RESEARCH JOURNAL #

Jazmine Gabon 11/18/19

8- Anthurium Group 6

An Investigatory Project in Science II

By: Group 1

Chapter 1- Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

In the history of soap, liquid hand soap is a relatively modern invention. Liquid Hand Soap is an effective cleaner
and gentle to the skin as well.

Liquid soap is dispensed hygienically in economical, measured doses from sturdy and leak-free units. This long-
lasting hand hygiene solution helps ensure a constant level of service is provided, while the non-drip valve ensures a
clean and tidy washbasin is maintained.

Liquid soap is a very popular choice among a lot of individuals. Although liquid-soaps are effective in getting rid of
dirt and germs, they have been said to damage the skin. Let's take a look at why.

This happens because certain liquid-soaps remove skin moisture when washing hands with them. Some people who
are beauty conscious have done research on various brands which contain additional moisturizing agents that
benefits to the skins vibrance but still contain germ elimination.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

General Objectives

- To produce the liquid hand soap out of an ordinary bar soap.

- To find out possible effect of liquid hand soap on the skin.

Specific Objectives

- Does liquid hand soap work better than ordinary bar soap?

- Is there a significant effect of using this kind of liquid hand soap?

1.3 Hypothesis of the Study

We think that if we use liquid hand soaps than ordinary bar soaps, it will be more effective and easy to use and will
not strip the skin’s natural oils, making it perfect for every day hand washing, and produces enough to last for
months.

1.4 Significance of the Study

This investigatory project is important in order for us to know whether or not liquid hand soaps are more effective
than ordinary bar soaps.

1.5 Scope and Limitation

This investigatory project is limited only on the effect of liquid hand soap than an ordinary bar soap as a cleaning
agent for the skin. This is to determine the effectiveness of liquid hand soap to our skin. It does not involve
comparison between our own liquid hand soap and the commercial one as an ordinary bar soap.
1.6 Review of Related Literature

There are many different types of liquid hand soaps to be found. They come in various colors, textures and scents
and perform a variety of functions in addition to cleansing. Soaps with aloe vera soothe chapped skin. Moisturizing
soaps preserve skin texture. Fragrance soaps offer aromatherapy. Some feel like luxurious hand creams. Others offer
microderm abrasion for removal of dead skin cells. Some improve skin quality. Some turn from liquid to foam.
Others come in bright colors that make using them fun for children. Dozens of new soap versions hit the shelves
each year to be quickly scooped up by consumers who love what the products offer. The liquid hand soap market
continues to expand as manufacturers identify new ingredients that can be added to the product in response to a
customer need. One of the latest trends has soap products moving into green areas, using organic products that are
safe for both the environment and the consumer.

Regular liquid hands soaps are better than bar soaps since you aren't touching the soap. They come in different
colors and fragrances also. Since the appearance of the new foam liquid soaps they are even better than the ordinary
liquid soaps due to the additional moisturizing effect. Another property found in new lines of soap is aloe vera,
which naturally repairs chapped skin. Various brands have this component because of the positive effects on the
skin.Dove is a real moisturising soap, which is very very safe for the delicate skin or for the dry skin. The dove soap
is totally chemical free and is very gentle on the skin. This soap is very much suitable for the winter seasons.I also
use it on my children. And I have 3 little children and all of them use the Dove soap, but still their skin is baby soft
and very much healthy.The main advantage of using this soap is that it is totally chemical free soap. The cost of this
soap is a big more but gives complete satisfaction after using it.

Chapter 2- Methodology

2.1 Materials/ Equipments

- 1 tbsp. Honey

- 1 tspn. Glycerin

- 1 cup of boiling water

- cold water

- Soap (Dove)

- Measuring cup

- Mortar and Pestle

- Beaker

- Stirring Rod

- Funnel

- Bottle/Container

- knife

2.2 General Procedure

1. Gather the material/equipments to be used.

2. Pound the soap using the mortar and pestle.

3. Add/Put it in a container.

4. Add 1 cup of boiling water

5. Stir it.

6. Add 1 tbsp of honey

7. Add 1 tspn of glycerin

8. Mix the ingredients altogether.

9. Let it cool for about 15-20 minutes.

10. Stir it again.

11. Add a cold water to make it to 6 cups. Stir.

12. Transfer the product in a clean and attractive container with the use of funnel.

Chapter 3- Results and Discussion

SAMPLE SURVEY

3.1 Findings

SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Analysis and Threats)

After we filtered the feedbacks based on the people who tested our sample product, here are the comments:

1.) 10/10 (Ten out of Ten) enjoys the way it produce more bubbles and smoothens their skin as well.

2.) 9/10 (Nine out of ten) thinks that it cleanse their hands only as suggested for bacteria free-solution.

3.) 8/10 (Eight out of ten) liked the fragrance of the liquid hand wash.

4.) 7/10 (Seven out of ten) says that the hand wash moisturizes, stay longer and lathers their hands after used.

5.) 6/10 (Six out of ten) got impressed of its packaging…..so, attractive! While the other 4(four) said that; I needs a
little more improvement.

3.2 Analysis of the Team:

*STRENGTH: Positive Feedback received after the product testing, No side effect.

*WEAKNESS: Need to study its yield and Precaution to undertake on its usages. (Example: Chemical content of the
hand wash as our expertise in this line of experiment is limited.)

*OPPORTUNITY: After testing, potential of can turn in to business.

*THREATS: >Due to competitive market, we need to conceptualize and focus on a good packaging that can attracts
more potential market in line with liquid hand wash.

> Animal-testing is needed to ensure, 100% safety!

3.3 Pictures with Caption

The picture shows our product,

which is a liquid hand soap.

The picture shows the equipments used

during our product making.

The picture shows our product name and

it's logo. Our liquid hand soap is entitled,

"Parfum De Amour" which means 'Scent of Love'.

Chapter 4

4.1 Conclusion

We therefore conclude that some of our schoolmates, who answered our survey regarding our product which is
Liquid Hand soap, were satisfied with our product. The materials that we used are not that expensive and you can
buy or found it in a sari-sari store near you because we only use simple and specific ingredients in order for us to
make our own Liquid Hand soap: a cup of cold and hot water, a bar of soap, a knife, mortar and pestle, and an empty
soap dispenser. With all of these materials we can easily make our own Liquid hand soap, and it is easy to make one
by following the steps and procedure. And also, our product could help our parents in saving money because instead
of buying branded and expensive soaps, we can make our own liquid hand soap from scratch or unused bar soaps. e
are super intrigued when we came across to the idea of using a bar of soap to create liquid hand soap. We also
conclude that the cost savings that we had were incredible – you could make the hand soap at more than a 90%
savings depending on what kind of bar soap you use. The recipe is simple, and easy to follow, and produces enough
to last for months. It’s easy to use and will not strip the skin’s natural oils, making it perfect for every day hand
washing.

4.2 Recommendation

In order for us to earn a lot of profit when we sell our product, (Liquid Hand soap) we should have a colorful and
appealing container and also we should put some of the advantages in using our product, we should also try to
provide a tester so that when people try it and if they are satisfied with the effect of the product they might buy it as
well, and also we must have an attractive and colorful labeling because many of the consumers are attracted in the
physical appearance of the products. And we should also put these following instructions like: Ingredients that we
use, some cautions, Manufacturing date, and most importantly the expiration date at the back Part of the product.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

-http://www.ithoughtiknewmama.com/2011/03/growing-greener-best-natural-liquid-hand-soap/

-http://www.scribd.com/doc/6428878/Investigatory-Project-Proposal-in-Integrated-Science-1

-http://www.reviewstream.com/reviews/?p=14571

-http://www.reference.com/motif/history/history-of-dove-soap

-http://www.ehow.com/about_4619451_liquid-hand-soap.html

-http://www.initial.co.za/hand-hygiene/hand-washing-liquid-handwash/index.html

-http://ezinearticles.com/?Advantages-of-Liquid-Soap&id=4886504

-http://www.thisoldhouse.com/toh/article/0,,1089119,00.htm
 RESEARCH JOURNAL #

Jazmine Gabon

8- Anthurium Group 6

Determination Of Caffeine In Tea Samples

Abstract

Aim is To Determine Caffeine In Tea Samples . Tea is the most commonly and widely used soft beverage in the household. It
acts as a stimulant for central nervous system and skeletal muscles. That is why tea removes fatigue, tiredness and headache. It
also increases the capacity of thinking. It is also used for lowering body temperature.

The principal constituent of tea, which is responsible for all these properties, is the alkaloid-caffeine. The amount of caffeine in
tea leavers varies from sample to sample. Originally it was thought that caffeine is responsible for the taste and flavour of tea. But
pure caffeine has been found to be a tasteless while substance. Therefore, the taste and flavour of tea is due to some other
substance present in it. There is a little doubt that the popularity of the xanthenes beverages depends on their stimulant action,
although most people are unaware of any stimulation. The degree to which an individual is stimulated by given amount of
caffeine varies from individual to individual.

For example, some people boast their ability to drink several cups of coffee in evening and yet sleep like a long, on the other
hand there are people who are so sensitive to caffeine that even a single cup of coffee will cause a response boarding on the toxic.
The xanthene beverages also create a medical problem. They are dietary of a stimulant of the CNS. Often the physicians face the
question whether to deny caffeinecontaining beverages to patients or not. In fact children are more susceptible than adults to
excitation by xanthenes. For this reason, tea and coffee should be excluded from their diet. Even cocoa is of Determination of
Caffeine in Tea Samples Ankit Bahuguna (XII-A) doubtful value. It has a high tannin content may be as high as 50 mg per cup.
After all our main stress is on the presence of caffeine in xanthene beverages and so in this project we will study and observe the
quantity of caffeine varying in different samples of tea leaves..

Uses of Caffeine:

1.In medicine, it is used to stimulate, central nervous system and to increase flow of urine.

2.Because of its stimulating effects, caffeine has been used to relieve fatigue. But it is dangerous and one may collapse if not
consumes it under certain limit.

3. Caffeine is also used in analgesic tablets, as it is believed to be a pain reliever. It is also beneficial in migraines..

Effects of Caffeine:-

1.It is psycho - stimulant.

2.It improves physical and mental ability.

3.Its effect in learning is doubtful but intellectual performance may improve where it has been used to reduce fatigue or boredom.

4.When administered internally, it stimulates heart and nervous system and also acts as diuretic. On the contrary their excessive
use is harmful to digestion and their long use leads to mental retardation .

Procedure

First of all, 50 grams of tea leaves were taken as sample and 150 ml of water was added to it in a beaker.

Then the beaker was heated up to extreme boiling.

The solution was filtered and lead acetate was added to the filtrater, leading to the formation of a curdy brown coloured
precipitate.

We kept on adding lead acetate till no more precipitate has been formed.

Again solution was filtered.

Now the filtrate so obtained was heated until it had become 50 ml.

Then the solution left was allowed to cool.

After that, 20 ml. of chloroform was added to it.

Soon after, two layers appeared in the separating funnel.

The residue left behind was caffeine.

Then we weighed it and recorded the observations.

Similar procedure was performed with different samples of tealeaves and quantity of caffeine was observed in them.

Observation Table

1.Red Label Tea (Brooke Bond)

2.Yellow Label Tea (Lipton)

3.Green Label Tea (Lipton)

Conclusion

1. Quantity of caffeine in Red label tea is 60mg. /sample of 50 gm.

2. Quantity of caffeine in yellow label tea is 55mg./sample of 50 gm.

3. Quantity of caffeine in green label tea is 45mg./sample of 50 gm..

 RESEARCH JOURNAL #

Jazmine Gabon

8- Anthurium To Compare The Rate Of Evaporisation Of Water Group 6

Abstract

In this project we shall investigate the various factors that have already been discussed such as nature of
the liquid, surface area of liquid & temperature and find their co relation with the rate of evaporation of
different liquids. Each liquid surface has a specific heat of vaporization that means the quantity of heat
energy required to change exactly one gram of liquid into its vapor at its boiling point.

In this project its Compared The Rate Of Evaporisation Of Water, acetone & diethylether

Rate of Evaporation

For molecules of a liquid to evaporate, they must be located near the surface, be moving in the proper
direction, and have sufficient kinetic energy to overcome liquid-phase intermolecular forces. Only a
small proportion of the molecules meet these criteria, so the rate of evaporation is limited. Since the
kinetic energy of a molecule is proportional to its temperature, evaporation proceeds more quickly at
higher temperature. As the faster-moving molecules escape, the remaining molecules have lower
average kinetic energy, and the temperature of the liquid thus decreases. This phenomenon is also
called evaporative cooling. This is why evaporating sweat cools the human body. Evaporation also tends
to proceed more quickly with higher flow rates between the gaseous and liquid phase and in liquids with
higher vapor pressure. For example, laundry on a clothes line will dry (by evaporation) more rapidly on a
windy day than on a still day. Three key parts to evaporation are heat, humidity and air movement

If evaporation takes place in a closed vessel, the escaping molecules accumulate as a vapor above the
liquid. Many of the molecules return to the liquid, with returning molecules becoming more frequent as
the density and pressure of the vapor increases. When the process of escape and return reaches an
equilibrium, [1] the vapor is said to be "saturated," and no further change in either vapor pressure and
density or liquid temperature will occur. For a system consisting of vapor and liquid of a pure substance,
this equilibrium state is directly related to the vapor pressure of the substance, as given by the Clausius-
Clapeyron relation:

Where PI, P2 are the vapor pressures at temperatures Tl, T2 respectively, ?Hvap is the enthalpy of
vaporization, and R is the universal gas constant. The rate of evaporation in an open system is related to
the vaj or pressure found in a closed system. If a liquid is heated, when the vapor pressure reaches the
ambient pressure the liquid will boil.

The ability for a molecule of a liquid to evaporate is largely based on the amount of kinetic energy an
individual particle may possess. Even at lower temperatures, individual molecules of a liquid can
potentially evaporate if they have more than the minimum amount of kinetic energy required for
vaporization

Aim To compare the rate of evaporation of water, acetone and di ethyl ether.
Requirments

Three weight bottles, lOmL pipettes, stopwatches etc. ...

Procedure

1 . Clean and dry the three weight bottles and label the A, B, and C.

2. Pipette out lOmL of water, acetone and diethyl ether onto the three weight bottles A, B and C.

3. Cover the three bottles with a stopper. ;

4. Weigh each of the bottles and record their weights.

5. Remove the stopper from all the three bottles and start the stopwatch.

6. Let the bottles remain exposed for thirty minutes. Now cover each of the bottles again and weigh
them again

Observations

Result

Rate of evaporation of diethyl ether is greater than that of acetone and that of water

Aim

To study the effects of surface area on the rate of evaporation of diethyl ether and acetone.

Requirements

3 petridishes of 2.5,5,10 cm with cover

10 ml pipettes, stop watch.

Procedure

1 . Clean and dry the petridishes and mark them A, B, C.

2. Pipette out 10 ml diethyl ether in each of the petridishes; A, B, C and cover them immediately.

3. Uncover all the petridishes simultaneously and start the stopwatch.

4. Note the time when diethyl ether evaporates completely from each petridish.

5. Repeat the experiment with acetone.

Observations

Result

It is observed that maximum evaporastion occurs in the petridish with largest diameter is followed by
the smaller and the smallest. It is therefore concluded the rate of evaporation increases wih increase in
surface area

Conclusion

From the experiments, it is clear that The Rate of evaporation depends upon

 The nature of the liquid.

 The surface area of the liquid.
 Temperature.
 Flow of air current over the liquid surface

Bibliography

• Practical manual in chemistry V.K.Bhandari

• www.scienceprojects.com
• Encarta Encyclopedia
• Wikipedia.com the open source encyclopedia on the net
 RESEARCH JOURNAL #

Jazmine Gabon

8- Anthurium Group 6

To Study the Presence of Insecticides and Pesticides in Various Fruits and Vegetables
Abstract

To Study the Presence of Insecticides and Pesticides in Various Fruits and Vegetables.

In the past decade there has been a tremendous increase in the yields of various crops to meet the demand of
overgrowing population, achieved by using pesticides and insecticides.

These are chemicals that are sprayed over crop to protect it from pests. For example: DDT, BHC, zinc phosphide,
Mercuric chloride, dinitrophenol, etc. All pesticides are poisonous chemicals and are used in small quantities with
care. Pesticides are proven to be effective against variety of insects, weeds and fungi and are respectively called
insecticides, herbicides and fungicides. Most of the pesticides are non-biodegradable and remain penetrated as such
into plants, fruits and vegetables. From plants they transfer to animals, birds and human beings who eat these
polluted fruits and vegetables. Inside the body they get accumulated and cause serious health problems. These days
preference is given to biodegradable insecticides like Malathion. The presence of insecticides residues in even raw
samples of wheat, fish, meat, butter etc. have aroused the concern of agricultural administrators, scientists and health
officials all over the world to put a check over the use of insecticides and to search for non insecticidal means of pest
control.

Materials required:

Mortar and pestle, Beakers, Funnel, Glass rod, Filter paper, China dish, Water bath, Tripod stand, Fusion tube,
Knife, Test tube

Requirements:

Samples of various fruits and vegetables, Alcohol, Sodium Metal, Ferric Chloride, Ferrous Sulphate Crystals,
Distilled Water and Dil. Sulphuric Acid

Theory

Nitrogen present in organic compounds is detected by “Lassssaiigne’’ss Tesstt”.. The elements present in the
compound are converted from covalent form into the ionic form by fusing the compound with sodium metal.
Following reaction take place:

Cyanide of sodium so formed on sodium fusion is extracted from the fused mass by boiling it with distilled water.
This extract is known as sodium fusion extract.

Procedure

1) Take different types of fruits and vegetables and cut them into small pieces separately.

2) Transfer the cut pieces of various fruits and vegetables into it separately and crush them.
3) Take different kinds for each kind of fruits and vegetables and place the crushed fruits and vegetables in these
beakers and add 100 ml of alcohol to each of these.

4) Stir well and filter.

5) Collect the filtrate in separate china dishes, evaporate the alcohol by heating the china dishes one by one over a
water bath and let the residue dry in the oven.

6) Heat a small piece of sodium in a fusion tube, till it melts.

7) Then add one of the above residues from the china dish to this fusion tube and heat it till red hot.

8) Drop the hot fusion tube in a china dish containing about 10 ml of distilled water.

9) Break the tube and boil the contents of the china dish for about 5 minutes.

10) Cool and filter the solution.

11) Collect the filtrate.

12) To the filtrate add 1 ml of freshly prepared ferrous sulphate solution and warm the contents.

13) Then add 2-3 drops of ferric chloride solution and acidify with dilute HCl.

14) If a blue or green ppt. or coloration is obtained it indicates the presence of nitrogen containing insecticides.

15) Repeat the test of nitrogen for residues obtained from other fruits and vegetables and record the observation.

Observations

Conclusion

It is concluded that from the above observations, that each fruit or vegetable contains nitrogenous insecticide or
pesticide residues in it.

Bibliography

NCERT Chemistry- XII

Comprehensive Practical Chemistry- XII
www..scribd..com
 RESEARCH JOURNAL #

Jazmine Gabon

8- Anthurium Group

Extraction of Nicotine Sulphate from Samples of Cigarettes

Abstract

Aim is to Extract Nicotine Sulphate from Samples of Cigarettes

Tobacoo

Tobacco is an agricultural product processed from the leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. It can be consumed,
used as a pesticide and, in the form of nicotine tartrate, used in some medicines. It is most commonly used as a drug,
and is a valuable cash crop for countries such as Cuba,India, China, and the United States. Tobacco is a name for
any plant of the genus Nicotiana of the Solanaceae family (nightshade family) and for the product manufactured
from the leaf and used in cigars and cigarettes, snuff, and pipe and chewing tobacco. Tobacco plants are also used in
plant bioengineering, and some of the 60 species are grown as ornamentals.

The chief commercial species, N. tabacum, is believed native to tropical America, like most nicotiana plants, but has
been so long cultivated that it is no longer known in the wild. N.Rrustica, a mild-flavored, fast-burning species, was
the tobacco originally raised in Virginia, but it is now grown chiefly in Turkey, India, and Russia. The alkaloid
nicotine is the most characteristic constituent of tobacco and is responsible for its addictive nature. The harmful
effects of tobacco derive from the thousands of different compounds generated in the smoke, including polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (such as benzpyrene), formaldehyde, cadmium, nickel, arsenic, radioactive polonium-210,
tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), phenols, and many others.

Tobacco is cultivated similarly to other agricultural products. Seeds are sown in cold frames or hotbeds to prevent
attacks from insects, and then transplanted into the fields. Tobacco is an annual crop, which is usually harvested
mechanically or by hand. After harvest, tobacco is stored for curing, which allows for the slow oxidation and
degradation of carotenoids. This allows for the agricultural product to take on properties that are usually attributed to
the "smoothness" of the smoke. Following this, tobacco is packed into its various forms of consumption, which
include smoking, chewing, snuffing, and so on.

Most cigarettes incorporate flue-cured tobacco, which produces a milder, more inhalable smoke. Use of low-pH,
inhalable, flue-cured tobacco is one of the principal reasons smoking causes lung cancer and other diseases
association with smoke inhalation.

Nicotine

Nicotine is an alkaloid found in the nightshade family of plants (Solanaceae) that acts as a nicotinic acetylcholine
receptor agonist. The biosynthesistakes place in the roots and accumulation occurs in the leaves of the Solanaceae. It
constitutes approximately 0.6–3.0% of the dry weight of tobacco and is present in the range of 2–7 μg/kg of various
edible plants. It functions as an antiherbivore chemical; therefore, nicotine was widely used as an insecticide in the
past and nicotine analogs such as imidacloprid are currently widely used.
In low doses (an average cigarette yields about 1 mg of absorbed nicotine), the substance acts as a stimulant in
mammals, while high amounts (30–60 mg) can be fatal. This stimulant effect is the main factor responsible for the
dependence-forming properties of tobacco smoking. According to the American Heart Association, nicotine
addiction has historically been one of the hardest addictions to break, while the pharmacological and behavioral
characteristics that determine tobacco addiction are similar to those determining addiction to heroin and cocaine.

The nicotine content of popular American-brand cigarettes has slowly increased over the years, and one study found
that there was an average increase of 1.6% per year between the years of 1998 and 2005. This was found for all
major market categories of cigarettes.

Requirements

 250 ml Beaker

 Filter Paper

 Separating funnel

 China Dish

 Physical Balance

 Glass Rod

Chemicals Required

 Calcium Hydroxide [Ca(OH)2]

 Kerosene as solvent

 Concentrated Sulphuric Acid

 Cigarettes

Procedure

 Collect different samples of cigarettes.

 Remove the covers and collect the contents of the cigarettes on separate pieces of papers. Weigh 1 gram of each
sample using a physical balance and label them. Place them in a dry place.

 Dissolve each sample in Calcium Hydroxide solution taken in 100ml beakers. Stir them with the help of a glass
rod.

 Filter the different solutions after the Nicotine has fully dissolved. Collect them separately in separating funnels.

 Add two test tubes of Kerosene Oil to each separating funner. Before pouring, ensure that the valve is closed.

 After Pouring shake the mixture vigorously in order to mix the two liquids and leave it for two days without
disturbing. Two layers – one heavy layer in the bottom and the second lighter layer in the top separates out.

 Open the valve of the funnel and let the heavy layer out through the open valve. The lighter layer remains in the
separating funnel.

 Add half a test tube of concentrated Sulphuric Acid to each separating funnel. Again shake it vigorously in order
to mix them and leave it for sometime.
 Two layers are formed – one heavy (dark drown) layer at the bottom and another lighter (almost transparent) layer
on the top.

 Open the valve of the separating funnel and collect the heavier layer in a test tube.

 Now transfer the contents into a china dish. Repeat the same procedure for the different samples and label them
after the name of the cigarettes from which they have been obtained.

 Heat the crystals in liquid form and ultimately subject them to cold water and leave them for a day or two.

 Weigh the crystals hence obtained with the help of a physical balance.

Result

The analysis showed relatively higher levels of nicotine in tobacco from beedis (0.17g) as compared to cigarettes
(0.05g in Sample B and 0.06g in Sample A)

Conclusion

This study concludes that the nicotine content in tobacco contained in country cigarettes (beedi) is higher compared
to the content in company manufactured branded cigarettes.

Bibliography

o www.en.wikipedia.com;

o http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/287555-overview;

o www.righthealth.com;

o www.netdoctor.co.uk;

o www.nicorette.com;

o “World Health Survey” by the World Health Organisation (WHO);

o “Practical Chemistry for Class XII” by Ratna Sagar Publications;

o “Science Reporter” July, 2010 edition;