CSE 4019- IMAGE PROCESSING

DIGITAL ASSINGMENT
NAME: AJAYJITH.NS
REG.NO:18BCE2332
QUESTION

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As our use of and reliance on computers continues to grow, so too does our need for
efficient ways of storing large amounts of data. For example, someone with a web page or
online catalog – that uses dozens or perhaps hundreds of images – will more than likely need
to use some form of image compression to store those images. This is because the amount of
space required to hold unadulterated images can be prohibitively large in terms of cost.
Fortunately, there are several methods of image compression available today. These fall into
two general categories: lossless and lossy image compression. The JPEG process is a widely
used form of lossy image compression that centers around the Discrete Cosine Transform.
The DCT works by separating images into parts of differing frequencies. During a step
called quantization, where part of compression actually occurs, the less important
frequencies are discarded, hence the use of the term ”lossy.” Then, only the most important
frequencies that remain are used retrieve the image in the decompression process. As a
result, reconstructed images contain some distortion; but as we shall soon see, these levels of
distortion can be adjusted during the compression stage. The JPEG method is used for both
color and black-and-white images, but the focus of this article will be on compression of the
latter.

The discrete cosine transform (DCT) is a technique for converting a signal into elementary
frequency components. It is widely used in image compression. Here we develop some simple
functions to compute the DCT and to compress images. These functions illustrate the power of
Mathematica in the prototyping of image processing algorithms.
 The rapid growth of digital imaging applications, including desktop publishing, multimedia,
teleconferencing, and high-definition television (HDTV) has increased the need for effective
and standardized image compression techniques. Among the emerging standards are JPEG, for
compression of still images [Wallace 1991]; MPEG, for compression of motion video [Puri
1992]; and CCITT H.261 (also known as Px64), for compression of video telephony and
teleconferencing. In this article, I will develop some simple functions to compute the DCT and
show how it is used for image compression. We have used these functions in our laboratory to
explore methods of optimizing image compression for the human viewer, using information
about the human visual system .The goal of this paper is to illustrate the use of Mathematica in
image processing and to provide the reader with the basic tools for further exploration of this
subject.
The Process
The following is a general overview of the JPEG process. Later, we will take the reader
through a detailed tour of JPEG's method so that a more comprehensive understanding of the
process may be acquired.
1. The image is broken into 8x8 blocks of pixels.
2. Working from left to right, top to bottom, the DCT is applied to each block.
3. Each block is compressed through quantization.
4. The array of compressed blocks that constitute the image is stored in a drastically
reducedamount of space.
5. When desired, the image is reconstructed through decompression, a process that uses
theInverse Discrete Cosine Transform (IDCT).
The DCT Equation

The DCT equation (Eq. 1) computes the i,jth entry of the DCT of an image.

p(x, y) is the x,yth element of the image represented by the matrix p. N is the size of the
block that the DCT is done on. The equation calculates one entry (i,jth) of the transformed
image from the pixel values of the original image matrix. For the standard 8x8 block that
JPEG compression uses, N equals 8 and x and y range from 0 to 7. Therefore D(i, j) would
be as in Equation (3).

Because the DCT uses cosine functions, the resulting matrix depends on the horizontal,
diagonal, and vertical frequencies. Therefore an image black with a lot of change in
frequency has a very random looking resulting matrix, while an image matrix of just one
color, has a resulting matrix of a large value for the first element and zeroes for the other
elements.