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ASSIGNMENT-1

Q1) What is SQL? Features of SQL?

ANS1) SQL (Structured Query Language) is a standardized programming language that's used to
manage relational databases and perform various operations on the data in them. The uses of
SQL include modifying database table and index structures; adding, updating and deleting rows
of data; and retrieving subsets of information from within a database for transaction processing
and analytics applications. Queries and other SQL operations take the form of commands written
as statements -- commonly used SQL statements include select, add, insert, update, delete,
create, alter and truncate. SQL became the de facto standard programming language
for relational databases after they emerged in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Also known as
SQL databases, relational systems comprise a set of tables containing data in rows and columns.
Each column in a table corresponds to a category of data -- for example, customer name or
address -- while each row contains a data value for the intersecting column.

SQL commands and syntax-SQL commands are divided into several different types, among them
data manipulation language (DML) and data definition language (DDL) statements, transaction
controls and security measures. The DML vocabulary is used to retrieve and manipulate data,
while DDL statements are for defining and modifying database structures. The transaction
controls help manage transaction processing, ensuring that transactions are either completed or
rolled back if errors or problems occur.

Features of SQL are-

1. Relational Database System: Like almost all other database systems on the market, My
SQL is a relational database system.
2. Client/Server Architecture: My SQL is a client/server system. There is a database server
(My SQL) and arbitrarily many clients (application programs), which communicate with
the server; that is, they query data, save changes, etc. The clients can run on the same
computer as the server or on another computer (communication via a local network or the
Internet).
3. SQL compatibility: My SQL supports as its database language -- as its name suggests –
SQL (Structured Query Language). SQL is a standardized language for querying and
updating data and for the administration of a database. There are several SQL dialects
(about as many as there are database systems). My SQL adheres to the current SQL
standard, although with significant restrictions and a large number of extensions.

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Q2) Data types in SQL?

ANS2) SQL data types can be broadly divided into following categories.

1. Numeric data types such as int, tinyint, bigint, float, real etc.
2. Date and Time data types such as Date, Time, Datetime etc.
3. Character and String data types such as char, varchar, text etc.
4. Unicode character string data types, for example nchar, nvarchar, ntext etc.
5. Binary data types such as binary, varbinary etc.
6. Miscellaneous data types – clob, blob, xml, cursor, table etc.

SQL Data Types important points

 Not all data types are supported by every relational database vendors. For example, Oracle
database doesn’t support DATETIME and My SQL doesn’t support CLOB data type. So
while designing database schema and writing SQL queries, make sure to check if the data
types are supported or not.
 Data types listed here doesn’t include all the data types, these are the most popularly used
data types. Some relational database vendors have their own data types that might be not
listed here. For example, Microsoft SQL Server has money and small money data types
but since it’s not supported by other popular database vendors, it’s not listed here.
 Every relational database vendor has it’s own maximum size limit for different data types,
you don’t need to remember the limit. Idea is to have the knowledge of what data type to
be used in a specific scenario.

Q3) Create student table and modify the structure of the table.

TABLE CREATED

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ALTER TABLE

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Q4) Create employee table and modify the structure of the table.

TABLE CREATED

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ALTER TABLE

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ASSIGNMENT-2

TABLE CREATED

VALUES INSERTED

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DISPLAY CID AND FNAME

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DISPLAY FNAME, LNAME AND STATE

DISPLAY ALL RECORDS WHERE STATE IS DELHI

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DISPLAY FNAME, LNAME CONCATENATED WITH STATE

DISPLAY THE RECORDS WHOSE PIN IS NOT ENTERED

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DISPLAY THE STATES TO WHICH THE CUSTOMER BELONGS

SELECT RECORDS OF DELHI HAVING NAME RAJ

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DISPLAY RECORDS DELHI OR PUNJAB

DISPLAY DETAILS OF CUSTOMER WITH CID=104

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DISPLAY DETAILS OF CUSTOMER EXCEPT CID=104

USE ALIAS NAME TO DISPLAY CID

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RETRIEVE ALL ROWS WHERE CID IS BETWEEN 102 AND 104

DISPLAY THOSE ROWS WHERE STATE NAME BEGINS WITH ‘D’

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RETRIEVE ALL ROWS WHERE FIRST NAME CONTAINS THE WORD ‘RAJ’

RETRIEVE ALL ROWS WHERE NAME FIELD CONTAINS THE WORD ‘RAJESH’

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RETRIEVE ALL ROWS WHERE CITY IS DELHI, KARNATAKA OR BANGALORE

RENAME THE TABLE CUSTOMER TO CUST

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DELETE ALL THOSE ROWS OF CUSTOMERS WHO STAY IN BANGALORE

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DELETE THOSE CUSTOMERS WHO DO NOT HAVE PIN CODE

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RENAME COLUMN CITY TO ADDRESS

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DELETE THE CUSTOMERS WHO DO NOT BELONG TO BANGALORE

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ASSIGNMENT-3

TABLE CREATED

VALUES INSERTED

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LIST NAME OF ALL EMPLOYEES WHO WORK IN DEPT NO. 5

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FIND NAMES AND SALARY OF ALL THE EMPLOYEES SORTED ACCORDING TO

SALARY

LIST NAMES OF EMPLOYEES HAVING SALARY BETWEEN 30,000 AND 50,000

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LIST NAME OF EMPLOYEES WHO LIVE IN JANAKPURI

LIST NAME OF ALL FEMALE EMPLOYEES

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LIST NAME OF THOSE EMPLOYEES WHOSE BDATE IS BEFORE 2 NOV. 1996

LIST ALL EMPLOYEES WHOSE FNAME IS “RAM” AND LNAME IS “KAPOOR”

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RENAME THE COLUMN ADDRESS TO CITY

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SORT THE EMPLOYEES IN DESCENDING ORDER OF CITY

UPDATE THE PERSON NAMED “RAM” TO “VIKAS”

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UPDATE CITY OF EMPID 101 TO JAIPUR

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DELETE RECORD OF EMPID 102

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DISPLAY THOSE EMPLOYEES WHOSE SALARY IS NOT EQUAL TO 20,000

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ASSIGNMENT-4

TABLE CREATED

VALUES INSERTED

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FIND AVERAGE AND TOTAL SALARIES OF ALL EMPLOYEES

AVERAGE SALARY

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TOTAL SALARY

FIND MINIMUM SALARY OF MANAGER

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FIND MAXIMUM SALARY OF MANAGER

HOW MANY EMPLOYEES ARE MANAGERS

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ADD 50% SALARY TO SALARY COLUMN AND NAME IT HRA

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COUNT THE TOTAL NO. EMPLOYEES

COUNT THE NO. OF DEPARTMENTS AVAILABLE

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COUNT THE NO. OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH DEPARTMENT

UPDATE THE COMMISSION TO 10%OF SALARY FOR ALL THE EMPLOYEES HAVING
SALARY GREATER THAN 50000

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FIND THE NAME OF LOWEST PAID EMPLOYEE FOR EACH MANAGER

UPDATE THE SALARIES OF ALL EMPLOYEES IN DEPARTMENT 10 BY HIKING IT BY

15%.

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FIND THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HIGHEST AND LOWEST SALARIES FOR EACH
DEPT

LIST AVERAGE SALARY FOR ALL THE DEPTS WHICH HAVE MORE THAN 5 PEOPLE

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LIST JOBS OF ALL THE EMPLOYEES WHERE MAXIMUM SALARY IS MORE THAN
40000

LIST JOBS AND NO. OF EMPLOYEES IN EACH JOB

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LIST AVERAGE SALARY OF EACH JOB EXCLUDING MANAGERS

LIST TOTAL, MAX, MIN, AVERAGE SALARY OF EMPLOYEES JOB WISE

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ASSIGNMENT-5

Q Create entity relationship diagrams between three tables using MS-Access

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