NOTRE DAME OF GREATER MANILA

MADRE IGNACIA ST. GRACE PARK, CALOOCAN CITY

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENTS IN SCIENCE

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

EXTRACTED OIL FROM OREGANO (OREGANUM VULGARE) AS MAIN

COMPONENT FOR ANTI-DANDRUFF SHAMPOO

SUBMITTED BY:

Flores, Jose Luis Alberto G.

Luciano, Andrea Nicole S.

Villanueva, Clerry Shaine

SUBMITTED TO:

Ms. Lanille Joyce Sarto

*Science and Technology Teacher*

1
 DATE: 2/13/2017

Acknowledgement

It is but right to acknowledge the people who have helped the researchers of this

investigatory project possible. They have completed this project with the genuine and

persistent help from the following people:

To the Most High, for guiding the researchers in doing this project. Without His

guidance and gift of knowledge and wisdom, our outcome could have been bad.

To Ms. Lanille Joyce Sarto, their ninth grade Science teacher, for exerting effort

to guide them to fulfill their responsibility as they were given an opportunity to conduct

a research regarding the benefits of oregano.

To NDGM High School Library Staff, for granting the researchers access to

different research materials.

Lastly, to the parents of the researchers, for guiding them in making the product

for this investigatory project. The sampling and testing of the product would be

impossible without their aid.

2
Abstract

As mentioned in the background of the study, the root of this experiment is the

availability of a possible remedy for scalp infections. With this, the researchers decided

to test this resource, oil extract from oregano leaves. Ointments made by professionals

are not always available in their pockets. This is also a benefit given by this study—the

opportunity to obtain a shampoo which is not only effective, but could also be used as an

alternative, which doesn’t hurt the consumer’s pockets. Individuals who frequently

suffer from scalp infections may also benefit from this study as the number of infections

are continuously increasing.

The study aims to produce a resourceful, yet effective shampoo out of oregano

leaves and available materials, stated below, which shall be used to treat dandruff.

Coconut oil, water, container and mortar and pestle are the materials needed. The said

shampoo, made out of oregano leaves extract, were composed of the following: 130 mL

of extracted oil and 50 mL of pure and organic coconut base oil.

In order to create shampoo with oregano leaves oil extract, one must follow these

steps: Wash and rinse the oregano leaves with warm water. Place the leaves in an open

container. Transfer an amount of leaves and grind the leaves into smallest possible

3
pieces using mortar and pestle. Place the ground leaves in an airtight container. Collect

130 mL of extracted oil. Add a proportional amount of coconut oil as base oil.

The researchers have discovered that based on the experiment done by the

researchers, the study is proven effective as an anti-dandruff shampoo. As said earlier,

Origanum vulgare contains anti-fungal properties which protect healthy scalp cells

from spreading fungus, which is a reason to why this study has resulted to effective

finishes. Because of this, fungus on one’s scalp can now be treated in one’s home.

4
Table of Contents

Title Page 1

Acknowledgment 2
Abstract 3-4
Table of Contents 4
Chapter I: Introduction 5-7
A. Background of the Study 6-7
B. Statement of the Problem 7
C. Significance of the Study 7
D. Scope and Limitations 7
Chapter II: Review of Related Literature 8-22

A. Definition of Terms 8-9

B. Review of Related Literature 9-22

Chapter III: Methodology 23-25

A. Materials 23-24
B. Procedure 24-25

Chapter IV: Analysis and Interpretation of Data 26-29

A. Presentation of Data 26-28

B. Interpretation of Data 29
C. Analysis of Data 29

Chapter V: Conclusion and Recommendation 30

A. Conclusion 30
B. Recommendation 30

Chapter VI: Bibliography 31-32

5
Chapter I: Introduction

A. Background of the Study

Fungi or fungus are eukaryotic organisms and has a fruiting form as mushroom.

Although, not all fungi are harmful — because some of them can even help in producing

beer and wine and help in decomposition of organic matter--some of it could greatly

hurt humans and living things such as causing a number of plant and animal diseases:

in humans, ringworm, athlete's foot, and several more serious diseases are caused by

fungi. It is said that fungi are more chemically and genetically similar to animals than

other organisms, this makes fungal diseases very difficult to treat.

Oregano is a perennial herb which is well-known herbal medicine for various

diseases. Origanum vulgare is mainly used in culinary due to its aromatic flavor, as an

ornament and in medicinal aspects because it has antibacterial properties. It grows from

20 cm to 80 cm with gray-green leaves. Its leaves are circular that are arranged

alternately on its stems and its flowers have the color pink, violet or white. It could also

bear small, oval, brown fruit that can reach up to 1 meter. The chemicals that give it its

unique smell are thymol, pinene, limonene, carvacrol, ocimene, and caryophyllene.

Some of these said chemicals have antifungal activities such as thymol and carvacrol.

The extracts may be produced as supplements, medicine, ointments and teas. In this

case, oregano oil will be used as a main component for anti-dandruff shampoo which

will have less chemical usage. The most essential parts of this plant are the leaves. These

can cure the most diseases like fungal infections, heart diseases and lung malfunctions.

As it is populous in temperate countries like the Philippines, the researchers have

thought that this common backyard plant may help cure this scalp disorder called

6
dandruff. Studies have shown that extracted oil from oregano has antifungal properties.

Oregano is a plant with a lot of helpful attributes especially to human health.

B. Statement of the Problem

1. What content does oil extract from oregano have in order to cure scalp infections,

specifically dandruff?

2. How does the shampoo solution react to dandruff?

3. Why does the shampoo solution react to dandruff?

C. Significance of the Study

The results and findings from this project will benefit those who have scalp

problems. With the abundant number of people with dandruff today, the extracted oil

from oregano may be one of the natural solutions to cure this scalp fungal infection.

This may also serve as an alternative to chemical-based shampoo.

D. Scope and Limitations

1. The aspects of the topic covered by the study are the agents which caused the

reaction unto the scalp fungal infection and also the reason how it reacted.

2. The researchers will conduct the experiment in 2-3 weeks.

3. The results from this study will only cover the effectiveness of the oregano

oil-based shampoo.

4. The researchers shall not expand to the source of dandruff and severity.

5. The researchers shall not compare their product to existing commercial

products.

7
Chapter II: Review of Related Literature

A. Definition of Terms

1. chromatography: a process in which a chemical mixture carried by a liquid or

gas is separated into components as a result of differential distribution of the

solutes as they flow around or over a stationary liquid or solid phase

2. inhibitory concentration: lowest concentration of a chemical that prevents visible

growth of a bacterium or the state at which it has bacteriostatic activity

3. thymol: a crystalline phenol C10H14O of aromatic odor and antiseptic properties

found especially in thyme oil or made synthetically and used chiefly as a fungicide

and preservative

4. phenol: a corrosive poisonous crystalline acidic compound C6H5OH present in

coal tar and wood tar that is used in the manufacture of resins and plastics, dyes,

and pharmaceuticals (as aspirin) and as a topical anesthetic in dilute solution—

called also carbolic, carbolic acid, hydroxybenzene

5. carvacrol: a liquid phenol C10H14O found in essential oils of various mints (as

thyme) and used as a fungicide and disinfectant

6. vitro: a biological process made to occur in a laboratory vessel or other controlled

experimental environment rather than within a living organism or natural

setting.

7. consumer: an organism requiring complex organic compounds for food which it

obtains by preying on other organisms or by eating particles of organic matter

8. preservative: a chemical that is added to food to keep it fresh and to avoid

spoilage

8
 9. diffusion: the process whereby particles of liquids, gases, or solids intermingle as

the result of their spontaneous movement caused by thermal agitation and in

dissolved substances move from a region of higher to one of lower concentration

10. antimicrobials: destroying or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms and

especially pathogenic microorganisms

11. Acremonium sp.: a genus of chiefly saprophytic, filamentous fungi with usually

single-celled conidia held together by a slimy secretion in more or less spherical

heads at the ends of fertile stalks

12. biocide: a substance that is destructive to many different organisms

13. enzyme: any of numerous complex proteins that are produced by living cells and

catalyze specific biochemical reactions at body temperatures

14. pathogen: a specific causative agent of disease

15. volatile: characterizes readily vaporizable at a relatively low temperature

B. Review of Related Literature

 According to Marlete Brum Cleff and others in their full length research,

Essential oils against Candida spp: in vitro antifungal activity of

Origanum vulgare,

Determining activity of O. vulgare essential oils have shown and

demonstrated bacterial and fungal activity against different pathogens are being in a

wide range of medical study. These studies included attribution to the content of

carvacrol and thymol that are major compounds in some oils.

9
 Results demonstrated that differences between concentrations of thymol and

carvacrol influenced the MIC90 of O. vulgare oils against yeasts studies. Balance of

concentration of phenolic compounds, thymol and carvacrol, seems to have synergic

and positive effect on growth inhibition of different species of Candida, however, the

oils analyzed presented antifungal activity in vitro.

 According to Racowski I. and others in their full length research,

Antifungal Activity of Infusions from Fresh Oregano, Laurel and

Rosemary Leaves and Their Commercial Essential Oils against

Acremonium sp.,

Currently, the food industry is constantly challenged by consumers

seeking for increasingly healthy foods and less use of synthetic chemical

additives such as pesticides or preservatives.

In this research, oregano and two other herbs, rosemary and laurel, have

been tested in different treatments against phytopathogenic fungus

Acremonium sp. and infusion of leaves. The microorganism was naturally

isolated form "Debora" type tomato and was identified by fungal slide culture.

The results have shown that extracted oils from oregano and two other

herbs, rosemary and laurel, have inhibited activity against the growth of

Acremonium sp. when diluted in distilled water. The most effective oil was

oregano oil.

 According to Miroslava Císarová and others in their full length research,

Antifungal Activity of Lemon, Eucalyptus, Thyme, Oregano,

10
 Sage, and Lavender Essential Oils Against Aspergillus niger and

Aspergillus tubingensis Isolated From Grapes

The study is about protection of products of natural origin as an

alternative to synthetic fungicides. The promising alternative is the use of

essential oils from plants which have great potential as a new source of

fungicide to control the pathogenic fungi.

The antifungal activity of selected oils was investigated by

microatmosphere method. The test was performed in sterile petri dishes, and

then evaluated by filter paper with the highest concentration.

Their conclusion was that volatile substances from oregano, thyme and

lavender oils had a potential antifungal activity against tested strains of black

aspergilly.

 According to Željko D. Savković and others in their full length research,

Comparison of anti-Aspergillus activity of Origanum vulgare L.

essential oil and commercial biocide based on silver ions and

hydrogen peroxide

O. vulgare essential oil was discovered to have attributed to its high

content of some phenolic compounds, mostly carvacrol and thymol. Although the

thymol content in the oils was relatively low, phenolic compounds are reported to

be effective against some organisms.

In conclusion, the study had shown the efficacies of O. vulgare oil. The

efficiency level of this EO is higher than that of Sansoil.

11
  According to Nádia RB Raposo and others in their full length research,

Chemical Composition and Antifungal Properties of Essential

Oil of Origanum vulgare Linnaeus (Lamiaceae) against

Sporothrix schenckii and Sporothrix brasiliensis

Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis affecting humans and animals,

with worldwide distribution, especially in tropical and subtropical areas,

constituting an important public health problem. This disease displays a chronic

or sub-acute progression and usually affects the skin and lymph vessels near the

site of the lesion. In rare cases, there may be secondary transmission to the

bones, joints and muscles. It is caused by fungus of the Sporothrix schenckii

complex, being Sporothrix sckenckii and Sporothrix brasiliensis the species more

frequently related in clinical samples of Brazil. Despite extensive research

dedicated to the development of new therapeutic strategies, there are only a

limited number of available drugs against fungal infections. Its clinical uses have

been limited by the emergence of drug resistance, high risk of toxicity,

insufficiencies in their antifungal activity and undesirable side effects.

The composition of O. vulgare essential oil from different geographical

origins has been characterized by several authors, with carvacrol and thymol as

the major components. The increase of one of these constituents is accompanied

by a decrease of the other and vice-versa, what can explain the absence of thymol

in this current study. This study demonstrates that γ-terpinene is the major

compound present in the O. vulgare essential oil analyzed.

12
 The results of the microbiological screening revealed that the O. vulgare

essential oil had inhibitory activity against the tested fungal species. The essential

oil was assayed for antifungal properties with the broth micro dilution method

following the guidelines of CLSI.

 According to Nowra Al-Ebady and others in their full length research,

Evaluation of Antifungal Activity of Some Plant Extracts and

their Applicability in Extending the Shelf Life of Stored Tomato

Fruits

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) is an important commercial crop in

the world. Nutritional values of tomato make it a widely accepted vegetable by

consumers. However, tomato is a very perishable vegetable with a short shelf-life

and high susceptibility to fungal disease during prolonged storage. Fruits are

spoiled primarily by fungi due to their low pH which in addition to causing rot

could also contaminate the fruits by producing mycotoxins. Tomato fruits are

subject to attack by various fungal pathogens during harvesting, transportation

and marketing postharvest disease caused by various pathogenic fungi.

The main method to control fungi of post-harvest diseases is based on

application of synthetic chemical products. Although the use of synthetic

pesticides in plant protection had made a great contribution to plant protection,

many are no longer used because of economic, environmental or health concerns,

or due to development of resistant strains. However, nowadays consumers

demand less use of synthetic chemicals and still expect food to be free from

13
blemishes, microbial growth, toxins and other quality deteriorating factors.

Therefore, the scientific community at international level is looking for safer

alternative products from plants to control pests during storage. Recently,

medicinal plants and their extracts have gained importance as potential

antimicrobial agents because they are generally assumed to be more acceptable

and less hazardous than synthetic compounds. Numerous studies have

documented the antifungal properties of plant products.

The results showed that all examined were completely inhibited (100%)

fungal infection development on tested tomato fruits. However no reduction in

the fungal infection was achieved when treated tomato fruits were stored at 25°C

for 12 days. It seems that there was a synergistic effect of oregano and

refrigeration in preventing infection development on stored tomatoes as evident

by the complete decaying of oregano treated tomatoes stored at ambient

temperature.

 According to E.M. Soylu and others in their full length research,

Antifungal effects of essential oils from oregano and fennel on

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

The antifungal effects of essential oils of oregano were evaluated against

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Effects of the essential oils on morphological

structures of hyphae and sclerotia were studied under light and scanning

electron microscopes (SEM). Methods and Results: Inhibitory effects of

volatile and contact phases of the essential oils used were determined on

14
hyphae and sclerotia. Both essential oils have a marked antifungal effect

against S. sclerotiorum.

Essential oil of fennel has more inhibitory effects to S. sclerotiorum than

oregano oil in both volatile and contact phase effect studies.

 According to Gordana R. Dimić and others in their full length research,

Antifungal activity of Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) extract on

the growth of Fusarium and Penicillium species isolated from

food

Molds comprise a large group of microorganisms, which are

frequent contaminants, and causes of spoilage in many food commodities.

Fusarium species are field molds, which require higher substrate moisture

and lower temperatures for growth and commonly contaminate plants on

fields. They are frequent contaminants of cereals (corn, barley, wheat,

oats, rye, rice, etc.), cereal products (flour, bread, cakes, etc.), fruits and

vegetable. Penicillium species are storage molds with lower requirements

regarding substrate moisture but higher temperature requirements and

are frequently isolated from stored products. Enormous economic

damages take place as a consequence of food deterioration caused by

metabolic activity of microorganisms.

The oregano extract at the tested concentrations showed a capacity

to reduce or inhibit the growth of Fusarium and Penicillium species. The

inhibitory effect of the extract increased proportionally with concentration

and was also affected by treatment duration. Growth rate and colony

15
 growth inhibition of tested molds in the presence of oregano extract are

presented.

The obtained results suggest that the oregano extract is suitable as

antifungal agent in food applications. However, additional research is

necessary to assess more in detail the practical application of the tested

concentrations in the real food system (e.g., bakery products).

 According to Minton, Barbara L. in her article in this website

http://heritagegarden.uic.edu/oregano-origanum-vulgare/,

Oregano is a popular herb used on pizzas and various tomato and meat

dishes and salads. The leaves are used in culinary dishes in the dried form. It

was used in ancient Mediterranean societies to treat digestive and respiratory

problems. It is also used to treat colds, fevers, the flu, and indigestion. In

Mexico, the leaves and flowers from the oregano plant are used to brew a tea

to promote menstruation and relieves cramps. The oregano tea is also taken

to treat a sore throat or bronchitis. Wild oregano oil has been and still is used

today as a powerful immune boosting substance.

Oregano is native to the Mediterranean region of Europe and Asia.

Oregano was used by the Ancient Greeks and Romans in their food. Wild

oregano oil is used throughout Mediterranean cultures as a powerful

medicine. Mexican oregano is used as an herbal remedy, and was originally

used by the Aztecs to treat flatulence. Today many communities use oregano

16
 oil as a natural remedy for a variety of ailments, so it mostly has an

association of healing.

 According to Scott Gavura in his article in this website

https://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/oil-of-oregano/,

Oregano is the most powerful germ killer with scientifically proven results

against almost every virus, bacteria, parasite, and fungi. The complexity of the

phytochemical matrix in Oregano possesses a broad spectrum of antimicrobial

properties that are safe for prolonged use. The oil can be used topically and

internally. Oregano is the medicine chest in a bottle, especially since it is proven

never to harm the internal organs, even when used daily for health maintenance.

Oil of oregano, and the claims attached to it, is a great example of how

interesting laboratory findings can be wildly exaggerated to imply meaningful

effects in humans. A few small studies have been conducted, mainly in the lab,

and advocates argue this is evidence of effectiveness. The rest is all anecdotes.

Despite the hype, there is no persuasive evidence to demonstrate that oil of

oregano does anything useful in or on our bodies. And while it is popular, there is

no science to support the use of oil of oregano for any medical condition.

Suggesting that this herb is can effectively treat serious medical conditions like

diabetes, asthma, and cancer is foolish and dangerous. If you’re ill, stick to the

proven science, and save your oregano for cooking.

17
  According to the author in his article in this website

http://the-alternative-cure.org/herbal-treatments/cuban-

oregano-health-benefits/,

Medicinally, the juice of the leaves is prescribes in cases of

dyspepsia, cure for asthma, pains in the neighborhood of the heart and

stomach, given after childbirth, coughs, bronchitis, bladder, kidneys,

expels poison from the body, urinary diseases, vaginal discharges, chronic

coughs, epilepsy, convulsive affections, colic in children, good in

suppressed urine and menstruation, scurvy, jaundice, expels gas from the

stomach and bowels, rheumatism and relieves sour stomach and dropsy.

 According to Lana Lokteffin her article in this website

https://redice.tv/news/wild-oregano-king-of-herbs,

Oregano oil contains four main groups of chemicals that contribute

to its potent healing powers. Phenols, such as carvacrol and thymol, act as

antiseptics and antioxidants, while terpenes, which include pinene and terpinene,

exhibit antiseptic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and anesthetic properties.

Linalool and bonreol are two long-chain alcohols found in oregano oil, which add

to the antiviral and antiseptic qualities. Esters are potent antifungal agents. Two

that are found in abundance in oregano oil are linalyl acetate and geranyl acetate.

In ancient Greek physicians prescribed oregano for trauma,

wounds, headaches, lung disorders, asthma, seizures, venomous bites and even

poisoning. During the middle ages, Islamics used oregano oil as a germ killer and

18
a food preserver. In Britain, oregano was regarded as the ideal remedy for a heal

cold in the 17th century.

Wild oregano is rich in a long list of minerals that includes calcium,

magnesium, zinc, iron, potassium, copper, boron, and manganese. Vitamins C

and A (beta carotene) and niacin also are contained in oregano. Oregano is a

powerhouse for fighting yeast, fungus, allergies and stopping infections.

Additionally, oregano oil works to clear up eczema, psoriasis, warts and rashes.

Oregano oil can be taken internally and topically. It is strong, so

when using it internally, start with small amounts, like one or two drops twice

daily in juice. Take one drop twice per day working your way to one drop four

times per day. Mix with one teaspoon of honey, maple syrup, or olive oil to

improve palatability. Take for a period of 15 days and then stop for 15 days. Then

repeat the process until you’re cured.

Externally, oil of oregano may also be applied topically to treat

itches, infections of the skin, gums, teeth, and just about any orifice in the body,

including genitals. Exercise care if you use it in the genital region where it is best

mixed with carrier oil before application (1 drop per teaspoon of oil). Wild

oregano has a bite to it so it can burn or tingle. If it’s too much for you, dilute it

with more oil.

19
  According to Keith Singletary, PhD in her article in this website

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232240488_Oregan

o_Overview_of_the_Literature_on_Health_Benefits,

Oregano is an herb that has been

cultivated for centuries in the
Mediterranean area, although it now can
be found on most
continents. Actually, there is not simply
one ‘‘oregano,’’ but
rather several species that may
contribute to the oregano used
for culinary purposes. Origanum vulgare
(also referred to as
Spanish thyme and wild marjoram), a
member of the plant
family Lamiaceae, is generally the spice
variety sold as
oregano in Europe and the United States.
Medicinal uses for
20
oregano date back to the ancient Greek
and Roman empires
where applications of the leaves were
used to treat such
maladies as skin sores and relieve
aching muscles and as an
antiseptic. Oregano also has been used
in traditional
medicines for such ailments as asthma,
cramping, diarrhea,
and indigestion. In Greece, an oregano
infusion is still used as
a folk remedy against colds and upset
stomach and to
maintain general health. Based on the
current scientific
literature, oregano extracts and
individual constituents

21
consistently have demonstrated
antimicrobial actions in vitro
toward food-borne pathogens, although
the capacity to
counter human infections is not well
studied. Oregano
contains several potent antioxidants that
may contribute to the
findings in preliminary studies that
oregano exhibits benefits
toward the cardiovascular and nervous
systems, relieves
symptoms of inflammation, and
modulates blood sugar and
lipids. Well-controlled human studies
substantiating these
health effects are lacking.
Oregano is an herb that has been
cultivated for centuries in the
22
Mediterranean area, although it now can
be found on most
continents. Actually, there is not simply
one ‘‘oregano,’’ but
rather several species that may
contribute to the oregano used
for culinary purposes. Origanum vulgare
(also referred to as
Spanish thyme and wild marjoram), a
member of the plant
family Lamiaceae, is generally the spice
variety sold as
oregano in Europe and the United States.
Medicinal uses for
oregano date back to the ancient Greek
and Roman empires
where applications of the leaves were
used to treat such

23
maladies as skin sores and relieve
aching muscles and as an
antiseptic. Oregano also has been used
in traditional
medicines for such ailments as asthma,
cramping, diarrhea,
and indigestion. In Greece, an oregano
infusion is still used as
a folk remedy against colds and upset
stomach and to
maintain general health. Based on the
current scientific
literature, oregano extracts and
individual constituents
consistently have demonstrated
antimicrobial actions in vitro
toward food-borne pathogens, although
the capacity to

24
counter human infections is not well
studied. Oregano
contains several potent antioxidants that
may contribute to the
findings in preliminary studies that
oregano exhibits benefits
toward the cardiovascular and nervous
systems, relieves
symptoms of inflammation, and
modulates blood sugar and
lipids. Well-controlled human studies
substantiating these
health effects are lacking.
oregano has several properties that
deserve further
characterization and confirmation. It is
clear that oregano’s
chemical constituents can suppress the
growth of a broad
25
range of microorganisms in vitro. The
conditions under
which it can act effectively to
counteract microbial
contamination in food products need to
be better
examined. Particularly valuable will be
characterization
of the conditions under which its
constituents may combat
human infection.
20
There is limited but suggestive
evidence that oregano bioactive
components may suppress
inflammation and improve blood
glucose and lipid
regulation. Such properties warrant
additional preclinical
26
evaluation to determine the active
agents, potential
mechanisms, and consistency among
experimental models.
In particular, confirmation of the
potential capacity of
oregano to decrease hyperglycemia and
enhance insulin
sensitivity and the doses necessary to do
so warrant further
investigation. Lastly, despite numerous
reports that
oregano’s phytochemicals have
antioxidant actions in vitro,
the in vivo evidence in animals is
limited and in humans
is unsubstantiated.
14

27
 Oregano has several properties that still need further

characterization and confirmation, despite the fact that it is clear that oregano's

chemical constituents can suppress the growth of a broad range of

microorganisms in vitro. The conditions under which it can act effectively to

counteract microbial contamination in food products need to be better examined.

Other than that, oregano displays a high potential of curing various

diseases, specifically in decreasing hyperglycemia and confirming the

enhancement of insulin sensitivity. Lastly, it also improves blood glucose and

lipid regulation.

 According to Keith Singletary, PhD in her article in this website,

https://jonbarron.org/herbal-library/herbs/oregano-wild-

oregano-oil,

https://jonbarron.org/herbal-library/herbs/oregano-wild-oregano-oil

Oregano is an herb that has been

cultivated for centuries in the
Mediterranean area, although it now can
be found on most
continents. Actually, there is not simply
one ‘‘oregano,’’ but

28
rather several species that may
contribute to the oregano used
for culinary purposes. Origanum vulgare
(also referred to as
Spanish thyme and wild marjoram), a
member of the plant
family Lamiaceae, is generally the spice
variety sold as
oregano in Europe and the United States.
Medicinal uses for
oregano date back to the ancient Greek
and Roman empires
where applications of the leaves were
used to treat such
maladies as skin sores and relieve
aching muscles and as an
antiseptic. Oregano also has been used
in traditional

29
medicines for such ailments as asthma,
cramping, diarrhea,
and indigestion. In Greece, an oregano
infusion is still used as
a folk remedy against colds and upset
stomach and to
maintain general health. Based on the
current scientific
literature, oregano extracts and
individual constituents
consistently have demonstrated
antimicrobial actions in vitro
toward food-borne pathogens, although
the capacity to
counter human infections is not well
studied. Oregano
contains several potent antioxidants that
may contribute to the

30
findings in preliminary studies that
oregano exhibits benefits
toward the cardiovascular and nervous
systems, relieves
symptoms of inflammation, and
modulates blood sugar and
lipids. Well-controlled human studies
substantiating these
health effects are lacking.
Oregano is an herb that has been
cultivated for centuries in the
Mediterranean area, although it now can
be found on most
continents. Actually, there is not simply
one ‘‘oregano,’’ but
rather several species that may
contribute to the oregano used
for culinary purposes. Origanum vulgare
(also referred to as
31
Spanish thyme and wild marjoram), a
member of the plant
family Lamiaceae, is generally the spice
variety sold as
oregano in Europe and the United States.
Medicinal uses for
oregano date back to the ancient Greek
and Roman empires
where applications of the leaves were
used to treat such
maladies as skin sores and relieve
aching muscles and as an
antiseptic. Oregano also has been used
in traditional
medicines for such ailments as asthma,
cramping, diarrhea,
and indigestion. In Greece, an oregano
infusion is still used as

32
a folk remedy against colds and upset
stomach and to
maintain general health. Based on the
current scientific
literature, oregano extracts and
individual constituents
consistently have demonstrated
antimicrobial actions in vitro
toward food-borne pathogens, although
the capacity to
counter human infections is not well
studied. Oregano
contains several potent antioxidants that
may contribute to the
findings in preliminary studies that
oregano exhibits benefits
toward the cardiovascular and nervous
systems, relieves

33
symptoms of inflammation, and
modulates blood sugar and
lipids. Well-controlled human studies
substantiating these
health effects are lacking.
oregano has several properties that
deserve further
characterization and confirmation. It is
clear that oregano’s
chemical constituents can suppress the
growth of a broad
range of microorganisms in vitro. The
conditions under
which it can act effectively to
counteract microbial
contamination in food products need to
be better
examined. Particularly valuable will be
characterization
34
of the conditions under which its
constituents may combat
human infection.
20
There is limited but suggestive
evidence that oregano bioactive
components may suppress
inflammation and improve blood
glucose and lipid
regulation. Such properties warrant
additional preclinical
evaluation to determine the active
agents, potential
mechanisms, and consistency among
experimental models.
In particular, confirmation of the
potential capacity of
oregano to decrease hyperglycemia and
enhance insulin
35
sensitivity and the doses necessary to do
so warrant further
investigation. Lastly, despite numerous
reports that
oregano’s phytochemicals have
antioxidant actions in vitro,
the in vivo evidence in animals is
limited and in humans
is unsubstantiated.
14
Oregano is has remarkable properties found in the oil that is made

from the leaves and flowers of the wild oregano plant that grows naturally

in the mountainous Mediterranean regions. Wild oil of oregano has been

shown to have natural antibacterial and antifungal properties. Most

notably, its bioactives, thymol and carvacol, can help inhibit the growth of

many different types of bacteria and fungi, such as ones that can cause

food-borne illnesses. In fact, studies have shown that oregano oil appears

to reduce infection as effectively as traditional antibiotics.

And it’s not just antibacterial rivaling even pharmaceutical

antibiotics such as streptomycin, penicillin, vancomycin, nystatin, and

amphotericin in its ability to eliminate microbes. Wild mountain oregano

36
 has also proven useful as an antiviral and antifungal agent. Remarkably,

Oil of Oregano accomplishes this without promoting the development of

drug resistant strains and other problems often attributed to the use of

standard antibiotics. In addition to this already impressive list of abilities,

Oil of Oregano is also a powerful parasitic expellant.

 According to Dr. Mercola in his article in this website,

http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2014/02/01/

oregano-health-benefits.aspx

According to one study, one active agent in oregano is rosmarinic

acid, which is a strong antioxidant that may support immune system

health. Oregano has one of the highest antioxidant activity ratings, with 42

times the antioxidant punch of apples.

Carvacol and thymol, two phytochemicals in oregano, are powerful

antimicrobials. Research has shown essential oils from oregano may kill

the foodborne pathogen Listeria4 and the superbug MRSA (making it a

useful addition to hand soaps and disinfectants).

Oregano contains beta-caryophyllin (E-BCP), a substance that

inhibits inflammation and may also be beneficial for conditions including

osteoporosis and arteriosclerosis, as well as metabolic syndrome.

Oregano also has potential anti-viral activity, and a spray

containing aromatic essential oils from five plants, including oregano, was

37
found to significantly relieve symptoms "immediately" in those with upper

respiratory infections.

Oregano oil can also be useful in treating colds and flu. Generally,

the higher the carvacrol concentration, the more effective it is.

Interestingly, oregano encourages sweat production as a mode of detox,

and ingesting it may help your body to get rid of unwanted phlegm in your

lungs.

Oregano extract has been shown to "lead to growth arrest and cell

death in a dose- and time-dependent manner" in colon cancer cells.11 A

phytochemical in oregano, carnosol, has also been "evaluated for anti-

cancer property in prostate, breast, skin, leukemia, and colon cancer with

promising results.

38
Chapter III: Methodology

A. Materials

PICTURE OF THE QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE

NAME
MATERIAL

oregano leaves substantial amount fresh, green, rough

coconut oil 130 mL translucent, white

water 250mL warm

2 (1 airtight, 1
container clear
open)

39
mortar and
1 heavy, smooth
pestle

B. Procedure

2. The oregano leaves were washed and rinsed with warm water.

3. An amount of leaves were transferred and were ground into smallest possible
pieces using mortar and pestle.

1. The leaves were placed in an open container.

3. The ground leaves were placed in an airtight container.

4. 130 mL of extracted oil were collected.

5. A proportional amount of coconut oil is added as base oil.

40
Chapter IV: Analysis and Interpretation of Data

A. Presentation of Data:

Oregano is a perennial herb which is well-known herbal medicine for various

diseases. Origanum vulgare is mainly used in culinary due to its aromatic flavor, as an

ornament and in medicinal aspects because it has antibacterial properties. It grows from

20 cm to 80 cm with gray-green leaves.

Some of these said chemicals have antifungal activities such as thymol and carvacrol.

The extracts may be produced as supplements, medicine, ointments and teas. In this

case, oregano oil will be used as a main component for anti-dandruff shampoo which

will have less chemical usage. The most essential parts of this plant are the leaves.

Throughout the study, the oil extracts from oregano leaves have shown properties

that would greatly affect fungus growth on one’s scalp.

DAY 1

41
DAY 2

DAY 3

DAY 4

42
 DAY 5

DAY 6

DAY 7

B. Interpretation of Data:

43
 The results shown above depict that the use of Oregano oil as an anti-dandruff

shampoo is effective. The first few days of experimentation showed little changes, but as

the days passed, changes became more evident. At the third day of the experiment,

changes began to be seen, and dandruff continued to fade until the last day. With the

help of the properties of oregano oil, dandruff was lessened effectively within 7 days, as

shown in the table above.

C. Analysis of Data:

Based on the experiment done by the researchers, the study is proven effective as an

anti-dandruff shampoo. As said earlier, Origanum vulgare contains anti-fungal

properties which protect healthy scalp cells from spreading fungus, which is a reason to

why this study has resulted to effective finishes. Because of this, fungus on one’s scalp

can now be treated in one’s home.

44
Chapter V: Conclusion and Recommendation

A. Conclusion

Based on the held study, scalp fungal infections react to oil extracts from

oregano due to the properties it contains, such as antifungal properties which

destroy fungus contained in the scalp, and antioxidants that regenerate the

affected area which both aid in treating dandruff to relieve an individual from

irritation and itching. Through this, it shall protect the said individual from

fungus which can cause severe fungal infections.

B. Recommendation

From the drawn conclusion, the researchers recommend that the future

studies include the after effects of oregano oil as shampoo treatment for

dandruff. The researchers’ other recommendations are the following:

 Expand your knowledge on ways on how to create an anti-dandruff

shampoo with the mentioned materials.

 Prepare for the experiment with ample time.

 Do not rush in buying materials for the product may expire before it

is needed.

 Make sure that the oil is properly extracted.

 Compare the product you have with other commercial products

being sold in the market.

45
Chapter IV: Bibliography

1. Cleff, Marlete Brum (et.al), Vol. 7 (2013), Essential Oils against Candida spp:

in vitro antifungal activity of Origanum vulgare

2. Racowski I. (et.al), (2016), Antifungal Activity of Infusions from Fresh

Oregano, Laurel and Rosemary Leaves and Their Commercial Essential Oils

against Acremonium sp.

3. Císarová, Miroslava (et.al), (2016), Antifungal Activity of Lemon, Eucalyptus,

Thyme, Oregano, Sage and Lavender Essential Oils Against Aspergillus Niger

and Aspergillus Tubingensis Isolated from Grapes

4. Savković, Željko D. (et.al), (2016), Comparison of anti-Aspergillus activity of

Origanum vulgare L. essential oil and commercial biocide based on silver ions

and hydrogen peroxide

5. Raposo, Nádia RB (et.al), (2015), Chemical Composition and Antifungal

Properties of Essential Oil of Origanum vulgare Linnaeus (Lamiaceae) against

Sporothrix schenckii and Sporothrix brasiliensis

6. Al-Ebady, Nowra (et.al), (2014), Evaluation of Antifungal Activity of Some

Plant Extracts and their Applicability in Extending the Shelf Life of Stored

Tomato Fruits

7. Soylu, E.M. (et.al), (2007), Antifungal effects of essential oils from oregano

and fennel on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

8. Dimić, Gordana R. (et.al), (2012), Antifungal activity of Oregano (Origanum

vulgare L.) extract on the growth of Fusarium and Penicillium species isolated

from food

46
 9. Minton, Barbara L. , http://heritagegarden.uic.edu/oregano-origanum-

vulgare/

10. Scott Gavura, https://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/oil-of-oregano/

11. http://the-alternative-cure.org/herbal-treatments/cuban-oregano-health-

benefits/

12. Lana Lokteffin, https://redice.tv/news/wild-oregano-king-of-herbs

13. Keith Singletary, PhD,

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232240488_Oregano_Overview_of_

the_Literature_on_Health_Benefits

14. Keith Singletary, PhD

https://jonbarron.org/herbal-library/herbs/oregano-wild-oregano-oil,

15. Dr. Mercola in his article in this website,

http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2014/02/01/oregano-health-

benefits.aspx

47