CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM

Introduction

Oregano (Scientific name: Origanum vulgare) is also known as Wild Marjoram,

Mountain Mint, Origanum, Wintersweet and Winter Marjoram. This erectly spreading

plant has strong aromatic characteristics, with leaves and stems that are fleshy. The

leaves of oregano are heart-shaped, with toothed edges, and which, grow for up to 9

meters in length. However, in countries like the Philippines, Oregano is a

known herbal medicine for its strong anti-oxidant properties. Oregano contains a

rosmarinic acid compound, thymol, and carvacrol that are responsible for its anti-

inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, anti-fungal and anti-viral properties.

Oregano also contains flavinoids, triterpenoids, sterols, vitamin C, and vitamin A. Its

anti-bacterial properties have been proven by recent studies to treat infections of the

reproductive tracts, and which make it ideal to be given to women who have just given

birth (Oregano: Overview of the Literature on Health Benefits, n.d.).

Oregano is an herb that has been cultivated for centuries in the Mediterranean

area, although it now can be found on most continents. Medicinal uses for oregano

date back to the ancient Greek and Roman empires where applications of the leaves

were used to treat such maladies as skin sores and relieve aching muscles and as an

antiseptic. Oregano also has been used in traditional medicines for such ailments as

asthma, cramping, diarrhea, and indigestion. In Greece, an oregano infusion is still

used as a folk remedy against colds and upset stomach and to maintain general health.

1
Based on the current scientific literature, oregano extracts and individual constituents

consistently have demonstrated antimicrobial actions in vitro toward food-borne

pathogens, although the capacity to counter human infections is not well studied

(Singletary, 2008).

The Phytochemicals are advantageous due to their eco-safety, target- specificity,

and non-development of resistance, reduced number of applications, higher

acceptability, and suitability for rural areas. It can be used as alternative to synthetic

insecticides or along with other insecticides under integrated vector control

programs (Simangan, 2015).

The plant product of phytochemical, which is used as insecticides for killing

larvae or adult mosquitoes or as repellents for protection against mosquito bites.

Phytochemicals obtained from the whole plant or specific part of the plant by the

extraction with different types of solvent such as aqueous, methanol, chloroform,

benzene, acetone, etc., depending on the polarity of the phytochemical (Simangan,

2015).

Some phytochemicals act as toxicant (insecticide) both against adult as well as

larval stages of mosquitoes, while others interfere with growth and growth inhibitor or

with reproduction or produce an olfactory stimulus, thus acting as repellent or

attractant (Simangan, 2015).

Mosquitoes are in the family Culicidae of the order Diptera and are similar in

appearance to other flies. However, in many important characteristics the anophelines

(Anopheles spp. only) differ from the culicines. Mosquitoes pass through four distinct

2
stages in their life cycle: egg, larva, pupa and adult. Prodigious numbers of mosquitoes

can hatch simultaneously under the proper conditions. In rapidly developing broods,

survival of the immature stages can be quite high, but estimates for many species

indicate that immature survival is normally less than 5 percent. But 5 percent of

millions represents a sizable number. Irrespective of population densities, if they

transmit disease or preferentially feed on humans, which many species do, they

become appropriate targets for control activities (Mosquito, n.d.).

For most people in the United States and Europe, mosquitoes leave only itchy

red bumps. However, in the rest of the world, mosquitoes can cause serious illness or

death. Some of its effects are malaria which is the disease caused by a protozoa

parasite. Each year, 515 million people are infected with malaria, and 1 to 3 million

people, mostly children, die from the disease annually, Yellow fever which is caused

by a virus in mosquito saliva. Severe cases cause internal hemorrhaging, coma and

death. Annually, there are 200,000 infections and 30,000 deaths, Encephalitis/West

Nile; at least six types of encephalitis diseases are transmitted by mosquitoes.

Fatalities are not uncommon, Dengue fever which is caused by one of four viruses

present in mosquito saliva. There are an estimated 50 million cases per year, with a

fatality rate of 2.5 percent, or an estimated 125,000 deaths, Epidemic

polyarthritis/Ross River virus which is endemic to Australia and Papua New Guinea.

While symptoms can persist for up to 6 months, only 400 people per year are infected,

and the virus is rarely fatal. The parasite lodges in the lymphatic system and causes

thickening of the surrounding skin and tissues, known as elephantiasis. This generally

3
affects the lower extremities, including the genitals. Worldwide, 120 million people

are currently infected (About the effects of Mosquitos on Human, n.d.)

Repellents are substances that help people avoid mosquito bites. Anyone

working or playing in mosquito-infested areas will find repellents very helpful.

Repellents are formulated for use on bare skin. They are sold as aerosols, creams,

solids (sticks), pump sprays and liquids. It is often helpful to use spray repellents on

outer clothing as well as the skin. It is effective against mosquitoes, biting flies,

chiggers, fleas, and ticks (Repellents, n.d).

Research Problem

This paper is entitled “Effectiveness of Mosquito Killer out of Oregano Leaves”.

Explicitly, it shall answer the research problem;

 “Is it possible that oregano leaves can kill mosquito?”

Research Questions:

 What are the properties of oregano leaves which make it a viable ingredient in

making mosquito killer?

 Is mosquito killer out of oregano leaves effective in killing mosquitoes?

 What are the possible effects of using oregano leaves in killing mosquitoes?

Scope, Delimitation, and Limitations of the Study

This research was about knowing the possibility of using oregano leaves in killing

mosquitoes. To know the effectiveness of the said product, the researchers conducted

a survey and interview which was held only inside the campus of Padre Vicente

Garcia Memorial Academy. The Pavigameans were the respondents of the said survey

4
and interview. The study focused on oregano leaves as the ingredient in making the

said mosquito killer. The readers could only see relevant information connected to the

study. The said study nourished the skills of High School students in conducting

experiments and making a product or output. The problem that the researchers might

encounter in doing the research paper is, if the product done will be effective or not in

killing mosquitoes. Otherwise, upon the occurrence of the said problem, the solution

that the researchers will do is to find other materials that can be added to make it

effective.

Significance of the Study

This research study aims to determine the possibility of killing mosquitoes using

oregano leaves. The researchers believe that the findings of the study will benefit the

following:

Students; to become knowledgeable on how oregano leaves can kill mosquitoes

and how its properties can contribute to its effectiveness. The students will also learn

on how to make their own mosquito killer. Also this paper would guide them on their

future research.

Teachers; to educate the students on how to make their own mosquito killer and

expand the study upon knowing the properties of oregano leaves which make it a

viable ingredient in making the said product.

World Health Organization (WHO); to make our mosquito killer out of oregano

leaves as an alternative product in killing mosquitoes to put out in the market.

5
 Home Owners; to give knowledge on how to make a mosquito killer that is

cheaper than the commercial ones found in the market.

Definition of Terms

Anophelines- is known universally as the Malaria Mosquito species because it is

considered the primary vector of the disease. It is also considered a transmitter of

heartworm in dogs (Mosquito Magnet, 2017).

 Used as a term to describe one of the species of mosquito.

Anti-bacterial- is anything that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or their

ability to reproduce. Heat, chemicals such as chlorine, and antibiotic drugs all have

antibacterial properties (Anti-Bacterial, 1996).

 It was used to explain one of the properties that oregano had.

Anti-fungal- a medication that limits or prevents the growth of yeasts and other fungal

organisms (Anti-fungal, 1996).

Anti-inflammatory- originally meant to be consumed by flames, and these days it

usually means a type of soreness somewhere on your body that is red, feels hot, and

and swells up (Anti-inflamatory, n.d.).

 It was used to explain one of the properties that oregano had.

Anti-oxidant – a substance that reduces damage due to oxygen, such as that caused by

free radicals. Well-known antioxidants include enzymes and other substances, such as

vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta carotene, which are capable of counteracting the

damaging effects of oxidation (Anti-oxidant, 1996).

6
 Anti-viral- an agent that kills a virus or that suppresses its ability to replicate and,

hence, inhibits its capability to multiply and reproduce (Medical Definition of

Antiviral, 1996).

 It was used to explain one of the properties that oregano had.

Aqueous- this word comes from the Latin aqua meaning "water." If you flip over a

product package and read its ingredients, often you'll see water listed at the top, which

means that whatever is inside is an aqueous solution, or one that contains water

(Aqueous, n.d.).

 The term was used to describe the extract of oregano.

Benzene - a colorless, volatile, flammable, toxic, slightly water-soluble,

liquid,aromatic compound, C 6 H 6, obtained chiefly from coal tar: used in the

manufacture of commercial and medicinal chemicals, dyes, and as a solvent for resins,

fats, or the like ( Benzene in Medicine, 2017).

 It was used to explain one of the properties that oregano had.

Carvacrol - has been used in low concentrations as a food flavoring ingredient and

preservative, as well as a fragrance ingredient in cosmetic formulation.

Carvacrol is a monoterpenic phenol produced by aromatic plants, thyme and oregano

(Carvacrol, n.d).

 One of the properties that oregano had.

Chigger- a tiny red bug that lives in the grass in the midwest that sucks your blood can

create rash and itch and shit (Chigger, 2007).

 The term was used to differentiate it to mosquitoes.

7
Culicidae - like all insects have 3 pairs of legs and like all Diptera order flies have

only a single set of wings and vestigal set of 'halters'. They are small flies, between 2

and 10mm long with a slender body and legs (Culicidae, 2000).

 Used for differentiation to mosquitoes.

Diptera- derived from the Greek words "di" meaning two and "ptera" meaning wings,

refers to the fact that true flies have only a single pair of wings (Diptera, 2006).

 A term used to describe mosquitoes’ wings.

Maladies - a disease, disorder, or illment (American Heritage Dictionary of the

English Language, Fifth Edition, n.d.).

 Used to describe the disease caused by mosquitoes.

Mosquitoes- are in the family Culicidae of the order Diptera and are similar in

appearance to other flies (Mosquito, n.d.).

 One of the main variable of the study.

Phytochemicals- can be used as alternative to synthetic insecticides or along with

other insecticides under integrated vector control programs (Simangan, 2015).

 It is one of the properties of oregano that can help in killing mosquitoes.

Repellent - causing insects, etc. to react by staying away (Webster’s New World

College Dictionary, 2010).

 Use to describe the output that will be done using oregano.

Triterpenoids - plant toxins, e.g. lantadenes A, B, found in Lantana camara,

icterogenins A, B, C, found in Lippia spp. Called also triterpene acids (Saunders

Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary, 2000).

8
  One of the properties that oregano had.

Conceptual Framework

Input Process Output

Experiment Mosquito Killer

Oregano
Survey Out of Oregano
Leaves
Interview Leaves

Figure 1 shows the input which is the oregano leaves, process which is conducting

experiment, survey and interview to determine the possibility of killing mosquito

using oregano leaves, and the output which is the mosquito killer out of oregano

leaves.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

What are the properties of oregano leaves which make it a viable ingredient in

making mosquito killer?

Mosquitoes are the most important single group of insects well known for their

public health importance as they act as vector for many tropical and subtropical

diseases. With high potential for reproduction and dispersal and the ability to exploit

even adverse environmental condition, mosquitoes rapidly build up their population.

9
Phytochemicals obtained from plants with proven mosquito control potential can be

used as an alternative to synthetic insecticides or along with other insecticides under

the integrated vector control programmes (Pushpalatha, 2015).

Almost everyone has had the unpleasant experience of being bitten by

mosquito. Mosquito bites can cause skin irritation through an allergic reaction to the

mosquito's saliva - this is what causes the red bump and itching. But a more serious

consequence of some mosquito bites may be transmission of serious diseases and

viruses such as malaria, dengue virus, Zika and West Nile virus, which can lead to

disabling and potentially deadly effects (General information about mosquitoes,

2017).

A mosquito repellent is a substance put on skin, clothing, or other surfaces

which discourages mosquitoes from landing or crawling on that surface. Mosquitoes

can spread viruses that cause serious diseases. In Massachusetts, the diseases spread

by mosquitoes are West Nile virus (WNV) and eastern equine encephalitis (EEE).

Mosquito repellents can reduce your chances of being bitten by a mosquito and can

reduce the risk that you will get one of these diseases (Mosquito Repellents, 2014).

Plants, their extracts and their essential oils have been used during

centuries to fight aggressive mosquitoes responsible for malaria, dengue, sleeping

sickness but also insects acting as vectors for many other diseases. That is why

10
mosquitoes are progressively becoming resistant to industrial repellents and

insecticides (Lutgen, 2009).

Most plants contain compounds that they use in preventing attack from

phytophagous (plant eating) insects. These chemicals fall into several categories,

including repellents, feeding deterrents, toxins, and growth regulators. Most can be

grouped into five major chemical categories: (1) nitrogen compounds (primarily

alkaloids), (2) terpenoids, (3) phenolics, (4) proteinase inhibitors, and (5) growth

regulators. Although the primary functions of these compounds are defense against

phytophagous insects, many are also effective against mosquitoes and other biting

Diptera, especially those volatile components released as a consequence of herbivory

(Malar, 2011).

This repellency of plant material has been exploited for thousands of years by

man, most simply by hanging bruised plants in houses, a practice that is still in wide

use throughout the developing countries. Plants have also been used for centuries in

the form of crude fumigants where plants were burnt to drive away nuisance

mosquitoes and later as oil formulations applied to the skin or clothes which was first

recorded in writings by ancient Greek, Roman and Indian scholars. Plant-based

repellents are still extensively used in this traditional way throughout rural

communities in the tropics because for many of the poorest communities the only

means of protection from mosquito bites that are available, and indeed for some of

these communities, as in the Europe and North America “natural” smelling repellents

11
are preferred because plants are perceived as a safe and trusted means of mosquito

bite prevention (Malar, 2011).

Certain plants contain essential oils that are known to repel mosquitoes and

other insects because of their smell, but the plants themselves don't keep bugs

away just by being there. They don't naturally release enough oil into the air to

actually "repel" bugs, though they can, to a certain degree, mask the smells that

mosquitoes are attracted so they cannot find you as easily (Gabrielle, 2014).

The repellent and insecticidal potential of plant material has been exploited

for thousands of years by man, most simply by hanging bruised plants in houses.

Many plant volatiles are deterrent or repellent because they have high vapor toxicity

to insects (Lutgen, 2015).

Oregano is an herb that has been cultivated for centuries in the Mediterranean

area, although it now can be found on most continents. Medicinal uses for oregano

date back to the ancient Greek and Roman empires where applications of the leaves

were used to treat such maladies as skin sores and relieve aching muscles and as an

antiseptic. Oregano also has been used in traditional medicines for such ailments as

asthma, cramping, diarrhea, and indigestion. In Greece, an oregano infusion is still

used as a folk remedy against colds and upset stomach and to maintain general

health. Based on the current scientific literature, oregano extracts and individual

constituents consistently have demonstrated antimicrobial actions in vitro toward

12
food-borne pathogens, although the capacity to counter human infections is not well

studied (Singletary, 2008).

The Phytochemicals are advantageous due to their eco-safety, target-

specificity, and non-development of resistance, reduced number of applications,

higher acceptability, and suitability for rural areas. It can be used as alternative to

synthetic insecticides or along with other insecticides under integrated vector control

programs (Simangan, 2015).

The plant product of phytochemical, which is used as insecticides for killing

larvae or adult mosquitoes or as repellents for protection against mosquito bites.

Phytochemicals obtained from the whole plant or specific part of the plant by the

extraction with different types of solvent such as aqueous, methanol, chloroform,

benzene, acetone, etc., depending on the polarity of the phytochemical (Simangan,

2015).

Some phytochemicals act as toxicant (insecticide) both against adult as well as

larval stages of mosquitoes, while others interfere with growth and growth inhibitor

or with reproduction or produce an olfactory stimulus, thus acting as repellent or

attractant (Simangan, 2015).

This plant has many volatile oils. The main volatile oils that have been

researched in this plant are Carvacrol, Thymol, Eugenol and 1, 8 cineole. The plant

also contains appreciable amounts of Rosmarinic acid and other antioxidants.

Oregano is high in antioxidant activity, due to a high content of phenolic acids and

13
flavonoids. Oregano contains key constituents that function synergistically to support

the body’s natural resistance. Specifically, the volatile oils found in oregano, contain

potent phenols, including carvacrol and thymol, which help to support a healthy

microbial environment in the intestines and throughout the body. Oregano leaf also

acts as an antioxidant and contains the flavonoid rosmarinic acid that appears to

support the normal chemical cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2). Cox-2 is associated with

inflammation in tissues. In vitro studies of Oregano oil, along with other essential

oils such as Tea Tree oil, appears to have a particular affinity for Candida species as

well as a variety of gram positive and grams negative bacteria. The majority of

research to date on Oregano has been done in vitro or in animals, therefore there is

insufficient research to scientifically validate all of these actions in humans. Oregano

has been shown to possess significant antioxidant capacity in various in vitro models

and has thus been suggested to be potentially beneficial to human health, but again

studies in humans are lacking (Brevard, 2017).

Oregano oils are rich in thymol (38.8%), carvacrol (32.9%), p-cymene (7,9%).

They have strong toxicities against Rhizoperta dominica by contact or by fumigation

(O Khalfi et al., J Sc Food and Agricul, 2008, 9, 1562-66). Efficient also against

drosophila (I Karpouhtsis et al., J Agricult and Food Chem, 1998, 46, 1111-15).

Thymol contributes to the acaricidal properties of Ocimum gratissimum. Oregano oil

is also used topically as an insect repellent (Lutgen, 2009).

14
 It's a natural insect repellent: Oregano contains many compounds, and one of

them is carvacrol — a natural insect repellent. This compound is also found in plants

like mint and thyme (Coles, 2013).

Some gardener plant oregano in the garden to repel pests such as mosquitoes,

and others claim the essential oil is a mosquito repellent. Scientific evidence to

support this claim is scarce, but oregano does contain two chemicals with known

repellent properties, and because oregano is "generally recognized as safe" by the

U.S Food and Drug Administration, it doesn't hurt to experiment for yourself (Dezie,

1999).

What are the possible effects of using oregano leaves in killing mosquitoes?

Oregano leaf is likely safe when taken in the amounts found in food and

possibly safe when taken by mouth or applied to the skin in medicinal amounts. Mild

side effects include stomach upset. Oregano might also cause an allergic reaction in

people who have an allergy to plants in the Lamiaceae family (Lutgen, 2009).

Synthesis

Mosquitoes are insects that are universally hated the world over. These

pesky, disease-carrying pests make a living by sucking the blood out of just about

anything that moves, including us, humans.

15
 According to Lutgen (2009), extracts and essential oils of plants have been

used during centuries to fight aggressive mosquitoes responsible for malaria, dengue,

sleeping sickness but also insects acting as vectors for many other diseases.

Also, according to Malar (2011), plants were used to take away mosquitoes for

centuries. This means that there are plants that are widely used by human to repel

mosquitoes. Those mosquito repellents are essential to lessen the possibilities of

having malaria and other diseases caused by mosquitoes in our environment.

There are certain properties of plants that can help in repelling mosquito.

One of those plants are oregano which are rich in thymol (38.8%), carvacrol (32.9%),

p-cymene (7,9%). According to Lutgen (2009), thymol contributes to the acaricidal

properties of Ocimum gratissimum. Oregano oil is also used topically as an insect.

Also, according Coles (2013), oregano is a natural insect repellent. Its oil contains

many compounds, and one of them is carvacrol — a natural insect repellent.

Likewise, some gardener plant oregano in the garden to repel pests such as

mosquitoes, and others claim the essential oil is a mosquito repellent according to

Dezie (1999). Oregano that can be found in our backyards is very beneficial to human,

especially in repelling or killing mosquitoes that are everywhere. The researchers

made a mosquito killer or repellent that can help in controlling mosquito populations

and help prevent the spread of diseases they can carry.

16
 CHAPTER III

THE RESEARCH METHOD AND PROCEDURES

This chapter presents the type of study done, research setting, site and

participation, statistical treatment of data, data gathering instruments, and data

gathering procedure.

Type of Study Done

Qualitative research is a type of scientific research. In general terms,

scientific research consists of an investigation that seeks answers to a question,

systematically uses a predefined set of procedures to answer the question, collects

evidence, produces findings that were not determined in advance and produces

findings that are applicable beyond the immediate boundaries of the study. The

strength of qualitative research is its ability to provide complex textual

descriptions of how people experience a given research issue. It provides

information about the “human” side of an issue – that is, the often-contradictory

behaviors, beliefs, opinions, emotions, and relationships of individuals

(Qualitative research methods: A data collector’s field guide, n.d).

Quantitative research involves significant issues where a study seeks to

create an understanding of the various assumptions that have been developed in a

given study. Thus, it involves a cycle of successive phases of hypothesis

formulation and imagination, patience, and discipline at the planning and design

stages. Furthermore, the quantitative research requires a measurable data

17
collection, analysis, and interpretation to prove the assumption that has been

developed in a given study (Chapman, 2017).

The quantitative research provides a more detailed consideration of the

issues being developed since it does not only outline the special characteristics

within a study but also key differences that are considered in making conclusions

regarding a study. Scientific and mathematical research must include data analysis

where the hypothesis is developed and analyzed using statistical approaches

(Chapman, 2017).

Research Setting, Site and Participants

To know the possibility of using oregano leaves in killing mosquitoes, the

researchers conducted a survey which was held only inside the campus of Padre

Vicente Garcia Memorial Academy. Only twenty random Pavigameans were the

respondents of the said survey. Also, the researchers conducted an interview to

gather more information needed in the study.

Statistical Treatment of Data

To analyze and interpret the data presented by the instrument, the following

mathematical measures were used in the study.

Frequency. This was used to determine the population of the respondents

indicating different responses in each item.

Composite Mean. This statistical tool was used to determine the extent of the

perception of the respondents about the effectivity and possible effects of using

18
mosquito killer out of oregano leaves in killing mosquitoes, and the viability of

using oregano leaves as an ingredient in making mosquito killer.

Formula:

∑ WM
CM =
n

CM= Composite Mean

WM= Weighted Mean

n = number of items/number of questions

Weighted Mean. This was used to determine the perception of the respondents

about the effectivity and possible effects of using mosquito killer out of oregano

leaves in killing mosquitoes, and the viability of using oregano leaves as an

ingredient in making mosquito killer. The responses were given equivalent

weighted value. Corresponding verbal description for each value also provided.

Formula:

∑ fx
WM =
n

WM= Weighted Mean

f = frequency

x = scale

n = total number of respondents

Data Gathering Instruments

Data collection instruments are accurate and systematic data collection is

critical to conducting scientific research. Data collection allows us to collect

19
information that we want to collect about our study objects. Depending on

research type, methods of data collection include: documents review, observation,

questioning, measuring, or a combination of different methods methods (Abawi,

2013).

A questionnaire is a data collection instrument consistent of a series of

questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from

respondents (Abawi, 2013).

Interviews consist of collecting data by asking questions. Data can be

collected by listening to individuals, recording, filming their responses, or a

combination of methods (Abawi, 2013).

For the purpose of this research, the researchers conducted an experiment

to gather information that helped in answering the proposed research questions in

the study. Moreover, the researcher was considered as the main research

instrument in this research, since the role of the researchers was to edit

information, and observe the processes during the experimentation.

20
Research Research Research Research
Questions Question Question Question
1 2 3
What are the Is mosquito killer What are the
properties of out of oregano possible effects
oregano leaves leaves effective of using oregano
which make it a in killing leaves in killing
viable ingredient mosquitoes? mosquito?
in making
mosquito killer?
Research
methods

Experiment  
Review of
Related  
Literature
Observation  
Survey  
Interview  

Figure 2 showed matching of research questions and research methods. It showed

how the research methods answered the three research questions. Through the

review of related literature, the first research question which is the properties of

oregano leaves that make them viable ingredient in making mosquito killer was

answered. Then through experiment, observation, survey, and interview the

second research question was answered. And through experiment, review of

related literature, observation, survey, interview the third research question was

answered.

21
Data Gathering Procedure

Data are special type of information, generally obtained through

observation, surveys, enquiries, or are generated as a result of human activity

(Methods of Data Collection, 2018).

Data gathering procedures is the process of gathering and measuring

information on targeted variables in an established systematic fashion, which then

enables one to answer relevant questions and evaluate outcomes (Methods of Data

Collection, 2018).

The researchers conducted an experiment and came up with the output:

mosquito killer out of oregano leaves. The said output or product was used as a

tool to know if the mosquito killer out of oregano leaves is effective in killing

mosquitoes, also the possible effects of using the said product were determined

through survey. On the other hand, an interview was conducted to gain more data

that were essential to the study.

CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the analysis and interpretation of the gathered data

which were collected through review of related literature, experiment,

observation, survey and interview that were conducted by the researchers

regarding the possibility of killing mosquitoes using oregano leaves.

22
QUALITATIVE DATA

Review of Related Literature

Before conducting an experiment, the researchers look for review of

related literature to look for relevant information that helped in answering some of

our research questions.

Result of Review of Related Literature

Through the review of related literature, the researchers had been able to

found out the properties of oregano leaves which make it a viable ingredient in

making mosquito killer. According to Coles (2013), oregano contains many

compounds, and one of them is carvacrol — a natural insect repellent.

According to Dezie (1999), some gardener plant oregano in the garden to

repel pests such as mosquitoes, and others claim the essential oil is a mosquito

repellent. Scientific evidence to support this claim is scarce, but oregano does

contain two chemicals with known repellent properties, and because oregano is

"generally recognize as safe" by the U.S Food and Drug Administration.

Also, the researchers found out the possible effects of using oregano leaves in

killing mosquitoes. According to Lutgen (2009), oregano leaf is likely safe when

taken in the amounts found in food and possibly safe when taken by mouth or

applied to the skin in medicinal amounts. Mild side effects include stomach upset.

Oregano might also cause an allergic reaction in people who have an allergy to

plants in the Lamiaceae family.

23
Experiment

For the purpose of this research, the researchers conducted an experiment

to gather information that will help in answering the proposed research questions

in the study. The experiment was conducted in Barangay Sta. Cruz, Rosario,

Batangas at a researcher’s house to find out the possibility of killing mosquitoes

using oregano leaves. The place was chosen due to the availability of materials

and tools needed in the actual process. The first step that the researchers done

were preparing the needed materials and tools; oregano leaves, mortar and pestle,

funnel or imbudo, and spray bottles. Second, the researchers cut the oregano

leaves into small pieces. Then the researchers put the cut oregano leaves into the

mortar. Using the mortar and pestle, the researchers pressed and grinded the

oregano leaves to get its extract. After getting the extract of oregano leaves, the

researchers used a funnel to make it easier putting the extract in the spray bottles

without spilling.

Interview

The researchers observed the result of the experiment and conducted an

interview to gather additional information needed in the study. Only ten (10)

random Pavigameans were the respondents of the said interview to know the

possibility of killing mosquitoes using oregano leaves. Based on the result of the

interview, it was proven that mosquito killer out of oregano leaves was effective

in killing mosquitoes. Also, the respondents said that there were no side effects

24
 they encountered as they tried the researchers product. But some respondents have

a stand for those who had allergies on oregano, especially its odor, that they may

encounter side effects upon using mosquito killer out of oregano leaves. Based on

the interview, all of the respondents said that oregano leaves could be a viable

ingredient in making mosquito killer because it had properties that can really kill

mosquitoes proven by the researcher product.

QUANTITATIVE DATA

The researchers conducted a survey for only twenty (20) random

Pavigameans. The results of each table are the following:

Table 1: Oregano Leaves as a Viable Ingredient in Making Mosquito Killer

Frequency
Distribution Weighted Verbal
ITEMS
Mean Interpretation
4 3 2 1
1. Oregano leaves can be
turned into a mosquito 13 7 0 0 3.65 Strongly Agree
killer product.
2. Oregano leaves had
properties that can help in 6 14 0 0 3.3 Strongly Agree
killing mosquitoes.
3. Oregano leaves can be
used by anyone in making 8 12 0 0 3.4 Strongly Agree
mosquito killer.
Composite Mean 3.45 Strongly Agree

Table 1 shows the viability of using oregano leaves as an ingredient in

making mosquito killer. With a weighted mean of 3.65, assessed as strongly agree

which means that the respondents strongly agreed that oregano leaves can be

25
 turned into a mosquito killer product. With a weighted mean of 3.3, assessed as

strongly agree which means that the respondents strongly agreed that oregano

leaves had properties that can help in killing mosquitoes. With a weighted mean

of 3.4, assessed as strongly agree which means that the respondents strongly

agreed that oregano leaves can be used by anyone in making mosquito killer.

With a composite mean of 3.45, assessed as strongly agree, which means that the

respondents strongly agreed that oregano leaves was a viable ingredient in making

mosquito killer.

Table 2: Effectivity of Mosquito Killer Out of Oregano Leaves in Killing

Mosquitoes

Frequency
Distribution Weighted Verbal
ITEMS
Mean Interpretation
4 3 2 1
1. Mosquito killer out of
oregano leaves is helpful in 9 11 0 0 3.45 Strongly Agree
killing mosquito.
2. Mosquito killer out of
oregano leaves does affect
the effectivity of the 0 5 13 2 2.15 Disagree
product though it has an
unpleasant odor.
3. Mosquito killer out of
oregano leaves has
12 8 0 0 3.6 Strongly Agree
unpleasant odor but still
can kill mosquito.
4. Mosquito killer out of
oregano leaves is effective
5 14 3.2 Agree
depending on the amount 1 0
use in killing mosquito.
5. Mosquito killer out of
oregano leaves is an 12 8 0 0 3.6 Strongly Agree
alternative product to kill

26
mosquitoes.
Composite Mean 3.2 Agree

Table 2 shows the effectivity of mosquito killer out of oregano leaves in

killing mosquitoes. With a weighed mean of 3.45,assessed as strongly agree

which means that the respondents strongly agreed that the mosquito killer out of

oregano leaves was helpful in killing mosquito. With a weighted mean of 2.15,

assessed as disagree which means that the respondents disagreed that mosquito

killer out of oregano leaves does affect the effectivity of the product though it has

an unpleasant odor. With a weighted mean of 3.6, assessed as strongly agree

which means that the respondents strongly agreed that the mosquito killer out of

oregano leaves has unpleasant odor but still can kill mosquito. With a weighted

mean of 3.2, assessed as agree which means that the respondents agreed that

mosquito killer out of oregano leaves was effective depending on the amount use

in killing mosquito. With a weighted mean of 3.6, assessed as strongly agree

which means that the respondents strongly agreed that mosquito killer out of

oregano leaves was an alternative product to kill mosquitoes. With a composite

mean of 3.2 assessed as agree which means that the respondents agreed that the

mosquito killer out of oregano leaves was effective in killing mosquitoes.

27
 Table 3: Possible Effects of Using Oregano Leaves in Killing Mosquitoes

Frequency
Distribution Weighted Verbal
ITEMS
Mean Interpretation
4 3 2 1
1. Using oregano leaves in
killing mosquitoes is safe 8 11 1 0 3.35 Strongly Agree
to use by users.
2. Using oregano leaves in
killing mosquitoes have no 8 9 3 0 3.25 Agree
side effects to users.
Composite Mean 3.3 Strongly Agree

Table 3 shows the possible effects of using oregano leaves in killing

mosquitoes. With a weighted mean of 3.35, assessed as strongly agree which

means that the respondents strongly agreed that using oregano leaves in killing

mosquitoes was safe to use by users. With a weighted mean of 3.25, assessed as

agree which means that the respondents agreed that using oregano leaves in

killing mosquitoes have no side effects to users. With a composite mean of 3.3,

assessed as strongly agree which means that the respondents strongly agreed that

there was no possible effects of using oregano leaves in killing mosquitoes.

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary, findings, conclusions and

recommendations of the study guided by the research questions.

28
 Summary

This paper is entitled “Effectiveness of Mosquito Killer out of Oregano

Leaves”.

Explicitly, it shall answer the research problem;

 “Is it possible that oregano leaves can kill mosquito?”

Specifically, it sought answers to the following research questions:

I. What are the properties of oregano leaves which make it a viable ingredient

in making mosquito killer?

II. Is mosquito killer out of oregano leaves effective in killing mosquitoes?

III. What are the possible effects of using oregano leaves in killing mosquitoes?

The researchers gathered data through review of related literature,

experimentation, observation, survey and interview that were conducted by the

researchers regarding the possibility of killing mosquitoes using oregano leaves.

Through the review of related literature the researchers look for relevant

information that helped in answering some of their research questions.

Also, the researchers conducted an experiment and observed its result. The

researchers also conducted an interview and survey to gather additional

information needed in the said study. All the gathered data were interpreted and

analyzed by the researchers.

Findings

Through the review of related literature, the researchers were able to find

the properties of oregano leaves which make them viable ingredient in making

29
mosquito killer and the possible effects of using oregano leaves in killing

mosquitoes.

What are the properties of oregano leaves which make it a viable ingredient in

making mosquito killer?

According to Simangan (2015), the plant product of phytochemical which

were used as insecticides for killing larvae or adult mosquitoes or as repellents for

protection against mosquito bite. Phytochemicals obtained from the whole plant

or specific part of the plant by the extraction with different types of solvent such

as aqueous, methanol, chloroform, benzene, acetone, etc., depending on the

polarity of the phytochemical.

According to Coles (2013), oregano contains many compounds, and one

of them is carvacrol — a natural insect repellent.

What are the possible effects of using oregano leaves in killing mosquitoes?

According to Lutgen (2009), oregano leaf is likely safe when taken in the

amounts found in food and possibly safe when taken by mouth or applied to the

skin in medicinal amounts. Mild side effects include stomach upset. Oregano

might also cause an allergic reaction in people who have an allergy to plants in

the Lamiaceae family.

Based on the survey and interview that was conducted, the researchers

found out the following:

30
 Oregano leaves was a viable ingredient in making mosquito killer. With a

composite mean value of 3.45, verbally interpreted as strongly agree, the

researchers found out that oregano leaves was a viable ingredient in making

mosquito killer as supported by the following statements:

1. Oregano leaves can be turned into a mosquito killer product.

2. Oregano leaves has properties that can help in killing mosquitoes.

3. Oregano leaves can be used by anyone in making mosquito killer.

 The mosquito killer out of oregano leaves was effective in killing

mosquitoes. With a composite mean value of 3.2 verbally interpreted as

agree, the researchers found out that the mosquito killer out of oregano leaves

was effective in killing mosquitoes as supported by the following statements:

1. Mosquito killer out of oregano leaves is helpful in killing mosquito.

2. Mosquito killer out of oregano leaves does not affect the effectivity of the

product though it has an unpleasant odor.

3. Mosquito killer out of oregano leaves has unpleasant odor but still can kill

mosquito.

4. Mosquito killer out of oregano leaves is effective depending on the amount

use in killing mosquito.

5. Mosquito killer out of oregano leaves is an alternative product to kill

mosquitoes

 There were no possible effects of using oregano leaves in killing

mosquitoes. With a composite mean value of 3.3, verbally interpreted as

31
 strongly agree, the researchers found out there were no possible effects of

using oregano leaves in killing mosquitoes as supported by the following

statements:

1. Using oregano leaves in killing mosquitoes is safe to use by users.

2. Using oregano leaves in killing mosquitoes have no side effects to users.

Conclusions

Through the findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn by

the researchers:

 Oregano leaves was a viable ingredient in making mosquito killer.

 The mosquito killer out of oregano leaves was effective in killing mosquitoes.

 There were no possible effects of using oregano leaves in killing mosquitoes.

 Carvacrol and phythochemical are the properties of oregano leaves which

make it a viable ingredient in making mosquito killer.

Recommendations

Based on the foregoing data, here are the recommendations given:

Consumers. Oregano leaves extract is recommended to be used as a mosquito

killer

Teachers. The discovery of the mosquito killer out of oregano leaves is advised

to be taught among students for them to know the other usage of oregano such as

the researcher’s product.

Students. It is recommended to use other plant extracts that can make a more

usable product that can kill other insects.

32
Home Owners. It is recommended to use the mosquito killer out of oregano

leaves as an alternative product.

World Health Organization. It is recommended for them to inform the public

about the usage of oregano leaves as an effective mosquito killer.

33
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