VIRGIN COCONUT (Cocos nucifera) OIL AND ORANGE (Citrus x

senensis ) PEEL EXTRACT AS LIQUID HAND SOAP

Dimensions (Detailed
Description of Unacceptable Acceptable Very Outstanding
Dimensions on Good
attached page)
Summary □ □ □ □
Specific Aims □ □ □ □

Significance □ □ □ □

Expression of □ □ □ □
Background/Existing
Information
Research Design and □ □ □ □
Methodology
Auguis, Allexis Kurt
Bisinga, Hannah Grace
Bolonia, Crystyl Yzyl Jyv
Haspe, Frexie

CHAPTER 1
 RATIONALE AND BACKGROUND

COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) is an illness brought on by the SARS

COV-2 virus. It was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and has
since spread throughout the world. Numerous people have died from the disease,
which is highly contagious and has spread quickly. According to the list of
Worldometer (2022), there are 228 nations and territories affected by the coronavirus
disease (COVID-19), an infectious disease brought on by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
The Philippines is ranked 38th on the list.

As the Philippines being part of 228 affected countries, the Department of

Health (2021) took safety measures, such as wearing a face mask and face shield,
washing your hands frequently, keeping a one-meter physical distance, avoiding
physical contact, and ensuring enough indoor ventilation and air movement are all
recommended.

This safety protocol was properly followed in Davao de Oro as well. The
Lorenzo S. Sarmiento Sr. National High School (LSSSNHS) can be used as an
example of that. During the pandemic, they installed a hand washing station at the
school’s entrance. More recently, they began offering full-face-to-face classes and
mandated that each classroom should have a hand washing station.

However, we are not aware that the common liquid hand soap that we uses
contains SLS (also known as sodium lauryl sulfate), scents, and dyes
(Cleancult,2017). These chemicals are not good in our skin and to the environment
because SLS is toxic for the aquatic life (Green at home, 2019) and also SLS
increases the rate of water loss which can be defining factor for skin irritation
(Roodt,2020).

Regular hand washing is indeed one aspect of maintaining proper hand

hygiene. Caring for your skin in general is crucial since it serves as your body’s most
efficient defense against illness. This study is absolutely significant to our society
today considering good and proper hand hygiene is one of the necessities. In
comparison to washing your hands with just water, employing soap and water can
significantly more effectively rid your hands of disease-causing germs. People who
have skin irritation from soap may find it helpful to know that soaps can have a range
of pHs, including neutral, slightly alkaline, and slightly acidic, and with that people
might benefit from switching soaps (Victorian Government, 2021). Therefore, this
studies objective is to utilize virgin coconut oil and orange peel extract as liquid hand
soap with less chemical content. In general, having less chemical content in liquid
hand washing soap is preferable than regular hand washing soap, especially for
daily purposes.

Statement of the problem

This proposed research will revolve on the making of liquid hand soap with
less chemical content.

Significance of the study

The product we’ll be utilizing in this study is a liquid hand soap with less
chemical content that uses virgin coconut oil and orange peel extract, this are the
following that could benefit the product:

Environment – the study would benefit the environment by lowering pollution.

Community – the product would protect the community from bacteria and
germs while them who uses the product is not harming the environment.

Consumer – the product is inexpensive because it only contains few

chemicals, consumers can save money by purchasing it.

Scope and limitation of the study

The main focus of this study is to create liquid hand soap that has fewer
chemicals. Therefore, this research is limited only to producing liquid hand soap
using virgin coconut oil and orange peel extract.
Definition of Terms

Glycerine - also known as glycerol, is a natural compound derived from

vegetable oils or animal fats. It’s a clear, colorless, odorless, and syrupy liquid with a
sweet taste. (Gathers,MD)

Liquid Hand soap - A cleansing agent, manufactured in liquid form, made

from a mixture of the sodium salts of various fatty acids of natural oils and fats.
(Dictionary)

Orange peel extract - is produced by drying a zested orange peel, followed

by a process of soaking in alcohol solvents. The remaining extract has a citrus scent
and is a good source of antioxidant compounds. It also has traces of peel essential
oil (Ecostore).

Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) - a white, deliquescent, water-soluble solid,

KOH, usually in the form of lumps, sticks, or pellets, that upon solution in water
generates heat: used chiefly in the manufacture of soap, as a laboratory reagent,
and as a caustic.(Dictionary)

SLS - commonly referred to as sodium lauryl sulfate, is a common surfactant

found in household cleaners, cosmetics, and personal care items. A powerful anionic
surfactant used to remove oily stains and residues is the sodium lauryl sulfate
formula. It is present in high quantities in industrial goods, such as floor cleaners,
vehicle wash products, and engine degreasers, where workplace safeguards can be
put in place to prevent hazardous exposures (American cleaning Institute).

Virgin Coconut Oil - is produced by cold-pressing the liquid from the coconut
meat, later extracting the oil from milk and water and has a milky appearance. It is
100% natural, unbleached and cold-pressed. Virgin coconut oil is popular for its
pleasant aroma, taste, powerful antioxidants, healthy fatty acids and essential
vitamins.(Binu,2021).
 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter present the relevant literature and studies that the researchers
considered in strengthening the claimed importance of the study present study.

VIRGIN COCONUT OIL

First is the research of Widyasanti et, al (2018) the objectives of their study is
to determine both formulation of paper soap using Coconut oil and Virgin coconut oil
with the addition of glycerine. The result of their research is a clear and a good
quality of paper soap.

Second is according to Link (2019) that the Virgin coconut oil contains
medium-chain fatty acids that have antibacterial qualities. Coconut oil contains lauric
acid, which accounts for over 50% of the fatty acids and has the ability to combat
harmful germs.

ORANGE PEEL

In the study of Colman,Barrameda, and Garcia (2013) their objective is to

create a chemical free, environment-friendly, and organic dishwashing liquid from
orange peels. According to Floridachemical.com, one of the uses of orange peels is
as a natural solvent cleaner because they contain d-limonene- they are used in a
wide variety of cleaning products and they are extremely safe. Through this study
one would be aware of the importance of using organic products in cleaning. At the
end of the study the researchers concluded that the use of chemicals shouldn’t set
aside for they are important in making soap products, they can be used as an added
cleaning agent and foaming agent as well. However, the researchers tried to make
an organic dishwashing liquid with fewer chemicals.

In addition to that Gayathri (2022) stated that we often eat the pulpy oranges
and throw out their peel. Without knowing that orange peel can cure your skin care
issues,the benefits of orange peel for skin are a lot. It’s loaded with antioxidants and
nutrients that are important for your skin’s health. The higher concentration of
Vitamin C antibacterial and antimicrobial properties in the peel than in the fruit puts
orange peel in demand in the skincare industry.
 And lastly according to Minnesota Department of Health (2022) germs can
flourish and are easily transmitted from one person to another because of bar soap.
If there are no skin illnesses in the home, bar soap may be used. While liquid soap is
typically preferred over bar soap for hand washing, bar soap should not be used in
public settings. It’s simple to use liquid soap, and using it will prevent the spread of
germs. To prevent your hands from drying out as rapidly from repeatedly washing
them, many liquid soaps also contain a moisturizing component. In comparison to
washing your hands with just water, employing soap and water can significantly
more effectively rid your hands of disease-causing germs.(DOH)
 CHAPTER 3

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Research method

This study employs a quantitative experimental research methodology. This

research is anticipated to last from November 2022 until January 2023. The objective
of this study is to create liquid hand soap from waste orange peels and virgin
coconut oil that can be used in our community.

Materials

ORANGE PEEL VIRGIN COCONUT OIL LIQUID HAND SOAP

EXTRACT
Orange peel Coconuts Virgin Coconut oil
Grain alcohol Water Orange peel extract
Water Potassium Hydroxide
Glycerine
Distilled water

Equipment/Apparatus or Utensils

ORANGE PEEL
VIRGIN COCONUT OIL LIQUID HAND SOAP
EXTRACT
Cheese cloth Bottle Blender
Clean cloth Clean cloth Bowls
Zester Coconut scraper Empty hand soap bottle
Mason Jar Cup Jar
Paper towels Knife Pot
Pot Ladle spatula
Pot
Plastic Container
Strainer
Towel
Procedure:

Making the orange extract:

By: Ritu Takur (2021)

1st step: Assemble your materials. In order to extract orange oil in a jar, you will need
a mason jar, a zester and some grain alcohol. Because it is largely tasteless, vodka
works best for creating orange oil. It will not dilute or overwhelm the orange scent in
the finished oil.

2nd step: Remove the orange peels. The essential oil in oranges, limonene, is largely
found in the peel. Because of this, you will want to remove the peels from oranges
before making your oil. You can either cut the peel from the orange with a knife or
grind off the peel with a zester.

For best results, avoid cutting off any of the pith. This part of the orange has
very little limonene and will make your mixture bitter.If you do not have a zester, you
can also use a Microplane, a vegetable peeler, or a paring knife.The amount of
oranges used can vary. It depends on how many oranges you have or how much
essential oil you want to make.

3rd step: Dry the peels. Once you have removed the peels, you will need to let them
dry. Place them on a paper towel and leave them in direct sunlight until they are
completely dry. Depending on the humidity in your area, this can take a couple of
days. To accelerate the process, try chopping the orange peels into small pieces (1
in or 2.5 cm).

4th step: Grind the peels. After the peels have dried, place them in a food processor.
Grind them until they are a coarse consistency. Avoid over drying your peels. This
can cause them to lose some of their limonene.

If you used a Microplane or a zester, you will not need to grind the peels further.

5th step: Warm the grain alcohol. Fill a bowl with warm tap water. It should be warm
but not overly hot (around 90 degrees Fahrenheit or 32 degrees Celsius). Place the
bottle of grain alcohol in the warm water and let it soak for about 20 minutes.
Vodka works well for this process.

You can use cold alcohol. However, warm alcohol will help you get more oil.

6th step: Cover the peels with warm grain alcohol and give them a shake. Place the
zested or ground orange peel in a mason jar. Pour in enough alcohol to completely
cover the orange peels. Once you have covered the grinds, secure the lid and
vigorously shake the jar for several minutes.

7th step: Let the mixture sit for two or three days. During that time, you may also
want to shake the mixture two or three times a day. You may also consider letting sit
longer than a few days. The more you shake it and the longer you let it sit, the more
oil you will get from your mixture.

8th step: Strain the mixture. Using a coffee filter or a cheese cloth, strain the mixture
into a shallow dish. Be sure to squeeze all of the liquid into the bowl.

9th step: Allow the alcohol to evaporate. Cover the bowl with a cloth or paper towel
and let it sit for a few days. This will allow the remaining alcohol in the mixture to
evaporate. Once the alcohol has evaporated, you will be left with orange oil.

Do not let the towel fall into the mixture. It will suck up the oil.

Once the alcohol has evaporated, put the remaining oil in a container with a lid.

Making of Virgin Coconut oil

By: Tasty food by Mitu (2020)

NOTE: You must wash your hands before you proceed to the procedure

1st step: gather all the things you need to make a virgin coconut oil.

2nd step: Scrape the coconut meat.

3rd step: Put the scraped coconut meat into the pot.

4th step: Mix the coconut meat with 2 cups of warm water.

5th step: Mix it with your hands so that the coconut milk will be separated from the
coconut meat.
6th step: Put the coconut meat into the clean cloth.

7th step: Squeeze the clean cloth with the coconut meat on the pot to get all of the
milk.

8th step: After you squeeze, put the coconut milk in to the Plastic container.

9th step: Put the dried coconut meat back into the pot and repeat step 4 to 8 once.

10th step: Cover the container and put it in the freezer for at least 10 hours to
solidify.

(This will separate the cream and the water).

11th step: After that, scoop the cream part of the milk

12th step: then put it to the different container and cover it.

13th step: Cover the whole container with towel and leave it in a warm place, and
ferment it overnight.

(With that, the curd and the water will be separated overnight)

14th step: After it ferments, put the plastic container in the freezer for few hours to
solidify.

15th step: Scoop the curd part of the cream out with ladle, and put it into another
plastic container and cover it.

16th step: Cover it again with towel and keep it in the warm place for 2 days.

(With that, the oil (the top part) will separate from the curd and water).

17th step: Carefully scoop the oil and strain it in the bottle (or a cup) with the strainer
with a clean cloth onto it.

AND IT’S DONE!

NOTE: Do not squeeze the cloth and if there is still water in the oil, put it in the
freezer to solidify and separate the oil from the water.
Procedure of making the liquid hand soap:

By:Tracy Ariza (2021)

Making the lye solution

In a separate medium-sized bowl, mix together the water and glycerin. In a

separate smaller bowl, weigh out the potassium hydroxide (KOH).Pour the KOH into
the water and glycerine mixture. Mix them together until the KOH is fully dissolved
into the water and glycerine mixture. It will be cloudy at first but will clear up. It will
also get very warm.

Making the soap paste

Carefully pour the KOH mixture into the warm coconut oil, and slowly mix
them together. This can either be done right in the slow cooker crock or in a large
bowl.Using an immersions blender, blend the ingredients together. The mixture will
begin to thicken after a few minutes. A couple of minutes later, the mixture will
probably begin to look grainy. Continue to blend. (You can take breaks to give your
blender time to rest. This helps prevent burning out the motor.)Soon after the mixture
gets smooth again, it will start to thicken. At that point, you may want to remove the
immersion blender as the mixture turns into a paste pretty suddenly. (You don’t want
to burn out the motor of the blender or get it stuck in the soap paste.)

Cooking the soap paste

Once the paste has formed, it should be cooked to help finish the
saponification process and make a translucent soap. (I’ve tried skipping this step and
the paste stayed opaque and the finish soap was on the cloudy side. Even cooking
for a short time, though, was enough to get the paste to the point where it could
finish the process on its own, with time.)Cooking in the slow cooker is the best
option, if you have one. If you’re using a slow cooker, cover the soap and cook it on
low for several hours .Every half hour or so, try to mix the soap paste as best you
can. You can flip it over to expose different parts of the soap paste to cook the paste
evenly. As it cooks, the mixture will become more translucent. The process will take
3-4 hours.
 Check for doneness

Dissolve a small amount of the paste into distilled water, checking to see if
dissolves into a clear soap. If the liquid is cloudy, you can continue to cook the soap
in the slow cooker for another half an hour before checking on it again. If it dissolves
clear, you are finished making the soap paste. Once ready, the soap paste can be
stored or dissolved into liquid soap as needed.

Storage

To store liquid soap paste, scoop it into a covered glass or plastic container or
in Zip lock type plastic bags. The soap paste can be kept in a cool, dark place for a
very long time. Avoid storing in metal containers and avoid contact with metal as
certain metals can react with the soap paste and shorten its lifespan.

Diluting the soap paste

To use the soap paste, it will need to be diluted in water. I suggest using
distilled water to ensure a transparent soap. You can add more or less water,
depending on the desired concentration. I generally 1 part soap paste to 1-3 parts
water. For fragrance, I also often add a few drops of essential oils to my liquid soap
at the time of dilution.
 SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITIES

MAKING THE ORANGE EXTRACT SCHEDULES

ACTIVITIES DATE TARGET OUTPUT

Buying of materials and
gathering of utensils.
Zesting the orange peels.
Drying of orange peels.
Do the 5th to 7th step of
making the orange extract.
Do the 8th and 9th step of
making orange extract.
The materials are all
Nov 3-4,2022
complete and all gathered.
A tiny pieces of orange
Nov 7, 2022
peels.
Completely dried orange
Nov. 8-11, 2022
peels.
The mixture of orange peels
Nov.15-16
and grain alcohol.
Nov.17-18, 2022 The orange peel extract.

MAKING THE VIRGIN COCONUT OIL SCHEDULE

The materials are all

Buying of materials and
Nov 3-4,2022 complete and all
gathering of utensils.
gathered.
We can get the coconut
Scrape the coconut milk Nov 7,2022
milk.

Do the 3rd – 10th step of To produce a coconut

Nov 8-11,2022
making virgin coconut oil milk.

Do the 11th- 13th step of We can get the fermented

making the virgin coconut Nov 14,2022 outcome of the cream
oil. part of coconut milk.
 Do the 14th-16th step of Separate curd part of the
Nov 15-16,2022
making virgin coconut oil. cream

Buying the material and The materials are all

Nov 3-4,2022
gathering of utensil. complete and all gathered.
Virgin Coconut Oil and
Making the liquid hand
Nov 17,2021 Orange extract liquid hand
soap.
soap.
MAKING THE LIQUID HAND SOAP SCHEDULE
 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Liquid hand soap made of

Common liquid hand soap
virgin coconut oil and orange
contains harmful chemical to the
peel extract with less
environment.
chemicals.

(Dependent Variable) (Independent Variable)

Because of Covid-19 protocols we use hand soaps more frequently than we

normally do, to avoid or get rid of disease causing germs. But the liquid hand soap
that is available in the market, commonly uses sodium lauryl sulfate which is a
harmful chemical for the environment and to our skin.

Our study liquid hand soap made of virgin coconut oil and orange peel extract
can be the solution of this problem since it would only contain few chemicals and
orange peel extract would also give a benefits to our skin. This study would also
make use of something that we thought is not useful like orange peel that we
normally just throw away without knowing the good benefits we could gain from it.