1

INTRODUCTION

The spread of COVID-19 pandemic made a global disaster that has wreaked havoc on

people's lives and livelihoods. Present evidence suggests that the virus can be transmitted

through droplets generated when an infected person coughs, sneezes, talks, or exhales

(Morawska and Cao, 2020). COVID-19 is unmatched in its scope and intensity. Despite

authorities' best efforts, the number of cases has increased exponentially. Since its discovery

in December 2019 in Wuhan, there have been over 486 million confirmed cases worldwide

as of April 1, 2022, and over 6 million people have died globally (WHO, 2022).

Consequently, as the pandemic continues to sweep, it has prompted a widespread usage of

hand sanitizers as a precautionary measure for preventing the spread of this deadly viral

disease (Covid-19), resulting in supply problems.

Presently, aside from getting vaccinated, making prevention aimed at reducing the

factor of being exposed or exposing others to the virus is one of the best ways to protect

everyone who is eligible for COVID-19. Meanwhile, the role of adequate hygiene and hand

sanitizers is inevitably effective in limiting the transmission of germs or illness in public

spaces and healthcare facilities (Golin, et al.,2020). A simple method yet effective for

reducing the transmission of infections.

Hand sanitizer, also known as hand antiseptic, hand rub, or hand rub, is a disinfectant

that is applied to the hands to kill common germs (disease-causing organisms) (Roger, 2020).

Hand sanitizers are typically foam, gel, or liquid form (Britannica, 2020). The use of hand

sanitizer has been a viable alternative when soap and hand-washing is not readily available.

There are two categories of hand sanitizer: Alcohol-based hand sanitizer (ABHS) and Non-

alcohol hand sanitizer (NABHS). Alcohol-based hand sanitizer (ABHS) contains alcohol,

humectants, and other chemicals. Excessive use of rubbing alcohol can cause irritation of the

skin, skin dryness, and other toxic effects. According to a study conducted by New Jersey
 2

Department of Health (2016), it was revealed that inhalation of isopropyl alcohol can irritate

the nose and throat and prolonged exposure may cause headache, confusion, dizziness, loss of

coordination and even unconsciousness. On the other hand, Non-alcohol hand sanitizer

(NABHS), is a more friendly kind of hand sanitizer as it is safe and non- flammable and will

not dry skin like alcohol-based hand sanitizer.

In response to the supply challenges and adverse effects of Alcohol-based hand

sanitizer, a natural remedy employing plant-based hand sanitizer was introduced. Herbal

plants have shown a positive impact on human health and so there are useful compounds

found in these plants. Likewise, there are certain medicinal plants that can be easily found in

the surroundings that can be utilized for making hand sanitizer (Atmanto & Ambarwati,

2021).

Marigold (Calendula officinalis) is a yellow-orange flower and a herbal plant that is

familiar and can be seen all over the region. It has been the focus of various chemical and

pharmacological studies. Traditionally, it's been used as a food and as a medicine.

Phytochemical studies revealed the wide usage of marigold extracts containing microbial

agents such as alkaloids, carbohydrates, fats and oils, saponins, triterpenes, flavonoids,

phenols, tannins, and diterpenes, and therefore has a potential in making an effective hand

sanitizer (Muley et al., 2009).

It has thoroughly been recorded that Calendula officinalis has an antimicrobial

activity. In a study conducted by Goktas, Sahin, and Yigitarsalan (2015) entitled “Production

of Sterilizing Agents from Calendula officinalis Extracts Optimized by Response Surface

Methodology”, they determined the microbiological efficiency of Marigold extracts through

the suppression of the growth of specific microorganisms and found out that it could stop

90% of the microorganisms studied from growing, at optimal, the maximum levels of

flavonoids were found, while the highest levels of triterpene and saponin components were
 3

found at various design points. Since it could inhibit a large percentage of microorganisms

from growing, it was concluded that Calendula officinalis can be employed efficiently in the

creation of wet wipes and hand sterilizing solutions when extracted under ideal conditions.

Moreover, the flowers and leaves of C. officinalis have been reported as a source of

biologically active compounds. For instance, Cruceiru et al. reported that hydroxycinnamic

acids and flavonols were found in the flowers and leaves of calendula. officinalis. The leaf

extract of marigold has a reprecipitation in flavonoids and anthraquinones which are

responsible for its antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potents.

The medicinal plant marigold (Calendula officinalis) is widely distributed around the

world since it is easy to grow and cultivate in all warm climates, and it is commonly utilized

as an ornamental crop in the Philippines.Thus, the production of the product (hand sanitizer)

is not as complicated and is cost effective.

The researchers are urged to create hand sanitizer with the extracts of Marigold

(Calendula officinalis). A plant-based hand sanitizer that is readily available, inexpensive,

and free of harmful side effects and thus would help the community in battling against

COVID-19.
 4

Chapter ll

METHODOLOGY

This chapter contains the research design, preparation of Marigold extract hand

sanitizer, preparation of materials, collection of sensory panelists, risk and safety and data

analysis.

Location of the Study

The study was conducted at Purok 9-B Estela Homes, Sto. Tomas, Davao del Norte.

Research Design

This study utilizes descriptive research design which according to McCombes (2019),

a descriptive research aims to systematically and accurately describe a situation, phenomenon

and a population. Descriptive study is a suitable choice when the research objective is to

define characteristics, patterns, trends, relationships, and categories. The researchers used

survey questionnaires to collect information on a variety of topics. The purpose of this

information is to determine the amount to which these subjects can be exposed to various

situations.
 5

Preparation of Marigold Extract Hand Sanitizer

Figure 1. The materials used

The materials used were prepared and sanitized to ensure cleanliness upon its use. The

researchers wore protective equipment such as gloves and masks before the start of the

procedure. The Marigold leaves were thoroughly cleaned before drying out from the sun.

Figure 2. The Marigold leaves were left to dry from the sun.
 6

Figure 3. The dried Marigold leaves are then pulverized using mortar and pestle.

After 2-3 hours of exposure to the heat of the sun, the Marigold leaves were collected

to be pulverized before proceeding to get its extract.

Figure 4. Approximately ¼ cup of the pulverized Marigold leaves is poured into the pot.
 7

The pot was then prepared on the butane gas stove in medium heat and eventually

added the pulverized Marigold leaves in approximately ¼ cup or 32 grams.

Figure 5. Half a cup of distilled water is then gradually added to the pot.

Half a cup or 64 grams of distilled water is gradually added to the heated pot to

extract its components. It was then covered for about 15 minutes for the mixture not to

evaporate too much.

 8

Figure 6. After 15 minutes, the stove was turned off, and left the mixture again for 5

minutes to cool down.

Figure 7. The boiled Marigold leaves are filtered in fabric to collect their extract.

The mixture of Marigold leaves is strained through a clean fabric while applying

gentle pressure in squeezing to get the extract.

Figure 8. In a separate container, distilled water is gradually added to the extract.

 9

Figure 9. 30mL of Pure Glycerin and drops of essential oil is added to the mixture.

The glycerin will help for skin moisturization to help the skin from drying out, while

drops of essential oil serve as a scent balancing agent to add fragrance to the product.

Figure 10. The finished product is added to containers.

 10

Lastly, the Marigold Extract Hand Sanitizer is added to a spray bottle and stored in an

area at normal temperature.

Also, the pH level of the product (hand sanitizer) was also evaluated by the

researchers to see if it was safe to use on the skin. The neutral pH is 7, with higher values

indicating alkalinity and lower values indicating acidity. After the test, it shows that the hand

sanitizer is at level 5, which according to a 2006 study published in the International Journal

of Cosmetic Science Trusted Source is the ideal pH level for the skin.

Preparation of Materials

The materials used in this experiment have undergone sterilization to ensure that there

will be no presence of microbial life before its usage. The materials were:

Equipments: Measuring Cup

Mortar and Pestle

Spray Bottle

Ingredients: Distilled water

Glycerin

Essential oil

Botanical: Dried Marigold (Calendula officinalis) leaves

Collection of Sensory Panelists

The researchers handed out survey questionnaires to 50 random individuals who were

willing to take part in the study. The respondents were given the opportunity to test the

product (hand sanitizer) on their hands before asking them to complete the survey, where
 11

they will rate the product's aroma, appearance, texture, overall rating and their skin’s reaction

to the product.

Risk and Safety

The researchers were conscious of the potential risks and hence, applied safety

measures before conducting the experiment. In detail, the experiment involves dealing with

fire ( boiling of powdered marigold leaves) thus, researchers wore protective equipment to

minimize exposure to risks. Moreover, the researchers were careful and responsible all

throughout the experiment. The researchers recognized that risk assessment and safety

measures played an integral role to successfully conduct an experiment.

Data Analysis

To determine the acceptability of marigold leaves extract as hand sanitizer, mean and

standard deviation was analyzed through the use of Statistical Packages for Social Sciences

(SPSS) was applied.

 12

CHAPTER III

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the discussions of the result and findings of the study.

Results

Table 1. The acceptability of Marigold as Hand sanitizer in terms of its aroma

Items Mean s.d

1. Aroma 4.66 0.84

Legend:
1.00 – 1.80 - Highly unacceptable 3.41 – 4.20 - Acceptable
1.81 – 2.60 - Unacceptable 4.21 – 5.00 - Highly acceptable
2.61 – 3.40 - Moderately acceptable

Table 1 shows the first indicator which has a mean of 4.66 and a standard deviation of 0.84,
this indicates that it is highly acceptable.

Table 2. The acceptability of Marigold as Hand sanitizer in terms of its appearance

Items Mean s.d

1. Appearance 4.04 0.97

Table 2 shows the second indicator which has a mean of 4.04 and a standard deviation of
0.97, this indicates that it is highly acceptable.

Table 3. The acceptability of Marigold as Hand sanitizer in terms of its texture

Items Mean s.d

2. Texture 4.46 0.93

 13

Table 3 shows the third indicator which has a mean of 4.46 and a standard deviation of 0.93,
this indicates that it is highly acceptable.

Discussion

Table 1 displays the summary data on the acceptability of the product in terms of its

aroma. The outcome shows an overall mean of 4.66 with a descriptive equivalent of highly

acceptable. This means that the aroma is liked by the community. Table 2 displays the

acceptability of the product in terms of its appearance. It shows an overall mean of 4.04 with

a descriptive equivalent of highly acceptable. Table 3 displays the acceptability of the product

in terms of its texture. The outcome shows an overall mean of 4.46 with a descriptive

equivalent of highly acceptable. The data are gathered through a small survey in our

community.

Other than using Marigold extract as Hand sanitizer, it can also be used as a hand moisturizer

that can be used to moisturize the skin.

 14

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Conclusion

Based on our findings, we believe that marigold leaves extract can be used as a

primary ingredient in hand sanitizers. It contains antibacterial characteristics and moisturizes

your skin with the help of additional substances like glycerin, water, and essential oil. Since it

is a plant-based hand sanitizer, it is readily available, inexpensive, and free of harmful side

effects and thus would help the community in battling against COVID-19.

Recommendation

The researchers recommend to conduct an additional study to enhance the

overall quality of the product. It is recommended to employ chemicals to improve the color of

the product, however the original properties of the marigold leaves extract which is

responsible for the antibacterial properties must still be preserved. Also, it is advisable for the

product to undergo a lab test to assure its effectiveness.

 15

References

Atmano, D., & Ambarwati,N.S.S.(2021, April 02).Environmental health education

strategies through making local plant sanitizers and their use for package B study

group students in Jakarta. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0044370

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The CDC Clear Communication Index

User Guide. July, 2014.Available fromhttps://www.cdc.gov/ccindex/tool/index.html

Goktas, F. M., Sahin, B., & Yigitarslan, S. (2015). Production of Sterilizing Agents from

Calendula officinalis Extracts Optimized by Response Surface Methodology.

International journal of analytical chemistry, 2015,789732.

https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/789732

Golin, A.P., Choi, D., & Ghahary, A.(2020, June 18).Hand sanitizers: a review of

ingredients, mechanisms of action, modes of delivery, and efficacy against

coronaviruses.48(9):1062–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2020.06.182

Morawska, L., & Cao, J. (2020). Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2: The world

should face reality. Environment International,Vol.

139.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105730
 16

Muley, B.P., Khadabadi, S.S., & Banarase, N.B.(2009).Phytochemical Constituents and

Pharmacological Activities of Calendula officinalis Linn (Asteraceae): A Review.

Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research,8 (5), 455-465.

https://doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v8i5.48090

New jersey department of health.https://nj.gov/health/eoh/rtkweb/documents/fs/1076.pdf

Prajapati, P., Desai, H., & Chandarana, C.(2022). Hand sanitizers as a preventive

measure in COVID-19 pandemic, its characteristics, and harmful effects:

a review. J. Egypt. Public. Health. Assoc. 97, 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42506-

021-00094-x

Rogers, K. (2020, April 1). hand sanitizer. Encyclopedia Britannica.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/hand-sanitizer

World Health Organization.(2022)

 17

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Data

Name : Jyzel S. Beronges

Address : Purok 12 District 4, Tulalian, Sto. Tomas Davao del Norte

Date of Birth : October 15, 2003

Age : 18 years old

Civil Status : Single

Citizenship : Filipino

Religion : Roman Catholic

Email Address : jyzelberonges@gmail.com

Contact No. : 09703535645

Secondary Education

Level : Senior High School

School : Sto. Tomas National High School

Location : Menzi, Sto. Tomas, Davao del Norte

Year : 2020 – present

Level : Junior High School

School : Tulalian National High School

Location : Tulalian, Sto. Tomas, Davao del Norte

Year : 2016 - 2020

Elementary Education

School : Balongating Elementary School

 18

Location : Balongating, Guipos Zamboanga del Sur

Year : 2010 - 2016

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Data

Name : Jowera Sina Diabakid

Address : Purok 1, New Katipunan, Sto. Tomas Davao del Norte

Date of Birth : September 18, 2003

Age : 18 years old

Civil Status : Single

Citizenship : Filipino

Religion : Roman Catholic

Email Address : joy.diabakid@gmail.com

Contact No. : 09381537511

Secondary Education

Level : Senior High School

School : Sto. Tomas National High School

Location : Menzi, Sto. Tomas, Davao del Norte

Year : 2020 – present

Level : Junior High School

School : Sto. Tomas National High School

Location : Menzi, Sto. Tomas, Davao del Norte

Year : 2016 - 2020

Elementary Education

School : New Katipunan Elementary School

 19

Location : Purok 1, New Katipunan, Sto. Tomas, Davao del Norte

Year : 2010 - 2016

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Data

Name : Franz Gabriel Soguilon

Address : Purok 9-B, Estela Homes, Sto. Tomas Davao del Norte

Date of Birth : October 07, 2003

Age : 18 years old

Civil Status : Single

Citizenship : Filipino

Religion : Roman Catholic

Email Address : gabrielfranz143@gmail.com

Contact No. : 09553590100

Secondary Education

Level : Senior High School

School : Sto. Tomas National High School

Location : Menzi, Sto. Tomas, Davao del Norte

Year : 2020 – present

Level : Junior High School

School : Sto. Tomas National High School

Location : Menzi, Sto. Tomas, Davao del Norte

Year : 2016 - 2020

Elementary Education

School : Temple Christian School Inc.

 20

Location : Sto. Tomas, Davao del Norte

Year : 2010 - 2016

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Data

Name : Glyza Clair Rocete

Address : Fd rd 1 Hacienda del Sol bl1 lot8, Sto. Tomas Davao del Norte

Date of Birth : June 5, 2004

Age : 17 years old

Civil Status : Single

Citizenship : Filipino

Religion : Roman Catholic

Email Address : glyzarocete05@gmail.com

Contact No. : 09752463182

Secondary Education

Level : Senior High School

School : Sto. Tomas National High School

Location : Menzi, Sto. Tomas, Davao del Norte

Year : 2020 – present

Level : Junior High School

School : Maryknoll School of Sto.Tomas Inc.

Location : Fd rd 3, Sto. Tomas, Davao del Norte

Year : 2016-2020

Elementary Education

School : Sto.Tomas Central Elementary School Speed Center

 21

Location : Fd rd 4, Sto. Tomas, Davao del Norte

Year : 2010 - 2016