
container.
 Product:
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
B. Procedures
This part will explain the process that
happened all throughout the experiment. It
shows the step-by-step process from
preparation of the materials to the making of
the actual product or the calamansi hand
sanitizer:
1. After preparing and buying all the
materials needed, the researchers
will then gather all the materials and
will start making the calamansi hand
sanitizer out of the following
materials:
 1/2 cup of aloe vera
 4 teaspoon of glycerine
 1/8 cup of ethyl alcohol
 Zest of a 2 whole calamansi and
its extract.
2. After gathering and organizing the
materials, the researchers will then
scrape the aloe vera’s gel and put it
in a bowl.
3. Then, the researchers added a cup of
ethyl alcohol and 4 teaspoons of
glycerine.
4. Next, the researchers grated the 2
calamansi to get the zest and also
the researchers get the extract of
the calamansi.
5. After doing all of that, the
researchers blend it all together
using a blender.
6. Lastly, the researchers used a bottle
to serve as a container of the
calamansi hand sanitizer.
A. Findings
The researcher’s findings on this study
about the calamansi hand sanitizer were
successful. The calamansi hand sanitizer met
the hypothesis of this study. The product has
been proved in the experiment that the
calamansi hand sanitizer is antibacterial and
efficient to use. The calamansi hand sanitizer
also shows that it is cheaper than the actual
or commercial hand sanitizers since some of
the components or materials needed can be
seen in the backyard. The calamansi hand
sanitizer also moisturizes the hands due to its
ingredients. It uses glycerine and aloe vera,
whose primary function is to moisturize and
prevent the hands from being itchy and dry.
The calamansi hand sanitizer underwent a
thorough investigation period to test its
effectiveness and if it causes side effects. The
investigation turned out that calamansi hand
sanitizer did not cause any harmful effects.
The calamansi hand sanitizer has been
compared to a commercial hand sanitizer and
it turns out that the calamansi hand sanitizer
can be an effective alternative hand sanitizer
for commercial hand sanitizers. In the
investigation, one hand is used to test the
commercial hand sanitizer, and the other
hand is for the calamansi hand sanitizer. The
commercial hand sanitizer can moisturize the
hands, but it dries up the hands faster
compared to the calamansi hand sanitizer.
While the other hand that contains calamansi
hand sanitizer, it has been moisturized, and it
stays up longer, not being dry than the
commercial hand sanitizer. Due to the
exposure of hands to the harmful rays of the
sun, with the humid air and with the products
that have been used, the hands became dry.
However, the calamansi hand sanitizer,
together with its other components like the
aloe vera gel and glycerine, it keeps the hands
hydrated and moisturized. The fragrance of
the commercial hand sanitizer that has been
tested has a chemical smell, and it has a scent
of alcohol also. While on the other side, the
calamansi hand sanitizer has a fruity or citrus
scent which smells very pleasant and
comfortable. On the aspect of the sanitizer's
texture, there is no significant difference
between the two. Both soothe the hands and
are absorbed quickly, providing a layer of
protection for the hands.
B. Analysis of the Data
The researchers find out that the
calamansi hand sanitizer is adequate for an
alternative hand sanitizer. The calamansi
hand sanitizer can suppress the bacteria and
germs from spreading within a short period of
time. In the experiment, the researchers
conducted an investigation to compare and
examine the bacteria and calamansi hand
sanitizer.
The extract of calamansi contains
Vitamin C or Ascorbic Acid that helps the skin
to produce its natural collagen protein that
helps the skin to recover naturally and
maintains the firmness and elasticity of the
skin. Also, the extract of the fruit can treat dry
skin, which suffers from a lack of natural
moisture. Calamansi has an acidic nature that
makes it a great natural exfoliant that makes
the acidic extract of the fruit can remove the
layer of dead cells on your skin’s surface,
exposing fresh cells underneath. (Umar,
2020). It will make the skin smoother and
fresher, especially in the hand part, as it is
always exposed to the sun. It also cleans dirt
stuck between the creases of our hands, and
it is good for fighting bad odors. (The
Chapters, 2010).
Aloe Vera gel contains vitamins A, C, and
E, which are antioxidants. It also contains
vitamin B12, folic acid, and choline which are
antioxidants that neutralize free radicals.
Also, the gel of the aloe vera contains salicylic
acid that possesses anti-inflammatory and
anti-bacterial properties. Sahu et al. (2013),
aloe vera is known for its anti-tumor, anti-
inflammatory, skin protection, anti-diabetic,
antibacterial, anti-viral, antiseptic, and wound
healing properties. It also enhances the
healing process of dermal injuries (e.g., burns,
frostbite, skin infections, surgical wounds,
inflammation, herpes ulcers, diabetic foot
ulcers, pressure sores, and chronic wounds)
has been reported. According to Jill Tilton,
(2016), aloe vera contains natural
moisturizers that help retain moisture on dry
and rough skin.
FIGURE DESCRIPTION
- The researchers
used the Figure 1.1
just for the saliva
without the hand
sanitizer. Then the
saliva is examined on
the microscope, it is
hard to see some
Figure 1.1 bacteria on the
saliva, but there are
few.
 - On the Figure 1.2, - In the Figure 2.2
they stained the slide, the calamansi
saliva to clearly see hand sanitizer is used
some bacteria. The and analyzed on the
researchers used microscope, and
methylene blue for under the
the stain then we microscope, the
look through the calamansi has a lot of
Figure 1.2 microscope again. Figure 2.2 pulps and excess
parts of calamansi
- For the Figure 1.3,
present.
then the researchers
put new saliva again - The researchers put
on the slide the stagnant water
and mixed it with
hand sanitizer and
put it on the Figure
2.3, and examined it
Figure 1.3 on the microscope.
- On the Figure 2.1,
what the researchers
did is they go to the
ground floor, on the
Figure 2.3
quadrangle to look
for stagnant water as - The researchers
a source for bacteria, used the second
and the researchers saliva sample on the
got the sample and Figure 3.1 and
carry it with the combined it with the
dropper, when they calamansi hand
Figure 2.1 examined the water sanitizer if it kills the
from the ground, bacteria on the saliva
there was a lot of sample.
bacteria present.
Figure 3.1
 - This is the part of can help lessen the bacteria from spreading.
the investigation The calamansi helps a lot in killing the
period where the bacteria since it has been proven that it has
calamansi hand antibacterial components.
sanitzer was
compared to the
commercial hand V. CONCLUSION
sanitizer (Brand x).
The researcher’s conclusion about this
This was made to
study is that the calamansi hand sanitizer is
compare and test the
efficient, and it can be an alternative hand
moisturizing effect,
sanitizer to commercial hand sanitizers. This
texture and the
calamansi hand sanitizer is safe to use. The
fragrance of both
product does not bring any side effects as it has
hand sanitizers. The
been undergone a lot of tests and investigations.
Figure 3.2 was the
The researchers also compared the calamansi
picture where the
hand sanitizer to commercial hand sanitizer,
right hand was
which the results are promising. The calamansi
Figure 3.2 tested using the
hand sanitizer has the same texture as the other
calamansi hand
commercial hand sanitizers. The thing is just it
sanitizer.
differs in the duration of how long it can make
- The hands will be the calamansi hand sanitizer not dry. The
exposed to the sun calamansi hand sanitizer does not make the
where it has humid hands dry compared to other commercial
air and this will products because it has glycerine and aloe vera,
testify on which of which is responsible for maintaining the hands
the hand sanitizers being moisturized and preventing the hands
are best used when it from being dry and itchy. The content of aloe
comes to this kind of vera gel is mainly made of water that helps to
situation. The Figure hydrate the skin. It has active components like
3.3 was the picture enzymes, minerals, sugars, lignin, saponins, folic
of the left hand acid, choline, salicylic acids, and amino acids. It
where it uses the also contains vitamins A, C, and E, which are
commercial hand known to be antioxidants. It maintains the
sanitizer. moisture into the skin and forms a protective
layer that ties up skin cells together, proving a
smooth and soft effect on the skin. Glycerin, on
Figure 3.3
the other hand, is a natural compound derived
from vegetable oils or animal fats. It doesn’t
contain alcohol, fragrances, or other chemical-
The calamansi hand sanitizer has shown
based ingredients that could irritate the skin. It
to be antibacterial since the bacteria in the
improves the skin barrier function and skin
saliva vanishes in a short time with the use of
mechanical properties, hydrates the outer layer
the calamansi hand sanitizer. Although this
of the skin, accelerates the wound-healing
hand sanitizer can kill not all bacteria, but it
processes and, it provides protection against skin
irritants. Also, the calamansi a natural
component of the hand sanitizer that produces
its natural collagen protein that helps the skin to
recover naturally and maintains the smoothness
and firmness of the skin. Aside from the
protection that it provides on the skin, it has a
natural acidic component that kills germs and
dirt away. It contains natural components like
bioactive compounds such as phenolic
compounds, sinapic acid, coumaric acid, caffeic,
flavonoids, vitamins, and essential oils, which
play a role as natural antimicrobial agents and is
believed to be responsible for a range of
protective health benefits, including
antioxidative, anti‐inflammatory, and
antimicrobial activities. The calamansi
antibacterial hand sanitizer can kill bacterias like
Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and
other bacterias that can be found in hands.
Staphylococcus aureus is a bacteria that very
adaptable and can be spread easily, and has
many varieties and is commonly found in the
skin and could result in relatively minor skin
infections. It is the bacteria that is the leading
cause of skin infections, such as abscesses, boils,
furuncles, and cellulitis (red, swollen, painful,
warm skin). It can be spread by touching and
most by contaminated hands. Escherichia coli is
a bacteria that normally lives in the intestines
and helps digest food, it is a bacteria that is
commonly harmless. But with a large amount of
strain of escherichiacoli can cause diarrhea, food
poisoning, and etc. Escherichia coli can live in
environments with or without air, it can be
acquired by eating contaminated food, drinking
contaminated water or by touching the mouth
with hands that are contaminated with the
bacteria. If handwashing with soap and water is
not available, hand sanitizers is the easiest way
to kill any microbes on hands. The calamansi
hand sanitizer can prevent and kill bacteria. As
what the results of the experiment and
investigation have presented, it kills the bacteria
in a short period of time. The researchers also
conclude that the use of calamansi is essential
since it has antibacterial and natural
components, which results in using a small
number of chemicals.
VI. RECOMMENDATION
Based on the findings and conclusions of
the calamansi hand sanitizer, the following
recommendations are forwarded:
Health workers. The researchers recommend to
the health workers that they must have a
personal hand sanitizer. The calamansi hand
sanitizer is best used, especially when in a hurry.
The researchers also recommend using it,
especially in this time of the Covid-19 pandemic
where it is not safe in their workplace and where
all the harmful microorganisms are spreading
everywhere. It will also help the health worker’s
hands maintain cleanliness, and at the same
time, it gives a nice scent.
Patients. The researchers recommend that the
patients must have a personal hand sanitizer due
to the patients are prone to diseases and that
their immune system is weak. The researchers
recommend this calamansi hand sanitizer as an
alternative hand sanitizer since it is cheaper and
has less chemical used. It has a nice and
comfortable scent which makes the patient not
irritated.
Community. The researchers recommend using
this calamansi hand sanitizer as it is eco-friendly
and was made with fewer chemicals. Aside from
protecting the community from harmful bacteria
and germs, this calamansi hand sanitizer is
cheaper than the actual hand sanitizer, which
the community could spend less money on. It is
also recommended because it is cheaper and it
could save money compared to buying
commercial products. This could also be made
easily, and the products are mostly seen in the
backyard and houses. If they run out of hand
sanitizer, they can make an alternative for it
since the raw materials are easy to be found
everywhere.
Future Researchers. The researchers
recommend that the future researchers must
invest more time in doing this study so that they
could have a better outcome. They should also
study the topic ahead of time to better
understand the goal and the problem that needs
to be answered by them. The future researchers
may also use this study as their basis, and they
can use it for citations in their study. In the
process of making the calamansi hand sanitizer,
the future researchers must ensure to grate the
calamansi’s zest to make it thin and they must
also ensure to strain all the excess to make the
hand sanitizer clean.
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